Basic Tissues For MD

By: Sisay A.(BSc.
MSc) 6/26/2020
Introduction
• Tissues are formed from groups of cells similar in
structure and function
Basic Tissue  The human body is composed of only four basic types of tissue:
 epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
1 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 2 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
Main Characteristics of the Four Basic Types of Tissues Epithelial Tissue

 Formed by polyhedral cells with very little extracellular
Tissue Cells Extracellular Main Functions substance
Matrix
Nervous Intertwining None Transmission of  Cells of the epithelial tissue strongly adhere to each other and form
elongated processes nervous sheets and these sheets of cells line most of the inner and outer surfaces
of the body
impulses
Epithelial Aggregated polyhedral Very small Lining of surface  Avascular, all epithelia "grow" on an underlying layer of vascular
cells amount or body cavities, connective tissue
glandular
 The CT and the epithelium are separated by a basment membrane
secretion
 Covers all free surfaces of the body
Muscle Elongated contractile Moderate Movement
cells amount  Mesothelium:-Lines the large internal body cavities
Connective Several types of fixed Abundant Support and
and wandering cells amount protection  Endothelium:-Lines internal surfaces of blood and lymph vessels
Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue, General features…

General features or characteristics ET 5. Epithelial cells are polygonal in shape, which is partly determined by
1. Epithelia are predominantly cellular; i.e. they possess little extra their cytoplasmic contents and partly by pressure from surrounding
cellular material tissues
2. Epithelial cells are arranged in continuous sheets, in either 6. Epithelia are avascular, i.e. blood vessels do not penetrate
single or multiple layers epithelia.
3. Epithelial cells have 7. The vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are located in the
an apical (free) surface, which is exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal adjacent connective tissue.
organ, or the exterior of the body
a basal surface, which is attached to the basement membrane
8. The exchange of materials between epithelia and connective tissue is by
4. Cell junctions are plentiful, providing secure attachments simple diffusion. This limits the maximum thickness of living cell layers.
among the cells.
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By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 6/26/2020
Epithelial Tissue, General features… Epithelial Tissue, General features…

9. Epithelia adhere firmly to
nearby connective tissue,
which holds the epithelium Basal Lamina:-
only seen with the electron microscope, 20–100 nm thick
in position, prevents it
consists of very fine fibrils (lamina densa) and an electron-lucent
from being torn layer (lamina rara or lamina lucida)
 The attachment between Components:- type IV collagen, glycoproteins laminin and

the epithelium and the entactin, and proteoglycan secreted by epithelium
connective tissue is a thin
extra cellular layer called Reticular lamina
the basement
 Formed by Reticular fibres, type III collagen, fibronectin and
membrane/basal glycoproteins
lamina
 secreted by cells in the connective tissue
Epithelial Tissue, General features…

9. Epithelia have nerve supply
10. Epithelium has a high capacity for renewal (high mitotic

rate) because it is subjected to injury
11. Epithelia are diverse in origin (from all germ layers)
Figure 4—2. A: Section of skin at the epithelial–connective tissue junction showing the basal lamina (BL) and hemidesmosomes
(arrows). The basal lamina together with part of the reticular lamina (to the right of the basal lamina in this micrograph) forms a
typical basement membrane that can be seen with the light microscope. x80,000. B: Section of human skin showing
9 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) hemidesmosomes
10 By: Sisay
(H),A.(BSc.
a basalMSc)
lamina (BL), and anchoring fibrils (arrows) that apparently insert into the basal lamina. The
characteristic spacing of these fibrils distinguishes them from the more common type I collagen fibrils. x54,000.
Epithelial Tissue
Specializations of the Cell Surface
 May posses specializations; microvilli, stereocilia and cilia

Microvilli
 Finger like projections of epithelia that extends into a lumen
 Increase the surface area
 Contain bundle of actin filaments
 Constitute brush border of kidney proximal tubule and striated
border of intestinal absorptive cells
Apical region of an intestinal epithelial cell seen with transmission electron

microscopy. The terminal web is a network that contains mainly actin filaments.
Filaments that constitute the core of the microvilli are clearly seen. An extracellular
cell coatBy:(glycocalyx) is bound to the plasmalemma of the microvilli.
Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
11 12
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Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue

Stereocilia CELL JUNCTIONS
 are very long, non motile microvilli  Is the point of contact between adjacent plasma membranes
 are located in the epididymis and vas deferens of male reproductive
tract
 Stereocilia increase the cell surface area, facilitating the movement of  Function in adhesion of or communication between cells and
molecules into and out of the cell restrict movement of materials into and out of lumina
Cilia
 actively motile process
 Composed of junctional complexes responsible for joining
 Found in the upper respiratory tract (up to terminal bronchioles)
and oviduct individual cells
 Propel substance along epithelial surfaces
 Contain a core of longitudinally arranged microtubules
o Nine doublet microtubules around 2 central
microtubules (9+2 configuration or axoneme)
Epithelial Tissue, CELL JUNCTIONS Epithelial Tissue, CELL JUNCTIONS

Occluding junctions (tight junctions or zonula occludens) Zonula adherens
Located apically within lateral domain  Also called belt desmosome or intermediate junction
Narrow region where the plasma membranes of adjacent cells come  Forms an adhering belt or zone that surrounds the apex of an
in contact to seal off intercellular space, forming an impermeable epithelial cell, immediately beneath the zonula occludens
diffusion barrier between cells  10-20 nm separation between adjacent plasma membranes with an
amorphous or filamentous material occupying the intercellular space
Epithelial Tissue
Macula adherens
 Also called desmosomes with (>30nm separation).
 Small, discrete, disk-shaped adhesive site
 Characterized by dense plaque of intercellular attachment proteins, on
cytoplasmic surface of opposite cells.
 Intermediate keratin filaments (tonofilaments) looping into and out of

dense plaque from cytoplasm.
 Scattered along lateral epithelial surfaces and are not restricted to

regions of tight junctions
A transmission electron micrograph of desmosomes (maculae adherens)
 More abundant in stratified squamous epithelia, associated with keratin between two adjacent human intestinal epithelial cells
type
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Epithelial Tissue
Communication junctions (gap junctions or nexus)
 coordinate activities between cells by permitting movement of ions or
signaling molecules between cells.
 Accumulation of transmembrane channels or pores in a tightly packed
array
 Pores in one cell membrane line up with corresponding pores on
opposite membrane. Permit passage of small molecules, nutrients,
and charged ions and signaling agents between adjacent cells
 Each pore consists of minute tubular structure (connexon) which
traverses the gap
 Is common in CNS and cardiac muscle.
Epithelial Tissue
Hemidesmosomes
 Resemble one-half of desmosome
 Mediate adhesion of epithelial cells to the underlying ECM (on basal

surface)
 Attach basal plasma membrane to the basal lamina.
 Form attachment plaques on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
 Found where abrasion and mechanical shearing forces would tend to

