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Most important topic for exam

gf]jn k'/:sf/ ;DalGw ;Dk'0f{ hfgsf/L


gf]jn k'/:sf/ :j8]gsf] /;fogzf:qL cNkm|]8 gf]jnsf] gfdaf6 lbOG5
pgsf] hGd @! cS6f]a/ !*## df
d'To' !) l8;]Da/ !*(^
pgsf] cflj:sf/ 8fOgfdf] !*^^
x/]s aif{ cS6f]a/df 3f]ifgf ul/G5 / l8;]Da/df !) df lbOG5 ,
gf]jn k'/:sf/sf] /flz slt /x]sf] 5, ! s/f]8 l:j; qm|f]g/
gf]jn k'/:sf/sf] :ykgf ;g !*(^
gf]jn k'/:sf/ slxn] b]lv lbg yflnof] , ;g !()!
gf]jn k'/:sf/ ;'?df % ljBfdf lbOGYof] / ;g !(^* af6 cy{zf:q ljBf yKb} ^
ljBfdf lbg yflnPsf] xf]<
!(^& df hfg l6dj/h]g /]ug/ lkm|; nfO{ lbOof]
gf]jn k'/:sf/ w]/} k6s kfpg] ;+:yf ICRC
1917,1944,1963 ltg k6s
;a}eGbf sd pd]/df gf]jn k'/:sf/ ljh]tf
dnnf o';'kmhfO{ ]

d'To'k|Zrft gf]jn k'/:sf/ s;s;nfO{ ljt/0f ul/of] ,


/fNkm pd :6]gDofg
Pl/s PS;]n
8ofu Xofd/;f]N8
;a}eGbf a9L k6s gf]jn k'/:sf/ ljt/0f gul/Psf] zflGt @) k6s
b'Ok6s gf]jn k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ AolQm Pjd ;+3x? slt 5g
% j6f

gf]jn k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{x?sf]


5gf]6 ug]{ lgsfox?
;flxTo l:jl8; Ps]l8dL :6sxf]d l:j8]g
zflGt gj]{lhog gf]jn sld6L gj]{
cy{zf:q ,/;fogzf:q,ef}ltszf:q /f]on l:jl8; Ps]8]dL l:j8]g
lrls:;f:q sf/f]lnGsf OlG6Ro'6 :6sxf]d l:j8]g
ljleGg j}1flgs pks/0f / ltgsf] gfd
pks/0fsf] gfd sfo{
NofS6f]ld6/ b'wsf] z'4tf gfKg] ofGq
Pld6/ ljB'tsf] s/]G6 gfKg] oGq
xfO8f«]ld6/ jfo' d08df ePsf] cfb|tf gfKg] ofGq
Plgdf]ld6/ Xfjfsf] ult gfKg] ofGq
dfOqmf]:sf]k ;':d a:t'nfO{ 7'nf] agfpg] oGq
6]ln:sf]k 6f9fsf] a:t' :ki6 x]g]{ oGq
cl8of]ld6/ Wjflg ;'Gg] Ifdtf dfkg ug]{ oGq
kf]lnu|km em'6f] kTtf nufpg k|of]u ul/g] oGq
kf/f] ld6/ pRr tfknfO{ gfKg] oGq
km]bf]ld6/ ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] oGq
clN6ld6/ xjfOhxfhsf] prfO gfKg] oGq
/]g u]h aif{sf] dfq gfKg] oGq
g]kfnsf] ljZj;+uf cfly{s ultljlw
g]kfn ;j{k|yd ;b:o ag]sf] ;+:yf Osfkmf] !($&
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] ;+:yfut ;'?jt ;g !(%! Hgfj/L @! cd]/Lsf
g]kfndf cfw'lgs a}b]lzs ;fxotf cg'bfg ;g !(&) b]vL
g]kfn ;fxotf ;d'xnfO{ xfn s] elgG5<
g]kfn ljsf; dGr -;g @))) jf6
g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs C0f lngf ;'? cf=jf @)!&.!*

ljZj a}Fs
ljZjsf] ;j}eGbf 7['nf] cGt/fli6«o ljlto ;+:yf xf]
:yfkgf ;g !($% l8;]Dj/ @&
sfo{no cd]l/sf jfl;ª6g l8;L
g]kfn ;b:o ;g !(^! ;]K6Da/ ^
k|d'v 8]le8 cf/ dfNkf;
ljZj a}Fs ;d'xdf kg]{ % cf]6f ;+:yfx?
cGt/fli6«o k'0f{ lgdf0f{ tyf ljsf; a}Fs IBRD
:ykgf !($& gf] !$ g]kfn ;b:o !(^! ;]K6]Da/ ^
cGt/fli6«o ljsf; ;+u7g IDA
:ykgf @$ l8;]Da/ !(^) g]kfn ;b:o !(^! ;] ^
cGt/fli6«o ljt ;+:yf IFC
:yfkgf @) h'nfO{ !(%^ g]kfn ;b:o !(^! ;] ^
ax'klIfo nuflg k|Tofe'lt ;+:yf
:yfkgf !(** clk|n @@
Nuflg ljjfb Joa:yfkgsf] nflu cGt/fli6«o s]Gb|
;g !(^^ cS6f]a/ !$
b Dofg a's/ k'/:sf/ / b Dofg a's/ OG6/g];gn k'/:sf/

b Dofg a's/ k'/:sf/ b Dofg a's/ OG6/g];\gn


:yfkgf ;g !(^( ;g @))$ k|bfg @))%
slt ;do x/]s aif{ x/]s @ aif{
k|bfg ug]{ Dofg u'|k Dofg u'|k
/flz %) xhf/ kfp08 %) xhf/ kfp08
s;nfO{ lbOG5 c+u|]lh efiffsf] s[lt ;a} efiff

;g @)!* sf] ljh]tf cGgf jG; cf]Nuf 6f]sf{h'{s

cf]:sf/ k'/:sf/
rnlrq If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k'/:sf/
cflwsf/Ls gfd Ps]8]dL cjf8{ xf]
:yfkgf ;g !(@( d] !^
k|bfg Ps]8]dL ckm df];g lkSr/ cf6{ P08 ;fOG; ;+:yfn] k|bfg ub{5
of] cjf8{ @$ ljBfdf lbOG5
of] k'/:sf/sf] prfO{ !#=% OGr / *=% kfp08sf] x'G5
;a}eGbf w]/} ljwfdf cf]:sf/ lhTg] lkmNd 6fO6lgs ,n8{ ckm lb l/ª,a]g x'/ !!
ljwfdf lht]sf] lyof]
;a}eGbf a9L cf]:sf/ k'/:sf/ kfpg] snfsf/ jfN6 l8Hg] @^ cf]6f
;g @)!( df cf]:sf/ cjf{8 ljh]tf rnlrq lu|g j's

s'g k'/:sf/ s'g If]qsf] nfuL


cf]:sf/ rnlrq
uf|dL ;+lut
OdL 6]lnlehg
6f]gL /ª\udGr

s]xL 7fpFsf] pkgfdx?


g]kfnsf] d?e'ld d':tfª
g]kfnsf] >L+nªsf, sf]zL 6Kk'
g]kfnsf] :jLh/Nof08, lh/L bf]nvf
g]kfnsf] kmf]sNof08 6fk', ;'Gb/ x]/}rf,df]/ª
g]kfnsf] dfpG6 k'mhL, dgf:n'
g]kfnsf] tfhdxn , /fgLdxn kfNkf
g]kfnsf] agf/; , l/8L kfNkf
g]kfnsf] bflh{lnª, h'Dnf

g]kfnsf] h}ljs dfu{ sl/8f]/


sfDbL h}ljs dfu{, afs]F
vftf h}ljs dfu{ , alb{of
a;Gtf h}ljs dfu{ , s}nfnL
s0f{nL h}ljs dfu{, alb{of
a|Dxb]j h}ljs dfu{, sGrgk'/

s] sf] l8hfOg/ sf]


n'lDagL ljsf; u'?of]hgf ,s]Ghf] 6fªu]
gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ , ljkm{g
l;+xb/jf/ s'df/l;x /f0f
s0f{nL k'n , :6fog g]g
xjfO6 xfp; , h]D; x'jg
Olkmn 6fj/ , u':tfd Os]n
a]nLla|h , ljlnod 8L a]n
caf aGg] w/x/f , lji0f' kGyL

