CONSULTING BUREAU OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS &

COMPUTING
UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD

Grammar, LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS,

CONVERSATION, READING
COMPEREHENSION, and ESSAY
WRITING

BY: HUDA QASIM

 ‫‪GRAMMAR‬‬
‫‪TENSES‬‬
‫المضارع البسيط ‪Present Simple‬‬

‫• يستخدم هذا الزمن للتعبير عن حدث متكرر او للتعبير عن الحقيقة‬

‫• هناك مجموعه من ظروف التكرار‪,‬دالئل تأتي مع هذا الزمن ويكون موقع ظروف التكرار‬

‫بين الفاعل والفعل‬

‫)‪(always, often, usually, sometimes, never, rarely‬‬

‫القاعدة في حاله المثبت‬

‫تكمله ‪ + v. +‬فاعل‬

‫‪-‬اذا كان الفاعل مفرد )‪ (he, she, it , Ahmed , cat, Zainab‬نضيف )‪ ( s, es‬الشخص الثالث‬
‫للفعل ‪:‬‬

‫‪E.g.: He plays football every day .‬‬

‫‪E.g.: She sometimes writes a story.‬‬

‫‪-‬اذا كان الفاعل جمع ) ‪ (they, we, you, I, the cats , students‬يكون الفعل مجرد خالي من‬
‫اي اضافة‬

‫‪E.g.: I always sleep early .‬‬

‫‪E.g.: They often swim together .‬‬

‫القاعدة في حاله النفي‬

‫تكمله ‪ +‬مجرد ‪ + does\ do + not + v.‬فاعل‬

‫‪ -‬اذا كان الفاعل مفرد )‪ (he, she, it‬نستخدم )‪ ( does not‬ونجرد الفعل من اي اضافة ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪E.g.: He plays football every day. (Negative‬‬

‫‪E.g.: He does not play football every day.‬‬

‫‪ -‬اذا كان الفاعل جمع )‪ (they, we, you, I‬والفعل الرئيسي مجرد ونريد ان ننفي الجمله فأننا‬

‫نأتي ب )‪ (do not‬في الجمله ونبقي الفعل الرئيسي مجرد ‪.‬‬

‫)‪E.g.: I sleep early . (Negative‬‬

‫‪E.g.: I don’t sleep early.‬‬

‫القاعدة في حاله االستفهام‬

‫? ت ‪ +‬مجرد ‪ + v.‬فاعل ‪Does\ Do +‬‬

‫‪-‬اذا كان الفاعل مفرد نضع )‪ (does‬وبعدها الفاعل ونجرد الفعل من اي اضافة ونضع عالمة استفهام‬
‫في نهاي الجملة‬

‫‪-‬اذا كان الفاعل جمع نضع )‪ (do‬في بداية الجملة ويبقى الفعل كما هو ونضع عالمة استفهام في نهاية‬
‫الجملة ‪.‬‬

‫‪E.g.:‬‬

‫)‪- She writes a story. (Question‬‬

‫?‪- Does she write a story‬‬

‫)‪- They walk together. (Question‬‬

‫?‪- Do they walk together‬‬

‫الماضي البسيط ‪Past Simple‬‬

‫‪ -‬نستخدم الماضي البسيط لالحداث التي انتهت في زمن محدد بالماضي ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬هنالك بعض الظروف التي تدل على الماضي البسيط مثل ) ‪( yesterday , ago, last‬‬

‫حالة االثبات ‪:‬‬

‫فعل‪ ,‬فعل غير قياسي يدل على الماضي ‪ +‬ت )‪ + V. (ed‬فاعل‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪E.g. / I ( phone, phoned) my brother an hour ago.‬‬

‫‪E.g. / They (go, went ) to the market yesterday.‬‬

‫حالة النفي ‪:‬‬

‫نستخدم ) ‪ ( did not‬بعد الفاعل ونجرد الفعل من اي اضافة ‪.‬‬

‫)‪E.g. / He invited all his friends. (negative‬‬

‫‪- He did not invite all his friends.‬‬

‫حالة االستفهام ‪:‬‬

‫نضع ) ‪ ( did‬في بداية الجواب ونجرد الفعل من اي اضافة ونضع عالمة استفهام في نهاية الجملة ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪E.g. / Ahmed bought a new mobile phone. ( question‬‬

‫?‪- Did Ahmed buy a new mobile phone‬‬

‫‪Present continuous‬‬

‫المضارع المستمر‬

‫‪ -‬نستخدم المضارع المستمر لالحداث التي تجري االن في لحظة التكلم ‪:‬‬

‫‪I + am‬‬ ‫‪ Is ,,,,,,,‬فاعل مفرد ‪,,,,,,, +‬‬ ‫‪ + are‬فاعل جمع‬

‫‪-‬هذه بعض الظروف التي تدل على هذا الزمن ) ‪( now , at the moment‬‬

‫القاعدة في حالة المثبت هي ‪:‬‬

‫ت ‪ + is \ are \ am + v. (ing) + .‬فاعل‬

‫القاعدة في حالة النفي هي ‪:‬‬

‫ت ‪ + is \ are \am +not + v. (ing) + .‬فاعل‬

‫القاعدة في حالة االستفهام هي ‪:‬‬

‫? ت ‪ +v. (ing) +‬فاعل ‪Is \ Are \ Am +‬‬

‫بعض االمثلة ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪1- I ___ studying now. ( am , is ,are‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
2- It is _ in Erbil. ( snow , snowing , snows )

3- The students ( go) in a picnic. ( present continuous )

- The students are going in a picnic.

4- The girl is writing her lesson. ( negative )

- The girl is not writing her lesson.

5- We are fixing the car. ( question )

- Are we fixing the car ?

Past continuous

‫الماضي المستمر‬

. ‫يعبر هذا الزمن عن حدث كان مستمراَ في وقت معين في الماضي‬-

( were ). ‫ ( واذا كان جمع ياتي بعده‬was ) ‫اذا كان الفاعل مفرد ياتي بعده‬-

: ‫القاعدة في حالة المثبت هي‬

‫ فاعل‬+ was \were + v. (ing) + ‫ت‬

: ‫القاعدة في حالة النفي هي‬

‫ فاعل‬+ was\were + not + v. (ing) + . ‫ت‬

: ‫القاعدة في حالة االستفهام هي‬

Was\Were + ‫ فاعل‬+ v. (ing) + ‫?ت‬

: ‫بعض صيغ االسئلة‬

1- He was watching TV. ( Negative )

- He was not watching TV.

2- It ____ raining outside. ( was , were , has )

3- The boy was running fast. (question )

- Was the boy running fast ?

4
4- You ( search ) for something. ( past continuous )

- You were searching for something.

Present Perfect ‫المضارع التام‬

. ‫ يستخدم هذا الزمن مع االحداث التي حصلت في الماضي وال زالت مستمرة لحد لحظة التكلم‬-

(so far, ever , never , just , already , yet , since , ‫الظروف التي تدل على هذا الزمن‬-
for )

.‫( مع الجمع‬have) ‫( مع الفاعل المفرد و‬has) ‫نستخدم‬-

: ‫القاعدة في حالة المثبت هي‬

‫فاعل‬+has , have + p.p

-It has stopped since Apri

-We have won the game.

:‫القاعدة في حالة النفي هي‬

‫فاعل‬+ has , have not + p.p

- It has not stopped since April.

- We have not won the game.

:‫القاعدة في حالة االستفهام هي‬

Have, has + ‫فاعل‬+ p.p + ‫? ت‬

- Has it stopped since April ?

- Have we won the game ?