Model of a gap junction in an oblique view. Channels (arrow) are formed by pairs of adjacent connexons,
separate epithelium from underlying CT
which are in turn composed of six protein subunits that span the lipid bilayer of each cell membrane. The
channel measures about 1.5 nm in diameter, limiting the size of the molecules that can pass through it
Function of Epithelial Tissue

 Transportation of molecules from one epithelial surface to
another.
 Diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the epithelial cells of lung alveoli and
capillaries
 Carries protein -mediated transport of amino acids and glucose across
intestinal epithelia
 Absorption
 Occurs via endocytosis or pinocytosis.
E.g. proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney.
 Secretion
 Occur by exocytosis.
Kidney glomerulus & alveoli of lungs (Fig. A), most common E.g. Hormones, mucus, proteins
b/n epith. & CT…basal+reticular (Fig. B)
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Function of Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelial Tissue

 Selective permeability
 Results from the presence of tight junctions and epithelial
cells.  According to their structure and function:
E.g. intestinal epithelium Covering/surface epithelia
 Protection
 Mechanical - such epithelia are usually stratified, with or without Glandular epithelia
Keratinization and include transitional epithelium
Special epithelium
 Chemical - Production of protective substances,
e.g. mucous
Classification of Epithelial Tissue

According to the form of the cells.
Squamous epithelium - (scale- like) composed of flattened cells
which are short but broad. The cells contain flattened or
transversely elongated oval nuclei
Cuboid epithelium - its cells have equal height and width therefore
they are polygonal cells and their nuclei are rounded
Columnar epithelium - the cells are longer than wide, hence they
are cylindrical cells. Their nuclei are oval with a vertical elongation.
Classification of Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelial Tissue
Transitional epithelium According to the arrangement of the cells in to layers

 cells readily change shape and are found when there is a great  Simple epithelium - formed by a single layer of epithelial cells, e.g.
degree of distention (stretching )in the body and are present in the squamous, cuboid, columnar
urinary tract.
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Classification of Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelial Tissue

 Pseudostratified epithelium
 Stratified epithelium - formed by two or more layers of  formed by a single layer of cells that have different heights (tall
epithelial cells, where all cells do not touch the basement membrane.
They are subdivided into squamous, columnar and cuboid based on the and short cells) and shapes.
shape of the superficial cells  All the cells rest on the basement membrane but only the tall
cells reach the free epithelial surface
Epithelia of the Body Epithelia of the Body

Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Squamous Epithelium
 Locations :
 Single layer of flattened cells, with
 Air sacs (alveoli) of lungs
bulge where nucleus is located.
 Glomerular capsules of kidneys
 The nuclei of the epithelial cells
are often flattened or ovoid, and  kidney tubules
they are located close to the centre  Lining of heart and all blood vessels
of the cells - Here it’s called the endothelium
 Cytoplasm may be very thin to see  Serous membranes
 External lining of visceral organs
- Here it’s called the mesothelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Functions:  Cells appear cuboidal in sections perpendicular to the surface of the

epithelium
 Facilitates the movement of the viscera (mesothelium)
 Active transport by pinocytosis (mesothelium and  Viewed from the surface of the epithelium they look rather like small
endothelium) polygons
 Secretion of biologically active molecules (mesothelium)  Centrally-placed spherical nuclei.
 Occurs in small excretory ducts of many glands, the follicles of the thyroid
gland, the tubules of the kidney, pancreas and on the surface of the ovaries
 Function :- Covering, secretion
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Epithelia of the Body

Simple Columnar Epithelium
 Single layer of tall, narrow cells
 Oval nuclei, vertically-oriented, usually located in the basal half of the
cell
 Secretory vesicles sometimes visible in apical portion of the cell
 Its surface may be covered by Microvilli or Cilia
 Goblet cells are often interspersed:-Secrete a lubricating mucus
 Locations:
 Inner lining of stomach, intestines, and rectum.
 Inner lining of gallbladder
Simple cuboidal epithelium from kidney collecting tubules
 Inner lining of uterus and uterine tubes

Simple Columnar Epithelium
 Functions:
 Absorption and secretion
- Columnar cells in small intestine have microvilli to increase the
available surface area for the absorption of nutrients
 Movement of egg and embryo in uterine tube
- Hence the presence of cilia
 Secretion of mucus
- Lots of goblet cells in the large intestine so as to lubricate it and ease
the passage of feces
Simple columnar epithelium lining lumen of gallbladder

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium
 Multiple cell layers with cells becoming flatter and flatter toward surface  Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
 Present in two form  epithelium lacks the layers of dead cells at the surface
 keratinized stratified squamous epithelium  Its surface cell are flattened but nucleated
 the apical layers are layers of dead cells lacking nuclei and  Form protective barrier that is less resistance to water loss than
packed with the tough protein keratin keratinized type
 It lines wet cavities subjected to abrasion:- Mouth, esophagus,
 Deeper layers have polygonal cells in prograssive stage of
larynx, vagina, anal canal
Keratinization
 Location:- skin and form highly specialized barrier against
friction, infection, abrasion and water loss
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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

