ME 504 – Advanced Heat Transfer I

Chapter 3 – One-Dimensional, Steady-

State Heat Conduction
- Part 2 -
Dr. Merve Erdal
Mechanical Engineering Department
Middle East Technical University
(e-mail: merdal@metu.edu.tr, off: ME B-304, ph: 210-5237)

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 Hollow Cylinder
• Long, hollow cylinder, axisymmetric
conditions à radial conduction, only
• 1-D, steady state heat conduction with
constant temperature surfaces
• No heat generation
• Constant properties

Recall that 𝑻 𝒓 = 𝑩 𝐥𝐧 𝒓 + 𝑪
for 𝑇! > 𝑇"

For à

'( 𝑞! 1
𝑞 = 𝑞! = −𝑘 𝐴
@ 𝑟 '! → 𝑞! = → 𝑞!"" = ∝ , 𝑞!"" = 𝑞!""(𝑟) ≠ constant
2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝑟
$%!&
𝒒𝒓 : constant
𝑞! 2𝜋𝑘(𝑇# − 𝑇$)
Conduction rate per cylinder length: 𝑞!" = = = constant
𝐿 ln(𝑟$⁄𝑟#)
Exercise: Derive 𝑇 𝑟 and 𝑞! for convection and/or constant flux boundary
conditions 2
 Hollow Sphere
• Hollow sphere, axisymmetric conditions à
radial conduction, only
• 1-D, steady state heat conduction with
constant temperature surfaces
• No heat generation
• Constant properties
𝑩
Recall that 𝑻 𝒓 = 𝑪 +
for 𝑇! > 𝑇" 𝒓

For à

𝑞 = 𝑞! = −𝑘 𝐴
'(
𝑟 '! → 𝑞! = 𝑞! 1 ""
@ → 𝑞!"" = $ ∝ $ , 𝑞! = 𝑞!""(𝑟) ≠ constant
4𝜋𝑟 𝑟
+%!! 𝒒𝒓 : constant

Exercise: Derive 𝑇 𝑟 and 𝑞! for convection and/or constant flux boundary

conditions
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 Example
A chemical reaction taking place inside a spherical container releases heat at a
constant rate of 𝑞, . The container has a shell thickness of 𝑟# − 𝑟$ and an outer radius
of 𝑟$. The thermal conductivity of the shell material is temperature dependent,
𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑘, (1 + 𝛽𝑇). Derive the steady-state temperature distribution in the shell and
the heat loss from the outer surface of the container if the outer shell temperature
remains at 𝑇$ .

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Solution

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 Thermal Resistance
• Analogy to electric current flow
(what is the
𝑅- : thermal resistance
unit of 𝑅% ?)

• For 1-D, steady heat conduction without heat generation and for constant
thermophysical properties:

for 𝑞
conductive or internal resistance
𝑇" , 𝑇# : surface
temperatures
for 𝑞! on the two
boundaries

for 𝑞! =

1 𝐴$ : surface area exposed

• Convection on surface: 𝑞 = ℎ𝐴. 𝑇/ − 𝑇. → 𝑅- = to convection
ℎ𝐴. 𝑇$ : surface temperature
convective or surface resistance
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Thermal Resistance (Cont.’d)
• Also, thermal resistance through unit
area, 𝑅- ′′:
𝑞 ∆𝑇
𝑞"" = =
𝐴 𝑅- ′′
𝑅-
where 𝑅-"" = 𝑅- 𝐴 , not 𝑅-"" =
𝐴

• 𝑅- ′′ used in plane wall problems but not

in cylindrical or spherical wall problems
(where 𝑞"" ≠ constant))

• In cylindrical wall problems, thermal

resistance per wall length, 𝑅- ′ also used:

𝑞 ∆𝑇
𝑞" = = where 𝑅-" = 𝑅- 𝐿
𝐿 𝑅- ′

𝑇0" − 𝑇$ since 𝑞" = constant in radial, steady

= =⋯
𝑅-" + 𝑅-! conduction in a cylindrical wall
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 Example
A pipe of inner and outer radii, 𝑟# and 𝑟$ is transporting steam at the temperature
𝑇0 . The heat transfer coefficient for convection on the pipe inner surface is ℎ# and
the steam temperature 𝑇0 can be assumed to remain constant for analysis
purposes. The pipe is exposed to an environment at 𝑇/ where the heat transfer
coeeficient is ℎ. The pipe wall thermal conductivity is constant at 𝑘#.
In order to reduce heat loss to the surroundings, insulation material of thermal
conductivity 𝑘 is to be wrapped around the pipe exterior. The outer heat transfer
coefficient ℎ is assumed to be the same with or without insulation. Determine if
there is an optimum insulation thickness for the purposes explained above, and if
so, determine its value.

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Solution

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 Solution (Cont.’d)
𝑘
Critical insulation radius: 𝑟1! =
ℎ

(for fixed ∆𝑇)

what would you do if your pipe

outer radius were here?
what would you do if your pipe
outer radius were here?

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