5
 ‫الظروف الدالة على المضارع التام تختلف في مواقعها ‪ .‬وهنالك ظروف تاتي مع حال النفي واخرى مع‬
‫حالة االستفهام او مع حالة االثبات حسب القواعد التالية ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪ (ever‬تاتي مع حالة االستفهام ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪ ( never‬تاتي مع االثبات فقط ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪ ( yet‬تاتي مع النفي واالستفهام‪.‬‬

‫?‪Have you (never / ever) eaten mushroom‬‬

‫‪She has (never / ever) tried Indian food .‬‬

‫‪Ahmed hasn’t arrived ---------------- (just / yet / already).‬‬

‫)منذ ‪ / since‬لمدة ‪(For‬‬

‫‪ -‬تاتي هذه االدوات مع المضارع التام وحسب القواعد التالي‪:‬‬

‫‪Since‬‬ ‫‪For‬‬

‫‪O’clock / a. m / p. m‬‬
‫‪Long time , ages , the last‬‬

‫تاريخ محدد مثل ‪ :‬يوم ‪ , Sunday‬شهر‪May‬‬ ‫عدد ‪ +‬اسم جمع مثل ‪three hours , :‬‬
‫‪two days‬‬

‫التواريخ مثل ‪2010 , 1990 :‬‬

‫حدث معين في الماضي ‪yesterday , last night:‬‬

‫‪Examples:‬‬

‫‪amples: We have been waiting here since 2 o’clock.‬‬

‫‪He has been living in Paris since 2008.‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
He has grown since I last saw him.

Sarah’s been sick since Friday.

I worked at that bank for five years.

We have taught at this school for a long time.

Past Perfect Tense

‫الماضي التام‬

.‫يستخدم هذا الزمن للتعبير عن حدث حصل و انتهى في لحظة ما في زمن الماضي‬

)after, before, which, as soon as ( ‫يأتي هذا الزمن عادة مع كلمات مثل‬

: ‫القاعدة في حالة المثبت هي‬

S+ had+‫التصريف الثالث للفعل‬

E.g.

They went home after they had finished their work.

Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.

:‫القاعدة في حالة النفي هي‬

S+ had not+‫التصريف الثالث للفعل‬

They hadn’t gone out when you called.

:‫القاعدة في حالة االستفهام هي‬

Had +S+ ‫التصريف الثالث للفعل‬+?

Had she finished the test?

7
 ‫زمن المستقبل ‪Future tense‬‬

‫‪ -‬نستخدم زمن المستقبل للتحدث عن اشياء ستحصل او عمل سنقوم به في المستقبل ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬الظروف التي تدل على زمن المستقبل )‪ in the future‬في المستقبل ‪ soon ,‬قريبا ‪ next‬التالي او‬
‫القادم ‪ by summer ,‬بحلول الصيف او اي ظرف مع كلمة ‪ by‬يدل على المستقبل ‪tomorrow,‬‬
‫غدا(‬

‫‪-‬تكون صيغة المستقبل ب استخدام االداة ) ‪( will‬‬

‫الحالة‬ ‫القاعدة‬ ‫امثلة‬

‫االثبات ( ‪) affirmative‬‬ ‫‪ +‬فعل مجرد ‪ + will +‬فاعل‬ ‫‪He will arrive tomorrow.‬‬
‫تكملة‬

‫النفي ( ‪) negative‬‬ ‫‪ +‬فعل مجرد ‪ + will +‬فاعل‬ ‫‪He will not arrive‬‬
‫تكملة‬ ‫‪tomorrow.‬‬

‫السؤال ( ‪) question‬‬ ‫?‪ Will he arrive tomorrow‬تكملة ‪ +‬فعل مجرد ‪ +‬فاعل‪Will +‬‬
‫?‬

‫المبني للمعلوم والمبني للمجهول ‪Active & Passive‬‬

‫يقصد بالمبني للمعلوم هو الجملة التي يكون فاعلها معلوما‬

‫يقصد بالمبني للمجهول هو الجملة التي يكون فاعلها غير معلوم‬

‫‪Ahmed broke the window yesterday.‬‬

‫هذه الجملة مبني للمعلوم ‪ Active‬وذلك ألن الفاعل فيها معلوم وهو ‪Ahmed‬‬

‫‪The window was broken yesterday.‬‬

‫‪The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫هذه الجملة مبني للمجهول ‪ Passive‬وذلك ألن الفاعل فيها غير معلوم وهو ‪ Ahmed‬كما في الجملة‬
‫األولى أو وضع مكان المفعول به مسبوقا ً بــ ‪ by‬كما في الجملة الثانية‬

‫للتحويل من المبني للمعلوم ‪ Active‬إلى المبني للمجهول ‪ Passive‬نتبع الخطوات التالية ‪:‬‬

‫المفعول به يصبح فاعال ‪) .‬يعرف المفعول به بوجوده بعد الفعل مباشرة(‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫نضع فعل ‪ to be‬في نفس زمن الجملة مناسبا للمفعول به‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ضع الفعل األصلي في التصريف الثالث‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫نضع الفاعل مسبوقا بــ ‪ by‬وقد يشطب إذا كان ضمير ا‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪ .5‬أي زيادة في الجملة يوضع كما هو في الجملة دون تغيير‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫مبني للمعلوم ‪Active‬‬ ‫مبني للمجهول ‪Passive‬‬

‫‪Ali writes letters.‬‬ ‫‪Letters are written (by Ali).‬‬

‫‪Huda wrote the lesson.‬‬ ‫)‪The lesson was written (by Huda‬‬

‫‪Saleh will buy a car.‬‬ ‫)‪A car will be bought (by Saleh‬‬

‫‪Khaled is helping Ahmed.‬‬ ‫)‪Ahmed is being helped (by Ali‬‬

‫‪She has eaten the apple.‬‬ ‫)‪The apple has been eaten (by her‬‬

‫يصرف فعل ‪ to be‬مع األزمنة المختلفة كما يلي‪:‬‬

‫‪Am,is,are‬‬ ‫المضارع البسيط‬

‫‪Was, were‬‬ ‫الماضي البسيط‬
‫‪Shall be, will be‬‬ ‫المستقبل البسيط‬
‫‪Am being, is being, are being‬‬ ‫المضارع المستمر‬
‫‪Was being, were being‬‬ ‫الماضي المستمر‬
‫‪Has been, have been‬‬ ‫المضارع التام‬
‫‪Had been‬‬ ‫الماضي التام‬
‫‪Can be, could be, may be, might‬‬ ‫كل فعل مساعد‬
‫‪be, must be, ought be‬‬

‫‪9‬‬
 ‫“‪Conditional “if‬‬
‫“ لو“ الشرطية‬

‫تستخدم الحالة االولى للتعبير عن حالة محتملة الحدوث في الوقت الحالي او في المستقبل‬

‫ويكون تركيبها بالشكل التالي‪:‬‬

‫مجرد ‪If+ S+ present simple, will+‬‬

‫‪Examples:‬‬

‫)‪If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. (Affirmative‬‬

‫)‪If it doesn’t rain, ‘I will go out. (Negative‬‬

‫)‪What will you buy if you have a million pound? (Question‬‬

‫‪Relative Pronouns‬‬

‫ضمائر الوصل‬

‫‪The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.‬‬

‫تستخدم ضمائر الوصل لربط الجمل بعضها ببعض‪.‬‬

‫و لربط الجمل اتبع الخطوات اآلتية ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬نبحث عن كلمة متكررة في الجملة الثانية ثم نبحث عن موقعها ‪.‬‬

‫فإذا كانت فاعال عاقال نستعمل ‪ who‬وإذا كانت مفعوال به عاقال نستعمل ‪ whom‬ونعرف ذلك‬
‫بوجود الكلمة بعد الفعل ‪.‬‬

‫وإذا كانت غير عاقل نستعمل ‪ which‬أما ‪ that‬فتستخدم بدل أي كلمة من الكلمات السابقة إال أننا ال‬
‫نفضل استعمالها في جميع الجمل‪.‬‬

‫و إذا كانت للملكية نستعمل ‪whose‬‬

‫‪ -2‬احذف الكلمة المتكررة من الجملة الثانية وضع االسم الذي حذفت مثله في الجملة األولى‪.‬‬

‫الذي‪ ،‬التي للفاعل العاقل] ‪[ Who‬‬

‫تستخدم ‪ who‬لتحل محل الفاعل العاقل وطبعا نعرف الفاعل بوجوده أول الجملة‪ .‬الحظ المثال التالي‪:‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.

‫ ثم نضع الجملة الثانية بعد الكلمة التي‬who ‫ من الجملة الثانية ونضع بدال منها‬The man ‫نحذف كلمة‬
‫حذفنا مثلها في الجمل االولى فتصبح‬

Here is the man who is a doctor.

Examples:

The man came here. The man was a doctor.

The man who was here is a doctor.

My friend swims well. He lives here.

My friend who lives here swims well.