 2 or more layers of cells
 Surface layers are square
 Located in Sweat glands,
developing ovarian follicles
 Function;- Protection and
secretion
oocyte surrounded by stratified

cuboidal epithelium

Stratified Columnar Epithelium Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
 2 or more layers of cells.  Cells are of varying heights which gives the appearance of stratification
 Surface cells tall and narrow with basally
 Nuclei are at several levels
located nuclei.
 Often has cilia and goblet cells
Locations: Rare
 Conjunctiva and Ducts of salivary glands and
Locations:
sometimes epiglottis  Respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi
 Functions: - - Ciliated, contain Goblet cells between them
 Structural integrity of gland ducts  Portions of male reproductive tract
 Protection
- Non-ciliated
 Function:- protective barrier and movement

Transitional Epithelium
 Somewhat resembles stratified squamous epithelium, but the surface
cells are rounded and often bulge above surface (dome-shaped)
 Typically 5-6 cell layers thick when relaxed and 2-3 cell layers thick
when stretched
 Cells may be flatter and thinner when epithelium is stretched
 Some cells are binucleate, i.e., they have 2 nuclei

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the trachea, formed by long and short cells. As
some cells do not reach the surface of the epithelium their nuclei are present in different
heights of the epithelial layer. Mucus-secreting cells, called goblet cells (arrow),
intermingle with ciliated lining cells.
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 Locations:
 Predominant epithelium
lining the urinary tract
 Found in part of the
kidney, the ureters , the
urinary bladder, and part
of the urethra
 Functions
 Stretches to allow filling
of the urinary tract
Figure 4—18. Stratified transitional epithelium of the urethra. The red-stained basement membrane between
the49epithelium andA.(BSc.
By: Sisay the underlying
MSc) loose connective tissue is indicated by arrows. PSH stain. Medium 50 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
magnification.
Common types of covering epithelia in the human body summary

Number of cell Cell form Examples of distribution function
Special epithelium
layers
Simple (one layer) squamous Lining of vessels . Facilitates the movement  Neuroepithelial cells
(endothelium). of the viscera
Serous lining of cavities; (mesothelium)  are cells of epithelial origin with specialized sensory functions
pericardium, pleura, . active transport by
peritoneum pinocytosis (mesothelium  Eg cells of taste buds, rod and cones of retina and of the olfactory
(mesothelium). and endothelium).
mucosa
cuboidal Covering the ovary, Covering
thyroid. secretion.  Myoepithelial cells
columnar Lining of intestine, Protection, lubrication,
gallbladder. absorption, secretion.  are branched cells that contain myosin and a large number of actin
Pseudostratified (layers of cells with Lining of trachea, bronchi, Protection, secretion; filaments
nuclei at different levels; not all cells reach nasal cavity. cilia mediated transport of
surface but all adhere to basal lamina) particles trapped in  They are specialized for contraction, mainly of the secretory units of
mucus out of the air
passages. the mammary, sweat, and salivary glands
Stratified (two Squamous keratinized Epidermis Protection
 Germinal epithelium
or more layers) (dry) prevents water loss.
Squamous nokeratinized Mouth, esophagus, larynx, Protection, secretion  In seminiferous tubules of the testes
(moist) vagina, and anal canal. prevents water loss
cuboidal Sweet glands, developing Protection  It is a complex, simple epithelium of sertoli cells and stratified
ovarian follicles. secretion epithelium of spermatogenic cells
transitional Bladder, ureters, renal Protection
51 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) calyces. distensibility. 52 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
columnar Conjunctiva. Protection.
Glandular epithelium
Formation of glands from
 Glands are cells or aggregations of cells whose function is secretion. covering epithelia. Epithelial cells
proliferate and penetrate the
 Exocrine glands release the secretory product via a system of ducts connective tissue. They may—or
that opens upon one of the surfaces of the body which are in contact may not—maintain contact with
with the external world (skin, GIT etc.). the surface. When contact is
maintained, exocrine glands are
 Endocrine glands release their secretory product (typically hormones) formed; without contact,
into the spaces between the secretory cells (extracellular space) from endocrine glands are formed. The
which it enters the bloodstream. cells of endocrine glands can be
arranged in cords or in follicles.
The lumen of the follicles
 Both endocrine and exocrine glands are developmentally derived from accumulates secretion; cells of
epithelia, which form a down-growth into the underlying connective the cords store only small
tissue. quantities of secretions in their
 The cells forming this down-growth then develop the special cytoplasm. (Redrawn and
characteristics of the mature gland. reproduced, with permission,
 Exocrine glands maintain the connection with the surface epithelium, whereas the from
connection is lost by endocrine glands
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Classification of Exocrine Glands Glandular epithelium

 Exocrine glands may be classified according to cell number, type of duct  Multicellular Glands
system and the shape and branching pattern of their secretory portions and
ducts  The simplest form of multicellular exocrine gland is the
 Based on Number of cells

secretory sheet, exemplified by the gastric lining
epithelium, in which the secreting cells form a
 Unicellular Glands
continuous epithelial layer
 consist of a single secretory cell
 Other multicellular glands have their secretory portion
 In mammals the only example of unicellular exocrine glands are
embedded in the connective tissue underlying the
goblet cells
epithelium
 Goblet cells secrete the glycoprotein mucin, which by the uptake of
water is converted Into a slimy substance, mucus  Cells of both types of gland secrete their product onto the
epithelial surface.
Glandular epithelium
 Based on duct system

 the duct system branches may be
 simple (unbranched) or
Principal types of
 compound (branched exocrine glands. The
part of the gland
 Based on secretory portion
formed by
 The secretory portion of a gland may be secretory cells is
 tubular, a coiled tubule, a branched tubule shown in black; the
remainder shows the
 acinus/alveolar (flask shaaped)
ducts.
 tubuloacinar The compound
glands have
branching ducts.
Simple Glands Compound glands

Type of gland Shape of secretor Location Type of gland Shape of secretor portion Location
portion Compound Tubular Mouth mucous glands
Simple tubular Straight and tubular Intestinal glands tubular Bulbourethral glands
(Crypts of Kidney, tubules, testes
Lieberkühn) Compound alveolar Rounded Mammary glands
(Acinar)
Simple coiled Coiled Sudoriferous
Compound tubulo- Tubular and rounded Salivary glands, Glands
tubular (Sweat) glands alveolar of respiratory tract,
Simple branched Branched and Mouth, tongue, Pancreas
tubular tubular esophagus
Simple alveolar Rounded Seminal vesicle
(Acinar) glands in male
reproductive
Simple branched
Branched and Sebaceous (oil) By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
59 60
alveolar rounded glands
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Glandular epithelium Glandular epithelium

