EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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1. Covering , lining , and protecting surfaces ( eg , The principal func-

skin) tions of epithelial tis-
Absorption ( eg , the intestines ) Secretion ( eg , sues are :
the parenchymal cells of glands ) Contractility ( eg
, myoepithelial cells )

2. Protection (Functions of ep-

ithelial cells)epider-
mis of the skin

3. Absorption (Functions of epithe-

lial cells)epithelium
of the small intestine

4. Excretion (Functions of epithe-

lial cells)epithelium
of the kidney

5. Secretion (Functions of ep-

ithelial cells)glandu-
lar epithelium

6. Sensory reception (Functions of epithe-

lial cells)neuro - ep-
ithelium

7. Lubrication (Functions of ep-

ithelial cells)goblet
cells and sebaceous
glands

8. Reproduction (Functions of epithe-

lial cells)lining ep-
ithelium of the semi-
niferous tubules and
germinal epithelium
of the ovary

9. contractile (Functions of ep-

ithelial cells)A few
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specialized epithelial
cells are____ ( my-
oepithelial cells ) .

10. LAMINA PROPRIA serves to support the

epithelium

11. LAMINA PROPRIA provides nutrition

and binds epithelia
to underlying struc-
tures

12. LAMINA PROPRIA a type of loose con-

nective tissue that
are found beneath
the epithelium

13. PAPILLAE small invagination's

or irregularities in the
connective tissue
surface that increas-
es area of contact
between the connec-
tive tissue and the
epithelial tissue

14. Basal pole region of the cell

contacting the con-
nective tissue

15. Apical pole facing a space

16. Lateral surfaces regions that adjoin

the adjacent cells

17. Basement membrane a felt - like sheet of

extracellular material
in the basal surface
of epithelial cells

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18. BASAL LAMINA network of fine fibrils

19. LAMINA LUCIDA 2 components of

LAMINA DENSA Basal Lamina

20. LAMINA LUCIDA connected with the

epithelium

21. LAMINA DENSA nearer to the under-

lying connective tis-
sue

22. LAMINA LUCIDA it appears lighter un-

der EM

23. RETICULAR LAMINA a more diffuse and fi-

brous layer

24. BASAL LAMINA 2 structures of base-

RETICULAR LAMINA ment membrane

25. LAMININ large glycoprotein

molecules that self -
assemble to form a
lace - like sheet im-
mediately below the
cells ' basal poles
where they are held
in place by the trans-
membrane integrins

26. TYPE IV COLLAGEN Monomers of this

____ contain three
polypeptide chains
and self - assemble
further to form a felt -
like sheet associated
with the layer .

27. LAMININ
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macromolecular
components of
basal laminae
Found in Lamina
lucida

28. TYPE IV COLLAGEN Found in Lamina

densa macromolec-
ular components of
basal laminae

29. ENTACTIN/NIDOGEN laminin and type IV

collagen network are
held together by ad-
hesive glycoprotein

30. PERLECAN laminin and type IV

collagen network are
held together by a
proteoglycan

31. Type III collagen Diffuse meshwork

Type VII collagen of reticular laminae
contains

32. anchors the epithelium Functions of the

serves as a mechanical barrier ( prevents malig- basement mem-
nant cells from invading the deeper tissues brane
simple structural and filtering functions
influence cell polarity
regulate cell proliferation and differentiation by
binding and concentrating growth factors
influence cell metabolism and survival
organize the proteins in the adjacent plasma mem-
brane ( affecting signal transduction )
serve as pathways for cell migration the basal lam-
ina seems to contain the information necessary for
many cell - to - cell interactions

33. BASAL LAMINA

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used to denote the
lamina densa and its
adjacent layers and
structures seen with
the TEM .

34. BASEMENT MEMBRANE used to denote the

structures seen with
the light microscope

35. 1.APICAL (FREE) SURFACE LABEL

2.LATERAL SURFACES
3.EPITHELIUM
4.BASAL SURFACE
5.BASAL LAMINA
6.RETICULAR LAMINA
7.CONNECTIVE TISSUE
8.BLOOD VESSEL
9.NERVE

36. occluding junctions Seals to prevent the

flow of materials be-
tween the cells (up-
per most part)

37. adhesive or anchoring junctions Sites of adhesion

38. adhesive or anchoring junctions interact with actin

and intermediate fil-
aments

39. adhesive or anchoring junctions function to provide

mechanical stability

40. gap junctions Channels for com-

munication between
adjacent cells

41. gap junctions diffusion of mole-

cules
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42. ZONULA OCCLUDENS Four distinct zone

ZONULA ADHERENS
MACULA ADHERENS
NEXUS

43. ZONULA OCCLUDENS important in trans-

porting epithelium
maintaining the
structural integrity of
epithelium

44. ZONULA ADHERENS intermediate junc-

tion

45. ZONULA ADHERENS terminal web

46. ZONULA ADHERENS Serves as a site

of insertion for the
contractile microfila-
ments that form the
core of the microvilli
.