]Whom [(‫ التي )المفعول به العاقل‬،‫الذي‬

‫ الحظ‬.‫ لتحل محل المفعول به العاقل وطبعا نعرف المفعول به بوجوده بعد الفعل‬whom ‫تستعمل‬
:‫المثال التالي‬

The man came here. I visited him.

‫ ونضع االسم الموصول‬،‫ أول الجملة الثانية‬whom ‫ من الجملة الثانية ثم نضع‬him ‫نحذف كلمة‬
:‫والجملة الثانية بعد الكلمة التي حذفنا مثلها )التي يعود إليها الضمير( فتصبح‬

The man whom I visited came here.

Examples:

The man was working with me. I paid him.

The man whom I paid was working with me.

This is the girl. You gave her a flower.

This is the girl whom you gave a flower.

11
 ‫الذي‪ ،‬التي [للجماد الفاعل أو المفعول به] ‪Which‬‬

‫نستعمل ‪ which‬لتحل محل الفاعل أو المفعول الغير عاقل وطبعا نعرف الفاعل بوجوده أول الجملة‬
‫أما المفعول به فيوجد بعد الفعل‪.‬‬

‫‪He found his book. He lost it yesterday.‬‬

‫كلمة ‪ it‬تعود على كلمة ‪ his book‬فنحذفها ونضع بدال منها ‪ which‬في أول الجملة الثانية ثم نضع‬
‫االسم الموصول والجملة الثانية بعد الكلمة التي حذفنا مثلها )التي يعود إليها الضمير( فتصبح ‪:‬‬

‫‪He found his book which he lost yesterday.‬‬

‫‪Examples:‬‬

‫‪This is the house. I live in it.‬‬

‫‪This is the house which I live in.‬‬

‫‪This book is cheap. It is very useful.‬‬

‫‪This book which is very useful is cheap.‬‬

‫الذي‪ ،‬التي [للعاقل و غير العاقل الفاعل أو المفعول به] ‪that‬‬

‫ستعمل ‪ that‬لتحل محل الفاعل أو المفعول به العاقل وغير عاقل أي تحل محل أي أداة سبق شرحها‪.‬‬
‫الحظ األمثلة التالية ‪:‬‬

‫‪.This is the boy. You met her‬‬

‫‪This is the boy that you met‬‬

‫الذي‪ ،‬التي للملكية [‪]whose‬‬

‫تستعمل ‪ whose‬للملكية‪ .‬الحظ المثال التالي ‪:‬‬

‫‪This is the man. His car hit the boy.‬‬

‫‪This is the man whose car hit the boy.‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫ الضمائر‬Pronouns

‫ضمائر الفاعل‬ ‫ضمائر المفعول به‬ ‫صفات التملك‬

I me my

he him his

she her her

it it its

you you your

they them their

we us our

: subject pronouns ‫ ضمائر الفاعل‬-1

.‫ تكون قبل الفعل المساعد او الفعل الرئيسي‬-

: object pronouns ‫ ضمائر المفعول به‬-2

.‫ تاتي بعد الفعل الرئيسي او الفعل المساعد‬-

)in , on , for , at , from , about ( ‫ تاتي بعد حروف الجر مثل‬-

:adjective possessive ‫ صفة التملك‬-3

.‫ نستخدم صفة التملك اذا جاء بعدها اسم لنكون ( صفة وموصوف ) اي شي للتملك او عائد اليه‬-
Examples:

1 .---------- saw an action film last night. (me, I , me )

2. (They / they) visited the museum last week .

3. Where did (he / him / his) spend the weekend ?

4. Many animals are useful to (we , our , ours , us)

5. I love my children and I work for ------------. (they , them , their)

13
‫‪6. Ahmed told (us , we ) about the meeting .‬‬

‫)‪7. --------- parents feel happy when I get good marks. (I , my , me‬‬

‫‪Articles‬‬

‫ادوات التعريف والتنكير‬

‫)‪(a, an , the‬‬

‫ادوات التنكير )‪: (a\an‬‬

‫‪-‬االداة ‪ ( a ) :‬ياتي بعدها اسم مفرد معدود يبدء بحرف صحيح ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬االداة ‪ ( an ) :‬ياتي بعدها اسم مفرد معدود يبدء بحرف علة‪ .‬حروف العلة ‪( a, e, I, o , u ).‬‬

‫‪ -‬ال تستخدم ادوات التنكير مع االسماء غير المعدودة ابدا مثل ‪( milk , water , sugar …. ).‬‬

‫‪E.g. / She is a teacher.‬‬

‫‪E.g. / He is an engineer.‬‬

‫اداة التعريف )‪ ( the ) : (the‬تقابل ( ال ) التعريف في اللغة العربية وتكون وضيفتها بان تجعل االسم‬
‫معرف وليس نكرة مثال ‪ :‬رجل ‪ :‬اسم نكرة غير معروف ‪ .‬الرجل ‪ :‬اسم معرف ب(ال) اي ان المستمع‬
‫يعرف اي رجل هو المقصود ‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬نستخدم ) ‪ ( the‬عند االشارة الى اسم تم ذكره سابقا فيصبح معرف ب ( ال (‪.‬‬

‫‪-‬نستخدم ) ‪ ( the‬اذا كان االسم لشئ ال يوجد غيره ف الكون اال واحد فقط مثال ‪ : the moon‬القمر ‪,‬‬
‫‪the sun‬الشمس ‪.‬‬

‫مع اسماء الدول المختصرة و مواطنين البلدان مثل‪:‬‬

‫‪the USA , the UK / the Americans , the Iraqi‬‬

‫عدم استخدام ادوات التعريف والتنكير ‪ :‬في بعض الحاالت ال يجوز استخدام اي اداة كما في هذه‬
‫الحاالت ‪:‬‬

‫‪ physics ,‬الفيزياء ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬مع اسماء الدروس مثال ‪ :‬الرياضيات ‪maths‬‬

‫‪ -‬قبل اسماء المدن والبلدان مثال ‪ London :‬لندن ‪ Abu Dhabi ,‬ابو ظبي ‪.‬‬

‫بعد ( ‪ ) like‬عندما تستخدم للتفضيل الكثر من شيئ او مع اسماء واشياء ال يمكن عدها‬

‫‪14‬‬
 How ‫استعماالت‬

‫االداة‬ ‫االستعمال‬ ‫امثله‬

How ‫للسؤال عن الحالة أو الكيفية‬ How do you speak English?

How many ‫للسؤال عن العدد‬ How many students are in this room?

How old ‫للسؤال عن العمر‬ How old is your father?

How much ‫للسؤال عن الكمية‬ How much money do you have?

How far ‫للسؤال عن المسافات‬ How far is your home?

How long ‫للسؤال عن المدة او طول الفترة‬ How long have you been there?
‫الزمنية‬

How often ‫للسؤال عن عدد المرات‬ How often do you watch television?

Adverbs

)‫الظروف (األحوال‬

: ‫ تاتي في بداية الجملة او نهايتها مثل‬: ) adverbs of time ( ‫ ظروف الزمان‬-1

)next , tomorrow , now , today , yesterday , last , in the morning , in the

afternoon , in the evening, after, before)

E.g.: After school, I am going to have a swim.

I am going to have a swim after school.

15
E.g.: Last night, we saw an action film.

We saw an action film last night.

‫ تعد ظروف التكرار ظروف زمان وتستخدم‬: ) adverbs of frequency ( ‫ ظروف التكرار‬-2
‫ وهذه مجموعة من ظروف‬.‫لمعرفة كم مرة يتكرر الحدث ويكون موقعها قبل الفعل الرئيسي دائما‬
:‫التكرار‬

)always , often , usually , sometimes , ever , never , rarely)

E.g. / I sometimes go swimming.

E.g. / She usually helps her mother.

: ‫ تشير ظروف المكان الى مكان وقوع الفعل مثل‬: ) adverbs of place ( ‫ ظروف المكان‬-3

)here , there , in the school , in the house , at the party , at the concert , on
the table(

E.g. I shall stand here.

‫ ( ظروف الحال توضح كيف حدث الفعل وتكون بعد‬adverbs of manner ) : ‫ظروف الحال‬-4
: ‫ امثلة على ظروف الحال‬. ‫الفعل او المفعول به في الجملة‬

(well , fast , hard , in a friendly way , by car , on foot , slowly , quickly , happily
, lazily , early , loudly , quietly )

E.g. / They walked slowly.

