Statistics and

Probability
Module 3
Random Sampling and
Sampling Distribution

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 11
Statistics and
Probability
Module 3
Random Sampling and
Sampling Distribution
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encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback,
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We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I Know

Take the following pretest before you proceed to the lesson.

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of your answer and write it on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. A sampling technique in which every number of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.

a. Systematic sampling c. Cluster sampling

b. Lottery sampling d. Stratified random sampling

2. The probability distribution when all possible sample size n are repeatedly
drawn from a population.
a. Sampling c. Sampling distribution
b. Parameter d. Central Limit Theorem

3. It is a subset or a small group selected from a certain population either by

random or non-random sampling.
a. Sample size c. Population
b. Sample d. Sampling

4. Using the Sloven’s formula, what is the sample size n for N = 11,000 and e =
5%?
a. 385 b. 386 c. 387 d. 388

5. A certain population has a mean of 13.2 and a standard deviation of 3.8. If

random samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the following
statements is correct?
a. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to 13.2.
b. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than 13.2
c. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
3.8
d. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is
13.8

6. How many possible samples of size n=3 can be drawn from a population of size
12?
a. 36 b. 1728 c. 144 d. 220
iv
 7. The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from a population of size N
is given by
a. NCn b. nCN c. NPn d.nPN

8. What is the shape of the sampling distribution of the means if random samples
of size n becomes larger?
a. Left skewed c. Normal
b. Right skewed d. rectangular

9. Which sample size will give a smaller standard error of the mean?
a. 10 b. 20 c. 30 d. 35

The average population increase in a certain barangay is 180 and a standard

deviation of 8. Assume that the average increase of population is normally
distributed,

10. What is the probability that a randomly selected year will have a population
increase greater than 185 for 15 years.

a. 0.7011 b. 0.4523 c. 0.4922 d. 0.0078

v
 Lesson
RANDOM SAMPLING
1

What I Need to Know

In daily life, we are oriented with basic concepts in statistics. When we want to
know whether several packs of batteries are free from defects, it would be time
consuming to examine all of them piece by piece. How will you do the quality test?
Probably you can do this by examining a few samples from each pack.
In this lesson, you will be introduced to some statistical procedures and
measures that are used to draw conclusions and inferences for large groups.

What’s In
Activity 1. Recalling Sample and Population
Study the following and dentify the sample and population in each situation.
1. A housewife buys a sack of rice. She examined only a handful of rice from the
sack to find out whether it is of good quality or not.
Sample
Population

2. Your mother wants to know the taste of food she is cooking or preparing. She
tasted only a spoonful of it.

Sample
Population

3. The teacher wants to know the common height of OHS student in Lala
National High School. She got only 10 OHS students from each year level.
Sample
Population

1
 Question: How will you describe a sample? Population? Write your answer in
the table below.
Term Description
Sample
population

Where you able to recall the description of a sample and a population?

Now that you can identify the sample and population, let us deepen your
understanding by identifying a sample that is a good representative of a
population.

What’s New
Activity 2. Am I a Representative?
Which of the following samples is a good representative of the described
population? Why?
1. Mila wants to know the common brand of cellphone her classmates have.

a. A sample consisting of Mila’s close friends

b. A sample consisting of Mila’s classmates belonging to rich families
c. A sample consisting her classmates whose names were drawn from a box
containing all the names of her classmates.

Answer:

2. The SSG president of the school wants to know who among the young actors
and actresses is the most admired by the senior high school students.

a. A sample consisting all the class officers of every SHS class

b. A sample consisting of the male students of every SHS class
c. A sample consisting of the students whose names are drawn from each box
containing the names of every SHS class.
Answer:

2
 What is it?
Wrong conclusion maybe drawn from samples in letters a and b. These
samples will not represent the common brand of cellphone of Mila’s classmates
and the SHS student’s most admired young actors and actresses. The samples
in letter c is the best representation of the described population.
Now that you know the idea of representativeness of a sample for a
population, the next activity will lead you to the process of getting a sample
which are good representatives of a population. This process is called random
sampling.

What’s More
Activity 3. Random Sample or Not?
Determine whether the process of getting a sample in each situation is by random
sampling or not.
1. To determine the common size of shoes her students have, Mrs. Cruz draw her
sample from a box containing the names of her students with their shoe sizes.

Answer:

2. To determine the performance of the SHS students in Statistics, the teacher

draws 10 students from every SHS class to take the Statistics test.

Answer:

3. To know the common size of the family her classmates have, Julius interviewed
their class officers.

Answer:

4. To determine the most liked subject in their school, Joel interviewed the honor
students in each class.

Answer:

3
5. To select the students who will represent the school in the Math Olympics, the
Principal gathered all students living near the school and gave them a qualifying
test.