s'g s] ;+uf ;DalGwt 5


ISO 9000/9001 a:t'sf] u'0f:t/
ISO 14000 jfta/0f Joa:yfkg
ISO 26000 ;fdflhs pt/bflxTj
ISO 13485 d]l8sn pks/0f
ISO 31000 hf]lvd Joa:yfkg
ISO 50000 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Joa:yfkg
ISO 27001 ;'rgf ;'/Iff
ISO 50001 phf{ Aoa:yfkg
Pn lggf] k[YjLdf df};d / tfkqmddf b]vf kg]{ c;fdfgo l:ytL
d]o/ a];fN6 rGb|dfaf6 NofPsf] 9'ªuf
ck/]zg Sjfs gSsnL lrlsT;s kTtf nufpg u/]sf] ck|]zg
yello living gold of;f{u'Daf
blue chips ;]o/ ahf/
doping test v]nfl8n] k|ltalGwt cf}iflw k|of]u af/] hfgsf/L
x]lnof]y]/fkL z'o{sf] ls/0f4f/f pkrf/ ug]{ k|4lt
k]k/ uf]N8 d'4|f
kirobo ljZjdf klxnf] af]Ng] /f]j6{
a]|lhS6 EU af6 a]nfot jlx{udg ]
jf;]n # g]kfnsf jfl0fHo a}Fªdf ljlto :yflyTj sfod ul/ hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f
ug}{
:d[ltjg (! j[If/f]kg ;+uf ;DalGwt
;f]nf/ ODkN; @ ;f}o{ phf{ af6 rNg] xjfOhxf6
ldgfdftf dxf;lGw :jf:Yo If]q ;+uf ;DalGw
Ph]08f @! Affta/0f ;+DalGw
Ok test 100 afta/0fLo u'0f:t/ hgfpg] cGt/fli6«o ;+:yf
lSnlkmN8 lj1fkg /lxt 6]lnlehg Rofgn
ldnfgsf]nL #^% hgf ufos ,uflosf 4f/f ufPsf] afta/0f ;DalGw r]tgfd'ns lut
;]k6Llkg g]kfn k|x/L 4f/f ;fj{hlgs oftoftdf x'g] dlxnf lx+;f lj?b| ;~rfng
ul/Psf] cleofg
Pn l/;r{ km];a'sdf b[li6ljlxgn] kmf]6f] / :6f6; b]Vgf ;Sg] k|ljwL
dfOn 6'l/hd ;ef ;Dd]ng dfkm{t 6'l/hd
k|f]6f]sn !* dfga clwsf/
lehg @))% ko{6g If]q
kmlS;8 lrgn] lgdf0f{ u/]sf] clxn] ;Dds} ;a}eGbf 4[t ultsf] /]n ;]jf
b lj:6 cd]l/ls /fi6«klt r8g] sf/
/fjn lk08L ;+sNk afndhb'/ cTo
Dfnfnf :6f]/fO8 cfsfl;o lk08f
pn{bf] ;o s/f]8 cleofg dlxnf lxF;f lj?b|
lnj|f km];a'ssf] gofF l8lh6n s/]G;L
TO in to af3sf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ ug]{
kmS; nfO6 aGohGt'af6 hf]lugfsf] nflu k|of]udf NofPsf] nfO6
ljP;Pn # :j:Yo ;+uf ;DaGwL
Well bellow 2 ljZjsf] tfkqmd @ l8u|L eGbf a9L a9gf glbg]
X6 dlg a9L Aofh sdfpg] d'b|f
k]6 :Sofg Sofg;/ eP gePsf] kTtf nufpg] d]l;g

g]kfn ;+uf bf}To ;DaGw ePsf k|yd /fi6«x?


;fs{ ef/t
UNO a]nfot
cfl;og dn]l;of
EU a]nfot
lh & a]nfot
clkm|sf OlhK6
p cd]l/sf cd]l/sf
b,cd]l/sf ch]{lG6gf

le6fldgsf] /;folgs gfd


/]l6gf]n le6fldg P
Yffoldg le6fldg B
/fofjf]kmnf]ljg B2
lgofl;g B3
k]G6f]y]lgs B5
kfol/8S;Lg B6
jfof]l6g B7
Ogf]l;6f]n B8
;fogf] sf]jfn]ldg B12
P:sflj{s C
Sofl;km]/f]ng D
6f]sf]km]/n E
Jffof]l6g H
lkmlnSjf]g k

lelq dw];sf & lhNnfx?


pl;d lrgbfh' – k'jf{ jf6 klZrd
p pbok'/
l; l;Gw'nL
d dsjfgk'/
lr lrtjfg
g gjfnk/fl;
bf bfª
;' ;'v]{t
;Kt sf]zLsf] & glbx?
tcb'lntf ;'O k'jf{ af6 klZrd
t tdf]/
c c?0f
b' b'wsf]zL
ln lnv'
tf tfdfsf]lz
;' ;'gsf]lz
O OGb|jtL

klxnf] s'g sfo{qmd sxfF af6 ;'? eof]


Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg bf]nvf
/fli6«o kl/ro kq kFfry/
ul/j kl/ro kq slkna:t'
jfof] len]h tgx'
:j:Yo ljdf , s}nfnL,jfUn'ª,Onfd
Ps ufpF Ps kf]v/L wgs'6f
klxnf] O len]h afs]sf] kTt]k'/
;Ktu08sLsf] ;fxos glb – k'j{ af6 klZrd _
lqj''4 ddf;]sf
lq , lqz'nL
j' j'9L u08sL
b b/f}bL
d d:of{ªbL
df dfbL
;] ;]tL
Sf sfnLu08sL

s0f{nL glbsf ;xfos gbL k'j{ af6 klZrd


z'q ;f7'd'lt x'a';]
;f , ;fgf] e/L
7' 7'nf] e]/L
d' d'u' s0f{nL
lt ltnf
x' x'Dnf s0f{nL
a' a'9L u+uf
;] ;]tL
cflbjf;L hghftLsf] jlu{s/0f
clt ;LdfGts[t !@
;'q,- wfemfy' ,b'jf]df a;L r]; yfNxf]
Wff wfg's
Emf emFfu8
y' y'bfd
b' bg'jf/
af] af]6f]
df dflem
a a/fdf]
l; l;o/
r] r]kfª
; ;tf/
yf yfdL
Nxf] NxfdL

;LdfGts[t @) hftL /f /fhj+zL


d';'s'jf b'/f tfub e'Nxf] ef]nf yfk Tff tfhkl'/of
tftf lw8f] lkm|
u ugufO{
d' d'ufnL
b b/fO{
;' ;'g'jf/
e' e'h]n
s' s'dfn
Nxf] NxfdL
jf jfn'ª
ef] ef]6]
b' b'/f
nf nfs]{
yf yf? lw lwdfn
k kx/L 8f] 8f]Nkf]
tf tfKs]uf]nf lkm| lkm|
t tdfª
;'ljwf jl~rt !% hftL
;]u'nL ltd/f afofdf AofhL xof] yf 55
z] z]kf{
u' u'?ª
ln lnDa'
lt ltg ufpn]
d du/
/f /fO{
Af a|fx ufpn]
of ofVv
df dfkm{nL
Jof Jof;L
lh lh/]n
xof] xof]Ndf]
tf tfªj]
5|} 5}/f]tg
5 5GTofn
nf]kGd'v !) hftL
d]/f s'/fn] xf;' ls js' ;' ;'/]n
d] d]r] ls ls;fg
/f /fp6] j jgsl/of
s' s'zal8of s' s';'08f
/f /fhL
n] n]Krf
xf xfo'
If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df % 7'nf /fi6«x?
z'q- /Sof lrcaf|_
/ /l;of
So Sofg8f
rL rLg
c cd]l/sf
a|f a|fhLn

g]kfn ;+uf ljkf ;Dem}tf ePsf] ^ b];x? qmdz


km|fhj] df}lkmef
km|f km|fG; !((# d] @
h hd{gL !(*^ cS6f]a/ @)
a] a]nfot !((# dfr{ @
df} df}l/;; !((( cui6 #
lkm lkmgNof08 @))( km]a'cl/ #
ef ef/t @)!! cS6f]a/ @!
;fs{ /fi6«n] o'Pgcf] sf] ;b:otf qmdz ;'?jf6
z'q efckfg] >Ldfe'a
ef ef/t !($% cS6f]a/ #)
c ckmufg:yfg !($^ gf]e]Da/ !(
kf kfls:tfg !($& ;]K6]Da/ #)
g] g]kfn !(%%l8;]Da/ !$
>L >Lnsf+ !(%% l8;]Da/ !$
df dflNb; !(^% ;]K6]Da/ @!
e' e'6fg !(&! ;]K6]Da/ @!
a+ a+unfb]z !(&$ ;]K6]Da/ !&