E.g. / They crossed the desert on foot.

E.g. / He ran fast.

E.g. / He spoke in a friendly way.

Question- Tags

‫االسئلة الذيلية‬

‫( ومتبوعا بعالمة االستفهام‬comma) ‫سؤال مختصر يوضع في نهاية الجملة يكون مسبوقا بالفارزه‬
(‫بقصد التاكد ومعناه ( اليس كذلك؟‬

16
‫حيث يكون السؤال عكس الجملة فاذا كانت الجملة منفية يكون السؤال الذيلي مثبتا والعكس صحيح‬
‫ويكون جواب السؤال الذيلي هو عكس السؤال الذيلي فاذا كان السؤال الذيلي منفيا يكون جوابه مثبتا‬
‫ويبدأ بكلمة )‪ (Yes‬واذا كان السؤال الذيلي مثبتا فجوابه يكون منفي ويبدأ بكلمة ) ‪( No‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
 CONVERSATION
Conversation 1

Man: It doesn't make any sense us to go home for spring vacation now.

Woman: Especially Since we will be graduating in May.

What does the woman mean?

(A) She will not go home for spring vacation.

(B) She has not taken a vacation for a long time.

(C) She does not plan to graduate.

(D)She does not want to go home after graduation in May.

Conversation 2

Man: Could you please explain assignment for Monday. Miss Smith?

Woman: Certainly. Read the next chapter in your textbook and come to
class prepared to discuss what you've read.

What does the speaker talking about?

(A) The class.

(B) The weekend.

(C) Homework

(D) Books.

18
Conversation 3

Woman: Are you ready for this?

Man: Should be. I've cramming for the past three days.

What does the man mean?

(A) He should have prepared more.

(B) He is very worried.

(C) He has been studying a lot.

(D) He needs a few more days.

Conversation 4

Man: I need a book for English two-twenty-one

Woman: All of the textbooks are on the shelves in the back of the Store.

What will the man probably do?

(A) Buy a textbook.

(B) Come back later.

(C) Go to the bookstore.

(D) Drop his English class.

Conversation 5

Man: You're in my economics class. aren’t you?

Woman: Yes. I'm not an economics major.

Man: So. What do you think of Professor Collins

Woman: I think he is a great person but the class just turns me off.

What does the woman mean?

19
(A) She does not like the class.

(B) Her classmates are really great.

(C) The professor is not very nice.

(D) The class is interesting.

Conversation 6

Woman: How do you like English food? Man: I'm used to it now.

What does the man mean?

(A) He would rather have English food.

(B) He has always liked English food.

(C) He is accustomed to eating English food.

(D) He ate English food more in the past.

Conversation 7

Woman: Are you still studying? It is two o'clock in the morning.

Man: I know. I just cannot seem to get caught up.

What does the man mean?

(A) He should go to bed

(B) He did not know the time.

(C) He is trying to bring his work up to date.

(D) He is not sleepy yet.

20
Conversation 8

Man: It's your turn to call the names on the list if you want

Woman: I think I'll pass this time

What is the woman going to do?

(A) Spend some time with the man.

(B) Make a list of the names.

(C) Pass out the names.

(D) Let someone else call the names.

Conversation 9

Man: This is the first time I've had to get a tutor.

Woman: What seems to be the problem?

Man: Well, I understand the lectures but I get mixed up when I try to read
the book.

What does the man mean?

(A) The book is confusing.

(B) He is doing well in the class.

(C) The teacher is not very clear.

(D) The lectures are from the book.

Conversation 10

Man: The paper isn't due until next week.

Woman: Yes, I know, but I wanted to turn it in ahead of time if that's all
right.

What does the woman mean?

21
(A) She wants to submit her paper early.

(B) Answers on paper are all correct,

(C) The deadline has passed for the paper.

(D) The paper is not quite finished.

Conversation 11

Man: I cannot stand this class!

Woman: well, you might as well get used to it. You have to take it in
Order to graduate.

What does the woman say about the class?

(A) She does not like the Class.

(B) It is not a required class.

(C) She has already taken the class.

(D) The man will have to take the class.

Conversation 12

Woman: How are you going to get ready for an oral final?

Man: The professor said we should study alone, but John said to get into
a study group and quiz each other.

What did john suggest the student do?

(A) Study together.

(B) Prepare for an oral final.

(C)Review the quizzes

(D)Take the professor's advice.

22
Conversation 13

Man: I need an advisor's signature on my course request form. Could I

make an appointment, please?

Woman: Oh. Well. You don't need to make an appointment. Just wait
here. I'll get a pen.

What is the woman going to do?

(A) Make an appointment

(B) Give the man a pen.

(C) Sign the form for the man.

(D) Wait for the man.

Conversation 14

Woman: Your loan payment is due on the first. Oh, sorry, the computer
has you scheduled for the fifth.

Man: That's good. That's what I thought.

What had the man assumed about the loan payment?

(A) The computer made an error.

(B) The payment is due on the fifth of every month.

(C) The loan must be paid by the first of the month.

(D) The loan had already been paid in full.

Conversation 15

Man: What will I do now?

Woman: Proceed with work.

What does the Woman tell the man to do?

23
(A) Continue to work.

(B) Do the work over again.

(C) Stop working.

(D) Do the work better.

Conversation 16

Woman: Did you plan to take pictures on your trip?

Man: Yes, but my camera was not working.

What did you learn from the conversation?

(A) The man took pictures on the trip.

(B) The man did not take any pictures.

(C) The man did not make any plans.

(D) The man worked instead of going on a trip.

Conversation 17

Man: Registration always takes so long.

Woman: What bother me are all the people who cut in line

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN SAY BOTHERS HER?

(A) Registration.

(B) When the line breaks.

(C) How long the line.

(D) People who don't wait their turn.

24
Conversation 18

Man: Kate, did you make the sweater yourself

Woman: To tell you the truth. It’s a hand-me-down from my

grandmother.

WHAT DO WE LEARN ABOUT THE SWEATER?

(A) Kate made it by hand.

(B) Kate gave it to her grandmother.

(C) Kate's grandmother used to wear it.

(D) Kat's grandmother made it.

Conversation 19

Woman: what fabulous sunglasses!

Man: I haven't dared to wear them in public since I got them last summer
in Europe.

Woman: you've always been ahead of the curve.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN IMPLAY?

(A) The glasses have nice curve to them

(B) The man's glasses are falling off his head

(C) The man is fashionable

(D) The man should shop only in Europe

Conversation 20

Man: This is Doctor Ferrin's office. You had a 10:00 dentist appointment.
Woman: Oh, I'm terribly sorry. It completely slipped my mind.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

25
(A) She slipped on the way to the dentist.

(B) She forgot all about it.

(C) She wouldn't mind going at 10.

(D) She completed the appointment earlier.

Conversation 21

Woman: What did you think about the presentation by the visiting
lecturer?

Man: I was lost. I simply couldn't follow his train of thought.

WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN?

(A) He couldn't understand what the lecturer said.

(B) He missed the train.

(C) He got lost going to the presentation.

(D) He was trying to follow the lecturer to the train.

Conversation 22

Man: Do you know how to check flight arrivals on line?

Woman: Give me the flight number, and I'll do it for you.

Man: It's Flight 211 from London.

Woman: Hey, Flight 211 was canceled.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

(A) Two hundred eleven passengers called about the flight.

(B) Flight 211 was called off.

(C) Flight 211 was announced.

(D) The flight was delayed.

26
Conversation 23

Man: Sam had better hurry if he wants to get the assignment in before
Friday.

Woman: He always puts things off until the last minute.

WHAT CAN BE INFERRED ABOUT SAM?

(A) He's in a hurry.

(B) He never finishes assignments early.

(C) He wants to be done with the assignment before Friday.

(D) He'll complete the assignment soon.

Conversation 24

Woman: What do you think of my idea?

Man: I can't come up with a better one, Julie.

WHAT DOES THE MAN THINK?

(A) He has better idea.

(B) It would be better if Julie would come with him.

(C) He thinks Julie's idea is the best.

(D) Julie should come up with a better idea.

Conversation 25

Man: Are you going to Jackie's going away party?

Woman: Yeah. Aren't you?

