10th Class - Physics, Chap # 12 (Conceptual Questions) www.eStudent.

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PHYSICS 10TH – Conceptual Questions

Chap # 12 - GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

Q # 12.01: Describe the following terms used in Reflection?

(i) Normal (ii) Angle of incidence (iii) Angle of rejection
Normal: The perpendicular to a reflecting or refracting surface at the point of incidence of the ray
concerned is called normal.
Angle of incidence: The angle between the incident ray and the normal ls called angle of incidence.
Angle of reflection: The angle between the normal and the reflected fray is called angle of reflection

Q # 12.02: Define the following terms used in refraction: (i) Angle of incident (ii) Angle of
refraction.
Angle of incidence: The angle made by the incident ray with the normal is called angle of incidence.
Angle of refraction: The angle made by the refracted ray with the normal is called angle of refraction.

Q # 12.03: What is meant by refractive index of a material? How would you determine the
refractive index of a rectangular glass slab?
Refractive index: The refractive index of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the
5peed of light ln the medium.
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
Refractive index = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

If refractive index is denoted by n, speed of light in a vacuum by c and speed of light in medium by v,
𝑐
then 𝑛=𝑣

Q # 12.04: State the laws of refraction of light and show How, they may be verified using
rectangular glass slab and pins.
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the
same plane.
(ii) The ratio of the sine of angle of incidence ‘i’ to the sine of the angle of refraction ‘r’ is
always equal to constant.
sin 𝑖
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
sin 𝑟
Where the ratio sin i/sin r is known as. the refractive index of the second medium with
respect to the first medium. So, we have:
sin 𝑖 𝑛2
=𝑛=
sin 𝑟 𝑛1
This is also called Snell’s Law

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Q # 12.05: A coin is placed at a focal point of a converging lens. Is an Image formed? What is its
nature?
When a coin is placed at the focal point of the principal focus, no image is formed because the refracted
rays are parallel and never meet.

Q # 12.06: What are differences between real and virtual images?

Real Image Virtual Image
It is formed by concave mirror only. It can be formed by convex as well as
concave mirror.
It is always inverted expiation. It is always erect sun small.
It is formed at real principle focus (F) It is formed at virtual principal focus
of a real object i.e. light rays actually (F) of a virtual object i.e. light rays
pass the angle F. appear the diverge from F.
Is has positive sign convention, It has negative sign conversion.
It is formed in front of the mirror. It is formed behind the mirror.
Focal length of real image is taken Focal length of a virtual image is taken
positive. negative.

Q # 12.07: How does a converging lens form a virtual image of a real object? How does a
diverging lens can form a real image of a real object?
When the object is placed between the convex lens and F, the image will be virtual. The ray diagram is
shown in the figure given below.
A concave lens cannot form a real image of a real object in the air. If the concave lens is placed in a
medium of refractive index greater than that of glass, then it will form real image of a real object.

Q # 12.08: A man raises his left hand in a plane mirror; the image facing hi is raising his right
hand. Explain why?
A man raises his left hand in a plane mirror; the image facing him is raising his right hand. Because
light rays are reflected in mirror causing us to see an inverted image.

Q # 12.09: In your own words, explain why light waves are refracted at a boundary between two
materials.
Light waves are reflected at a boundary between two materials due to change of speed of light while
traveling form one medium to another. This change of speed of light at the boundary is caused by the
change in the refractive indices of two materials.

Q # 12.10: Explain why a fish under water appears to be at a different depth below the surface
than actually is. Does it appear deeper or shallower?
A fish under water appear to the shallower that it really is, because of apparent depth, as a virtual image
is formed at I above O, where image seem to be formed due to refraction of light.

Q # 12.11: Why or why not concave mirrors are suitable for make up?

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Concave mirrors are suitable for makeup as they act as magnifier to form large size erect image of
objects. When a person stands between principle focus and pole of mirror.

Q # 12.12: Why is the driver’s side mirror in many cars convex rather than plane or concave?
Driver’s side mirror is convex mirror as it gives an upright, erect although small image, it provides a
wider field of view as it ls curved outwards.