Answer:

What I Have Learned

Were you able to determine whether the method of getting a sample in
the above situations is random or not? For sure you were able to do it. Now,
you will be introduced to the different random sampling techniques

Types of Random Sampling Techniques

Simple Random/Lottery Sampling – a sampling technique by which every
member of the population has an equal chance to be chosen as sample (drawn
by lot)
Systematic Sampling – a sampling technique by which every member of the
population is selected with a random start.
Stratified Random sampling – a sampling technique that is used when the
population can be classified into groups or strata based on some characteristics
such as age, gender or socioeconomic status.
Cluster sampling – a sampling technique by which the sample is taken from
different levels generally from higher levels to lower levels
Multi-Stage Sampling – a sampling technique that is done using the
combination of different sampling techniques.

What’s More
Activity 4. Identify Me
Identify the type of random sampling illustrated by the following situations.
1. Mr. Cruz, the municipal mayor wants to know whether his constituents are in
favor or not of the Federal form of government to be implemented in the

4
 Philippines. He wants to select a sample of 400 from the different groups of his
constituents, from the youths, adults, and from the senior citizens.
Answer:

2. To select his representatives for the Youth Conference at Baguio City, the
teacher listed all the names of his students in a small piece of paper which are
rolled and then mixed together and pick out 10 rolled papers at random.

Answer:

3. A researcher wish to draw a sample of 200 persons from a population of 600.

He selects every 5th person in the list and numbers 1 to 10 will be randomly
selected to act as a starting point.

Answer:

4. In a survey, the samples were randomly taken from subsequent cities, then
municipalities or barangays, and then households.
Answer:
5. To choose the sample respondents for a national survey, the researcher used
the lottery method in identifying the regions or cities to be chosen. Then, he
used the stratified random sampling to determine the samples from the certain
areas or clusters.

Answer:

What Is It

Now that you know the different sampling techniques, the next thing that
you need to know is to determine the sample size to be taken from the
population.

Illustrative example:

Supposing that your school has a population of 5,000 students and you
want to know the average height of the students, it would be impractical to
interview or to get the height of all students. All you need to do is to determine
the sample size that will estimate the whole population. To do this, we will use
the Slovin’s Formula in getting the sample size.

5
 n = _N
1 + Ne2

Where n = sample size

N = number of population
e = margin of error

considering e = 0.05 in the above situation where N = 5,000

n= 5,000
1 + 5,000(0.05)2

n = 370.4 or 371

Hence, you must select randomly 371 students as your sample. The result is
rounded up since this is getting samples from a population.

If the sample size obtained will be distributed by the table below, how many
samples will be taken randomly from each Grade level?

Grade Level No. of

Students
Grade 7 1,100
Grade 8 980
Grade 9 900
Grade 10 850
Grade 11 680
Grade 12 490
Total 5,000

Solution:
To get the sample size from each Grade level, divide the number of
students per year level by the total number of students then multiply the quotient
by the required sample size.

Grade 7 : (1,100  5,000 ) x 371 = 81.62 ≈ 82 students

Grade 8: ( 980  5,000 ) x 371 = 72.72 ≈ 73 students
Grade 9 ; ( 900  5,000 ) x 371 = 66.78 ≈ 67 students
Grade 10: ( 850 5,000 ) x 371 = 63.07 ≈ 63 students
Grade 11: ( 680  5,000 ) x 371 = 50.46 ≈ 50 students
Grade 12: ( 490  5,000 ) x 371 = 36.36 ≈ 36 students
371 students

6
 What Is It

Activity 5. Determining sa sample size

Determine the sample size required for the given population using the
Slovin’s Formula.

1. Find the sample size required using the Slovin’s Formula from a population
of 20,000 given a margin of error of 5% .
2. Distribute the sample size obtained in number 1 as classified to the following
categories:
Sample
size
Category A 1,000
Category B 5,000
Category C 6,000
Category D 8,000

What I Have Learned

How did you find the preceding activities? Were you able to determine the
required sample size in each category? How did you do it?
Answer:
.

7
 What Is It
Now that you know how to determine the sample size of a certain population,
you are now ready to learn how to compute the sample mean which serves as an
estimator for the population mean.
Illustrative example:
The heights in meters of 5 students chosen at random are 1.5 , 1.23,1.6, 1.4,
and 1.3.
The mean height of these 5 students is computed as,
Mean = 1.5+1.23+1.6+1.4+1.3
5
Mean = 1.41 meters

Questions: 1. How did we get the mean?

2.How will you define mean?