g]kfn ;+uf b}To ;DaGw ePsf /fi6«x? qmdz


z'q ef>Lkf cadfe'
ef ef/t !($& h'g !#
>L >Ln+sf !(%& h'nfO{ !
kf kfls:tfg !(^) dfr{ @)
c ckmufg:yfg !(^! h'nfO !
a+ a+unfb]z !(&@ clk|n *
df dflNb; !(*) cui6 !
e' e'6fg !(*# h'g #
ljZjsf] k|d'v $ ulx/f tfnx?
z'q a}tf Sofef]
a} a}sfn !^$@ ld %#*& lkm6
tf tfªulgs !$&) ld $*@) lkm6
Sof Sofl6;og !)@% ld ##^) lkm6
ef] ef]:tf]s !))) ld
ljZjsf] sd hg;+Vof ePsf] b]zx?
z'q Eofgf6'k;f
Eof Eofl6sg l;6L
gf gfp/
6' 6'efn
k knfp
;f ;fgdfl/gf]
s'g of]hgfdf s] eof]<
k|yd
j}b]lzs ;fxotf k|fKt
bf];|f]
s[ifL u0fgf ;'? ePsf]
k|lt;tsf lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L vr{ ePsf]
t];|f]
hg;+Vof gLlt ;dfj];
;dflhs c;dfgtf cTo ug]{ pb]Zo ;dfj]z u/]sf]
klxnf] k6s hg;ªVof gLlt ;dfj]z
rf}yf]+
j}b]lzs C0f lng ;'?
z]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf0f{ ug]{ pb]Zo
kfFrf}+
:j:Yy ;DalGw cawf/0f
;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cawf/0f
clwstd / Go'gtd vr{sf] cjwf/0f
k|b]lzs ljsf;sf] cjwf/0f
5}7f}+
nIo eGbf a9L cflys a[l4b/ xfl;n u/]sf]
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] gLlhs/0fsf] ;'?jt
hgtfsf] Go'gtd cfj:otf k'/f ug]{
jftj/0f ;+/If0f / e' ;+/If0f gLlt cªlu|sf/
;ftf}+
ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutf
jftj/l0fo k|efj d'Nofªsgdf] ;'?jt
ljs]GbLs/0fnfO{ sfg'gL ?kdf cfTd;fy
cf7f}+
gLlh If]q s]lGbt of]hgf
jftj/0f zLif{sdf jh]6 ljlgof]hg
;fwf/0f / ljsf; zLif{sdf vr{ jfl8Psf]
lbuf] ljsf;sf] cawf/0f
gaf}+
;'zf;0fsf] cawf/0f
ul/jL lgjf/0f k|d'v pb]:o
@) aif{ lb3{sflng of]hgf
;x;f|AbL ljsf; nIo ;dfj];
bz}
ul/jL lgjf/0f pb]:o
ck]lIft a[l4b/ / ;fdfGo a[l4b/ b'O k|sf/sf] nIo
P3f/f}+
ljB'lto zf;gsf] cawf/0f
t]x|f}F
;g @)@@ ;Ddf g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :tf]Ggt/L
;g @)@& ;Ddf g]kfnnfO{ hnlaB'tdf cfTdlge{/
Rf}wf}+F
lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIo ;dfj]z
kGw|f}F
bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o nIo ;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnL

Pl;ofdf /x]sf] e'kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?


z'q cfp g]tf sfsL cdnf e't'cf
cf cfd{]lgof c ckmufg:yfg
p pHj]ls:tfg d+ d+uf]lnof
g] g]kfn nf nfcf];
tf tfhls:tfg e'' e'6fg
sf sfhs:tfg t' t'ls{ldgf:tfg
ls lslu{:tfg cf cfh/a}hfg
ef]6df d'n ePsf glbx?
z'q ef]6df w]/} kl5 -ctf;' tsqL _
c c?0f
tf tfdfsf]zL
;' ;'gsf]zL
t tdf]/
s s0f{nL
lq lqz'nL

s'g kbfy{df s] kfOG5 Rofp nfOl;g


dl/r kfOkl/g v';f{gL SofK;fOl6g
d]jf klkg b'w sf]lhg
d'nf cfO;f];fOg]6 ;'tL{ lgsf]l6g
slkm sf]lkmg Xl/of] kft Snf]/f]lkmn
sf]sfsf]nf yfof]a|]ldg sfqmfsf] km]bdf s's'/ lj6fldg
;'o{d'vL km'n clS;g pv' ;'qmf]h
lrof 6]lgg
6df6/ tfOsf]k]g
ljZjdf a9L hg3gTj ePsf] % b]zx?
df]l; Eofjdf
df] df]gfsf] j jx/fOg
l; l;+ufk'/ df dfN6f
Eof Eofl6sg l;6L

s'g efiffsf] lnkL s'g


g]kfnL b]jgfu/L du/ cvf
d}ynL lt/x'tf tfdfª tdlxu
g]jf/L /Ghgf z]kf{ ;Daf]6f
ef]hk'/L s}yL ;tf/ cnlrsL
n]Krf /f]ª lnDa' l;/Lhªu
w]/} hg;Vof x'g] lhNNff
z'q sfdf]?emfs}
sf7df08}f !&$$@$)
df]/ª (^%#&)
?kGb]xL **)!(^
emfkf *!@^%)
s}nfnL &&%&)(
sd hg;Vof ePsf] lhNnf
z'q dd'8f]/x'
dgfª, ^%#*
d':tfª !#$%@
,8f]Nkf #^&))
,/;'jf , $##))
x'Dnf %)*%*
a9L hg3gTj ePsf] lhNnfx?
Z'fq sfen?w
sf7df8}f, $$!^
eQmk'/ @%^)
nlntk'/ !@!^
?kGb]xL ^$&
wg'iff ^$)
sd hg3gTj ePsf] lhNNff
dd'8f]x' d'u'
dgfª #
d':tfª $
8f]Nkf %
X'Dnf (
d'u' !^

wd{sf cfwf/.df
lxaf}Olslqm
lxGb' *!=! k|lt;t
jf}4 ( k|lt;t
O:nfd $=$ k|lt;t
ls/fFt #+=! k|lt;t
lqmlZrog !=$ k|lt;t
sd wd{nDaL ePsf] hg;Vof
lzah}af]
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k|d'v hfltx?
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A|fxd0f !@=@ k|lt;t
du/ &=! K|lt;t
yf? ^=^ k|lt;t
tdfª %=* k|lt;t
sd hg;Vof ePsf] hflt
s'g' /fsn]
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gfOn leS6f]l/of tfn e' dWo] ;fu/


cd]hg Pl08h kj{t cfGw dxf;fu/
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a|dfxk'q Dfg;;/f]j/ a+ufnsf] vfl8
d/]{ ci6]{lnog kxf8 Sofl:kog ;fu/

cfl;ofgsf] ;b:o /fi6«x?


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a[zcj k[z'da'
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k[YjL !
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k[YjLaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf] u|x
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k|]d / ;'Gb/tfsf] b]jL
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k[YjL
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d+un u|x ;+uf ldNbf] h'Nbf] u|x
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ssgL @!^) ld
gu/sf]6 @!&% ld
hf]d;f]d @&!) ld
d'lQmgfy #&$( ld
gfDr]jhf/ #$$) ld
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k'0f{ lgdf0f{ k|flws/0fsf] k|d'v
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dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u k|d'v cg'k/fh zd{f
k|D'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm lbg]z s'df/ yklnof
z;:q k|x/L k|d'v z}n]Gb| vgfn
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;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] pk dxf;lrj cldgf df]x:db

g]kfnn] lnPsf] nIox?


