BIOLOGY 2

REPRODUCTION → Binary Fission

→ biological process having • simplest form
the ability to produce • most common among single
another of their kind celled- organisms
• splits into two “daughter”
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION organisms
→ does not involve • cyanobacteria, archaea,
gametes or sex cells bacteria
→ observed in plants and
lower forms of animals → Spore Formation
• production of spores
KINDS OF ASEXUAL o specialized asexual
reproductive cells
→ Budding • develops sporangium
• producing an individual o sac-like
through the “bud” o burst and releases
o part of the parent’s spores that
organism’s body germinate to give
o derives nutrition rise to new
o detached once fully organisms
grown • hyphae, spore, ferns
• hydra, yeast
Vegetative Propagation
→ Fragmentation • producing from roots, stems,
• parent body divides into or leaves
several fragments
• each fragment develops → Runners
into a new organism • stems that grow along the
• starfish, jelly fish top of the ground
• send out their own roots
Fragmentation Regeneration • strawberries
each fragment organism wants
grows into an to regrow a lost → Rhizomes
individual body part • grow under the soil
organism lizard, • produce new roots from
tapeworm stem
• grass, bamboo, ginger,
turmeric
 BIOLOGY 2
→ Tubers
• shorter, thicker stems
• produce “eye,” produce new
plants
• potato, carrot, turnip,
cassava
→ Bulbs
• stem covered with modified
leaves which produce a new
plant
• onion, garlic
→ Food Storing Roots
• roots which are capable of
producing new plant
• carrots & beets
Artificial Propagation
→ most used in agriculture
→ Cuttings
• stem pieces cut from parents
kept in water, moist soil or
sand
• put out new roots
• garden plants
→ Grafting
• buds or sections are cut
from one plant
• attached to another that is
already rooted in the soil
• roses, pomelo, fruit trees
→ Tissue Culture
• center pieces of stem are
removed
• places in flasks with growth
medium
• whole new plant will develop
Photosynthesis in Plants
→ Chlorophyll
• green pigment in plants
• light energy to chemical
energy in carbohydrates
• sugars release ATP
→ Photosynthesis
• plants trap energy to build
carbohydrates
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight
energy → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
→ requires genetic contribution
from two parents
→ produces genetically unique
offspring
→ union of gametes inside or
outside the body of
organism
→ higher forms of organisms
→ zygote
• fertilized egg created
by the sperm and
egg fuse
• eventually become
embryo (46
chromosomes)
 BIOLOGY 2
Reproductive Traits in Organisms • Meiosis
o single cell divides
→ Color Display into 4 daughter cells
• Plants o each with half the
o bright colored number of
flowers attract chromosomes of
pollinators parent cell
o transfers pollen o allows production of
• Animals gametes
o attract a mate
Development
→ Sexual Selection Plants Animals
• Animals Uni- sessile motile
o intrasexual – males cellular (fixed) (moving)
compete to copulate Growth highly genes
with females Stages regula-
o epigamic – females ted
choose Life Cycle altera- one
tion of multicellu-
→ Methods of Fertilization genera- lar after
• Plants tions fertilization
o needs a vector Formation produce shown in
• Animals of spores morpho-
o requires physical Gametes first genesis or
interaction in close change in
proximity shape

→ Development
• Phylogenetic
o primitive ancestor of
both was unicellular
eukaryote
• Molecular
o not much similarity
between the genes
that make up the
body of both