What’s More
Activity 6. Finding the mean
Compute the mean of the following :
1. The following shows the grades in Mathematics of the 15 randomly chosen
students from Grade 11- STEM
85 89 85 81 86 89 89 92 91 95 92 86 81 87 88
Mean =
2. The following shows the monthly income of 12 randomly chosen families in a
certain barangay
P15,000 P18,000 P16,000
P20,000 P19,000 P18,000
P16,000 P20,000 P23,000
P20,000 P23,000 P21,000
Mean =

8
3. The weights of 35 grade 10 class –A students are recorded as follows:
35 40 37 41 36 45 40
37 43 43 42 41 40 44
43 45 42 37 38 41 38
45 42 43 42 41 38 42
43 41 40 39 36 30 40

Mean =

9
 Lesson
PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
2

What Is It
The resulting sample mean in items # 1 and 2 of the activity in lesson 3 is called
statistic. Other examples are sample standard deviation and sample median. The
resulting population mean in item # 3 is called parameter. Other examples are
population standard deviation and population median.
The next activity will help you understand more about the difference between
statistic and parameter.

What’s New
Activity ( Describe Me)
. Identify which describes a statistic or a parameter.
1. 40% of the students are in favor of the anti-bullying policy in
school
2. The average grade of 5 out of 36 Grade 11 students is 93.
3. The midterm average grade of Grade 12 students is 89.
4. The average salary of the employees in a certain company is
Php 15,370.
5. The average score of the TVL students in Statistics and
Probability of a certain school is 82% .
6. 15% of the residents in a certain country are aware of the proper
waste disposal.
7. 100% of the class like chocolate flavored ice cream very much.

10
 What I Have Learned
Questions: 1. When does a certain situation describes statistics?
Parameter?
Answer:
2.How is statistics differ from parameter?
Answer:

Statistic describes a sample as an estimate for the whole population.

The fact is about a very large population in which you can’t imagine
the time and money to be spent to survey the entire population.
Parameter describes the entire population. The fact is about the
whole population that is easy to figure out because the groups are
small enough to measure.

11
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF
Lesson
THE SAMPLE MEANS FROM A
3
FINITE POPULATION
In your previous lessons, you have learned how to construct a frequency
distribution. In this lesson, you will learn how to construct a sampling distribution of
sample means.

What’s In
Activity 1. Can You Still Recall?
Evaluate the following: ( Combination of N objects taken n at a time )
1. 6 C2
2. 8 C3
3. 10 C4
4. 8 C3
5. 20 C5

The above activity can be done using the formula for finding the
Combination of N objects taken r at a time which is given by
NC n = N!
(N -n)! n!
Where N = number of observation
n= size of possible random samples
Illustrative example:
Six students have the following grades in English
89 84 90 93 86 82
List all possible random sample of size 3

12
 Solution: Using the formula of Combination, n = 6 and r = 3
6C3= 6!
( 6 – 3 )!3!
= 20 random samples

a. Arrange the observations from lowest to highest as follows;

82 84 86 89 90 93

b. list all random samples of size 3

82,84,86 82,86,90 84,86,90 89,93,82

82,84,89 82,86,93 84,86,93 89,93,84
82,84,90 82,89,90 86,89,90 89,93,86
82,84,93 82,89,93 86,89,93 90,93,86
82,86,89 84,86,89 89,90,93 90,93,82

What Is It

A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution where all

possible random samples of a specific size were taken from a population.
A finite population is a population that has a fixed number of elements or
observations
Illustrative Example:
A certain population consist of the numbers 3, 6, 7, 12, and 4. Construct
a sampling distribution of size 3.

Step 1. Determine and list all possible random samples of size 3 and solve the
mean of each random samples.

5C3 = 5!
[(5-3 )! 3!]

= 10 random samples of size 3

13
 Random Samples of size 3 Sample Mean
3,4,6 4.33
3,4,7 4.67
3,4,12 6.33
3,6,7 5.33
3,6,12 7
3,7,12 7.33
4,6,7 5.67
4,6,12 7.33
4,7,12 7.67
6,7,12 8.33

Step 2. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means. This is called the
sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Means Frequency Probability

4.33 1 0.10
4.67 1 0.10
5.33 1 0.10
5.67 1 0.10
6.33 1 0.10
7 1 0.10
7.33 2 0.20
7.67 1 0.10
8.33 1 0.10
Total 10 1

Step 3. Construct a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.

Means Probability
4.33 0.10 P
4.67 0.10 R
5.33 0.10 O
5.67 0.10 B
6.33 0.10 A
7 0.10 B
7.33 0.20 I
7.67 0.10 L
8.33 0.10 I
T
y

Sample Means

14
 What’s More

Activity 2. (List and Construct)

A group of students got the following scores in an achievement test:
9,12,15,18, 21, and 24. Consider samples of size 3 that can be drawn from this
population.
a. Determine and list all possible samples and the corresponding sample
means.