Man: If you give me some money, I'll get a gift from the two of us.
Woman: Sorry. I went in on a gift with friends from her softball team.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

27
(A) The softball team took the gift with them.

(B) She went away with the gift.

(C) She'll be bringing the gift to the party.

(D) She contributed money to a gift.

Conversation 26

Man: Was that Professor Jason with twin babies?

Woman: I wasn't sure if he's the father or the grandfather. But someone
told me he and his wife put-off having children until their forties.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

(A) They have forty children.

(B) They put their children with forty others.

(C) They postponed having a family.

(D) They lost contact with their children until they were in their forties.

Conversation 27

Woman: You'll never guess who I ran into on the subway. Man: Let me
guess. Was it someone famous?

Woman: Sort of my teacher.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN MEAN?

(A) She bumped into her teacher.

(B) She collided with her teacher.

(C) She and her teacher were running to catch the subway.

(D) She missed the subway.

28
Conversation 28

Man: Toby, I'm going on vacation for two plants.

Woman: No problem. I'll look after them.

WHAT DOES THE WOMAN IMPLY?

(A) She'll look into his office.

(B) She'll take care of his plants.

(C) She's going on vacation.

(D) She'll look for his plants.

Conversation 29

Woman: Will you be joining us later?

Man: I need to catch up on the work I missed.

WHAT CAN BE SAID ABOUT THE MAN?

(A) He wants to join the others.

(B) He will catch up with the others later.

(C) He missed work when he caught a cold.

(D) He is behind in his work.

Conversation 30

Woman: I wish all of your friends were as nice as Michael.

Man: Not everyone has such a good friend.

WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM THE CONVERSATION?

(A) No one has a friend like Michael.

(B) Everyone is Michael's good friend.

29
(C) The man feels lucky to have Michael as a friend.

(D) The woman doesn't like many of the man's friends.

30
 LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS

1.

Kristin: Hello, Vijaya, Happy new year to you and your family!

Vijaya: Thank you. Do come in. I'm glad you have come.

(A) To wish
(B) To request
(C) To welcome
(D) to inform

2.

Keane: The race will start at 8 a.m., won't it?

Clerk: That's right. After registration, you have to assemble at the

starting line in the field.

(A) To inform
(B) To greet
(C) To request
(D) To describe

3.

Lily: Lehman fell while climbing up the rambutan tree.

Rose: I shouldn't have asked him to pluck the rambutans.

(A) To complain
(B) To regret
(C) To apologize
(D) To advise

31
4.

Ronnie: Our team played badly, especially I.

Mat: It's all your fault. You have let the team down.

(A) To advise
(B) To blame
(C) To warn
(D) To protest

5.

David: Hello, Sam. You look worried. Can I help you ?

Sam: Could you lend me twenty dollars? I need it urgently.

(A) To inform
(B) To describe
(C) To offer
(D) To request

6.

Billy: Why don't you borrow Aileen's bicycle?

Sarah: Her bicycle has a flat tyre.

(A) To offer
(B) To explain
(C) To advise
(D) To instruct

7.

Joe: That remark was uncalled for.

Raymond: I'm sorry. I shouldn't have said it.

(A) To apologize
(B) To wish
(C) To blame
(D) To forgive

32
8.

Rooney: Are we going now?

Mother: Yes. Don't forget to lock your room.

(A) To instruct
(B) To remind
(C) To announce
(D) To inform

9.

Kim: What shall we do this weekend?

May: Why don't we go on a picnic?

(A) To welcome
(B) To praise
(C) To suggest
(D) To advise

10.

May Li: How dare you accuse me of cheating!

Susan: I didn't say that.

(A) To protest
(B) To complain
(C) To appeal
(D) To warn

11.

Rose: Sara, may I borrow your umbrella, please?

Sara: I'm sorry I can't lend it to you. Why don't you borrow one from
Wendy?

(A) To suggest
(B) To remind
(C) To encourage
(D) To advise

33
12.

Charles: Gary, let's join Dark Glove's gang.

Gary: No, I will never join them.

(A) To warn
(B) To regret
(C) To refuse
(D) To apologize

13.

Daisy: She is going to America tonight.

Tom: Who cares!

(A) To express indifference

(B) To express hope
(C) To express envy
(D) To express unwillingness

14.

Abdul: Can you finish your assignment by Monday?

Tammy: I'm sure I can finish my assignment on time.

(A) To compromise
(B) To assure
(C) To hope
(D) To admire

15.

Darren: Are you coming for the concert?

Andrew: Which concert? I don't know anything about it.

(A) To express indifference

(B) To express disgust
(C) To express ignorance
(D) To express fear

34
16.

Sarah: I hope we will make it to the finals this year.

Jasmine: We'll all try our best.

(A) To promise
(B) To hope
(C) To console
(D) To compromise

17.

Alan: Why do you look so gloomy?

Gary: I am so sad. I feel like crying.

(A) To express shock

(B) To express anger
(C) To express preference
(D) To express unhappiness

18.

Andrew: He is the most popular boy in school.

Heather: He is? I can't stand him at all!

(A) To express disgust

(B) To express envy
(C) To express preference
(D) To express anger

19.

Steven: Rothman! Rothman!

Rothman: Oh! It's you. Do come in.

(A) To greet
(B) To interrupt
(C) To invite
(D) To instruct

35
 READING
COMPEREHENSION
COLA 1896

One of the most successful commercial products ever launched is said

to have come about as the result of a mistake. In 1896, Jacob's
Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, was selling a nerve tonic known as
'French Wine Cola - Ideal Nerve Tonic'. By accidentally adding fizzy
water instead of still water to the recipe a pharmacist called John S.
Pemberton invented what has today become the most popular soft drink
in the world: Coca-Cola. Along with its closest rival - Pepsi - which
appeared on the market three years later, Coke, has enjoyed
phenomenal success worldwide, particularly in the past fifty years.
Indeed, old Coke bottles and 'limited edition' cans can often fetch
considerable sums from collectors, and there are even stores which deal
exclusively in Coke products and memorabilia.

.‫واحدة من أنجح المنتجات التجارية التي أطلقت من أي وقت مضى يقال انها اتت نتيجة لحدوث خطأ‬
‫ كان يبيع منشط العصب المعروف باسم "النبيذ‬،‫ جورجيا‬،‫ الصيدالني يعقوب في أتالنتا‬،1896 ‫في عام‬
‫ عن طريق الخطأ إضافة المياه الغازية بدال من الماء الى وصفة‬." ‫الفرنسي كوال العصب المثالي تونيك‬
:‫ بيمبرتون اخترع ما اليوم أصبح المشروبات الغازية األكثر شعبية في العالم‬.S ‫الصيدلي المدعو جون‬
‫ الكوكا‬،‫ الذي ظهر في السوق بعد ثالث سنوات‬- ‫ بيبسي‬- ‫ جنبا إلى جنب مع أقرب منافسه‬.‫كوكا كوال‬
‫ يمكن‬،‫ في الواقع‬.‫ وال سيما في الخمسين الماضية سنوات‬،‫حققت نجاحا هائال في جميع أنحاء العالم‬
،‫زجاجات الكوكا القديمة وعلب "طبعة محدودة" في كثير من األحيان جلبت مبالغ كبيرة من المقتنيين‬
.‫وهناك حتى متاجر تتعامل حصار بمنتجات الكوكا وتذكاارتها‬

What could possibly account for the amazing success of Coca-Cola?

How has this combination of carbonated water, sugar, acid and
flavorings come to symbolize the American way of life for most of the
world? After all, even the manufacturers could hardly describe Coke as a
healthy product since it contains relatively high amounts of sugar
(admittedly not the case with Diet Coke which contains artificial

36
sweeteners instead of sugar) and phosphoric acid, both of which are
known to damage teeth. One explanation may be found in the name.