 By secretory product By mode of secretion
 Mucus secreting; thick secretion containing proteins  Merocrine/eccrine secretion
E.g ;- sublingual salivary gland , goblet cell  The secretory granules leave the cell by exocytosis with no loss of other
cellular material
 Serous secreting;- watery secretion containing protein and glycoproteins
 E.g:- the pancreas and pituitary gland
E.g:- pancreas, parotid glands
 Apocrine secretion
 Seromucous :- mixed secretion
o secretion accumulates on the surface of the secretory cell
Submandibular salivary gland
o portion of the cell, along with the secretion, is pinched off to be
discharged
o Examples: Apocrine sweat glands, Mammary glands
 Holocrine secretion
 Eg sebaceous glands
 the product of secretion is shed with the whole cell—a process that involves
destruction of the secretion-filled cells
Merocrine: expel fluids through vesicles

Type of Epithelial Cells
Ions transporting cells
 Some epithelial cells are specialized for transcellular transport i.e
transfer ions and fluid across the epithelium, from its apex to its base
or from its base to its apex
 The tight junctions play an important role in the transport process
and they prevent back-diffusion of materials already transported
Aprocrine: Secretions ‘explode’ form cells across the epithelium
Holocrine
 These cells have highly infolded basal plasma membrane that
The sebaceous glands empty their interdigitate with numerous mitochondria
contents into the hair follicle. A holocrine  Found in the intestine, proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney,
secretion includes the cells' cytoplasm.
Notice the three branches separated by striated ducts of the salivary glands, and gallbladder, choroid plexus
two septae and ciliary body of the eye
Type of Epithelial Cells Type of Epithelial Cells

Cells That Transport by Pinocytosis Protein secreting cells
These type of cells have abundant pinocytotic vesicles and tight Have abundant basophilic RER, well developed Golgi complex and
junction secretary granules in the cell apex
 Eg. :- simple squamous epithelia that line the blood and lymphatic Includes pancreatic acinar cells, chief cells of the stomach, hepatocyte,
capillaries or the body cavities chief cells of parathyroid gland
 Epithelial cell specialized for Absorption Mucus secreting cells
 Line the digestive tract and have numerous microvilli on the apical the goblet cell of the intestines
surface This cell has numerous large, lightly staining granules containing
 Small nutrient molecules diffuse in to the microvilli and strongly hydrophilic glycoproteins called mucins
contraction of the microfilament shorten the microvilli, bringing  Secretory granules rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum
the nutrient to the cytoplasm
The Golgi complex, located just above the nucleus, well developed
 Other nutrient are pinocytoced b/n microvilli
 These cell also found in proximal tubules of the kidney
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Type of Epithelial Cells Connective Tissue

Serous Cells  Most abundant, widely distributed, and histologically variable of the 4
 Have a characteristics of protein secreting cells tissue types
 Are smaller darker staining and more basophilic than mucus secreting
cells  Are made up of cells and extracellular substances. The latter
 The acinar cells of the pancreas and parotid salivary glands are examples consist of fibers, ground substance, and tissue fluid.
of serous cells
Steroid secreting cells  Most cells are not in contact with each other but are distributed
 Have rounded centrally located nuclei and pale staining cytoplasm throughout the extracellular matrix
that often contain numerous lipid droplets
 Also have abundant SER and mitochondria with tubula cristae
 Derived from mesenchyme
o E.g: interstitial cells of testis (testosterone), follicular cells of ovaries
(progesterone), cells of adrenal cortex (aldosterone and cortisone )
Connective Tissue
Functions of Connective Tissue
 Binding of organs
 Support
 Physical protection
 Immune protection
 Movement
 Storage of fat
 Heat production
 Transport
Connective Tissue Component of CT

General features of CT Extracellular matrix
 Cells are separated by a considerable amount of matrix, they rarely touch  Consists of ground substance, fibers and tissue fluids
one another
 They do not occur on free surface
 Is an organized meshwork of macromolecules surrounding and underlying
 Have nerve supply except for cartilage
cells.
 Is highly vascular
Exceptions:
 Have different functions in different tissues.
cartilage - avascular
Tendons - have scanty blood supply
 The matrix of the connective tissue, which may be fluid, semifluid,  Provides medium for transfer of nutrients and waste materials between
gelatinous fibrous or calcified, determines the tissue's quality connective tissue cells and blood stream
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Component of CT Component of CT
Amorphous or ground substance Amorphous or ground substance
 In ordinary connective tissues, colorless, transparent, gel-like material  The ground substance in the extra cellular matrix found between the cells
filling the space between cells and fibers of connective tissues binds the cells to each other and to the intercellular fibres.
 ground substance is clear, viscose substance with a slippery feel and high  Glycosaminoglycans
water content
 are linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units that are
 Composed of:
• Fluid
bound to a core protein to form glycoproteins and
• Proteoglycans proteoglycans
• Glycosaminoglycans  GAGs are highly negatively charged because of
• Glycoproteins sulfate & carboxyl groups present in the sugars.
 In bone - it is mineralized  Rigidity of GAGs provides structural framework for
 In blood – fluid (plasma) the cells.
Amorphous or ground substance Na me Location Function
 Glycosaminoglycans Hyaluronan Synovial fluid, vitrous humor, Large polymers of hyaluronan can displace
ECM of CT large volume of water (excellent lubricant and
 Have five major classes that differ in their sugar contents. shock absorber)
 Hyalunoric acid
 not directly bound to proteins Chondroitin Cartilage, bone , heart valves Together with hayaluronan form aggrecan in
 it does not contain any sulfate sulfate articular cartilages which has shock absorbing
function
 does not form proteoglycans.
 Chondroitin sulfate Dermatan skin, blood vessels, heart valves Involved in infection, wound repair
 Dermatan sulfate
sulfate
 keratan sulfate Keratan sulfate Bone, cartilage, cornea Cellular recognition of protein ligands, axonal
guidance, cell motility, embryo implantation
 Heparan sulfate
Heparan Basal lamina, normal component Fascilitates interaction with fibroblastic growth
sulfate of cell surface factor & its receptor
Heparin Limited to granules of mast cells & Anti-coagulant, fascilitates interaction with
basophils fibroblastic growth factor & its receptor
Amorphous or ground substance Amorphous or ground substance

