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(Date: | I

Desibe +h basic c omponent of sensr noes.

Ans
I. poer unit (omprisel of batteny as m in power Sourte
my al3 hore seunda power am sulor cells or
othen energy harveshny sourtes.
2 Sensing unit compise of Senss anel ondoq
dijtal converters Sensors transdue phsicel phenemena
tu clechical signcls
3 presìng unit - (omprscd of sensors and anel loq to
igital conrertrs Sensokstrensduce physicd phenome na
t elecbàcal signeds ARe Cunzrte ansleg Signel to
igatal tor pr (ezsing
Transte) ror unit - comprisei unit of shert ranqe rado
tor w)elers tommun) ta Heo Respunsible data trensmission
and ecephso with other nedes
S. pocorr generetor - cnergy hershng Stem dhetE harse
culor ,vibrahonthermel encrgy to rechorge botteàcd.
Mem unit - 1s uscdt stoe data be date
strr in Jhìs (on be YaG or pressed oneil
Actuetors- this herdaer dertes dhet pnidel actuation
hke mobility or Cunt based on en sur data.
locaion tìndin systcm- hardaote and algorithm tir
localzehans usÌNg fs or ioppnimeted \atie
9 Prrite men aqement- itis used r opimiz 4tion eseared
jt cdendes the Achnth and the con hul tlo of levices
Application softweK - Algsríthm onel implemenletien s
tor Voieus applicetjen obiectires (ilee cninment
menitoing hetth menitong ete
 (Page No.
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characterisic) o f transeirr 2
Q2. Jie he
Ans
Yanze- The renge
cE epercting
9ceirertm fec
frcqueniy
byheHnan
Supportel
2.4 Gl2 incasoE
modutation
2. Modulahon
uted ike
echingues-
Fsk, k
BPs a
The sì yns)
Psk to pnrode
clata biy techingMo 2

efficìenry
ar sm bol ton tromistion
narìmumsbitrete Sup portedfon
3

3. Data YatiThe
tee Fbps to Mpbr
data tron smission, Yaglnq tor
4or di }erent transceirera
4. Tyormidhopoweri- The marimum trans mìt po wen
Jevel hat can be set, derrmininqromissjon ronge
Recciver Sensihrih - The mìn ìm ym signaJ powen
Leel eq ui ve for suneylal teception peermine
Sensihi and rcceibe Yonge

Cude cheeleusedtor detechn ond

multiple accesS SuppLY- Could
hybrid aciesJ mechenism tor
intertare dt busi-paralel meclum ghoing
Iilce
sPII2c oereel ton orSeialintertate)
Sesr
9.
lo
w-power datnput
6pported modesi-pucwpr 3oingsleeps
ouingldle Achikl mode
trentendbetty
trensmit shondarels Reyuletiens marium
compu coihysageemìsìenearung
4renseier pocrbond hct hc
TEEE 02. Is.4 et
 13

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E*lain To snetesle preeing2.

Ans
in- netcaozk prereringfrrto eteprreLinS
CompainycepabiliteAtembrddedinside Abeajefess
Sensrnedellong Guth Sensing

echinuey Fneble pesing cl ta locall] anedes

us el
othn nedes o t t h e cisin l.
betortrensming

tor dote a)greyatin- Cinbing cat ter mudipls

en t ande Reducesdettra fhasignikieanig
1pbs 4. usetu tori Collaboretire Signelprnreiing l-de
-Cooereirely tilten signals tedure eisc
alqrithmsaithin tletcaeres
S. Foobles runnìng cçstribuhd
to trecletarget eqsening
Celle ctìn Dode doe.
Nodenn micspgramms nplemening app li catien
makneten k
Jogic olengside seosingpngrommi
pryremmo ble
virnments ond millewe
Iightcue ight execut hien en
innole) to support depleymenteC alqgerthm
needed
tsco d e s . t
Senctits t
iotron smission
bard idth usegetueto lower
hiyherLndecort
netwrne cen con igE
pnmteJ self configuratiun tienpeemen ie
nle t epimizeapp çca
pulo9
Appliceatin includecanroomeat mini lering thgh
)" caliz ec clueng
-imum
 Page No.
HH(Date:

Shor nutes on.