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ljleGg efiffsf lnlkx? / k|yd rnlrq


Effiff lnkL rnlrq
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g]jf/L /Ghgf lzn'
tdfª tdlxu ;]d/L 5f]/ªfg
z]kf{ ;Daf]6f vfª\uL
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d}ynL efiff lt/x'tf
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Xfn;Ddf g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf


lnR5jLsfndf !# If]q
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;fs{ If]qLo s]Gb|x?


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;fs{ phf{ s]Gb| kfls:tfg
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;fs{ jfta/0f tyf k|sf]k Aoa:yfkg s]Gb+| ef/t

c;f]h dlxgf el/sf] ;d;fdoLs


g]kfn v'Nnf lbzfd'tm /fi6« 3f]ifgf
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3f]ifgf ldtL @)&^ c;f]h !#
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] klxnf] /fi6«

g]kfn lqms]6 ;+3 Sofgdf gofF cWoIf


rt/axfb'/ rGb|
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kbd>L ;flxTo k'/:sf/ @)&%


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lghfdtL ;]jf lbjz


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g]kfn lqms]6sf] lgnDag km's'jf


cS6f]a/ !$ @)!(
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k[YjL k|1f k'/:sf/ @)&^


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lbo/ ljn jL An8 @! cf} ztfAbLsf] pTs[i6« lkmNd


;g @)@@ sf] ljZjsk k'm6ansf] k|lts ;fj{hlgs
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df]xt/L cdn]vu+h k]6f]«lnod kfOk nfOgsf] p43f6g


@)&^ ebf} @$ ;]K6]Da/ !)
xfO6]s k|ljlwaf6 p43f6g

lkmkmf j]:6 cjf8{ @)!(


k'?iftkm{ lnof]gn d]:;L
dlxnftkm{ d]ug /flkgf]O{ cd]l/sf

k|wffdGqL /fli6«o k|ltef k'/:sf/


8f= ;'Gb's ?Ot
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ef]sdf/L ;'r+sdf g]kfn &# :yfgdf


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k|yd p?Uo],o'qm]g, 6sL{
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sflt{s dlxgf el/sf] ;d;fdoLs


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s'j]tsf] k|wfgdGqLsf] /flhgfd


lzv ha/ cn d'jf/sf] /flhgfd
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hd{gL hf]g lj u'8Ogkm


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kmlS;8 lrgn] lgdf0f{ u/]sf] xfn ;Ddfgs} ;a}eGbf 4t
ultsf] /]n ;]jf
b lji6 cd]l/sL /fi6«kltn] r8g] sf/
ls/f]jf] ljZjdf klxnf] jf]Ng] /f]j6{
;f]nf/ ODkN; @ ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] xjfOhxfh
dnfnf :6f]/fO8 cfsfl;o lk08f
pnf{bf] ;o s8f dlxnf lxF;f lj?b| cleofg
Ph]08f @! Jfta/0f / ljsf;
xfdL jlxgL jftj/0f d}lq ;lkª Aofu
ck/]zg Sjfs gSsnL lrlsT;f kTtf nufpg u/]sf] ck/]zg
lhof lhof lrgdf lgldt{ dflg;;+uf af]Ngf ;Sg] /f]j6{
:d[ltjg (! j[If/f]kg ;+uf ;DAlGw
slxn] s'g :yfgdf xg{ lgif]w ul/of]
sf7df08}Ff @)&$ a};fs !
j'6jn / g]kfnuGh @)&% d+lz/ !
e/tk'/ @)&$ ebf} !
k|b]z g ! @)&$ c';f]h !
kf]v/f @)&$ ;fpg !
t'N;Lk'/ @)&$ ;fpg !
lrtjfgsf] ;f}/fx @)&$ k'; !

:yfgLo zf;g ;+~rfng P]g @)&$


lxdfnL lhNnf @)
kxfl8 lhNnf #^
t/fOsf] lhNnf @!

xfn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] dgfO/x]sf] s]xL bzsx?


aif{ -;g_ bzs
@)!)—@)@) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo d?e'dL / d?e'dLs/0fsf]
bzs
@)!!—@)@) h}ljs ljljBtfsf] bzs
;'/lIft ;8ssf nfuL sfo{ bzs
@)!$—@)@$ ;a}sf nfuL lbuf] phf{ bzs
@)!%—@)@% clkm|sg pbejsf dflg;sf nflu cGt/fli6«o
bzs
@)!^—@)@% kf]if0fsf nfuL sfo{ bzs
@)!*—@)@* lbuf] ljsf;sf nfuL kfgL bzs
@)!(—@)@* kfl/jf/Ls v]tLsf] bzs

a]nfot
;u/dfy e' pku|x s]Gb\|
w/fg wgs'6f ;xof]u
a'6jfn gf/fo0f3f6 ;8s v08f
a'9flgns07 :s'n
/];d v]tL cg';Gwfg
X]6f}8f l8h]n KnfG6
cf}nf] pGd'ng sfo{qmd
cf}ifwL cg';Gwfg
kmlk{ª cg';Gwfg
w/fg OlGhlgo/ :s'n
/]l8of] g]kfnsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/0f

Eff/tLo ;xof]u
jL/ c:ktfn
l;4fy /fhdfu{
k|;'tL u[x
/Gh' dfu{
sfs8leTtf 9Ns]a/ ;8s v08f
a'6jfn agjf; ;8s v08f
la=kL sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo k|lti7fg
lqz'nL hnljB't
6«df ;]G6/
lqe'jg /fhky
lrlgofF ;xof]u
sf7df08f} eQmk'/ 6«nL an
e's'6L sfuh sf/vgf
c/lgsf] /fhdfu{
afF;af/L 5fnfh'tf
n'lDagL lrgL sf/vgf
x]6f}8f sk8f s/vgf
/fli6«o ;ef u[x
lghfdtL sd{r/L ejg
sf7df08f}F rqmky
cd]l/sf ;xof]u
/f]kj] ;]]jf
lq=lj lzIffzf:q
hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|
afnfh' cf}Bf]lus If]q
g]kfn l6Da/ skf]{/]zg
n]af]/]6f]/L :s'n
s[ifL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
hfkgL ;xof]u
s'n]vfgL hnljB't
lzIf0f c:ktfn
pbok'/ l;d]G6 sf/vgf
la=lk /fhdfu{
gofF a;kfs{
afudtL k'n

:jLh/Nof08
nfdf] ;'fF3' lh/L ;8s v08
lh/L k|ljlws lzIffno

jftj/0f ;+uf ;DalGwt s]xL dxTjk'0f{ zAbx? s;n] s] kTtf nufP ,hfgsf/L lbP
xl/t u[x hf];]km km]l/o/
clDno aif{ /f]j6{ cfª; l:dy
bLuf] ljsf; zAbsf] k|of]u af/a/f jf8{
h}ljs ljljwtf Ocf] ljN;g
Osf] l;:6d Plh 6fG;]nL
Jfftj/0f cg]{i6 xofsn
cf]hg tx kftflnb} uPsf] ;]/p8 /f]Nof08

s]xL em'lsg] vfnsf k|Zgx?


7'nf] lxdglb nfd6fª
nfdf] v'Da'
o'/f]ksf] lj/fld 6ls{
Pl;ofsf] lj/fdL lkmlnlkG;
;'of]{bosf] b]z hfkg
;'o]{c:tsf] b]z lj|6]g
OGb|hfqfsf] rng u'0f sfdb]j
OGb|hfqfdf s'df/Lsf] /y rng hok|sfz dNn
u'nfjL ;x/ hok'/ ef/t
km'nsf] ;x/ km\nf]/]8f O6nL
yellow sew rLg / sf]/Lof ljrsf] ;fu/
Red sea clkm|sf / Pl;of ljrdf /x]sf] ;d'Gb|
Black sea lxGb| / cfGw| dxf;fu/ ljrsf] ;fu/
White sea ?;df /x]sf] ;fu/
e'uf]nsf] lktf O{/]G6]:y]gLh
cfw'lgs e'uf]nsf] lktf sfn{ l/6/
;fOsfnsf] lhNnf lrtjfg
;fOsfnsf] ;x/ w/fg
g]kfnsf] pRr :yfgsf] dlGb/ d'lQmgfy
g]kfnsf] pRrf :yfgsf] u'Daf :ofªaf]r]
ltglt/g glbn] l;dgf 5'6\ofPsf] lhNnf cf]vn9'ªuf
() k+|lt;t eGbf a9L l;dgf glbn] 5'6\ofPsf] lhNnf s}nfnL