47. ZONULA ADHERENS Aid in contraction of

microvilli

48. MACULA ADHERENS desmosomes

49. MACULA ADHERENS Appears as dense

dots or fusiform
thickening of the
cells

50. MACULA ADHERENS Site of attachment of

the cytoskeleton to
the cell surface

51. MACULA ADHERENS Sites of cell to cell

adhesion
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52. MACULA ADHERENS In LM ; entire struc-

ture is called termi-
nal Bar

53. NEXUS gap junction

54. NEXUS Concerned with cell

to cell communica-
tion

55. NEXUS communicating junc-

tion

56. NEXUS Each membrane is

studded with polygo-
nal projections ( con-
nexions )

57. NEXUS Adhesive function

area of low electri-
cal resistance , im-
portant in cell to
cell communication
for coordination of
cellular activities

58. between osteocytes , smooth and cardiac muscles NEXUS is Present in

neurons :

59. skeletal muscle , blood NEXUS is Absent in

:

60. 1.Membrane proteoglycan LABEL

2.Integrin
3.Hemi-desmosome
4.Focal adhesion
5.Tight junction
6.Adhesion belt
7.Desmosome
8.Gap junction
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9.Integrin
10.Selectin
11.CAM

61. 1.Occludens, claudins, ZO proteins COMPLETE THE

2.E-cadherin, catenin complexes TABLE
3.Intermediate filaments (keratin)
4.None
5.Seal adjacent cells to one another;
seperate apical and basolateral membrane do-
mains
6.Provides points linking the cytoskeleton of ad-
jacent cells; strengthen and stabilize nearby tight
junctions
7.Provides points of strong intermediate coupling
between adjacent cells, strengthening the tissue
8.Allow transfer of small molecules and ions from
one cell to other

62. MICROVILLI Delicate vertical stri-

ations refractile bor-
der of columnar ep-
ithelium

63. absorption MICROVILLI-Promi-

nent in cells whose
principal function is

64. Striated or Brush border intestinal epithelium

, epithelial tissues of
the kidney

65. MICROVILLI Small finger - like

processes Increase
the efficiency of ab-
sorption

66. STEREOCILIA Long pyriform tuft

of slender processes

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projecting into the lu-
men from each cell

67. STEREOCILIA Found in lining ep-

ithelium of the epi-
didymis and the
proximal part of the
ductus deferens

68. STEREOCILIA Promote absorption

by amplifying cell
surface like the mi-
crovilli

69. STEREOCILIA Longer than mi-

crovilli and much
less motile

70. Basal infoldings increases the sur-

face area at the base
of a cell promoting
absorption like the
microvilli

71. CILIA Larger than microvilli

72. Primary cilium non motile but en-

riched with receptors
and signal transduc-
tion complexes

73. Motile cilia found only in epithe-

lia , abundant on
the apical surface of
cuboidal or columnar
cells

74. CILIA cells Function to pro-

pel fluid or coating of

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mucus towards the
exterior

75. MICROVILLI SPECIALIZATION

STEREOCILIA OF THE APICAL
CILIA CELL SURFACE

76. COVERING, SECRETORY MAIN GROUPS OF

EPITHELIA

77. Squamous Classification of cov-

Cuboidal ering epithelia ac-
Columnar cording to cell mor-
transitional phology

78. Simple Classification of cov-

Pseudostratified ering epithelia ac-
Stratified cording to : number
of cell layers

79. Simple Squamous SIMPLE EPITHELIA

Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar

80. Simple Squamous Epithelium Very thin flat cells

Mosaic pattern
Attenuated cyto-
plasm with central
bulging nucleus .