Random Samples Sample Means

15
b. Construct a sampling distribution of the resulting sample means
Sample Means Frequency Probability

c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

P
R
O
B
A
B
I
L
I
T
y
Sample Mean

16
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF
Lesson THE SAMPLING
4 DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE
MEANS

What Is It
In the previous lessons, you have learned how to find the sample mean and
how to construct a sampling distribution of the sample means. In this lesson, you will
know how to find the mean and variance of a sampling distribution of the sample
means.
Illustrative Example:
Consider a population consisting the ages of SHS students 15, 16, 17, 18, and
19. Suppose samples of 3 are drawn from this population, how will you describe the
sampling distribution of the sample means.
Solution:
When we describe the sampling distribution of the sample means, we need to
determine the mean and the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means
and compare these to the mean and variance of the given population.

Steps 1. Solve for the mean of the population ( μ )

μ ∑x
=
N
= 15+16+17+18+19
5
= 85  5
μ = 17
Hence, the mean age of the population is 17 years old.

Step 2. Calculate the variance of the population δ2.

17
 X (X - μ) ( X - μ )2 σ2 = ∑(x – μ)2
15 15-17= -2 (-2)2= 4 N
16 16-17= -1 (-1)2 = 1 = 10
17 17-17= 0 (0)2 =0 5
18 18-17= 1 (1)2=1 σ =2
19 19-17= 2 (2)2 =4
∑( X - μ )2 =10 So, the variance of the population is 2.

Step 3. Determine the possible samples of size 3.

Using the formula NCn = N!

(N-n)!n!

= 5!
(5-3)! 3!

= 10 random samples of size 3 that can be drawn.

Step 4. List all possible samples and their corresponding means.

Random Samples Mean

15,16,17 16
15,16,18 16.33
15,16,19 16.67
15,17,18 16.67
15,17,19 17
15,18,19 17.33
16,17,18 17
16,17,19 17.33
16,18,19 17.67
17,18,19 18

Step 5. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Means Frequency Probablility
To get the probability, 16 1 0.10
divide each frequency 16.33 1 0.10
by n, the total number 16.67 2 0.20
random samples; Ex: 17 2 0.20
mean = 16 17.33 2 0.20
Frequency = 1 17.67 1 0.10
18 1 0.10
1 = 0.10 Total 10 1.00
10

18
Step 6. Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean (μx̅)

using the formula μx̅ = x̅ ∗ P( x̅ )

To do this, multiply the sample means by the corresponding probability and

write the products in the third column. Then get the sum. This represents the mean of
the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Means (̅x̅) Probability P(̅x̅) x̅ ∗ P(̅x̅)

16 0.10 1.6
16.33 0.10 1.63
16.67 0.20 3.33
17 0.20 3.4
17.33 0.20 3.47
17.67 0.10 1.77
18 0.10 1.8
Total 1.00 ∑ [ X ∗ P( x̅ ) ] =17

Hence, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 17.

Step 7. Calculate the variance (σ2 x̅) of the sampling distribution of the sample
means.

The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:

σ2 = ∑ P(x̅) ∗ ( x̅ - μ )2
x̅

Means (̅x̅) P(̅x̅) x̅ - μ (x̅ - μ)2 P(x̅) ∗ ( x̅ - μ )2

16 0.10 16-17 = -1 (-1)2 =1 0.10 ∗ 1 = 0.10
16.33 0.10 16.33-17 = -0.67 (-0.67)2= 0.4489 0.10 ∗ 0.4489 = 0.04489

16.67 0.20 16.67-17 = -0.33 (-0.33)2= 0.1089 0.20 ∗ 0.1089 =0.02178

17 0.20 17-17 =0 (0)2 =0 0.20 ∗ 0 =0
17.33 0.20 17.33-17 = 0.33 (0.33)2 = 0.1089 0.20 ∗ 0.1089 =.02178
17.67 0.10 17.67-17 = 0.67 (0.67)2 = 0.4489 0.10 ∗ 0.4489 =.04489
18 0.10 18-17 =1 (1)2 =1 0.10 ∗ 1 = 0.10
Total ∑ P(x̅) ∗ (x̅ - μ) = 0.333
2

σ2 = ∑ P(x̅) ∗ ( x̅ - μ )2 = 0.333
x̅

Therefore the variance of the sampling distribution of sample means is 0.333

19
Step 8. Construct the histogram.

P 0.25
R
0.2
O
̅ x̅ P(̅x̅) B 0.15
16 0.10 A
16.33 0.10 B 0.1
16.67 0.20 I
17 0.20 L 0.05
17.33 0.20 I
17.67 0.10 T
16 16.33 16.67 17 17.33 17.67 18
18 0.10 y

Sample Mean

What I have Learned

Fill in the table below and answer the questions that follows.