Glycoprotein (mucoproteins) Proteoglycans
 Also called multiadhessive glycoproteins  Are high molecular weight substances consisting of polysaccharide
 Posses binding sites for a variety of ECM proteins like, collagen, chains attached to a core protein
proteoglycans, GAGs  Composed of GAGs covalently attached to core proteins
 Regulate and modulate functions of the ECM related to cell movement  Act as site where growth factors (fibroblast growth factor) and other
& migration, stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation signalling molecules may bind
 are low molecular weight substances composed of oligosaccharide  Confer unique attributes (selective permeability) to ECM in certain
chains attached to a core protein region
 Stabilize the ECM and link it to cell surfaces  These substances provide viscosity to the ground substance
 (Glycoprotein = oligosaccharide + protein) Interstitial (intercellular) fluid
 contains plasma proteins, free electrolytes and hormones
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Amorphous or ground substance

Functions of the ground substance
 Binding of the cells together and to the connective tissue fibres
 Exchange of substances between the cells and their surrounding by acting
as a molecular sieve
 Protection of the cells from foreign bodies like bacteria by the help of its
viscosity that makes it to act as a physical barrier
 Binding and storage of water
Component of CT Component of CT
Fibres Collagen fibers
 Are long, slender protein polymers.  Collagen fibres are formed as a combination of the protein collagen
with polysaccharides and found in all connective tissues in varying
 Include collagen, reticular and elastic fibres amounts
 Different proportion in different connective tissue types.  Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body,
representing 30% of its dry weight
 alter the cells by
 The collagens of vertebrates comprise a family of more than 25
- affecting their metabolic activities. members
- influencing their shape, migration,  The precursors of collagen are formed in the ribosomes of the
RER of fibroblasts as preprocollagen, which will be converted in
division and differentiation to procollagen molecule in the RER itself
 Additionally fibroblasts produce the polysaccharide cement
substance that binds the procollagen molecules together
Reading assignment
 Types of collagen fiber
14
Collagen types
Collagen types
Type I Type III
 The most abundant (90%) of all the collagen types  This is found in a number of different tissues during
 forms large well organised fibrils that have a high tensile strength.
development specially in foetal skin but later replaced by
Collagen type I
 Is found in tissues like tendons, bones, dentine, dermis of the skin
and fascia.  In adult tissues, it is prominent in loose connective tissue and
 Provide resistance to force, tension & stretch.
organs (uterus, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, etc), smooth muscle,
endoneurium, blood vessels, and the alimentary tract
Type II
 Forms reticular fibbers (loose meshwork of thin fibbers),
- is unique to cartilage, nucleus pulposus of IDs, notochord and vitreous
body. supportive scaffolding for specialized cells of various organs &
- This type of collagen forms thin glycosylated fibrils blood vessels.
- Gives resistance to intermittent pressure
Collagen types Collagen types

Type Morphological features Distribution
Type IV
 it is less distinctly fibrillar type forming mesh like network
 Characteristic to basal laminae of epithelia & endothelial cells, renal
glomeruli, lens capsule.
 It provides support and filtration barrier
Type V
 Distributed uniformly through out CT stroma
 May be related to reticular network.
 Localized at the surface of type I collagen fibrils along with collagen
types 12 & 14
Collagen types Collagen types

 collagens that form long fibrils are clearly visible in the electron  Fibril-associated collagens –
microscope :- types I, II, III, V, and XI Bind collagen fibrils to one another and to other components of
the extracellular matrix
Types IX, XII, XI
 Network-forming collagen
 Type IV collagen
 Are structural component of the basal lamina
 collagen that form anchoring fibrils:-
 Type VII collagen
 Bind collagen fibers to the basal lamina
Electron micrograph of human collagen fibrils in cross and longitudinal sections. Each
fibril consists of regular alternating dark and light bands that are further divided by
cross-striations. Ground substance completely surrounds the fibrils .
15
Reticular fibers
 Are extremely thin, with a diameter between 0.5 and 2μm and forming a
delicate network in connective tissue, muscular tissue, blood vessels,
nerve fibres, epithelial tissue, endocrine glands and liver
 Are formed by collagen type III fibres in association with other types of
collagen, glycoprotein and proteoglycans
 The fibres are bound together by fibrillin, fibronectin and laminin that
form the ground substance
 Are PAS positive and argyrophilic:- due to high content of

glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Reticular fibers
Reticular fibres are commonly found in the:
1. Hemopoietic organs such as the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes
2. Coverings of muscle, glands and fat cells
3. Wall of the capillaries
4. In parts of the basement membrane,
5. Uterus
6. Intestine.
7. Endoneurium
8. Stroma of parenchymatous organs like the liver and endocrine glands
Section of an adrenal cortex, silver stained to show reticular fibers. This is a thick section made to
emphasize the networks formed by these fibers, which consist of collagen type III. Nuclei are black,
and cytoplasm is unstained
Elastic fibers
 Have a high elasticity (stretch capacity), i.e. they can be stretched for about
more than 150% of their length
 But the elasticity decreases with age
 most abundant in tissues that require flexibility like large arteries, trachea,
epiglottis, ears, lungs and framework of the spleen, the skin and the
intervertebral ligaments
 Has 2 components
 Elastin
 Fibrillin
16
Elastic fibers
Elastin
 Give remarkable elasticity to ECM due to the presence of 2 unusual
amino acids (desmosine & isodesmosine)
 constitute 90% of the elastic fibers
 form networks
 exists in a random coil conformation.
Fibrillin
 Is a glycoprotein that organizes elastin into fibers
 Is the main component of peripheral microfibrils that are part of
elastic fibers
Skin dermis, selectively stained for elastic fibers. Dark elastic fibers
are interspersed with pale red collagen fibers
Cells of the Connective Tissue Cells of the Connective Tissue
Cells of the Connective Tissue Cells of the Connective Tissue