81. ENDOTHELIUM lining of blood vessel

, lymph vessels cavi-
ties of the heart

82. MESOTHELIUM lining serous cavities

like pleura pericardi-
um peritoneum , tu-
nica vaginalis testis

83. MESENCHYMAL
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lines the interior
chamber of the eye ,
perilymph spaces of
the internal ear , sub-
dural and subarach-
noid spaces

84. FLATTENED CELLS lining the pulmonary

alveoli , bowman's
capsule

85. mesothelium Facilitates the move-

ment of the viscera

86. Active transport by pinocytosis Main Functions

mesothelium and
endothelium

87. Facilitates the movement of the viscera mesotheli- Simple Squamous

um ) Active transport by pinocytosis ( mesothelium Epithelium Main
endothelium ) Secretion of biologically active mol- Functions
ecules

88. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Row of square

or rectangular pro-
file Nuclei tend to
aligned at the same
level in all of the cells
, " box - like " , " cube
- like "

89. Covering the ovary Simple Cuboidal Ep-

Thyroid follicles ithelium Example of
choroid plexus Distribution
pigmented epithelium of the retina

90. Covering,secretion Simple Cuboidal Ep-

ithelium Main Func-
tion

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91. Simple Columnar Epithelium A membrane com-
posed of cylindri-
cal cells possess-
ing an appreciable
height aside from
length and width

92. Simple Columnar Epithelium Nuclei are at the

same level and sit-
uated nearer to the
basal surface than
the apical surface

93. Simple Columnar Epithelium Associated with se-

cretion or absorption

94. Simple plain tall columnar mucosa of the stom-

ach , small and large
intestine gallbladder
, bigger ducts of
glands

95. Simple plain low columnar smaller ducts of

glands , some excre-
tory tubules of kid-
ney function

96. absorption Simple Columnar

secretion Epithelium Main
Protection function
Lubrication

97. Stratified Squamous ( keratinized & non kera- STRATIFIED EP-

tinized) ITHELIA
Stratified Cuboidal
Stratified Columnar

98. Stratified squamous epithelia (Keratinized) Cells become more

irregular in shape

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and flatten as they
accumulate keratin

99. Stratified squamous epithelia ( Keratinized) they become hard-

ened , cornified
and removed pro-
gressively closer to
the skin surface

100. Stratified squamous epithelia (Keratinized ) Thin , metabolically

inactive packets of
keratin - lacking nu-
clei

101. epidermis Stratified squamous

epithelia Keratinized
Example of Distribu-
tion

102. Protection Stratified squamous

Prevents water lost epithelia Keratinized
Main Function

103. Stratified Squamous Epithelia ( Non - keratinized ) Lines wet cavities

where loss of water
is not a problem

104. Stratified Squamous Epithelia ( Non keratinized ) Inner most surface of

the body

105. Stratified Squamous Epithelia ( Non keratinized ) Flattened cell of the

surface layer contain
much less keratin ,
retaining their nuclei
and metabolic func-
tion

106. Mouth Stratified Squamous

Esophagus Epithelia ( Non - ker-
Larynx
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Vagina atinized ) Example of
Anal canal Distribution

107. Protection Stratified Squamous

Secretion Epithelia ( Non kera-
Prevents water loss tinized ) Main Func-
tion

108. Excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands De- Stratified Cuboldal
veloping ovarian follicles Epithelia Example of
Distribution

109. Protection Stratified Cuboldal

Secretion Epithelia Main Func-
tion

110. Conjunctiva Stratified Columnar

Epithelia Example of
Distribution

111. Protection Stratified Columnar

secretion Epithelia Main Func-
tion

112. Transitional ( Urothelium ) Epithelia Thin basal lamina

Appear very thin
when organ is dis-
tended and thicker
when the organ is
collapsed

113. Transitional ( Urothelium ) Epithelia Consists of many

layers ( contracted
stage )

114. one or two rows Transitional Urotheli-

um Epithelia Deep-
est layer-

115. 1-3 rows

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Transitional ( Urothe-
lium ) Epithelia Pyri-
form pear shaped
cells

116. flattened umbrella shaped cells Transitional ( Urothe-

lium ) Epithelia Su-
perficial layer

117. Superficial layer - large flattened / squamous cells Transitional ( Urothe-

Layer of cuboidal cells lium ) EpitheliaTwo
layers ( stretched )