;]tf] dl5Gb|gfy k|tfk dNn


/ftf] dl5Gb|gfy g/]Gb| b]j
vfDhL efiff r]kfªn] af]Ng] efiff
vfDrL efiff /fp6]n] af]Ng] efiff

g]kfln efiffdf k|sflzt klxnf] klqsf uf]vf{ef/t


g]kfndf k|sflzt g]kfln efiffsf] klxnf] klqsf ;'wf;fu/
g]kfnsf] klxnf] b}lgs klqsf cfjfh

;]tf] xfltsf] b]z yfONof08


Xhf/} xfltsf] b]z nfcf];
vl/bf/ af s[i0f k|;fb sf]O/fnf
vl/bf/ jfh] Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL afa'/fd cfr{o

;'Gb/ ejgx?sf] ;x/ jfl;6\g l8l;


Dfxnx?sf] ;x/ snstf ef/t
Ufugr'lDa ejgx?sf] ;x/ Go'lhNof08

;j{k|yd Pl6Pd sf8{ k|of]u ug]{ ,Pe/]i6 a}Fs


;j{k|yd qm]l86 sf8{ k|of]u ug]{ lxdfno a}Fs

;j{k|yd cGtl/Ifdf k'Ug] AolQm o'l/ uful/g


klxnf] k6s cGtl/Ifdf lx8g] AolQm cn]lS; cfsf]{ler
;j{k|yd cGtl/Ifdf k'Ug] dlxnf Eofn]Gtf]ef t]/f]:sf]ef

pt/ u+uf glb ;fgf] e]/L


pt/ aflxgL glb sd{gfz

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg ,lhNnf


Ps ufpF Ps kf]v/L wgs'6f
Ps 3/ Ps lj?jf lj/]Gb|gu/ ;'v]{t

;fOsn l;l6 w/fg


Osf] l;l6 dfl8 lrtjfg
d]l8sn l;l6 lrtjfg

cf]ht tx kTtf nufpg] h];L kmf/Dofg


cf]hg tx kftflnb} uPsf] kTtf nufpg] z]/pN8 /f]Nof08

g]kfndf v'Nnf lbzfdQm ePsf k|yd % lhNnfx?


sflrtDofKo'
sf:sL @)^* c;f/ !)
lrtjfg @)^* c;f]h ^
tgx'F @)^( ;fpg #
DofUbL @)^( c;f]h @#
Ko'7fg @)^( r}t !^

G]fkfndf v'Nnf lbzfd'Q ePsf clGtd % lhNnfx?


Dfssf ;f]ef]
dxf]t/L @)&^ ebf} #)
slkna:t' @)&^ ebf} #!
sf7df08f}= @)&^ ebf} #!
;f]n'v'Da' @)&^ c;f]h #
Ef]fhk'/ @)&^ c;f]h $

@)&^ ;fnsf] s'g k|b]zsf] ah]6 slt


k|b]z ah]6
! $@cj{ @) s/f]8 $ nfv
@ #* cj{ &@ s/f]8 %^ nfv
# $& cj{ ^) s/f]8 *& nfv
$ #@ cj{ !# s/f]8 $& nfv
% #^ cj{ $$ s/f]8 ^* nfv
^ #$ cj{ #% s/f]8 #$ nfv
& @* cj{ !^ s/f]8 @) nfv

s'g k|b]zdf k|b]z ;efsf] klxnf a}7fs slxn] a;]sf] xf]


k|b]z a}7fs ldlt
! @)&$ df3 @@
@ @)&$ df3 @!
# @)&$ df3 !*
$ @)&$ df3 @@
% @)&$ df3 @!
^ @)&$ df3 @!
& @)&$ df3 @!

dxfgu/kflnsf
If]qkmnsf] cfwf/df qmdz
kf]e jL ljsfn
kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf $^$=@$ ju{ lsld
e/tk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf $#@=(% ju{ lsld
jL/uGh dxfgu/kflnsf !#@=)& ju{ lsld
lj/f6gu/ dxfguf/kflnsf && ju{ lsld
sf7df08f}F dxfgu/kflnsf $(=$% ju{ lsld
nlntk'/ #^=!@ ju{ lsld

hg;Vofsf] cfwf/df
sfkf]n ejLlj
sf7df08f}
kf]vgf
nlntk'/
e/tk'/
jL/uGh
lj/f6gu/
SAPTA SAFTA
SAPTA SAFTA
;g !((% l8;]Da/ & :ykgf ;g @))^ hgfl/L !
SAARC prefrential k'/f ?k South Asian free
trading area trade area
;g !((# clk|n ! ,&cf} cawf/ ;g @))$ hgfj/L ^ !@
lzv/ ;Dd]ngaf6 cf} lzv/ ;Dd]ng af6
dx]z cfr{o g]kfnaf6 x:tIf/ 8f e]if axfb'/ yfkf
cawf/0f Nofpg] >L+nsf
cg'df]bg ug]{ k|yd /fi6
g]kfn / clGtd /fi6
a+unfb]z

s'g v]nsf] d:s6 s]


!# cf} ;fkm s[i0f;f/
cf7f}F /fli6«o v]ns'b xfltsf] 5fjf
;ftf}F /fli6«o v]ns'b cgf{
klxnf] /fli6«o v]ns'b 8fFkmf]
@! cf} ljZjsk @)!* hfeLjfsf –Jjf;f]_ h;n] uf]n u5{
Go'g ;fIf/ ePsf] lhNNffx?
/f};dx'l;
/f}tfx6 $!=&
;nf{xL $^=#
dxf]t/L $^=$
x'Dnf $&=*
l;/fxf %)=@

s'g /fli6«o v]n slxn] cfof]hgf eof]


v]ns'b :yfg ;fn
klxnf] sf7df08f}F lj; @)#*
bf];|f] kf]v/f @)$)
t];|f] jL/uGh @)$@
rf}yf] g]kfnuGh @)%%
kfFrf} Sf7df08f}F @)^%
5}F6f}F Wfgu9L,dd]Gb|gu/ @)^*
;ft}f k'jf{~rn @)&#
cf7f}F k|b\]z % @)&^
gjf} k|:tfljs Uf08s k|b]z @)&&

s] sf] ljz]if1 sf]


af3 ljz]if1 8f emds axfb'/ sfls{
afb/ ljz]if1 8f d's]z rfln;]
kIfL ljz]if1 x]dGt ;fu/ a/fn
ljB't ljz]if1 xl/dfg If]i7
tfn lxdglb ljz]if1 8f l/hgeQm sfo:y

klxnf] k6s dxf]T;j


r/f dxf]T;j sf]zL6Kk' aGohGt' cf/If
k|yd /fli6«o sljtf dxf]T;a sf7df08f}
klxnf] 8lNkmg dxf]T;a s}nfnL
k|yd lu4f dxf]T;j ?kGb]xL
k|yd u8\of}nf dxf]T;a sf7df08f}
k|yd dx dxf]T;j sf7df08f}
k|yd slkm dxf]T;j :ofªhf
k|yd dfR5f dxf]T;j sf7df08f}

g]kfn Plss/0fsf] ;dodf s;n] sxfF lj/utL eP<


sflh sfn' kf08] sLlt{k'/ !*!$
sflh t'nf/fd kf08] sLlt{k'/ !*!$
;/bf/ elQm yfkf b]pyn
sfhL gog/fh lzx c6df]8f
k/z'/fd yfkf ;dgk'/

g]kfnsf] $ ;lxbnfO{ slxn] d[To'b08 bOPsf] lyof]<


z'qm/fh /f:qL !((& df3 !) 6]s'
wd{etm dfy]df !((& df3 !@ l;kmn
u+ufnfn If]i7 !((& fg3 !$ ;f]ef eujtL
bz/y rGb| !((& df3 !$ ;f]ef eujtL

ljleGg ljwfsf] lktf


j}1flgssf lktf yf]d; cNaf Pl8;g
lj1fgsf lktf cNa6{ cfOi6fog
cfw'lgs ef}lts zf:qsf] lktf cfOHofs Go'6g
/;fogzf:qsf] lktf /f]j6{ jf]on
lrlsT;fzf:qsf] lktf lxkf]qmfO6;
;dfhzf:qsf] lktf cui6 sfD6]
cy{zf:qsf] lktf cfbd l:dy
e'uf]nsf] lktf O/]G6]:yf]lgh
Oltxf;sf] lktf X]/f]8f]6;
ljw'tsf lktf dfOsn km/f8]
j+z0f'sf lktf u]u|/ d]08n
dfgj e'uf]nsf lktf km|]8l/s /fh]n