Fibroblasts Quiescent fibroblasts
 The most common connective tissue cells  flattened and possess several
 Fibro = fiber, blast = making
processes
 large, flattened cells with elliptical nuclei that contain one or two
nucleoli  synthetically inactive
 produce fibers and ground substance  may revert to active state if
 Inactive ones are known as fibrocytes stimulated
Active fibroblasts
 spindle shaped with long tapering ends
 synthetically active, producing precursors of extra cellular-matrix
components
 has an abundant and irregularly branched cytoplasm
 Its nucleus is ovoid, large, and pale staining, with fine chromatin and a
prominent nucleolus.
 The cytoplasm is rich in RER, and the Golgi complex is well developed
17
Cells of the Connective Tissue

Macrophages
 Macro = large, phage = eating
 Large phagocytic cells that wander through connective tissue, where
they engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particles (defense),
and dead or dying cells of our own body (cleanup).
 Measure 10 -30μm and have an oval or kidney-shaped nucleus
located eccentrically
 Have a well-developed Golgi complex, many lysosomes, and a
prominent RER
 Derived from white blood cells known as monocytes.
 2 types
 Wandering macrophages: leave the blood and migrate to
Section of an inflamed intestinal lamina propria. Inflammation was caused by nematode parasitism.
Aggregated eosinophils and plasma cells function mainly in the connective tissue by modulating
infected tissue
the inflammatory process.  Fixed macrophages: remain in certain tissues and organs of the body.
BRONCHIOLE
Cat, 10% formalin, H. & E.
This is a cross section of a bronchiole surrounded by respiratory tissue. Note the low columnar epithelial lining, the
prominence of smooth muscle fibers in the lamina propria, and the absence of cartilaginous plates and glands.
Figure 5—8. Electron micrograph of several macrophages and 2 eosinophils in a region adjacent to a Macrophages filled with black carbon particles are seen in the lumen of the bronchiole. The elastic spongework of
respiratory tissue surrounding the bronchioles prevents their collapse during inspiration. Every inspiratory movement
tumor.
105 ThisBy:
figure illustrates
Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)the participation of macrophages in tissue reaction to tumor invasion. 106 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
exerts a pull on the wall of the bronchiole protecting it from collapse, hence there is no need for cartilage rings or plates.

Have irregular surface with pleats, protrusions, and indentations, a Mast Cells
morphological expression of their active pinocytotic and phagocytic activities
 Large, ovoid cells 10 to 13 μm in diameter with large basophilic granules
in EM that fill the cytoplasm
 Small spherical nucleus is centrally situated
 Develop in bone marrow and differentiate in connective tissue.
 Often found in CT adjacent to blood vessels

 Its surface contains specific receptors for immunoglobulin E
 Secretary granules (large intensely basophilic granules)
 are widespread in the human body but more abundant in the dermis and in
the digestive and respiratory tracts
 Produce heparin, which is blood anti-coagulant,
and histamine, which increases vascular Permeability (vasodilator) and
contracts smooth muscle
18
Electron micrograph of a human mast cell. The granules (G) contain heparin and histamine. Note
the characteristic scroll-like structures within the granules. M, mitochondrion; C, collagen fibrils; Section of rat tongue. Several mast cells in the connective tissue surround muscle cells and
E, elastic fibril; N, nucleus blood vessels.

Plasma Cells
 large, ovoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm and spherical and eccentrically
placed nucleus, containing compact, coarse heterochromatin
 Average life is short, 10–20 days
 Differentiated form of the B-lymphocyte
 Plasma cells produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)
 Plasma cells are rich in RER and possess a prominent Golgi apparatus
 Are commonly found in the: Lymphatic organs, Bone marrow, Stroma of

glands, Sites subject to bacterial and foreign protein penetration and In
areas where there is chronic inflammation
 Normally plasma cells are not found in the blood

Ultrastructure of a plasma cell. The cell contains a well-developed RER, with dilated cisternae containing
immunoglobulins (antibodies). Nu, nucleolus.

Adipocytes
- Appear in small
clusters in some
fibroconnective
tissues.
- If they dominate
an area, we call
that area adipose
tissue.
- Contain huge
Portion of a chronically inflamed intestinal villus. The plasma cells are characterized by their size and droplets of lipids
abundant basophilic cytoplasm (rough endoplasmic reticulum). A large Golgi complex (arrows) is where the
terminal glycosylation of the antibodies (glycoproteins) occurs.
19
Classification of CT
Embryonic connective tissue
 A. Mesenchyme
 B. Mucous connective tissue
Mature connective tissue
 Loose connective tissue
• 1. Areolar connective tissue
• 2. Adipose tissue
• 3. Reticular connective tissue
 Dense connective tissue
• 1. Dense regular connective tissue
• 2. Dense irregular connective tissue
• 3. Elastic connective tissue
• Collagenous
 Cartilage
• 1. Hyaline cartilage
• 2. Fibrocartilage
• 3. Elastic cartilage
 Bone tissue
By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) By:Blood tissueMSc)
Sisay A.(BSc.
115 116
Classification of CT Embryonic Connective Tissue

 Embryonic connective tissue is referred to as mesenchyme
 Mesenchyme = undifferentiated + derived from mesoderm
 It consists of irregularly shaped cells surrounded by large

amounts of a homogeneous, jellylike matrix
 Migrate to a predetermined destination and differentiates into

all other kinds of connective tissue
Loose Connective (Areolar) Tissue

Mucous connective tissue
 Loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers.
 Some reticular fibers. (All 3 fiber types.)
 Also called Wharton’s jelly  Scattered Cells. All 6 types can be present
 Abundant ground substance
 Highly vascular
 Consists of widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in a
viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine  Locations:
 Underlying nearly all epithelia.
collagen fibers.
 Surrounding blood vessels, nerves, trachea, and esophagus.
 Between muscles.
 Location: Umbilical cord of fetus.
 Within mesenteries, and the visceral layers of the pericardium and the
pleura.
 Function: Support
20
Loose Connective (Areolar) Tissue

Functions:
 Loosely binds epithelia to deeper tissues.
 Allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues.
 Provides an area for immune defense
Loose Connective (Reticular) Tissue