‫ما الذي يمكن أن يمثله النجاح المدهش للكوكا كوال؟ كيف ان هذا المزيج من المياه الغازية والسكر‬
‫ حتى‬،‫والحمض والمنكهات تصبح رم از إلى طريقة الحياة األمريكية لمعظم العالم؟ بعد كل شيء‬
‫المصنعين ال يكادون يصفون الكوكا كمنتج صحي بما انها تحتوي على كميات عالية نسبيا من السكر‬
‫(ومن المسلم به ليس الحال مع النظام الغذائي الكوكا الذي يحتوي على المحليات االصطناعية بدال من‬
‫ أحد التفسيارت فد يتواجد في‬.‫ وكالهما معروف بأتالفهما لألسنان‬،‫السكر) وحمض الفوسفوريك‬
.‫التسمية‬

The original recipe included a flavoring from the coca plant and probably
included small amounts of cocaine (an addictive substance), but since
the early part of this century all traces of cocaine have been removed.
However, Coke (like all cola drinks) also includes a flavoring from the
cola tree; cola extract contains caffeine, which is a stimulant, and the
Coca-Cola Company adds extra caffeine for good measure. While
caffeine is not thought to be an addictive substance in itself, there is
considerable evidence that over a period of time the consumption of
caffeine has to be increased in order for its stimulating effect to be
maintained, and so sales of Coke perhaps benefit as a result.

‫ واي مكتبة أخرى تقوم ببيعها او التصرف بها تتحمل الذمة‬.‫نسخة مرخصة لمكتب ع ارق نت فقط‬
‫الشرعية المترتبة على تعديها على حقوقنا وتعتبر نسخة ذات شبهة شرعية على الطرفين البائع‬
‫ وشملت الوصفة األصلية نكهة من نبتة الكوكا وربما شملت كميات صغيرة من الكوكايين‬.‫والمشتري‬
‫ الكوكا (مثل جميع‬،‫ ومع ذلك‬.‫ أزيلت جميع آثار الكوكايين‬،‫ لكن منذ في أوائل هذا القرن‬،)‫(مادة االدمان‬
،‫ وهو منبه‬،‫ الكوال يحتوي على الكافيين‬.‫المشروبات الكوال) يشمل أيضا نكهات من شجرة الكوال‬
‫ بينما ال يعتقد أن يكون الكافيين مادة‬.‫وشركة كوكا كوال اضافت كميات إضافية من الكافيين كتدابير جيدة‬
‫ فهناك أدلة كبيرة على مدى فترة من الوقت فاستهالك الكافيين البد ان يزداد لكي‬،‫ادمان في حد ذاته‬
.‫ وهكذا مبيعات الكوكا ربما تستفيد كنتيجة‬،‫تظهر اثاره‬

A more likely reason for the enduring popularity of Coke may, however,
is found in the company's enviable marketing strategies. Over the years
it has come up with some of the most memorable commercials, tunes,
slogans and sponsorship in the world of advertising, variously
emphasizing international harmony, youthfulness and a carefree
lifestyle. Few other companies (arguably including Pepsi) have been
able to match such marketing ploys so consistently or effectively. As
suggested earlier, the influences of American culture are evident just
about everywhere, and Coca- Cola has somehow come to represent a

37
vision of the United States that much of the rest of the world dreams
about and aspires to. Perhaps drinking Coke brings people that little bit
closer to the dream.

‫ قد يكون هناك سبب أكثر ترجيحا للشهرة المستمرة لفحم الكوك في استراتيجيات التسويق‬، ‫ومع ذلك‬
‫ ابتكرت بعضا من أكثر اإلعالنات التجارية واأللحان‬، ‫ على مر السنين‬.‫التي تحسد عليها الشركة‬
‫ مع التركيز بشكل مختلف على االنسجام الدولي‬، ‫والشعارات والرعاية في عالم اإلعالنات التي ال تُنسى‬
)‫ قلة من الشركات األخرى (يمكن القول بما في ذلك بيبسي‬.‫والشباب وأسلوب الحياة الخالي من الهموم‬
‫ فإن‬، ‫ كما تم اقتراحه سابقا‬.‫تمكنت من مضاهاة مثل هذه الحيل التسويقية باستمرار أو بشكل فعال‬
‫ وقد أصبحت كوكاكوال بطريقة ما تمثل رؤية‬، ‫تأثيرات الثقافة األمريكية واضحة في كل مكان تقريبا‬
‫ ربما يجعل شرب الكوال الناس أقرب قليال‬.‫للواليات المتحدة يحلم بها كثير من بقية العالم ويطمح إليها‬
.‫إلى الحلم‬

1. ‘Coke has enjoyed phenomenal success’ paragraph 1 suggests the

writer:

a) Thinks that the success of Coke is very strange.

b) Believes that the success of Coke has been impressive.
c) Rather disapproves of the success of Coke.
d) Considers the success of Coke to be undeserved.

2. The writer uses 'for good measure' in paragraph 3 to emphasize the

fact that:
a) There is a lot of caffeine in Coke.
b) The amount of caffeine in Coke is carefully measured.
c) The extra caffeine improves the taste of Coke.
d) The extra caffeine balances the amount found naturally in the
cola extract.

3. 'Just about everywhere' in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:

a) In a lot of countries.
b) In every part of the world.
c) In a majority of places.
d) In almost every part of the world.

4. In the last sentence of paragraph 2, the writer implies that:

38
a) It is easy for the company to argue that Coke is a healthy drink.
b) he/she considers Coke to be unhealthy as a drink.
c) The company believes Coke is not an unhealthy product.
d) Coke is, in fact, quite a healthy drink.

5. In the second sentence of paragraph 2, the writer seems surprised

that:
a) Something so normal could have such importance.
b) All the ingredients can be found in most countries.
c) Most of the ingredients are not very healthy.
d) Coke must be so easy to produce.

6. Which of the following is closest in meaning to 'enduring' in

paragraph 4:
a) Amazing
b) Surprising
c) Diminishing
d) Lasting

7. According to the paragraph all of the following are not true, except

a- Cocaine and caffeine are addictive substances.

b- At least one of the ingredients of coke is addictive.
c- The simulating effect of caffeine is reduced over time unless
consumption of it is increased.
d- The coca cola company has gradually increased the amount of
caffeine it puts in coke.

8. in paragraph One (cans can often fetch considerable sums) means

a/ Coke is quite expensive in some parts of the world.

b/ collectors consider carefully how much they pay for a can of
coke.
c/ some collectors will only drink Coke in exclusive stores.
d/ certain Coke cans are worth a lot of money as collectable items.

39
9. Along with its closest rival - Pepsi in paragraph One refer to the fact
that

a- Coke and Pepsi work very closely together.

b- Pepsi is coke's only copmpetitor.
c- Coke and Pepsi are competitors in the same market.
d- Coke and Pepsi between them keep rivals out of the market.

10. Describing Coke's marketing strategy as (enviable)in paragraph

four , mean

a) The strategies are based on envy.

b) Coke's marketing staff are encouraged to be envious of each's
other ideas.
c) People are persuaded to buy Coke because they are envious of
others.
d) Rival are envious of the coke company's successful methods of
marketing.

11. in the passage (variously emphasising)in paragraph four , closest

in meaning to

a) Stressing at different times.

b) Using a wide variety of emphasis.
c) Stressing at the same time.
d) Using a particular order of emphasis.

12. in the passage in paragraph two (both of which) refers to

a) phosphoric and acid

b) sugar and artificial sweetener
c) sugar and phosphoric acid
d) artificial sweetener and phosphoric acid

13. which of the following is closest in meaning (memorabilia)

40
a) clothing
b) souvenirs
c) containers
d) packages

14. In the last sentence of the passage the writer implies that

a) many people wish for a lifestyle like they imagine most Americans
have
b) most people would like to live in America
c) drinking Coke reminds a lot of people of visiting America
d) living in the United States is a bit like living a dream

15. What is the main idea of the passage?

a) The keen competition between Coca-Cola and Pepsi.

b) The popularity of Coca-Cola over other soft drinks.
c) The reasons why Coca-Cola has enjoyed great success.
d) The image that Coca-Cola has come to represent.

16. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "account for" in

paragraph two?

a) Explain
b) Result from.
c) Consist of
d) Increase

17. In paragraph one, the writer points out that

a) Some stores can successfully sell Coke at higher prices.

41
b) Coke is so popular that some shops only sell goods with the Coke
label.
c) John S. Pemberton invented Coca-Cola as he had planned it.
d) Only certain people are allowed to enter the most popular Coke
stores.

18. According to the passage, adding caffeine to Coke

a) Lowers the cost of the product.

b) Makes it taste better.
c) Makes the product different from others.
d) Makes people addicted to the drink.