dbg k'/:sf/ / hubDaf k'/:sf/ ;DalGw hfgsf/L


:yfkgf dbg zdz]/sf] :d[tLdf @)!@ c;f]h !)
ut] /flg hubDafn] :yfkgfsf] 3f]ifgf k|bfg eg] @)!# ;fnaf6
/fzL $nfv xfn
;'?df $ xhf/ ,@)@^ ;fnaf6 @)xhf/,@)## ;fnaf6 @% xhf/,@)$)
;fnaf6 #),@)$@ ;fnaf6 $) xhf/ @)$# af6 %) xhf/ @)%! af6 ! nfv x'b}
o;cl3 @ nfv / xfn $ nfv
Klxnf] k6s dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{
;Todf]xg hf]zL,lr/~hg g]kfnL / an/fd hf]zL
Dfbg k'/:sf/ ljt/0f gul/Psf] aif{
@)#! / @)##
Xfn dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ dlxnfx?
$ hgf
kfl/hft-lzl/;sf] km'n_
emds s'df/L l3ld/] –lhjg sf8f ls k'mn
/fwf kf}8]n – vnu\df xdfn
lgnd sfsL{ of]udfof
;a}eGbf w]/} dbg k'/:sf/ lhTg] JolQm
;Todf]xg hf]zL
@)@* s0f{nL nf]s ;+:s[tL -;d'xdf
@)!& g]kfn /fli6«o d'b|
@)!# xfd|f] nf]s ;+:s[tL

dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] pkGof;


dg
dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] syf ;+u|x
gofF ;8ssf] lut
dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] lgaGw ;+u|x
PA:6«ofS6 lrGtg ,Kofh
dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] dxfsfAo
dfga
dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] dlxnf
kfl/hft
dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] sd pd]/sf] n]vs
df]bgfy k|l>t @$ aif{
dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] ljb]zL
ljlnod as{
dbg k'/:sf/ k':tfsno /x]sf]
k':ts ;'lrnfO{ dbg ;f}/e
klqsfsf] ;'lrnfO{ dbg uf}/j
n]vssf] ;'lrnfO{ dbg kf}/v
kl5Nnf] ljh]tf of]uf]z /fh /0fxf/ s[tL

hubDaf k'/:sf/
dbg k'/:sf/ :ykgf ug]{ /flg hubDafsf] :d[ltdf dbg k'/:sf/ u'l7n] k|bfg ub{5
:ykfgf @)$%
hubDaf k'/:sf/ g]kfnL efiffsf] –g]kfnL afªdo ;]jfnfO{ Ps dfq cfwf/ dflg
k|ltefsf] 5gf]6 ul/G5
k|yd gf/fo0f uf]kfn u'?jfrfo{
j}/fuL sfOnf
g]kfnsf] s]lx k|d'v 7fpFsf] prfO{
7fpF prfO{
e]8]6f/ !$@) ld
>Lgu/ kfNkf !$(@ ld
3fGb's sf:sL !(%) ld
ssgL g'jfsf]6 @)#) ld
gu/sf]6 etk'/ @!&% ld
l;ldsf]6 x'Dnf ;b/d'sfd @&(! ld
/f/ftfn @(() ld
D'lQmgfy #&%) ld
ltlnrf] tfn $(!( ld

s'g v]n d}bfgsf gfd s]


alS;ª , cfO; xSsL l/ª
lqmqm]6 kLr
km'6an d}bfg
Ao8ldG6g,elnan sf]6
a];ng 8fofd08
s] sf] nflu s'g 7fpF
cgf{ sf]zL 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/Iff
s[i0f;f/ s[i0f;f/ ;+/If+0f If]q
WjfF;] lrt'jf nfª6fª / dsfn' j?0f /fgL
gLnufO{ lrtjfg /flg
gLne]8f s~rgh+uf ;+/If0f If]q
af3 lrtjfg / alb{of /flg
xftL lrtjfg / alb{of /flg
lxdFlrt'jf z] kmf]S;'08f] /flg

g]kfndf xfn;Ddf k|sflzt gf]6x?


gf]6sf] b/ k|sflzt ldlt
? %,!),!)) lj; @))@ c;f]h ! ;/b/ d'n'lsgfv
?! lj; @))( ;b/ d'n'lsvfg
? !,%,!),!)) @)!^ kmfu'g &
? !))) @)@^ j}zfs !$
? %)) @)@& h]i7 #)
? %) @)#$ a}zfs !$
?@ @)#* a}zfs !$
? @) @)#( sflt{s @)
? @%) @)%@ r}q @*
? @% @)%@ r}q @(
s'g k|rng s;n] rnfP,
;]tf] dlR5Gb| gfysf] /yofqf k|tfk dNn
/ftf] dlR5Gb| gfysf] /yofqf g/]Gb|b]j
OGb| hfqf u'0fsfdb]j
ufO{ hfqf k|tfk dNn
sfo{no ;do !),% b]jzdz]/
zlgjf/ ljbf lbg] eLdzdz]/
nfv] gfr uf'0fsfdb]j

g]kfndf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL s]lx sfo{qmdx?


:jf:Yo ljdf @)&@ r}q @%
lgz'Ns d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]kg
g]kfnsf] s'g o'4df s;n] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP<
gfnfkfgL ane4 s'Fjf/
sLlt{k'/ sfn' kf08]
dsjfgk'/ o'4 zdz]/ /f0f
b]pyn elQm yfkf
cfNdf]8f gogl;x yfkf

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg
;'?jt hfkg ;g !(&(
;'?jtstf{ d'l/lxtf lx/fdfGy'
g]kfndf ;'? ;g @))^
;j{k|yd nfu' ePsf] lhNnf bf]nvf
Nf]fuf] ;fj{hlgs @)&! C;f]h !@
Nf]fuf] l8hfOg/ gjHof]lt ;'j]bL
caf lut af6
Kffry/sf] csaf/] uf]/vfsf] s[ifL
slkm vfgf :ofªhf hfbf dnfO kgL lj;L{
Doflbdf l6Da'/ kmn] vf]6fªdf cfn'
wg'iffsf] dfR5f vfg] slt 7'nf] 7fn'
bf]nvfdf nf]tmf c/] sfe|]df 8]/L
ef]hk'/sf] ld7f] nK;L Nofpgf Kof/L
/fd]5fkdf h'gf/ 5 /] kfNkfdf cb'jf
;Kt/Lsf] cfk vfg] slt ;fx|f] n7'jf
lrtjfgdf af;dtL emfkfdf ;'kf/L
;'g;/Lsf] a];f/ h:t} /}5 ltdf|] ;f/L
aFfs]df bfn c/] alb{ofdf a]n
afh'/fdf h}t'g rf]g]{ hfG5g ;a} h]n

s;n] s] cflj:sf/ jf kTtf nufP


cd]l/sf lqmi6f]km/ sf]nDa;
j|flhn k]{6f]« cNdf/]h
pt/L w'j /f]j6{ lkof/]
xjf4LO ,ci6]«lnof ,cG6fs{l6sf SofK6]g s'g
ef/t ef:sf] 8L ufdf
Sofns'n]6/ kf:sn
8fOgfdf] dfOsn km/f8]
;fOsn d]s ldng
8fOgfdfO8 cNkmf]8 gf]jn
kmfpG6]g k]g j6/ d]g
6]lnkmf]g cn]Sh]08/ u|fxd a]n
An]6 lhn]6
Sofd/f hf];]km lgofd
P6d ad c6f] xfg
6f]lnlehg hf]g n]lu{ a]o{8
l:6d OlGhg h]D; j6
ydf{ld6/ km/]gfO6
l;d]G6 hf];]k Pl:kl8g

lk|lG6ª k|]; u'6]g ju{


/]l8of] hL dfsf]{gL
a]s]nfO6 lnof] Pr a]sn]08
/]l8od d]8d So'/L / lko]/] So'/L
Uof; OlGhg lh 8}Dn/
l;nfO d]l;g Plnof; xf]a]
PS;/] jlnod s] /f]G6h]g
clS;hg h];f]km lk:6|n]
k];/ s's/ 8]lg; klkªu\
newcreativeknowledge.blogspot.com
xfO8f]«hg Pr s}j]l8G;
lxlnod nf]s]o/