 Loose network of reticular fibers and a type of fibroblast known as the
reticular cells
 Infiltrated with numerous white blood cells.
 Often appears dark purple or black.
 Locations:
 Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
 Functions
 The branching network of reticular fibers will form a scaffold-like
framework or stroma for lymphatic organs.
 Spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes
Adipose Tissue
 Fat cells predominate the intercellular substances
 Each fat cell is surrounded by its own basal lamina
 Subdivided into white and brown fat
 White fat
o Location:- subcutaneous tissue,omenta, mesenteries, pararenal
tissue, and bone marrow
o extremely vascular tissue and also contains many autonomic
nerve fibers
o the cells are filled by a single, large droplet of lipid =
unilocular fat
o Function:- acts as an insulating layer
• storage depot for calories
• secrete leptin hormone:- decrease appetite
21
Adipose Tissue
Brown fat
 Is prominent in hibernating animals and newborn humans
 has a restricted distribution:- interscapular and inguinal regions
 Brown in color - due to the high content of cytochrome enzymes
 The cells cytoplasm is filled with multiple small droplets of lipid=
multilocular fat
 larger and numerous mitochondria
 More vascular than white fat
 Generate heat
unilocular adipose tissue of a young mammal. Arrowheads show nuclei of adipocytes compressed against
the cell membrane. there are several cells (asterisks) with small lipid droplets in their cytoplasm, an
indication that their differentiation is not yet complete.
multilocular adipose tissue (lower portion) with its

characteristic cells containing central spherical nuclei
and multiple lipid droplets.
upper part shows unilocular tissue
Multilocular adipose tissue. Note the central nucleus, multiple fat droplets, and abundant
mitochondria. A sympathetic nerve ending is shown at the lower right.
Dense Regular CT
 Densely packed, parallel, often wavy collagenous fibers
 Slender fibroblast nuclei compressed between bundles of collagenous fibers
 Scanty open space (little ground substance)
 Scarcity of blood vessels
Locations
 Tendons
 Ligaments
Longitudinal section of dense regular connective tissue from a tendon.Thick bundles

of parallel collagen fibers fill the intercellular spaces between fibroblasts
22
Dense Irregular CT
 Densely packed, collagenous fibers running in random
directions
 Scanty open space (ground substance)
 Few visible cells
 Scarcity of blood vessels
Locations
 Deeper portion of dermis of skin
 Capsules around visceral organs such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys
 Fibrous sheaths around cartilages and bones
 Provides a durable, hard to tear structure that can withstand
stresses placed in unpredictable directions
Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage

 Is a specialized type of fibrous connective tissue  It covers the articular surfaces of bones, supports the tubular trachea and
 Has a firm extracellular matrix that is less pliable than that of CT bronchi reinforces the nose, and forms costal cartilage
proper Matrix
 Contains characteristic cells (chondrocytes) embedded in the matrix  is composed of an amorphous ground substance, containing
proteoglycan
aggregates and glycoprotein chondronectin which is embedded type II
 Is avascular collagen
 Functions primarily to support soft tissues and in the development and  is about 40% collagen (dry weight)
growth of long bones  Territorial (capsular) matrix –
 is classified into three types – hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and o The cartilage matrix surrounding each chondrocyte
fibrocartilage – that vary in certain matrix components o is poor in collagen but rich in glycosaminoglycans
o This part of the matrix stains deeply basilophilic
23
Hyaline Cartilage
Perichondrium
 Is a layer of dense irregular CT that surrounds hyaline cartilage
 Except at articular surfaces
 Consists of an outer fibrous layer, containing type I collagen,
fibroblasts, and blood vessels, and an inner cellular layer,
containing chondrogenic cells
 Provides the blood supply for the avascular cartilaginous tissue
Diagram of the area of transition between the perichondrium and the hyaline cartilage. As perichondrial
cells
139differentiate
By: Sisayinto chondrocytes,
A.(BSc. MSc) they become round, with an irregular surface 140 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)
Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage

Chondrocytes Histogenesis
 are mature cartilage cells, embedded in lacunae in the matrix  Cartilage derives from the mesenchyme
 Arise by differentiation of mesenchymal chondrogenic cells into
 chondroblasts, which are the earliest cells to produce cartilage matrix.  Mesenchymal cells, divide to form chondroblasts
Once these cells become totally enveloped by matrix, they are referred to
as chondrocytes  Chondroblasts have a ribosome-rich basophilic cytoplasm, Synthesize and
 manufacture the cartilage matrix through which nutrients and waste deposited and when surrounded by the matrix it became chondrocytes
materials pass to and from the cells
 The differentiation of cartilage takes place from the center outward;
 contain an extensive Golgi complex, abundant RER, lipid droplets, and
therefore central cells are chondrocytes, whereas the peripheral cells are
glycogen
typical chondroblasts
 At the periphery are ovoid and positioned with their longitudinal axis
parallel to the cartilage surface while deeper ones are spherical and occur
 The superficial mesenchyme develops into the perichondrium
in groups eight cells (isogenous groups).
Fibrocartilage
 Lacks an identifiable perichondrium
 Has properties between those of dense CT and hyaline cartilage
 Contains chondrocytes, either singly or in isogenous groups, usually

arranged in long rows separated by coarse collagen type I fibers
 Is always found in conjunction with hyaline cartilage, other fibrous tissues,

or both
 Is located where support and tensile strength are required (e.g. in the
intervertebral disks, articular disks, and pubic symphysis, and at the Histogenesis of hyaline cartilage. A: The mesenchyme is the precursor tissue of all types of cartilage.
insertions of some tendons and ligaments) B: Mitotic proliferation of mesenchymal cells gives rise to a highly cellular tissue. C: Chondroblasts
are separated from one another by the formation of a great amount of matrix. D: Multiplication of
cartilage cells gives rise to isogenous groups, each surrounded by a condensation of territorial
143 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) By: Sisay
(capsular)
144 A.(BSc. MSc)
matrix.
24
Elastic Cartilage Osseous tissue ( bone)