118. Bladder Transitional ( Urothe-

Ureter lium ) EpitheliaEx-
Rena calyces ample of Distribution

119. Protection Main Function

Distensibility

120. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIA Appears to be com-

posed of several lay-
ers of cell when in re-
ality there is only one
layer

121. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIA All cells rest upon

the basement mem-
brane

122. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIA Not all of the cells

reach the surface

123. Tall columnar PSEUDOSTRATI-

Fusiform / spheroidal FIED EPITHELIA
Cells

124. Lining of trachea PSEUDOSTRATI-

Bronchi FIED EPITHELIA
Nasal cavity
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Example of
Distribution

125. Protection PSEUDOSTRATI-

Secretion FIED EPITHELIA
Cilia - mediated transport of particles trapped in Main Function
mucus out the air passages

126. GRANDULAR EPITHELIA EXOCRINE & EN- EPITHELIA SECRE-

DOCRINE TORY EPITHELIA
AND GLANDS

127. UNICELLULAR CLASSIFICATION

MULTICELLULAR OF GLANDS

128. SIMPLE & COMPOUND CLASSIFICATION

OF EXOCRINE
GLANDS
ACCORDING TO
SHAPE

129. MEROCRINE CLASSIFICATION

HOLOCRINE OF EXOCRINE
APOCRINE GLANDS
ACCORDING TO
THE WAY THE
SECRETORY
PRODUCTS LEAVE
THE CELL

130. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Epithelial cells spe-

cialized for secretion
Epithelial structures
are called " gland "

131. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM The molecules to be

secreted are gener-
ally stored in the
cells in small mem-
brane - bound vesi-
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cles called secretory
granules

132. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Secretory products

is passed into a sys-
tem of tubes / ducts
which transport it to
the surface .

133. EXOCRINE GLANDULAR EP-

Secretory products ITHELIUM Two ma-
jor categories

134. EXOCRINE deliver their prod-

uct into a system of
ducts opening on an
external or internal
surface .

135. Secretory products Sebaceous gland

cells
Mammary gland
cells
Gastric gland pari-
etal cells
Serous
Mucous

136. Serous acinar cells of pan-

creas and parotid
trypsin , amylase ,
pepsin

137. Mucous gastric glands and

respiratory secre-
tions

138. Sebaceous gland cells secrete sebum

139. Mammary gland cells secretes milk

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140. Gastric gland parietal cells secrete HCL

141. ENDOCRINE release their prod-

uct into the blood or
lymph for transport
to another part of the
body .

142. ENDOCRINE Multicellular arranged in cords ,

bundles , or islet

143. Connective tissue stroma -supports the cells

containing numer-
ous fenestrated
blood vessels

144. ENDOCRINE Arrangement- thy-

roid- follicular
Others- scattered
randomly Secrete
hormones directly
into the neighboring
blood capillaries

145. Endocrine cells secreting POLYPEPTIDE PURE ENDOCRINE Four

PROTEINS HORMONES Major Categories
Endocrine cells secreting GLYCOPROTEIN HOR-
MONES secretory
Endocrine cells secreting STEROID HORMONE
Endocrine cells secreting BIOCHEMICAL AMINES

146. Endocrine cells secreting GLYCOPROTEIN HOR- Distinct nucleo-

MONES lus Abundant GER
Membrane bound
secretory granules

147. Endocrine cells secreting STEROID HORMONE Numerous mito-

chondria with tubular
cristae
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148. Endocrine cells secreting STEROID HORMONE Abundant SER

Absence of secreto-
ry granules
Liposomes and lipo-
fuscin pigments are
frequently seen

149. Endocrine cells secreting BIOCHEMICAL AMINES Located within the

cytoplasm or within
the secondary gran-
ules

150. Endocrine cells secreting BIOCHEMICAL AMINES Dense cored vesi-

cles with EM
Content are re-
leased by exocytosis

151. Acrine glands secretion is not dis-

charged from the
cells producing it .

152. Granular leukocytes and phagocytes produce enzyme not

released but ultilized
within the cells for
phagocytosis

153. UNICELLULAR One celled , ( goblet

cell ) Secretes mucin

154. MULTICELLULAR Many cells Forms

the parenchyma of
pancreas or liver

155. Simple tubular EXOCRINE

Branched tubular GLANDS SIMPLE
Coiled tubular
Acinar ( alveolar Branched acinar(

156. EXOCRINE GLANDS SIMPLE ducts not branched

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157. EXOCRINE GLANDS COMPOUND ducts from sever-