Population Sampling Distribution of Sample

Means
Mean
Variance
Standard Deviation

Questions:

1. How do you compare the mean of the population and the mean of the
sampling distribution of the sample means?

Answer:

2. How do you compare the variance of the population and the variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample means?

Answer:

3. How do you compare the standard deviation of the population and the
standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means?

Answer:

20
 What’s More

Activity. (It’s Your Turn)

Consider a population consisting the scores of 6 students in a Statistic test.

18, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36
Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn from this population, describe the
sampling distribution of the sample means following the steps below:

1. What is the mean of the population?

Show your solutions here.

2. What is the variance of the population? Fill in the table and

show your solutions here.

X (X - μ) (X - μ) 2

3. Determine the number of possible samples of size 3

Show your solutions here.

21
4. List the possible samples and the corresponding means in the table.

Samples Means

5. Fill in the table to have a sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample means Frequency Probability P( x̅ )

6. Complete the table and calculate the mean of the sampling distribution of
the sample means using the formula: μx̅ = x̅ ∗ P( x̅ )

Means Pobability x̅ ∗ P(x̅)

x̅ P(x̅)

∑ [ X ∗ P( x̅ ) ]=

μx̅ = x̅ ∗ P( x̅ ) =

22
 7. Fill in the table with the necessary data to calculate the variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample means using the formula:

σ2 = ∑ P(x̅) ∗ ( x̅ - μ )2
x̅

where μ = population mean

x̅ = sample mean
P(x̅) = probability of the sample mean

Means (x̅) P(x̅) x̅ - μ (x̅ - μ)2 P(x̅) ∗ ( x̅ - μ )2

∑ P(x̅) ∗ (x̅ - μ)2 =

8. Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

x̅ P(̅x̅)

9. Answer the following questions:

a. What can you say about the mean of the sample means and the mean
of the population?
Answer:

b. What can you say about the variance of the sample means and the
variance of the population
Answer:
23
 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF
Lesson
THE SAMPLE MEANS FROM
5
AN INFINITE POPULATION

What Is It
An Infinite population is a population that contains an infinite number of
elements.

Illustrative example:

A certain population has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 4. If

15 random samples are drawn from this population, how will you describe the sampling
distribution of the sample means?

Solutions:

We shall assume that the population is infinite because we are only given its
mean and its standard deviation. Again, when you are asked to describe the sampling
distribution, you need to solve its mean, its variance and its standard deviation.

Step 1. Identify the given information.

Population mean μ = 50
Standard Deviation σ = 4 which implies that the variance σ2 =16
Number of samples n = 15

Step 2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution.

μx̅ = μ
= 50
Step 3. Determine the variance of the sampling distribution using the property.
σ2
σ2 x̅ = 𝑛
42
= 15

= 1.067

24
 Step 4 . Determine the standard deviation of the sampling distribution using
the Property

Hence, the sampling distribution of

the sample means has a mean of 50, variance of 1.067, and a standard
deviation of 1.033.

What I Can Do
Activity ( Describe Me)
The heights of OSHS male students in your school are normally
distributed with a mean of 156 cm and standard deviation of 10 cm. Describe the
sampling distribution of 20 students who are randomly drawn from this population.

Solutions:

Steps Solutions
1.

2.

3.

4.

Conclusion:

25
 What I Have Learned

1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the
population mean 𝜇. That is,

μx̅ = μ

2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:

𝝈𝟐 𝑵−𝒏
 𝝈𝟐 x̅ = ∗ for finite population; and
𝒏 𝑵−𝟏

𝜎2
 𝝈𝟐 x̅ = for infinite population.
𝑛

3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given
by:

𝝈 𝑵−𝒏
a. 𝝈x̅ = ∗ √𝑵−𝟏 for finite population
𝒏

𝑵−𝒏
where √𝑵−𝟏 is the finite population correction factor

𝝈
b. 𝝈x̅ = for infinite population
√𝒏

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is also
called standard error of the mean. It tells how accurate is the sample mean to estimate
the population mean. If the value of the standard deviation is small or very close to
zero, then the sample mean is a good estimate for the population mean. If the value
of the standard deviation is large, the mean is a poor estimate for the population mean.

A good estimate for the population mean can be obtained if the random sample
size n is sufficiently large. This is stated as a theorem which is called The Central Limit
Theorem.

