CRN: 32721

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT

TRIMESTER TWO EXAMINATION

PROGRAMME(S):

BENG/MENG (HONS) AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

BENG/MENG AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING WITH PILOT STUDIES

AERODYNAMICS E2

TUESDAY 25 MAY 2021 TIME: 09:00 –

16:00
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Instructions to Candidates
Full marks may be obtained for the correct solution of ALL questions in the exam
paper.
The exam is open book.
Paper must be submitted as a SINGLE PDF FILE containing scans or photos of
HAND-WRITTEN pages.

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 CRN: 32721

Q1)
a) A new aerofoil is being designed for the Cessna Denali turboprop aircraft. The
focus is flight at 8000 m altitude with a velocity of 150 m/s. Determine the air density,
temperature, and dynamic viscosity for this flight condition, assuming the
international standard atmosphere model.
2 marks
b) The aerofoil design is done in a pressurised wind tunnel. The tunnel operates at a
flow velocity equal to the flight velocity, while the temperature and dynamic viscosity
are 288.5 K and 1.821 ×10−5 Pa . s. Assuming the tunnel model is a 1/10 scale,
determine the air density and pressure required in the tunnel to achieve Reynolds
number similarity.
4 marks

c) The tunnel model has an area of 0.5 m2 and a chord of 0.5 m . The force and
moment values indicated in the table are measured during the wind tunnel test. Note
that the pitching moment is measured about a point located at 35% of the chord, as
measured from the aerofoil leading edge.

Pitching Moment about

Angle of Attack [deg.] Lift [N]
35% of chord [Nm]
2 8819 882
6 21870 1411

Determine the equations of the lift curve and the pitching moment curve in the linear
region.
10 marks
d) Determine the position of the aerodynamic centre and the position of the centre of
pressure for the two angle of attack values given in the table.
4 marks

Q2)
The wing of the Airbus A350-900 has an aspect ratio of 9.5. The wing’s aerofoil
section has a lift curve slope a 0=0.13 /deg and a zero-lift angle α 0=−3.2 ° . The
induced drag factor is δ=0.0525 .
a) Determine the wing’s lift curve slope
3 marks

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 CRN: 32721

b) Determine the induced drag coefficient for an angle of attack of 2.1 °.

3 marks
c) The aircraft is flying at 11000 m with a Mach number M =0.85 . Determine the skin
friction drag force, knowing that the wing chord is 6.3 m and the wing area is 442 m2.

6 marks
d) Calculate the total drag force, knowing that the wing thickness to chord ratio is
13%.
3 marks

e) Starting from the derivative ( )

∂ CD
∂ CL C L
=0, derive what equation the lift coefficient

must satisfy when the aircraft flies at maximum lift to drag ratio. Using the profile
drag value from point (d), determine this lift coefficient value and the corresponding
angle of attack value the aircraft should be flying at.
5 marks

Q3)
a) The mass flow rate through a convergent-divergent nozzle is 3.2 kg/s. The nozzle
uses air as working fluid. The stagnation pressure and temperature at the nozzle
intake are 300 kPa and 350K. Determine the two possible values of the Mach
number (subsonic and supersonic) for this flow at a section of area 108 cm 2,
assuming the flow is isentropic between the nozzle intake and the given section.
10 marks
b) A normal shock wave is trapped in the nozzle, at the section indicated in point (a).
The Mach number just upstream of the shock M 1 is taken to be equal to the
supersonic flow Mach number obtained for point (a). Determine the Mach number
after the shock as well as the flow entropy increase across the shock s2−s 1.

6 marks
c) To what value should the stagnation pressure at the nozzle intake be set so that
the Mach number downstream of the shock is M 2=0.45 instead of the value
determined at point (b)? Assume the shock wave is located at the section indicated
in point (a), the flow is isentropic between the nozzle intake and the given section,
and that the mass flow rate and the intake stagnation temperature keep the same
values as indicated in (a).
4 marks

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 CRN: 32721

Q4)

A flat plate of length L=5 m is placed into an airflow having ρ=1.15 kg/m3, V ∞ =20 m/s
and μ=1.79 × 10−5 Pa . s .

a) Determine the state of the boundary layer (laminar or turbulent) at coordinates

x=1 m and x=4 m from the leading edge. Assume laminar to turbulent transition
occurs at ℜt=2.27 × 106.

3 marks
b) Determine the boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness and momentum
thickness at the two x-coordinates indicated in (a). For the turbulent layer, assume
the velocity profile is given by the one-seventh power model. For full marks, you
have to explicitly show how the turbulent layer displacement thickness and
momentum thickness are calculated.
6 marks
c) For coordinate x=1 m, determine the velocity in the boundary layer at two
distances of 1 mm and 2.5 mm above the plate.
6 marks
d) Calculate the skin friction drag coefficient for the flat plate. What would be the skin
friction drag coefficient if the flow would be turbulent right from the leading edge of
the plate? Assuming the density and viscosity are the same, what would be the flow
velocity that would give transition precisely at the trailing edge point of the plate?
What would be the skin friction drag coefficient in this case?
5 marks

Q5)
a) Lifting flow around a circular cylinder is obtained by placing a doublet and a
negative (clockwise) vortex into a uniform freestream. The lift coefficient is 5.
Determine the minimum (negative) pressure coefficient on the cylinder surface.
7 marks
b) Calculate the coordinates of the stagnation points (in terms of angle θ ) and the
coordinates of the points where the pressure equals the freestream static pressure.
9 marks
c) Knowing that the velocity at the top of the cylinder (at point at θ=π /2) is 45 m/ s,
the velocity at the bottom of the cylinder (at point at θ=−π /2) is 25 m/s the radius of
the cylinder is 0.5 m , determine the freestream velocity and the strength of the vortex.

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 CRN: 32721

4 marks
END OF EXAMINATION