AnS
I,pubtish ) subscibc Ans

tor Seorus networlc

(o mm unicaen
puradig m
Sensr ndee
?ublishdat Hhey genrret along
ithmetidata Senrer det basd
System Subs(rjbeto 2
crternal
Gn intrests ) t n m consume
detuupleieota prucel ensors

deeloping luosely tswplederentbased

Enebles
Sensr cloudapps,iefs

2.
Database.

MedelingSensorcata usih cata b ase absteetln

enalle centeraliz ed etficient storaqe ond
queing
elsuppur Sal 1ke eecl.reiv¢
queiel un Sensor
data tasle uring paial
To netaovrlecçshibute temporalconrtraint.
elatabase us ultor
efiicden4 clel shenng
Databale techingued
ured r Senso Jilce betaeenSensr
riew
nde
Eoobl dotab ase.
histoical dat inlexeagqo
Fxample - Ting DB. analysi Msiny Sens or atabase
 înterepere
lity lui
ahile netwecs crtenal ond
npn 6ase
toenhetayeseity hondle + use
phsne mobile Iike bort
msilcs idh unicehl Comm lo.
emet hedto attac nles
interoeta attoclesurr
nneljnete)yogt cha LCommuni
caion
prevtn+
Cwebi ia
ecesibl
develping Eoeble
pplicahor neteoorls basel intemet
cols pntbetaeeo tronste
Sersven Smartphened tite hosts interneE
ee computr, Tol
oodesto ensors etins conne
S iotyraionb S.
ionelyhc cloud enallin Serilel cluud
lac clud
pjdesensrdat intrgrehio
to
intrnet t
sentingSensi pmideRepre ibttgrationo web
as
erlTpapnetcolcetor
intreanneein4 Leuveraging
Gn
Contl montonn1 4or bost
nternet any netwk
do sensry t Acce Remu
2
bts
c"
nnceted antiintvoet neeles Sensr betcoeeo
enabelingseomlesS internet
by dhe Qse
t
(ommuníca
ioknet
Ans.
wstlcemmuniceti;n Toternet QS.
(Date:
1 HE
No. Page
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13
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Shutter y
 (Page No.
H(Date :

Ans.
Sens4 Ans
lilce memeprte ssihJ
nde
2 Tmalementr neccesSay 4ìme SJnc.
mulitasking
geting
cencuneoc and Schedun oFnm wlBi. 2

3
ppo
ppli cetin task. 3
Comm
phidentr pceJs
bugh API s
for lo ca sturey
pnnelJ clata meneqemen
clen cf seosur elota
a cùngcnd
medaLanzeJ orehi tc etur tor
applicatin Cwde as 9eles.
Swtehina
Suppart dznomic irepnqrammìng ta upelote code
parametersaftrdeplojment
prnides ntevo)es Servit es iee nele locolliz
tion Him Synchejz tionnutin
Hoinde
tradecftbeteco
ortrheael
ppule os exa mple
deice
ae Tin 10contli jeios
Fre RTOS,LitrosThe
time ond mtral
 intel
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bat i) he impor tane cEeorg3

a

AnsA
duty Sensurs
Aimite ol Capicity bat hrics

mwl4iple Replacin
eleploed in harh
battee icin
enienment

'tcetiens nudes have

l y (emmunicodios
sígni icantly energ
asSensiny
enegy c ¥tieicnt4 direetig Impactsnetule ite fime
costs fer ainle)

befo ndes start elying out

importonce to mini mizeiengg w by puting
satehing omm unicaen
stet
mo dulesansensoto
posible a
sleep

(ommunicatinpmtocol's ntedsli marimni ze thNuput

Ghile mìnizngtrenmissn
mulibup wting alyoithme

Atrhetieoetgy szouces ikeisler, nbretion may be

ysed butconnt replatebothen'ey tull.
bordcuar has to be cesigne or oactire
idle ower consumpionA
Io. Thecntin netourkstacle m hmphzsicel
opplicaHon layer mu be op imized r
Jajer
aperaions
 (Page No.
(oate:

Ans
aie the nuinq chtlengeA
Ans
Iimitel energy vcsUuy cedenergeft)eicntiseridia
bttny poeere c anc
Rowtinpeto colsneeato minimiizeenr
to p lonq tke netekr Iifetime.
Congmptiun
Dno mìc tetrle upolo- waH may Crpticoce
frguent chengel in t pulegdue t nede miilit
eninnment al cnoitions Routn p o r l s
must a dopt tu hese cbange tomaintein
lommunncation,ie
etficlcn
ws caneonsist ofra large nunber
Selabi!lit
of no des whag Ptols must scale
and
etlectiely }he increasinqnumbtr
deries withetcmrimìsn22erlo'rômanre
4. Fduttt6leronte - ledein wsr mag ail el ue to
entry cleplé ion -ol4ber reagoos Reutina algo
Detu bes)iea tenoelle t l u e andtable

Date Aggrgain- wsN geneete large amount

of date"on Hha dota' need to be agrt qate
toreelute the omount oE late trensmite
Secuaty suscephible te veneus Securit
thna
eavedoping and nocle umprmises.
nuingprol muit incerpirat seuity e atured
guality of Sere -
certan clato may hodependin nhe applicain
cçtenot Tequn ment
Routiny algo +he e
prioritize 1he data utcment ond
 intel
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Expl~o Fle.cçng ond

Ans
Elodng
oftea FlooeUhg i a basic (ommunicatio teehinue uced in
oetworles intuing
brdcast a
aleekih incighheuring nudes
me.
Fach rcceinag nu ele inturn reptet thpress
trenrmiting ul of its neighboun nhis
enirnetayorle is Crrreel
ls (on tinue unil the
while thot aimes sace reaches al
nodeA DD be netwos itcon l e a c t is sue s ueh
as reeuodo unne eaSSaA

2. Gossiginq
Detn i- hossiping jn he conteetrof dùstbuted
Systrmn inwlvee nodee shann4 intornmationuith
Jher nerghbuus in a de Centraizel manner
Eachnode communicate
spreainq inormatin thrughout the netewrlk
orr Fime.

purpose i-t hossip -pwtocolsiqe cam munlemploee

li tnbute
for meintainih consisteny
datab ase er ensurng thetnd in a netcu ork
iy bate wp todate lnornmetio iH's a cuaj to
ses
AachieCunsensus withot reling
btCentralawdhon
 (Page No.

Explain th spio 2
Q3 leteeto
s S p I N ZPi cad
Ans.
(ontee! of w intermation
in he erphcolgtor desigoe d
Jh seos spId is
(spIN) ptocol 3út.
and Cooren ation
tleyotation
osuPPort (ommuoícotion
wsetticico tlg.
hedes
omeng
suh.
SPIN pr bcol dercloped to o ddres the
Jpurpust.splN is
Specitircquiement and constrain t
ctue to 1he
eoergettijency isCni al
3ber Souce
imiteel powrr Suit include 3.
sP)Nentocul s
2. Components i- Thr prtocelr
ditheeoA pnto cals Such as

turSenSur netcUoks (5Yl)Nego tition bese d s

3 Fe atursi
J, Ener91 ettiicocy'- SPIrN prtools am to mioimize
toosam pioo acìieal toctor io.
bj omptimizing communjtation and data

tronsmissionpress,
2.
Adeptabilit i- SPIN a lo cws nvdes tonqotiat
adlopt ther
ond
(ommuniation stratrqicd
bored co enien ment)(onciion S
Applicahns.
- S i i poitalany useul in wt cleploed
forVojus applicaton Sch ennn mentel
monitorinq u mllicae and industrial
utmalion.
 aciitis
ompeing
r data otted!, auathovized
relito incereorute ould Sh MAc
sSecuhty
pt incease ettectìe
ond toloo Nws f naty
dnamiC he ate cormoel ac beable
to should MAC
ealabiliy S
S.
stratergiel gment aclenowled
mechanism Retronsmissjo ures tail cle no or
nteroce noise oP Communi
on ea
ble Teia ensun mechenism
o pide shoud hMAc
Retiabiiby
coti&m mmunìtohesce actess qucls ensurtr should
dta timely forloteocy lco eds
urin pcels
Leteny
eticien 3.
energ+ contnbuted schedaling aware
periedsond walce
up (sleepl cycing duty
Techinqes
oetaureifeime, dhe plon to
umptiun minnmize shoull prcols MAC
efticjency Enrgy
2.
l'ermenceequrement3
arc Per
The mediumi cummonicetio shorel noddesto
the
Marotcol. qulrmendof pert'ormante the ìne
(oate:
1
No. Page
ce:
SuDport e
13
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 (Page No.