26
 Lesson THE CENTRAL LIMIT
6 THEOREM

What is It

Illustrative Example:

Below are shown the histograms of the resulting frequency distributions each
based on 500 means. Four scores were sampled from a uniform distribution 500 times
and the mean computed each time fon n=4. The same process was followed with
means of 7 scores for n = 7 and 10 scores for n = 10.

https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-the-central-limit-theorem

Questions:

1. Observe the illustrations above. What can you say about the spread of the
histogram as the value of the sample size n increases?

Answer:

2. How will you describe the distribution as the value of the sample size n
increases?

Answer:

27
 Note that as the sample size n increases, the distribution becomes more and
more normal and the spread of the distribution decreases.

THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

If random samples of size n are drawn from a population with mean μ and variance 𝜎 2 , the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches normal distribution with mean μ and variance
𝜎2
as n, the same size, gets larger regardless of the shape of the original population
𝑛
distribution.

What’s New

Activity 1. ( Do It Yourself )

Get a die. Roll it 50 times. Record the result of your experiment in a

table. The first table is for rolling a die once in 50 times, the second table is for
rolling a die twice in 50 times, and the 3rd table is for rolling a die thrice in 50
times.Show the result of your experiment to your teacher.

1st roll 2nd roll 3rd roll Mean

1st roll 2nd roll mean
1st roll 1
1
1 2
2
2 3
3
3 4
4
4 5
5
5 6
6
6 7
7
7 8
8
8 9
8
9 10
9
10 .
10
. .
.
. .
.
. 50
50
50

On a separate sheet of paper,

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1. Make a histogram of the distribution of rolling a die once in 50 times. What
can you say about the resulting histogram?

Answer:

2. Make a histogram of the means of rolling a die twice in 50 times and rolling
a die thrice in 50 times.

Answer:

3. What can you say about the three histograms? Draw out a conclusion out
of the three histograms.

Answer:

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 Defining the Sampling
Lesson Distribution of the Sample
7 Mean using the Central Limit
Theorem

What Is It

Example 1. A certain population has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5. If

random sample of 15 measurements is drawn from this population, how
will you describe the sampling distribution of the sample means?
Assuming that the population is infinite,
Step 1. Identify the given information.

μ X̅ = μ = 50

𝜎 = 5 ; n = 15

Step 2. Determine the mean of the sampling distribution. Use the property that
μ X̅ = μ

μ X̅ = μ = 50

Step 3. Solve the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. Use the
property that
𝝈
𝝈x̅ =
√𝒏

𝟓
𝝈x̅ =
√𝟏𝟓

𝝈x̅ = 1.29

Conclusion: The sampling distribution has the mean of 50 and a standard deviation of
1.29. Since the standard dejviation is large and very far from zero, the
sample mean is a poor estimate for the population mean.

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Example 2. The heights of male OSHS students are normally distributed with mean
of 70 inches and standard deviation of 2 inches. If 90 samples consisting
of 30 students each are drawn from the population, what would be the
mean and standard deviation of the computed
sampling distribution of the means?

Assuming that the population is infinite;

Step 1. Identify the given information.

μ X̅ = μ = 70

𝜎 = 2 ; n = 30

Step 2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution. Use the property that μ X̅ = μ

μ X̅ = μ = 70

Step 3. Solve the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. Use the
property that
𝝈
𝝈x̅ =
√𝒏

𝟐
𝝈x̅ =
√𝟑𝟎

𝝈x̅ = 0.37

Conclusion: The sampling distribution has the mean of 70 and a standard deviation of
0.37.Since the standard deviation is small and close to zero, the sample mean is a
good estimate for the population mean.

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 What’s More

Activity. Solve and Describe

The scores of individual students on a national achievement test have a

normal distribution with mean 20.8 and a standard deviation of 1.9. At Feliciano
Delos Santos High School, 84 students took the test.If the scores of the students
at this school have the same distribution as the national scores, how will you
describe the sampling distribution of the scores of these students? Assume that
the population is infinite.

Step 1. Identify the given information.

Step 2. Determine the mean of the sampling distribution. Use the property that
μ X̅ = μ

Step 3. Solve the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. Use the
property that

𝝈
𝝈x̅ =
√𝒏

Conclusion:
_

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 Lesson Problems Involving Sampling
Distribution of the Sample
8
Mean

In the previous lessons, you have learned how to use the normal
distribution to give information about an individual data value obtained from the
population. In this lessons, you will use the sampling distribution of the mean to
obtain information about the sample mean.

What’s In

Activity 1.
A. Recalling the z-score.

A national achievement test was given to a group of graduating senior high

school students.The result shows a mean score of 92 and a standard
deviation of 8.