gfO6f]«hg /6/kmf]8{
;f]l8od 8]j
ljleGg glbsf] pb\ud :yfnx?
d]rL nfnLvs{
nfln nufP/f d]rLsf] dflg;x? kvfNgf d]rL glb k'U5g
ctfz' tslq ltAat
c?0f,tfdf]sf]zL,z'gsf]zL,tdf]/,s0f{nL, lqz'nL
w}/} kl5 ltAat w'Dgf hfg' ePsf] lyof] tkfOsf] k'/fgf] GF ctfz'nfO{
e]l6of]b / eGgef] ctfz' tfsqL efls
b'wsf]lz b'ws'08f
OGb|jlt h'un lxdfn
OGb| eujfg] of] h' l7s 7fpdf ePgf eg] unn] eTsfpg' ef] / ;a}
hgfj/ h+un efu]
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lnvf k/]sf] Pp6f s]6f] lnªu] lkª v]Ngf /f]n -qm|d_
df al;/x]sf] 5
sdnf l;Gw'nL
;'g t l;Gw'nLsf] sdnf t kf]Onfkf] uO5] t
a'9L u08sL u0]fz lxdfn
x]/ t kNnf 3/] u0f]zsf] a'9L t u08sL glbdf kf}l8 v]Nbf 8'la5 gL
sfnL u08sL d':tfª n]s
d':tfª 3'Dgf uPsL sfnL cfpbft emg xf8L h:tL eO5]

7'nf] e]/L d's'6 lxdfn


d's'6 nufP/f lx8]sf] 7'n] cfvfF gb]v]/f e]/L df v;]5
jfUdtL jfU4/
laxfg} afUdtLdf g'xfpg uPsf] t 4/ df t 7'nf] af3 kf] /x]5 dt
eflu

lji0f'dlt ;kgflty{
cfh dnfO{ ;kgfdf lji0f' eujfg cfP/f lty{ 3'dfP
lemd'vL uf}d'vL
lemfufx? d'vn] uf} vfgf ux' jf/L k'u]5g

ljleGg j}1flgs pks/0f / ltgsf] gfd


pks/0fsf] gfd sfo{
NofS6f]ld6/ b'wsf] z'4tf gfKg] ofGq
Pld6/ ljB'tsf] s/]G6 gfKg] oGq
xfO8f«]ld6/ jfo' d08df ePsf] cfb|tf gfKg] ofGq
Plgdf]ld6/ Xfjfsf] ult gfKg] ofGq
dfOqmf]:sf]k ;':d a:t'nfO{ 7'nf] agfpg] oGq
6]ln:sf]k 6f9fsf] a:t' :ki6 x]g]{ oGq
cl8of]ld6/ Wjflg ;'Gg] Ifdtf dfkg ug]{ oGq
kf]lnu|km em'6f] kTtf nufpg k|of]u ul/g] oGq
kf/f] ld6/ pRr tfknfO{ gfKg] oGq
km]bf]ld6/ ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] oGq
clN6ld6/ xjfOhxfhsf] prfO gfKg] oGq
/]g u]h aif{sf] dfq gfKg] oGq
g]kfnsf] ljZj;+uf cfly{s ultljlw
g]kfn ;j{k|yd ;b:o ag]sf] ;+:yf Osfkmf] !($&
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd j}b]lzs ;xof]usf] ;+:yfut ;'?jt ;g !(%!
Hgfj/L @! cd]/Lsf
g]kfndf cfw'lgs a}b]lzs ;fxotf cg'bfg ;g !(&) b]vL
g]kfn ;fxotf ;d'xnfO{ xfn s] elgG5<
g]kfn ljsf; dGr -;g @))) jf6
g]kfn ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs C0f lngf ;'? cf=jf @)!&.!*

ljZj a}Fs
ljZjsf] ;j}eGbf 7['nf] cGt/fli6«o ljlto ;+:yf xf]
:yfkgf ;g !($% l8;]Dj/ @&
sfo{no cd]l/sf jfl;ª6g l8;L
g]kfn ;b:o ;g !(^! ;]K6Da/ ^
k|d'v 8]le8 cf/ dfNkf;
ljZj a}Fs ;d'xdf kg]{ % cf]6f ;+:yfx?
cGt/fli6«o k'0f{ lgdf0f{ tyf ljsf; a}Fs IBRD
:ykgf !($& gf] !$ g]kfn ;b:o !(^! ;]K6]Da/ ^
cGt/fli6«o ljsf; ;+u7g IDA
:ykgf @$ l8;]Da/ !(^) g]kfn ;b:o !(^! ;] ^
cGt/fli6«o ljt ;+:yf IFC
:yfkgf @) h'nfO{ !(%^ g]kfn ;b:o !(^! ;] ^
ax'klIfo nuflg k|Tofe'lt ;+:yf
:yfkgf !(** clk|n @@
Nuflg ljjfb Joa:yfkgsf] nflu cGt/fli6«o s]Gb|
;g !(^^ cS6f]a/ !$

b Dofg a's/ k'/:sf/ / b Dofg a's/ OG6/g];gn k'/:sf/


b Dofg a's/ k'/:sf/ b Dofg a's/ OG6/g];\gn k'/:sf/
:yfkgf ;g !(^( ;g @))$ k|bfg @))%
slt ;do x/]s aif{ x/]s @ aif{
k|bfg ug]{ Dofg u'|k Dofg u'|k
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;g @)!* sf] ljh]tf cGgf jG; cf]Nuf 6f]sf{h'{s

cf]:sf/ k'/:sf/
rnlrq If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] k'/:sf/
cflwsf/Ls gfd Ps]8]dL cjf8{ xf]
:yfkgf ;g !(@( d] !^
k|bfg Ps]8]dL ckm df];g lkSr/ cf6{ P08 ;fOG; ;+:yfn] k|bfg ub{5
of] cjf8{ @$ ljBfdf lbOG5
of] k'/:sf/sf] prfO{ !#=% OGr / *=% kfp08sf] x'G5
;a}eGbf w]/} ljwfdf cf]:sf/ lhTg] lkmNd 6fO6lgs ,n8{ ckm lb
l/ª,a]g x'/ !! ljwfdf lht]sf] lyof]
;a}eGbf a9L cf]:sf/ k'/:sf/ kfpg] snfsf/ jfN6 l8Hg] @^ cf]6f
;g @)!( df cf]:sf/ cjf{8 ljh]tf rnlrq lu|g j's

s'g k'/:sf/ s'g If]qsf] nfuL


cf]:sf/ rnlrq
uf|dL ;+lut
OdL 6]lnlehg
6f]gL /ª\udGr

em08fsf] l:ytL
em's]sf] em08f /fli6«o zf]s
pN6f] em08f /fli6«o ljktL
/ftf] em08f vt/fsf] lrGx
Xl/of] em08f vt/f d'Qm
sfnf] em08f lj/f]w kb{zg
;]tf] em08f cfTd;dk{g
g]kfnn] lnPsf] ljleGg nIo / k'/f ug]{ ldtL
afnljaxf cGTo ug]{ ;g @)@)
xfltkfOn] lhjf0f'd'Qm ;g @)@)
af3sf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ ;g @)@@
lasflzn /fi6« ;g @)@@
ef]sdf/L cTTo ;g @)@%
cf}nf] /f]u pGd'ng ;g @)@%
ul/jL cGTo ;g @)#)
dWod cfo ePsf] d'n's ;g @)#)

af}4 wd{sf] d'Vo ljxf/x?


:joDa' g]kfn
ljqmdlznf ef/t
tIflznf kfls:tfg
tfd|flznf >L+nsf
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lqlk6s ltAat
af}4 wd{sf] kfFr /u+sf] cy{
lgnf] a'4sf] zl//
/ftf] a'4sf] /ut
;]tf] a'4sf] bft
sn]hL a'4sf] cGt/:s/0f
kx]Fnf] a'4sf] cl:t/wft'

af}4 wd{sf $ ;Tox?