42
 ESSAY WRITING

THE ESSAY STRUCTURE:

Introduction

Body Paragraph 1

Body Paragraph 2

Conclusion

PARAGRAPH PURPOSES:

1. The Introduction:

Tell the reader what you are going to tell them.

2. The Body Paragraph:

Tell them.

3. The Conclusion:

Tell the reader what you told them.

43
The Three-Step Introduction Structure:

1. Write a broad background statement.

2. Rewrite the question prompt in your own words.
3. Write your thesis statement (tell the reader what you will write).

The Four-Step Paragraph Structure:

1. A topic sentence (when you introduce your main idea).

2. A sentence where you give a reason or example.
3. A sentence where you give another reason or example.
4. A sentence where you summarize your idea.

The Two-Step Conclusion Structure:

1. This essay discussed\ argued\ compared\ showed main idea 1 and

main idea 2.
2. In my opinion….

Markers that help you in your writing:

Opening: Introducing points:

It is often said that... Firstly,...

Many people claim that... To start with,...
In this day and age.../ Nowadays.../ First of all,...
These days… First and foremost,... Secondly....
It goes without saying that.. Thirdly...
Needless to say,... Lastly,...
The following essay takes a look at Finally....
both sides of the argument. Last but not least,...
Furthermore,...
In addition,...
What is more,...
On top of that,...
Another point worth noting is...
Another factor to consider is...

44
Presenting ideas & giving Expressing result & reason:
examples:

When it comes to noun/gerund,... As a result,...

In terms of noun/gerund.... As a result of noun/gerund,
Not only...but also... noun/gerund has led to…
resulted in...
With respect to noun/gerund, Consequently....
Therefore,...
One reason behind this is
Contrasting: Concluding:

Although To sum up,...

Even though subject + verb,... In conclusion,...
despite All things considered,...
In spite of noun/gerund,... Taking everything into
despite the fact that subject + consideration,...
verb.... On the whole,...
On the one hand ... By and large,...
On the other hand... However,... In general,.
Nevertheless,...
Even so...
Opinion:

As far as I am concerned,...
From my point of view,...
In my opinion,...
My own view on the matter is...

Samples:

1. You need to travel from your home to a place 40 miles (64

kilometers) away. Compare the different kinds of transportation
you could use. Tell which method of travel you would choose.
Give specific reasons for your choice.

2. If you could invent something new, what product would you

develop? Use specific details to explain why this invention is
needed.

45
3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Technology has made the world a better place to live. Use specific
reasons and examples to support your opinion.

4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Advertising can tell you a lot about a country. Use specific
reasons and examples to support your answer.

5. Some people believe that success in life comes from taking risks
or chances. Others believe that success results from careful
planning. In your opinion, what does success come from? Use
specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

6. Company is going to give some money either to support the arts or

to protect the environment. Which do you think the company
should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support
your answer.

7. How do movies or television influence people's behavior? Use

reasons and specific examples to support your answer.

8. Many people visit museums when they travel to new places. Why
do you think people visit museums? Use specific reasons and
examples to support your answer.

46
 (‫ محادثات‬،‫ وظائف لغوية‬،‫ تمارين (قواعد‬/‫امثلة‬
1. -------- did you spend on these books, about hundred pounds

A. Whose
B. Which
C. How much
D. How many

2. ----------, undoubtedly

A. What’s that
B. How about you
C. Are you sure
D. What’s happened

3. I’ve passed the exam, -----------

A. Congratulation
B. Not at all
C. Thank you
D. You’re welcome

4. Can you show me the way to the market? -------

A. Forget about it
B. Yes, thank you
C. Can I help you
D. By all means

5. If it ------------ rain, we will go to the park

A. Won’t
B. Didn’t
C. Doesn’t
D. Wouldn’t

6. --------- does he speak and read French?

A. How
B. How many
C. How far
D. who
47
7. They criticized me --------- I made a mistake

A. Although
B. So
C. Because
D. However

8. Jill didn’t -------- her father last night

A. Visit
B. Visits
C. Visited
D. To visit

9. My mother has died,-----------

A. I’m sorry to hear that

B. Best of luck
C. I’m sorry to
D. That’s kind of you

10. Last Monday, Jack-------- a wallet on a lonely street

A. Saw
B. Is seeing
C. Has seen
D. Sees

11. ---------- ? I’m from Iraq

A. Where are you from

B. Where are you
C. Where do you live
D. How far is Iraq

12. How often do you see your father? -------

A. Next month
B. Three months
C. Once a week
D. Last week

48
13. I have------ mistaken in dictation

A. Not
B. Much
C. Any
D. No

14. fifty dollars were------- from my wallet

A. Missed
B. Presnt
C. Missing
D. Absent

15. Could you tell me the way to castle road?

A. I’m afraid I’ve no idea

B. Well, thank you any way
C. Thank you very much indeed
D. What nonsense

16. Tom father is ------- doctor

A. An
B. At
C. A
D. The

17. It rained so hard------- we could not leave the school

A. That
B. If
C. When
D. Because

18. A. are you dissatisfied with something, sir

B. -----------

A. I don’t like the color

B. Yes, thank you
C. Here you are
D. Thank you

49
19. How are things?

A. Welcome
B. Pleasure
C. Nice to meet you
D. Fine, thanks

20. What’s your brother like?

A. He is tall
B. He likes sport
C. He prefers sweet
D. He likes music

21. I ------- to shale’s house

A. Gone
B. Goes
C. Went
D. Go

22. Many vegetables --------- carrot contain vitamin A

A. Beside
B. Besides
C. But
D. And

23. Let’s --------- out

A. Went
B. Going
C. Go
D. Gone

24. why don’t you go and eat -------- pizza

A. An
B. The
C. Those
D. A

50
25. Do you know his name------- telephone number

A. But
B. Or
C. Not
D. Yet

26. A. it was so kind of you and Evans to meet me

B. --------------

A. I must certainly do
B. I entirely agree with you
C. So, glad to meet you
D. Not at all

27. A. ------------, my name is Ali

Maria: hi, I’m Maria

A. I’m sure
B. Certainly
C. By all mean
D. By the way

28. Alex: Hey Jane, Jon, there is a musical concert in the park. You
won’t to go see the band play

Jane: I am done with my homework, I can go.

Jon: Me too................

A. Are going
B. Let him go
C. Let’s go
D. We go

29. Alex: People are probably heading toward the park for the concert.
The band does play pretty good music.

John: ------ ago did the band start playing at our park?

51
Jane: I think it started this tradition five years ago before you moved into
our neighborhood. Every year it always arrives the first week of June to
play for the whole week

A. How old
B. How far
C. How much
D. How long

30. Ali: I hope he waits on us soon. I have a class at two o'clock.

Maria: Me, too. I recognize that English book. You must be a student at
the English Language Center.

Ali: Yeah. I'm in the fourth course. Are you------------------?

A. Studying there
B. Writing there
C. Listening there
D. Teaching there

31. Ali: Lebanon. How about you?

Maria: Venezuela. I'm only staying here three more months. ------ I go to
Columbia University in New York.

A. Until
B. Because
C. First
D. Then

32. Suzan went into the situation and ------- a ticket

A. Buys
B. Bought
C. To buy
D. Buy

33. The bird has two wings on each side of --------- body.

A. Its
B. His
C. It’s

52
 D. Her

34. Martha: Do we still have enough coffee and cream for mom and
dad?

Laura: Yes, we do. Talking about coffee and cream, you better buy
some milk also.

We--------------

A. It ran almost out of

B. Ran almost ran out of it
C. Almost out of it ran
D. Ran it out almost of
35. The results of the experiment are correct -------------others may
say

A. Despite
B. Whenever
C. So, that
D. Whatever

36. Ali: Hi, Oh here comes the waiter. it looks like we're going to get
serve after all

Maria: Good, I'm

A. Playing
B. Shouting
C. Starving
D. Eating

37. Sarah: This is my first time my friends kept telling me the food was
great, so tonight I decided to try it. What have you been up to?

Jason: ----------- with my new job that I have not had the time to do much
else, but otherwise, me and the family are all fine.

A. So busy have I been

B. I been busy so have
C. Busy, I have been so
D. I have been so busy

53
38. Jane: Hey, look at that sport car. Isn’t it neat?

Alex: That is exactly the kind of car that I want once I get a good job. I
bet it is very fast. I want mine to be red though. Jane: Keep on dreaming,
Alex. -------- a fortune.