1. Determine the standard scores of the scores 115, 100, 95, 90 and 75.
2. Write the standard scores on the table below.

Scores Standard
Score
115
100
95
90
75

B. Illustrating and Finding Areas Under a Normal Curve.

Given the following conditions, Illustrate and find the areas under a normal
curve.

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 Conditions Illustration Area

Between z= 0.5 and z=2.0

Between z= -0.5 and z=0.5

Between z= 0.5 and z=1.5

To the left of z=1.0

To the right of z=0.5

What Is It
The Central Limit Theorem justifies the use of the following formula when
computing the probability that 𝑥̅̅ will take on a value within a given range in the
sampling distribution of x̅:

̅−𝜇
𝑥̅
z = 𝝈
√𝒏
where ;

𝑥̅̅ = sample mean

μ = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
n = sample size

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 What’s New

Activity 2. ( Let’s Do This)

Sample problem 1. The average time it takes a group of OSHS students to complete
a Statistics test is 54.8 minutes. The standard deviation is 5
minutes. We shall assume that the data are normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly chosen OHS student
will complete the test in less than 53 minutes?

Step 1. Identify the given information

μ = 54.8, 𝜎 = 5, x = 53
Step 2. Identify what is ask
P(x < 53)
Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.
When dealing with an individual data obtained from the
population, the formula to be used to standardize 53 would be
𝑥− 𝜇
z= 𝜎
Step 4. Solve the problem
𝑥− 𝜇
Z=
𝜎

53 − 54.8
z= 5

= - 0.36

We shall find P(x < 53) by getting the area under a normal
curve P(X < 53) = P(z < -0.36)
= 0.5000 – 0.1406 illustration
= 0.3594

Step 5. State the final answer.

So, the probability that a randomly chosen OHS student will finish the test in less
than 53 minutes is 0.3594 or 35.94%.This implies that it is 35.94% possibility that an
OHS student will finish the test in less than 53 minutes. Likely to happen.

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 b. If there are 50 randomly selected OSHS students, what is the
probability that the mean time it takes the group to finish the
test will be less than 53 minutes?

Step 1. Identify the given information.

μ = 54.8
𝜎=5
x̅ = 53
n = 50

Step 2. Identify what is asked.

P(x < 53)

Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.

Since we are dealing with data about the sample means, the
formula to be used to standardize z is,

̅−𝜇
𝑥̅
z = 𝜎
√𝑛

Step 4. Solution to the problem.

Illustration:
̅−𝜇
𝑥̅
z = 𝜎
√𝑛

53−54.8
= 5
√50

− 1.8
=
0.707

= − 2.55

We shall find P(𝑥̅̅ < 53 ) by getting the area under a normal curve

P(𝑥̅̅ < 53 ) = P( z < -2.55 )

= 0.5000 – 0.4946
= 0.0054
Step 5. State your final answer.

So, the probability that 50 randomly selected OSHS students will finish
the test in less than 53 minutes is 0.0054 or 0.54%. This implies that it is only
0.54% possibility that a group of 50 students will finish the test in less than 53
minutes. Very unlikely to happen.
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 What’s More

Activity 3. Do It Yourself

Solve the following problems:

1. The average rating of a public senior high school students in a certain

division of region X is 85% with a standard deviation of 3.

a. If a sudent is selected, what is the probability that his average rating

is greater than 80 %?

Step 1. Identify the given information

Step 2. Identify what is ask

Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.

Formula to be used to standardize 80 would be

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Step 4. Solve the problem

Solution: Illustration:

Step 5. State the final answer.

a. If a random sample of 20 senior high school students is selected, what is

the probability that the average rating is less than 80 %?

Step 1. Identify the given information

Step 2. Identify what is ask

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Step 3. Identify the formula to be used.
When dealing with an individual data obtained from the population, the
formula to be used to standardize 80 would be

Step 4. Solve the problem

Solution: Illustration:

Step 5. State the final answer.

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 What I Have Learned

1. Random Sampling- a method of getting a sample by which every member of a

population has an equal chance to be included.
2. Lottery Sampling- a sampling technique by which every member of the population
has an equal chance to be chosen as sample (Drawn by lot)
3. Systematic Sampling- a sampling technique by which every member of the
population is selected with a random start.
4. Stratified Random sampling – a sampling technique that is used when the
population can be classified into groups or strata based on some characteristics
such as age, gender or socioeconomic status.
5. Cluster sampling – a sampling technique by which the sample is taken from
different levels generally from higher levels to lower levels
6. Multi-Stage Sampling – a sampling technique that is done using the combination
of different sampling techniques.
7. Mean is the sum of all observations divided by the total number of observations
8. Statistic describes a sample as an estimate for the whole population. The fact is
about a very large population in which you can’t imagine the time and money to
be spent to survey the entire population.
9. Parameter describes the entire population. The fact is about the whole population
that is easy to figure out because the groups are small enough to measure
10. A finite population is a population that has a fixed number of elements or
observations
11. A sampling distribution of sample means is a probability distribution where all
possible random samples of a specific size were taken from a population.
12. These are the properties of the sampling distribution of the sample means:
a. The mean (μ X̅) of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to
the mean ( μ ) of the population where the samples are taken. That is;
μx̅ = μ

b. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by

𝝈𝟐 𝑵−𝒏
 𝝈𝟐 x̅ = ∗ for finite population; and
𝒏 𝑵−𝟏

𝜎2
 𝝈𝟐 x̅ = for infinite population.
𝑛

c. standard deviation is given by

𝝈 𝑵−𝒏
𝝈x̅ = ∗ √𝑵−𝟏 for finite population
𝒏

𝑵−𝒏
where √ is finite population correction factor and
𝑵−𝟏
𝝈
𝝈x̅ = for infinite population
√𝒏

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13. The standard deviation is also called standard error of the mean. It tells how
accurate is the sample mean to estimate the population mean. If the value of the
standard deviation is small or very close to zero, then the sample mean is a
good estimate for the population mean. If the value of the standard deviation is
large, the mean is a poor estimate for the population mean.
14. The central limit theorem states that if random samples of size n are drawn from
a population with mean μ and variance 𝜎 2 , the sampling distribution of the
mean approaches normal distribution with mean μ and variance δ2 /n as n, the
sample size, gets larger regardless of the shape of the original population
distribution.

15. The Central Limit Theorem justifies the use of the formula when computing the
probability that 𝑥̅̅ will take on a value within a given range inthe sampling
distribution of 𝑥̅̅

̅−𝜇
𝑥̅
Z = 𝜎
√𝑛

Where 𝑥̅̅ = sample mean

μ = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
n = sample size
16. When dealing with an individual data obtained from the population, the
Formula to be used to standardize a raw data would be
z= x− μ
𝜎

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 Assessment
Multiple choice.

1. Jason wants to know the average hieght of senior high school students in
his school. Which of the following is a good representative for the
population?
a. A sample consisting all grade 7 OHS students
b. A sample consisting all officers of OHS students
c. A sample consisting representatives from grade 7 to grade 10 OHS class
which were drawn by lot
d. All OHS students in school.
2. Which of the following describes a parameter?
a. 40% of Filipinos are in favor of the Federal form of government.
b. 30% of the school children in the Philippines like Mathematics
c. 45% of 2,000 pupils in a certain school got below 10 on a standardized
test.
d. 15% of the residents in a certain country are aware of the proper waste
disposal.
3. How many possible random samples of size 3 can be drawn from a
population of size 12?
a. 36 b. 1728 c. 144 d. 220
4. A certain population consist the numbers 1,2,3,4, and 5. Suppose samples
of size 3 are drawn from this population, what is the variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample means?
a. 0.35 b. 0.33 c. 0.53 d. 0.38

5. A certain population has a mean of 13.2 and a standard deviation of 3.8. If

random samples of size 5 is taken from this population, which of the
following statements is correct?
a. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to
13.2.
b. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is less than
13.2
c. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means
is 3.8
d. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means
is 13.8

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 6. Which value of standard deviation defines the best estimate of the
population mean?
a. 0.20 b. 0.37 c. 0.57 d. 1.3
7. A certain population has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 4. A
random sample of 15 are drawn from this population. Which describes the
sampling distribution of the sample means.
a. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean of 50,
variance of 1.067, and a standard deviation of 1.033.
b. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean greater than
50, and a standard deviation of 0.033.
c. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean less than
50, and a standard deviation of 1.033.
d. the sampling distribution of the sample means has a mean of 50,
variance of 1.067, and a standard deviation of 0.033.
8. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling
distribution of the means approaches normal distribution as n gets
smaller in size.
b. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling
distribution of the means approaches normal distribution as n gets
larger in size.
c. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling
distribution of the means approaches normal distribution as the
standard deviation gets larger in size.
d. If samples of size n are drawn from a population, the sampling
distribution of the means approaches normal distribution as the
standard deviation gets smaller in size.
For numbers 9-10.The average acid content of a certain juice drink is 200 milligrams,
and a standard deviation of 12 milligrams.Assume the variable is normally
distributed,
9. If a juice drink is selected, what is the probability that the acid content will
be greater than 210 milligrams?
a. 0.2967 b. 0.2033 c. 0.7967 d.0.2089
10. If a sample of 10 juice drinks is selected, what is the probability that the
mean of the sample will be larger than 210 milligrams?
a. 0.4959 b. 0.5000 c.0.0041 d.0.4211

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