leach 2 ab
a shor} notr on Ans.
QS
Prtusols
Ans
most papulerclustering
LEAcH s ene oE Hhe reduceenerg1
gdesigped t
tor
ondeten hetco ork life4im c intoclustr
NodeSe 1 orqonze
2 clurter torma tion clyster headi C
ctt) per nund
acting as
Cuith One node 3
(reateca TPMA S ehedule allocoting
CHs ssion
clustr membrstor dote trami
time slety t
anidLcolis)on.
Data usionclustermembensendcatotheir CH

clato aggcgetion /4'usiooto

cohich Perorm
Csornq te4hebas
redute reol uncency beore for
wstetion.
aneleeted pnbolìshi:cally
S. Adapvt clusterg-t NeCHs
eo ch mund baseG cs) du alnedeener y le els
balonee cnergy dissipahnn
6. lotaliz*ed clushìng - CH3 bondle cd ota u hng medli ym
attessand tber cooMdination unetins coidh thein
clustrs,
4Enerqy effiirnry -sareeenergy by rning of Yacllo
aben nt tronsmilting receinnqdac ng trenrmit
cli stoncr to cHe on gatiun clata.
LEAcH Clo energy Adlap ti l tcing hirerchacy)
achirrel anun
(ompared to direct eùstipation
Commuicehon cabile clhshbwting
 intel
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Exrlin
Ans
STEM stonds fenisheyt term Energy Monagement
2
STEMiìsa techiaue tor minimizinqenerg cunsumption
Sensorneales by oppo huni sticetly switchi ng them
beteuzen acre ond sleep ms des bast d oo appli cation
und equiment
3. Tbe lce idea is t kee Sen serinocle in alocorrpoccer
sleep st at a s longas possible tu (unsrrtienger
Sensrnedes walce up perjedi call] tor asherk
acre tine coìndoco to somplerdatan cr Cemmuni cote.
The achre cuin elowderation isideterminedby
aPplicatio Jatniy tolerante ,e some app con henlle
hìgher lateociel.
6,Qutsiele 4be ochr Gin dooodel qo baclc intu w a
jowen s leep mocleto mìni mìze energatege
Actie ond s leep dyreti ons Qn tunec per node
bareden moni tonel energy levels iand appiice Hons
nqurcmentr
Nodes coorelinete ouring actire csìndoco -o perl'erme
nece stay anchens lilke seninguing a4gr gothen
4. Date Sensed by cach ndisbuftered |9cally
to be tyensmitted cuin th tet acire aih do
|o. Adapire duycyeting adiust iacie sleep coiade
Hractio0s boted on menitorednetwrde condit ien
MACPntoclslilee S-MACHMASnar use
&ctin Periuds awid collision
duriny
 Page No.
L (Date :

operations.
sleep
listen and
Exploin periocdic ara
(ommn
eprratioos (wsr)
Ans sleep networlc s
iten and Seoson
Perio di uselinavirele ss 1heaclio
echinque by putting
achiere eoergy efticicng
mode aheo i } s
loPocwor sleep
trensceier int e ata
Gr Yeiere
+ronsmitHng elical4 onl
Nodelcaoke up perio
2 perio dic licten - vodio tronseiren for
Hheir a 9bor t
turnon cl ato
ooy jncoming
clurahon to chetk
cuntn mes s age
hhouring node)
m neigDodatatoreceire
Mode- i1 tber is henele
sJeep
isten interraL,
3

trensmit elurjng dhe

treosceir. ad eoters
A

+urnr of nocey
most
1.e po çuPr s leep mocle, c bere

he ti rt intervalto -fhe
Thr ratio of
Duty cycling
l) i s
totel prriod ( tisteg intrrva tsle ep intevva
(enocn as the datycyele, A lcuer duty cyele
meons Ahen9 cle)spends more ìme io slrep moele
yochriz aion - vdel heed to be sychrnized SO

4bat bcir li tro intcvel Grlap Jhi conbe

iachicred using Yojoue Syneng) setiun meehonism
quch as perj dic beaconscr
2ata Butterin- ahen a no ele
messagePassin
has dote-o
tron smnit 1t butSere he
Abe nert
data and wt or
listrnintenal cf be intcnde
rereirerl) befor transmihng