 possesses a perichondrium and is identical to hyaline cartilage except for  is a specialized connective tissue
its network of elastic fibers, which impart a yellowish colour to it  composed of the bone matrix, and three cell types:
 is less prone to degeneration than hyaline cartilage
 osteocytes - which are found in cavities (lacunae) within the
 is located where flexible support is required (e.g. in the pinna of the ear,
auditory tube, and epiglottis). matrix
 osteoblasts - which synthesize the organic components of the
matrix; and
 osteoclasts- which are multinucleated giant cells involved in the
resorption and remodeling of bone tissue.
o Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone  Blood

o Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action  Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
o Stores calcium, minerals, and fat  Contained within blood vessels
o Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis  Functions in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
Nervous Tissue
 Nerve tissues develop from embryonic ectoderm
 Branched neurons with long cellular processes and support cells
 Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
 Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Dendrites
Nervous tissue
 Dendrites are usually short and
 A network of billions of nerve cells linked together
have similar structure to the cell
Functions include: body except that they contain no
 Integrating center for homeostasis, movement, and almost all other or few Golgi apparatus.
body functions. Axon
 A nervous tissue structurally consists of neurons and glial cells.  Most nerves contain only one
Nerve cells or Neurons axon; a few have no axon at all.
When covered by a neuroglial
 Have three parts sheath it becomes a nerve fiber
Cell body
 The shape and size of the cell body varies according to the nerve cell
type
 Each cell body consists of a single large, rounded centrally located
nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm.
25
Muscle tissue  Some muscle cell organelles have names that differ from their
 is composed of differentiated cells containing contractile proteins.
counterparts in other cells.
 Most muscle cells are of mesodermal origin
 On the basis of morphological and functional characteristics there  The cytoplasm of muscle cells is called sarcoplasm
are three types of muscle tissues
 The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is called sarcoplasmic
 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle reticulum.
 Smooth muscle
 The cell membrane, or plasmalemma is called sarcolemma
• .
Skeletal Muscle Tissue  Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fibers, cylindrical

multinucleated cells
 is composed of bundles of very long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells that
 The oval nuclei are usually found at the periphery of the cell
show cross-striations. under the cell membrane.
 Their contraction is quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control. Organization of Skeletal Muscle
 It is caused by the interaction of thin actin filaments and thick myosin  Skeletal muscle is made up of individual muscle fibers
that are the "building blocks" of the muscular system
filaments whose molecular configuration allows them to slide upon one
 The masses of fibers are arranged in regular bundles surrounded
another. by
 Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin  Epimysium- an external sheath of dense connective tissue
surrounding the entire muscle.
 Perimysium - the connective tissue around each bundle of muscle
fibers
 Endomysium - delicate layer of connective tissue that surrounde
each muscle fiber
Organization of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

 Longitudinally sectioned muscle fibers show cross-striations of
alternating light and dark bands
 The darker bands are called A bands
 The lighter bands are called I bands
 Each I band is bisected by a dark transverse line, the Z line.
 The dark A band has the lighter H band in its center
 A transverse M line is seen in the middle of the H band
 The area between two adjacent Z lines is called a
sarcomere
 this sarcomere pattern is due to the presence of two types of
filaments thick and thin
26
The thick filaments

 are made up of myosin
 are lined up to form the A bands
The thin filaments

 are made up of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
 forms the less dense I bands
 The lighter H bands in the center of the A bands are
the regions where, when the muscle is relaxed, the

thin filaments do not overlap the thick filaments.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue

 is composed of elongated, branching, striated, uninucleate cells
interdigitating at intercalated discs
 have centrally located nuclei.
 Contraction of cardiac muscle is involuntary, vigorous, and rhythmic
 Propels blood into the circulation
 Found in the walls of the heart
Smooth Muscle Tissue

 consists of collections sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central
nuclei that have no striations
 Propels substances along internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis)
 Found in the walls of hollow organs
 Their contraction process is slow and not subject to voluntary
control.
27

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By: Sisay A.(BSc.

By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

1 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 2 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Main Characteristics of the Four Basic Types of Tissues Epithelial Tissue

3 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 4 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue, General features…

Epithelial Tissue, General features… Epithelial Tissue, General features…

 The attachment between Components:- type IV collagen, glycoproteins laminin and

7 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 8 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelial Tissue, General features…

10. Epithelium has a high capacity for renewal (high mitotic

11. Epithelia are diverse in origin (from all germ layers)

 May posses specializations; microvilli, stereocilia and cilia

Apical region of an intestinal epithelial cell seen with transmission electron

Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue, CELL JUNCTIONS Epithelial Tissue, CELL JUNCTIONS

15 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 16 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

 Intermediate keratin filaments (tonofilaments) looping into and out of

 Scattered along lateral epithelial surfaces and are not restricted to

19 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 20 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

 Mediate adhesion of epithelial cells to the underlying ECM (on basal

 Attach basal plasma membrane to the basal lamina.

 Form attachment plaques on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

 Found where abrasion and mechanical shearing forces would tend to

Function of Epithelial Tissue

23 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 24 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Function of Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelial Tissue

25 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 26 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Classification of Epithelial Tissue

27 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 28 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Classification of Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelial Tissue

Transitional epithelium According to the arrangement of the cells in to layers

29 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 30 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Classification of Epithelial Tissue Classification of Epithelial Tissue

31 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 32 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelia of the Body Epithelia of the Body

33 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 34 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelia of the Body Epithelia of the Body

Functions:  Cells appear cuboidal in sections perpendicular to the surface of the

 Secretion of biologically active molecules (mesothelium)  Centrally-placed spherical nuclei.

 Function :- Covering, secretion

35 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 36 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelia of the Body

37 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 38 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelia of the Body

39 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 40 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelia of the Body Epithelia of the Body

41 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 42 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelia of the Body

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

oocyte surrounded by stratified

Epithelia of the Body Epithelia of the Body

45 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 46 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Epithelia of the Body

 Cells may be flatter and thinner when epithelium is stretched

 Some cells are binucleate, i.e., they have 2 nuclei

Epithelia of the Body

Common types of covering epithelia in the human body summary

53 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 54 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

Classification of Exocrine Glands Glandular epithelium

 Based on Number of cells

55 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc) 56 By: Sisay A.(BSc. MSc)

 Based on duct system