;+;f/df b'v 5
b'vsf] sf/0f 5g
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b'v lgjf/0fsf] pkfox? 5g

ljleGg j}1flgs pks/0f / ltgsf] gfd


pks/0fsf] gfd sfo{
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Pld6/ ljB'tsf] s/]G6 gfKg] oGq
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dfOqmf]:sf]k ;':d a:t'nfO{ 7'nf] agfpg] oGq
6]ln:sf]k 6f9fsf] a:t' :ki6 x]g]{ oGq
cl8of]ld6/ Wjflg ;'Gg] Ifdtf dfkg ug]{ oGq
kf]lnu|km em'6f] kTtf nufpg k|of]u ul/g] oGq
kf/f] ld6/ pRr tfknfO{ gfKg] oGq
km]bf]ld6/ ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] oGq
clN6ld6/ xjfOhxfhsf] prfO gfKg] oGq
/]g u]h aif{sf] dfq gfKg] oGq

lj1fgsf] zfvfx?
laifo cWofg If]q
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P06fdf]nf]hL ls/fsf] cWofg
clg{yf]nf]hL klIf+sf] cWofg
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agfj6,u'0fsf] cWofg
cf]lkmof]nf]hL ;kf{sf] cWofg
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kf]df]nf]hL kmnkm'nsf] cWofg
kLl;sNr/ dfR5f kfng
OSyLof]nf]hL dfR5fsf] cWofg
d]6«f]nf]hL gfktf}n ;DalGw cWofg
sf]:df]nf]hL a|df08sf] cWofg
cfl:6«of]nf]hL x8\8Lsf] cWofg
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Go'ld:d]l6S; k'/fgf l;Ssfsf] cWofg
jf]df6f]nf]hL vfgfsf] cWofg
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O08f];sf]kL ckf/blz{ lrq kbfdf ptf{g] oGq
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6]ln:sf]k 6f9fsf] a:t' :ki6 kg]{
xfO8f«]kmf]g kflg d'lgsf] WjfgL

g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgfPsf] ko{6g aif{x?


;g !((* g]kfn e|d0f aif{
;g @))@.# g]kfn uGtAo aif{
;g @)!! g]kfn ko{6g aif{
;g @)!@ n'lDagL e|d0f aif{
lj; @)&# cGtl/s ko{6g aif{
;g @)@) g]kfn e|d0f{ aif{

k|b]z ;/sf/n] dgfPsf] aif{x?


s0f{nL /f/f k|o{6g aif{ @)&% s0f{nL ;/sf/
n'lDagL e|d0f{ aif{ @)&^ k|b]z g %
s'g /f]u s] sf] sldn] nfUb5
/f]u nfUg] sf/0f
;'s]gf; sfaf]{xfO8]«8 / k|f]l6gsf] sld
km's]gf; k|f]l6gsf] sdL
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/tGwf] le6fdLg P sf] sdL
:seL{ le6fdLg l; sf] sdL
l/s]6\; le6fdLg l8 sf] sdL
unuFf8 cfof]8Lgsf] sdL
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k]n]u|f le6fdLg B3

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dfgj z/L/df /x]sf] tfkqmd


km/]gxfO6 (*=^
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s'g Uof; sxfF w]/}


a|df08df xfO8«f]hg
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cfls{ldl8h
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s'/f hf]g 8fN6gn] kTtf nufPsf x'g <

Go'6gn] ;g !^*^ df u'?Tjsif{0f,;g !^*& df ult -#_ ;DalGw lgod


k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g
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lklG;lkof,Sofs'n; pgsf] dxTjk'0f{ k':ts x'g
g]kfnsf] k|d'v lxdfnx? k'jf{b]lv klZrd
s+~rgh+uf, nfª6fª
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cflk
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h]g a/gf8{ kmf|G; !$($
:g]egfof /l;of !#$)
k'tf{; b] Onfldof :k]g !##*

g]kfnsf] k'jf{af6 klZrdf /x]sf glbx?


d]rL
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z'q ;f7'd'lt x'a';]
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d' d'u' s0f{nL
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sdn] ;rf] dcw


sf]t kj{ -!()#.^.@
lj; !()# efb| #! ut] uugl;xsf] xTof eof] ,of] xTof/f kTtf
nufpg] /fgL /fHonIdLn] !()# c;f]h @ ef/bf/x?nfO{ sf]t
k|fªu|gdf af]nfOg ,
egfeg pu|?k lnbf cledfgl;+x a:g]t dfl/P ,
kmt]h+ªu zfx,bnehg kfF8],jL/lsz]/ kfF8] nufPt $) hgfsf] xTof
ePsf] lyof]<
k|wfgdGqL kmt]h+unfO{ s;n] df/]
l;kfO{ /fdaxfb'/ /f0fdu/ uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/of]
oQm ;dodf /fhf /fh]Gb| lyP<

e08f/vfn kj{ -!()# sflt{s !@ _


lj; !()# sflt{s !@ ut] xg'dfg9f]sfsf] e08f/vfn au}rfdf
ef]hsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] , ;f] ef]hdf h+uaxfb'/ / pgsf]
efOnfO{ vfgfdf ljif v'jfO dfg]{ of]hgf lyof] , t/f ljho/fh
kl08tn] of] s'/f h+ujxfb'/nfO{ ;'gfP ,
h+uazxfb'/n] jL/Wjfh a:g]t,jL/ s]z/ a:g]t nufP @# hgfsf] xTof
u/],
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a:g]t dfl/Psfn] P;nfO{ a:g]t kj{ klg elgG5

cnf} kj{
lj; !()$ ;fpg dlxgfsf] cToolt/
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k;f{sf] cnf} eGg] 7fpdf SofDk v8f u/]
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ca:yfd} pgsf] !(#* ;fndf d'To' eof] ,
s'g 36gf slxn] eof]

ljZjsf] Oltxf;
36gf ldlt
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km|fG;df /fHoqmflGt ;g !&*(
km|fG;sf] /fhfn] !&% aif{ kl5 :6]6 ;g !&*( d] %
hg/n a]nfPsf]
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cd]/Lsf :jtGqtf ;+u|dfdsf] ;'?jt !&&% clk|n !(
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h;nfO{ cd]l/sf :jtGqtf klg elgG5
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?;sf zf;s hf/ lgsf]n; l4lton] ;g !(!& dfr{ !%
slxn] ulb Tofu u/]
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lyof]
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lyof]
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sf/0f
k|yd ljZjo'4sf] ;'?jt ;g !(!$ h'nfO{ @*
k|yd ljZjo'b| cTo !(!* gf]e]Da/ !!
k|yd ljZj o'4df hd{gLn] ?; ;+uf !(!$ cu:6 !
slxn] o'4sf] 3f]ifgf u/\of]
l4tLo ljZj o'4sf] ;'?jt !(#( ;]K6]Da/ !
l4tLo ljZj o'b|sf] cTo !($%;]K6]Da/ @
cd]l/sfn] hfkgsf] lx/f]l;dfdf cg'jd !($% cui6 ^
v;fn]sf]
cd]l/sfn] hfkgsf] gfuf;flsdf cg'jd !($% cui6 (
v;fn]sf]
l4tLo ljZj o'4df hd{gn] kf]Nof08 !(#( ;]K6]Da/ !
dfly slxn] cfqm|dg u/]sf] xf]
l4tLo ljZj o'b|sf] ;dodf hfkgn] !($! l8;]Da/ &
slxn] kn{ xfj{/dfly cfqmdg u/]sf] xf]
l4tLo ljZj o'b|df ;j{k|yd cfTd;dk{g ;g !($# ;]K6]Da/
ug]{ /fi6 s'g xf]
O6nL
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l4tLo ljZj o'b| Pln; kfj/ ;+uf

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sfuh,5fkvfgf,a}s gf]6,;dfrf/kq rLg
h+uaxfb''/n] u/]sf] s]lx ;'wf/sf sfo{x?
d'n'ls P]gsf] Aoa:yf u/]
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Joa:yf u/]
cljaflxt dlxnf #% aif{ ePdf 5f]/f ;/x ;Dkflt kfpg] / #% aif{
kl5 ljaxf u/]df cfwf ;Dkflt kfpg] lgod agfP
Joa:yflksf ,sfo{kdlnsf / Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ sf}zn
c88f lj; !()* df :yfkgf u/]
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jL/ zdz]/ sfo{x?


g]kfndf ;j{k|yd df]6/ r8g] AolQm
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b/jf/, ;]tf] b/jf/, jL/ k':tsfno :yfkgf
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b]j zdz]/
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