Q # 12.13: When an optician's testing room is small, he uses a mirror to help him test the eye
sight of his patients. Explain why?
To increase the distance of alphabets, form the patient, the optician uses plane mirror if his testing room
is small.

Q # 12.14: How does the thickness of lens affect its focal length?
lf the thickness of a lens is increased; the power of the lens is also increased. Hence the focal length of
the lens ls decreased.

Q # 12.15: Under what conditions will a converging lens form a real image?
Converging lens forms a virtual image when object is placed between optical center and its focal point.
The image formed will be erect and larger than the object.

Q # 12.16: Under what condition will a converging lens form a real image that is the same size as
the object?
When object is placed at 2F form the converging lens it forms a real and inverted image that has the
same size as the object.

Q # 12.17: Why do we use refracting telescope with large objective lens of large focal length?
In refracting telescope, we use objective lens of larger focal length so as to gather more light form weak
distant sources. It not only makes them more visible but also increases the resolving power of the
telescope.

Q # 12.18: In large shopping centers, convex mirrors are used for security purposes. Do you
know why? (Point to ponder - Page 42)
In large shopping centers, convex mirrors are used to see hidden areas or places, it helps to avoid any
stealing or theft and for better supervision.

Q # 12.19: Why the position of fish inside the water seems to be at less depth than that of its
actual position? (Point to Ponder – page 42)
Position of fish inside the water seems to be at less depth due to refraction of light at the surface or
water.

Q # 12.20: will the bending of the light be more or less for a medium with high refractive index?
(Self-assessment - Page 45)
Bending of light is more for a medium with high refractive index.

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Q # 12.21: Where a pen is placed in front of a convex lens if the image is equal to the size of the
pen? What will be the power of the lens in diopters? (Self-Assessment - Page 55)
To obtain an Image of the pin where its size is equal to the size of the pen, the pen must be placed at
2F morn the convex lens.

Q # 12.22: How the size of the pupil of our eye will change: (a) in dim light (b) in bright light.
(Quick Quiz -Page 62)
a. In dim light, the size of the pupil of our eye increases.
b. In bright light, the size of the pupil of our eye decrease.

Q # 12.23: What do you understand by reflection of light? Draw a diagram to illustrate reflection
at a plane surface
See Long Question No. 12.01

Q # 12.24: State laws of reflection. Describe how they can be verified graphically?
See Long Question No. 12.01

Q # 12.25: Define refection of light. Describe the passage of light through parallel-sided
transparent material.
See Long Question No. 12.04

Q # 12.26: what is meant by the term total interval reflection?

See Long Question No. 12.05

Q # 12.27: State the conditions for total internal reflection.

See Long Question No. 12.05

Q # 12.28: What is critical angle Derive a relationship between the critical angle and the refractive
index of a substance?
See Long Question No. 12.05

Q # 12.29: What are optical fibers? Describe how total internal reflection is used in light
propagating trough optical fibers.
See Long Question No. 12.11

Q # 12.30: Define the Terms applied to a Lens.

See Long Question No. 12.07

Q # 12.31: What is meant by the principal focus of a (i) convex lens (ii) a concave lens, illustrate
you answer with ray diagram.
See Long Question No. 12.07

Q # 12.32: Describe how light is refracted through convex lens.

See Long Question No. 12.07

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Q # 12.33: With the help of a ray diagram, how you can show the use of thin converging lens as
a magnifying glass.
See Long Question No. 12.08

Q # 12.34: Define power of a lens and its units.

See Long Question No. 12.07

Q # 12.35: Describe the passage of light through a glass prism and measure the angle of deviation.
See Long Question No. 12.04

Q # 12.36: Define the terms resolving power and magnifying power.

See Long Question No. 12.03

Q # 12.37: Draw the ray diagrams of (i) Simple microscope (ii) Compound microscope (iii)
Refracting telescope
See Long Question No. 12.01, 12.04 and 12.05

Q # 12.38: Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in the no› mal human eye.
See Long Question No. 12.06

Q # 1.2.39: What is meant by the terms nearsightedness and farsightedness? How can these
defects can be corrected?
See Long Question No. 12.07

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