A. That car has

B. That car gives
C. That car have
D. That car costs

39. Situation: after you have stayed in your friend's house, you are ready
to leave

A. I stayed long, so I will leave

B. I’m sorry I stayed with you
C. I’m sorry I look up to you much time
D. It was nice to stay with you but I have to leave

40. People---------- work in TV programming ten to be young

A. Who
B. Whose
C. Whom
D. Where

41. Hello my name is Davied

A. It is a piece of cake
B. Do you need any help
C. It is a draft
D. It is nice to meet you

42. A. Would you like to come to Stratford for the day?

B.-----------

A. I’m afraid you’re wrong here

B. I can manage
C. I’m awfully sorry
D. I’m a stranger here my self

54
43. Could you please tell me the ---------- for Biology 334 and Chemistry
365?

A. Rooms numbers
B. Room’s number
C. Rooms numbers
D. Room numbers

44. Jason: ----------- do you eat at this cafe?

A. How much
B. How many
C. How long
D. How often

45. Situation: You are at an English colleague's house. He invites you to

drink something: colleague: Tea or Coffee?

YOU:

A. Yes, please
B. No, please
C. No trouble, please
D. Tea, please

46. Situation: Your teacher of English is talking to you in the class saying
to you: teacher: Your English is excellent.

YOU:

A. Oh, thanks
B. No, my English is very poor
C. You are right
D. No, I don’t think so

47. Situation: You are in Britain taking a taxi to a hotel. The taxi- driver
does not notice that he has passed the hotel so you want to stop him:

A. What are you doing?

B. Can’t you notice that you’ve passed the hotel?
C. I think we’ve passed the hotel
D. Stop, stop

55
48. Situation: You are in Britain staying in the house of an English
colleague of yours for some time. Your colleague will have a trip to Italy
during the Easter Holiday. He addresses you saying: colleague: You
won't stay here by yourself, will you? YOU think that you should leave
the house as well, so you say:

A. Yes
B. No problem I will take care of myself
C. No, of course not
D. Don’t bother, I can manage it

49. Situation: Your classmate has asked you to provide him with some
references. Next day, you bring them to him and he thanks you.
CLASSMATE: Thanks a lot. That’s a great help.

YOU:

A. It doesn’t matter
B. That’s all right
C. You’re welcome
D. Never mind

50. Situation: You are in Britain and want to invite a new English friend
to your flat

A. Visit me someday and you'll enjoy it.

B. Come to my place and I’ll show you some hospitality
C. Why don't you visit me?
D. I'll be very happy to receive you at my flat

51. Situation: At the airport, you have unintentionally taken someone

else's bag at the baggage reclaim. The owner of the bag notices that
and asks you to give it back to him. Feeling embarrassed, you apologize
to him saying

A. Oh, God! This is embarrassing!

B. Oh, sorry. Take it
C. Here you are.
D. I'm really sorry. It resembles mine a lot.

56
52. Situation: One day, your workmate comes to work wearing a new
shirt which seems to you to be old-fashioned. After "Good morning" you
say:

A. I like your new shirt although it is old-fashioned

B. Why do you wear such an old-fashioned shirt?
C. What a nice shirt! Where have you bought it from?
D. Oh god! Where have you got this shirt from?

53. Situation: Talking to your friend who has just moved to live with you
in your flat, you have the following conversation:

YOU: Your clothes are so tiny. You are too thin. How much do you
weigh?

FRIEND: Uh, well....... I'm not sure.

YOU:

A. My scale is in the bathroom. Let's weigh you now.

B. Come on! I think you need to put on some weight!
C. Know what? I'm not sure of my weight either!
D. Not sure, or you don't want to confess it!?

54. Situation: You are at a friend's house (who is a native English

speaker). There, you have seen a vase which, you think, is very
beautiful. After expressing your admiration of the vase you ask:

YOU: Look! What a beautiful vase you’ve got here. FRIEND: I got it last
week. And it was made in China. YOU: The design is marvelous. And
the shape, too.......

A. How much did you pay for it?

B. I wish I had it
C. I wonder whether I can get one like it
D. Give it to me. Why don’t you?

55. Having seen the film

A. The car came

B. The man went out
C. The building appeared

57
 D. The cinema closed

56. Hi my name is josh -------------------------------to meet you

A. A pleasure it is
B. It’s time
C. It’s quick
D. It’s pleasure

57. Are you sure Miss Smith ____ use the new equipment?

A. Knows how
B. Knows how to
C. Knows to
D. Knows the

58. The Police arrested the man for ------------------ a car.

A. Steal
B. Stealing
C. Stolen
D. Steals

59. A: I’m dreadfully sorry. I have spilled ink on your carpet

B:-------------

A. Neither do I
B. Oh, don’t let it worry
C. I have no preference
D. But thanks, all the same

60. Two parallel lines -------------------meet.

A. Always
B. Never
C. Often
D. Frequently

61. Maria: Yes I'm in the fifth course. I ...................... month

A. Have fifth course last

B. Last took he forth course last

58
 C. Had course forth last
D. Took the forth course last

62. water------- 100c Celsius

A. At
B. Beside
C. On
D. In

63. She reviewed her notes ------------- before she wrote her report.

A. Careful
B. Carefully
C. Caring
D. Careless

64. Martha: What do you want for breakfast?

Laura: I guess some eggs as usual.

Martha: I do not want eggs every day. -----------------------------

A. I brought enough groceries

B. I will listen carefully
C. I can help you
D. I will buy some pancake and syrup

65. The instruction manual is much too difficult for me, most of it quite ---
------------my comprehension.

A. Through
B. Beyond
C. Outside
D. Over

66. Mary: the comfort park.

Taxi driver: I think there are two in Boston. ..............................

Mary: The one downtown.

A. Which one are you going to

B. How many ones are there

59
 C. What is it like
D. Which one do you have

67. Maria: It's pretty good. I think I've learned a lot of English so far.

Ali: Yeah. I only wish the classes were a little..........., though, because
we don't get enough chance to talk. But I like my teachers a lot.

A. Higher
B. Smaller
C. Shorter
D. Bigger

68. Martha: Do I need to buy some spices so mom can marinate the
fish?

Laura: Yes, get some ground ....................

A. Pancake and syrup

B. Orange juice
C. Milk and some coffee
D. Pepper and some garlic

69. Martha:....................? Mom probably wants carrots, potatoes,

cabbages and some lettuce.

Laura: That would be fine. We need some fruits also. What do you
want?

A. How about fruits

B. Now, how about vegetables
C. How many vegetables
D. How about drinks

70. Mary: Just these two suitcases.

OK, I'll put them in the back for you. ..........................? Mary: The
Comfort park.

A. What do you want

B. Where are you going?
C. Where is your passport
D. How do you do

60
71. Debbie: Can I have a piece of carrot cake? I want to enjoy life right
now.

Mrs. Anderson: You don’t want to wait until after dinner?

Debbie: It looks inviting, and I bet it is delicious. No,........ Can I, mom?

A. I don’t to want wait

B. I don’t wait to want
C. I want don’t wait too
D. I don’t want to wait

72. Our flight from America to London was delayed _____ the heavy fog

A. Because of
B. Because
C. On account
D. As result

73. I wish that the weather---------- not so warm

A. Was
B. Be
C. Were
D. Is

74. they arrive------- we were having dinner

A. Why
B. During
C. While
D. For

75. Two: "I'm going to meet a friend of mine at the department store."

One: "Going to do a little shopping?"

Two: "Yeah, I have to buy some presents for my parents."

One: "What's the occasion?"

A. What’s the matter

B. What is the problem
C. What’s party

61
 D. What’s the occasion?

76. She has not been to Paris ------ a long time

A. Till
B. Since
C. For
D. To

77. Tom: now that your problem is solved , I need you to lend me hand
with -----------

A. She
B. Yours
C. Mine
D. My

78. Mrs. Anderson: I am baking cakes. This is your favourite carrot cake.
Debbie: It looks really yummy. And I see muffins over there too. You
were busy..........,?

A. Was you
B. Weren’t you
C. Wasn’t you
D. Were you not

79. I just started---------

A. This week
B. Next week
C. Tomorrow
D. Sometime

80. I don't remember -------------about the murder

A. Some
B. Anything
C. Something
D. Anything

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