Chem-2 S12 Thermochemistry-Autosaved

Session 12
THERMOCHEMISTRY
GENERAL Facilitator: PRINCESS NOREEN MERCADER

CHEMISTRY 2
1
Senior High School Training of Teachers – Caraga Region, Amontay Beach Resort
WARM UP
What type of energy

and energy
transformation do you
see in this picture?
2
Learning Objectives
At the session, participants will be able to:
1. Define energy, heat, work, system and surrounding
2. Distinguish between exothermic and endothermic
processes
3. Explain the first law of thermodynamics
4. Explain the enthalpy of reaction
5. Write thermochemical equation for a chemical reaction
6. Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction
using Hess’ law
3
PRIMING ACTIVITY
Each group will answer the following questions:
1. What is energy?
2. What are the forms of energy?
3. Differentiate work and heat.
4. What do you mean by system and
surroundings?
4
Important Definitions
▪ Thermodynamics
▪ It deals with the study of energy and its
transformations. (Greek: thérme-, “heat”;
dy’namis, “power”)
▪ Thermochemistry
▪ It is the branch of thermodynamics that deals
with the energy changes involved in physical and
chemical processes.
5
Energy – is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Forms of energy:
Kinetic energy– is energy of motion

➢ Thermal energy – is the energy associated with the
random motion of atoms and molecules
➢ Electrical energy - is the energy associated with the
flow of electrons
6

Forms of energy:
Potential energy– is stored energy or the energy of position

➢ Radiant energy or solar energy – is the energy that
comes from the sun and is Earth’s primary source of
energy.
➢ Chemical energy - is the energy stored within the
molecules as a result of attraction between electrons and
atomic nuclei
➢ Nuclear energy - is the energy stored within the
collection of neutrons and protons in an atom 7

Some examples of the source of energy are:
Sun Solar energy

8

Hydroelectric energy Wind energy

9

Oil Coal
10

Batteries Food
11
The SI unit for energy is the unit joule
(pronounced as “jool”), J, in honor of
James Joule (1818-1889), a British
scientist who investigated work and heat.
Work and heat are two forms of energy.
Work – is the energy used

to cause an object to
move against a force.
w=Fd
13
Work and heat are two forms of energy.
Heat – is the energy used to

cause the temperature
of an object to
increase.
q = Cs m ΔT
14
Cup gets cooler while
hand gets warmer
Heat – is the flow of

thermal energy from
one object to another.
Heat always flows

from warmer to
cooler objects.
Ice gets warmer
while hand gets
cooler 15
System – is the particular part of the universe being

studied.
Open – allows the

exchange of both
energy and mass with
surroundings
16

studied.
Closed – allows the

exchange of energy but
not mass
17

studied.
Isolated – allows neither

energy nor mass to be
exchanged
18
Endothermic and
Exothermic Reactions
19
ABSTRACTION
Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

Exothermic process – is
any process that give off
heat, that is, transfers heat
energy to the surroundings
Example:
➢ burning (combustion)
➢ Corrosion
➢ Neutralization
➢ Water based
20
Exothermic and Endothermic Process
Endothermic process – is
when heat is absorbed
from the surroundings by
the reaction system
Example:
➢ melting of ice
➢ Melting solid salts
➢ Sublimation of dry ice into
carbon dioxide gas
➢ evaporating liquid water
21
In exothermic process the reaction mixture and its

surrounding get hotter
Reactants → Products + energy

22
In endothermic process the reaction mixture and

its surrounding get colder
Reactants + energy → Products

23
First Law of Thermodynamics
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that in

any chemical or physical process, energy is
neither created nor destroyed.
• Internal energy, E - of a system as the sum of

all the kinetic and potential energies of the
components of the system.
ΔE = Efinal - Einitial
24
Internal Energy
25
Relating ΔE to Heat and Work
• The First Law of Thermodynamics

can be represented
mathematically as
ΔE = q + w
where q is the heat “added to” or
“liberated from” the system, and w
is the work done “into” or “by” the
system.
Relating ΔE to Heat and Work
• Expansion or compression of gases involves a form of

• Relating
work that is calledΔE to Heat and
pressure–volume Work
work (P–V work).
When pressure does not change (or constant) in a
process, the sign and magnitude of the pressure–volume
work are given by:
𝑤=−𝑃Δ𝑉
where P = pressure (constant) and ΔV = Vfinal – Vinitial is
the change in volume of the system.
• The units for work obtained using the above equation will
be those of pressure (usually atm, short for “atmosphere”)
multiplied by those of volume (usually L). The
relationship between L-atm and J is given by:
1 L-atm = 101.325 J
First Law of Thermodynamics
28
Example
Gases A(g) and B(g) are confined in a cylinder-and-piston

arrangement like that in the figure and react to form a solid
product C(s): A(g) + B(g) → C(s).
As the reaction occurs, the system loses
1150 J of heat to the surroundings. The
piston moves downward as the gases
react to form a solid. As the volume of
the gas decreases under the constant
pressure of the atmosphere, the
surroundings do 480 J of work on the
system. What is the change in the
internal energy of the system?
29
Example
A gas is allowed to expand at constant

temperature from a volume of 10.0 L to 20.0
L against external pressure of 1.0 atm. If the
gas also absorbs 250 J of heat from the
surroundings, what are the values of q, w,
and ΔE?
31
State Functions
When a state of a system changes, the values of

the properties change.
State function – properties whose magnitude

depends only on the initial and final states of the
system and not on the path of the change.
Examples are:
Pressure (P), temperature (T), volume (V),
33
State Functions
Internal energy is a state function thus it only

depends only the initial and final states of the
system, not on how the change occurs.
34
ENTHALPY
Enthalpy, H – is the amount of energy in the system

capable of doing mechanical work.
➢ This takes account the total energy of a system