al secretory units
converge into larger
ducts

158. Tubular EXOCRINE

Acinar GLANDS
tubuloacinar COMPOUND

159. ACINAR Secretory portions

TUBULAR

160. ACINAR rounded and sac -

like

161. TUBULAR either short or long

and coiled

162. TRUE (TRUE/FALSE)Ei-

ther type of
secretory portions
may be branched
even if duct is not
branch

163. Simple Tubular Elongated secretory

portion
Duct usually short or
absent

164. mucous glands of the colon Simple Tubular Ex-

Intestinal glands or crypts ( of Lieberkuhn ) amples

165. Branched Tubular Several long secre-

tory parts joining to
drain 1 duct

166. glands in uterus and stomach Branched Tubular

Examples
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167. Coiled Tubular Secretory portion is

very long and coiled

168. sweat glands Coiled Tubular Ex-

amples

169. Acinar ( Alveolar ) Rounded , saclike

secretory portion

170. small mucous glands along the urethra Acinar ( Alveolar )

Examples

171. Branched Acinar ( Alveolar ) Multiple saclike se-

cretory parts enter-
ing the same duct

172. Sebaceous glands of the skin Branched Acinar (

Alveolar ) Examples

173. Compound Tubular Several elongated

, coiled secretory
units and their ducts
converge to form
larger ducts

174. Submucosal mucous glands ( of Brunner ) in the Compound Tubular

duodenum Examples
Kidneys , testis , liver

175. Compound Acinar Several saclike se-

cretory units with
small ducts con-
verge at a larger duct

176. Exocrine Examples Com-

pancreas pound Acinar
mammary gland

177. Tubuloacinar Ducts of both tubular

and acinar secreto-
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ry units converge at
larger ducts

178. Salivary glands Tubuloacinar Exam-

glands of respiratory passages and pancreas ples

179. Merocrine Secretion ACCORDING TO

Holocrine secretion NATURE OF SE-
Apocrine secretion CRETORY PROD-
UCTS

180. Merocrine Secretion Also called eccrine

, typical exocytosis
of proteins or glyco-
proteins . This is the
most common mode
of secretion

181. Merocrine Secretion Maintain the integri-

ty of their constituent
cells throughout the
process of secretion

182. Sweat and salivary gland Merocrine Secretion

183. Holocrine secretion Involves the cell fill-

ing with secretory
product and then the
whole cell being dis-
rupted and shed .
This is best seen
in the sebaceous
glands of skin

184. Holocrine secretion of Cells suffer more

or less complete
destruction in the
process of secretion
, being transformed

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into the secretion it-
self .

185. Seminiferous epithelium ( testis) Seminiferous re-

lease of spermato-
zoa

186. Apocrine secretion In an intermediate

type
the secretory prod-
uct is typically a
large lipid droplet
and is discharged to-
gether with some of
the apical cytoplasm
and plasmalemma

187. Apocrine secretion Cells suffer a partial

destruction of their
distal borders in the
process of secretion

188. Mammary gland , some axillary sweat glands Apocrine secretion

189. Serous glands Acidophilic granular

cytoplasm with a
round nucleus

190. Serous glands basal ends of serous

cells have well - de-
veloped RER and
Golgi complexes

191. Serous glands cells are filled api-

cally with secretory
granules in different
stages of maturation

192. Parotid and pancreas Serous glands

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193. Mucous gland Are typically larger
than serous cells ,

194. Mucous gland Basophilic non -

granular , reticulat-
ed cytoplasm and
flattened nucleus t
the basement mem-
brane

195. Mucous gland The apical region

and most of the
other cytoplasm of
each mucous cell is
filled with secreto-
ry granules contain-
ing mucin like that of
goblet cells .

196. Mucous gland The basal region

contains the RER ,
nucleus , and a well -
developed Golgi ap-
paratus .
Sublingual gland ,
in the stomach ,
the various salivary
glands , the respira-
tory tract , and the
genital tract .

197. Mixed glands Both serous and mu-

cous

198. serous demilunes Clumps of serous

cells at the ends
of some mucous
tubules appear as
crescent- shaped
structures called
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199. Submaxillary glands and submandibular salivary have both mucous

glands and serous secreto-
ry units , typically
shaped as acini and
tubules respectively .

200. Cytogenic or cellular glands Glands that produce

cells

201. Testis Cytogenic or cellular

ovary glands

202. SIMPLE TUBULAR

203. BRANCHED TUBULAR

204. COILED TUBULAR

205. ACINAR

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206. BRANCHED ACINAR

207. TUBULOACINAR

208. COMPOUND ACINAR

209. COMPOUND TOBULAR

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