(including heat) as well as the effects of volume
and pressure of the surroundings.
➢ At constant pressure, enthalpy is proportional to
the heat absorbed or released by the system.
H = E + PV
35
ENTHALPY
At constant pressure
Recall that ΔE = q + w and that the work involved in the

expansion or compression of a gas is w = - PΔV.
Substituting , we get
Thus, the change in enthalpy equals the heat qP gained or

lost at constant pressure. 36
ENTHALPIES OF REACTION
Because ΔH = Hfinal - Hinitial, the enthalpy change for

a chemical reaction is given by
When we give a numerical value for ΔHrxn, we

must specify the reaction involved.
37
HESS’S LAW
Hess’s law provides a method for calculating

the H of a reaction from tabulated data.
This law states that “if a reaction is carried out
in a series of steps, the H for the overall
reaction all reaction equals the sum of the
enthalpy changes for the individual steps.”
38
39
Example 1
Combustion of methane gas, CH4(g), to form CO2(g) and
H2O(l) can be thought of as occurring in two steps: (1)
combustion of CH4(g) to form CO2(g) and H2O(g) and (2)
condensation of H2O(g) to form H2O(l). The enthalpy
change for the overall process is the sum of the enthalpy
changes for these two steps:
Example 2
Example 2
Thank You!
43
ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. A chemical reaction that gives off heat to its

surroundings is said to be ____________ and
has a ____________ value of ΔH.
a. endothermic, positive c. exothermic, positive

b. endothermic, negative d. exothermic, negative
2. Which of the following processes is
endothermic?
a.O2(g) + 2 H2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
b. H2O(g) → H2O(l)
c. 3 O2 (g) + 2 CH3OH (g) → 2 CO2(g) + H2O(g)
d. H2O(s) → H2O(l)
3. A 500—g iron rod is cooled from 90°C to 30°C.
How much is the amount of heat released by the
metal? Specific heat of iron = 0.451 J/g·C°
a. 1.35 kJ
b. 75.1 kJ
c. 13.5 kJ
d. 751 kJ
4. The thermochemical equation showing the formation of ammonia
(NH3) from its elements is:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) —> 2 NH3 (g) ΔH = -92 KJ
This equation shows that 92 kJ of heat is:
a. Absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of nitrogen reacts.
b. Absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of ammonia is
formed.
c. Lost to the surroundings when one mole of hydrogen is used up in
the reaction.
d. Lost to the surroundings when three moles of hydrogen are used
up in the reaction.
5. An oxyacetylene torch is a tool that mixes and burns oxygen and acetylene
to produce an extremely hot flame. This tool is used to cut steel or weld iron
and other metals. The temperature of the film can reach 3,480°C. The
burning of acetylene is given by the thermochemical equation:
C2H2 (g) + 3/2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ΔH = - 1301.1 kJ
What is the ΔH for the reaction below?
2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 C2H2(g) + 3 O2(g)
a. ΔH = 1301.1 kJ c. ΔH = 2602.2 kJ
b. ΔH = - 1301.1 kJ d. ΔH = - 2602.2 kJ
ASSIGNMENT

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Session 12

GENERAL Facilitator: PRINCESS NOREEN MERCADER

What type of energy

Each group will answer the following questions:

Energy – is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Kinetic energy– is energy of motion

Energy – is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Potential energy– is stored energy or the energy of position

Energy – is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Sun Solar energy

Energy – is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Hydroelectric energy Wind energy

Energy – is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Energy – is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Work and heat are two forms of energy.

Work – is the energy used

Work and heat are two forms of energy.

Heat – is the energy used to

Heat – is the flow of

Heat always flows

System – is the particular part of the universe being

Open – allows the

System – is the particular part of the universe being

Closed – allows the

System – is the particular part of the universe being

Isolated – allows neither

Exothermic and Endothermic Processes

In exothermic process the reaction mixture and its

Reactants → Products + energy

In endothermic process the reaction mixture and

Reactants + energy → Products

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that in

• Internal energy, E - of a system as the sum of

• The First Law of Thermodynamics

• Expansion or compression of gases involves a form of

Gases A(g) and B(g) are confined in a cylinder-and-piston

A gas is allowed to expand at constant

When a state of a system changes, the values of

State function – properties whose magnitude

Internal energy is a state function thus it only

Enthalpy, H – is the amount of energy in the system

➢ This takes account the total energy of a system

Recall that ΔE = q + w and that the work involved in the

Thus, the change in enthalpy equals the heat qP gained or

Because ΔH = Hfinal - Hinitial, the enthalpy change for

When we give a numerical value for ΔHrxn, we

Hess’s law provides a method for calculating

1. A chemical reaction that gives off heat to its

a. endothermic, positive c. exothermic, positive

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