Chapter 2

Basic Laws
 Introduction
■ Fundament laws that govern electric circuits:
❑ Ohm’s Law.

❑ Kirchoff’s Law.

■ These laws form the foundation upon which electric

circuit analysis is built.

■ Common techniques in circuit analysis and design:

❑ Combining resistors in series and parallel.

❑ Voltage and current divisions.

❑ Wye to delta and delta to wye transformations.

■ These techniques are restricted to resistive circuits.

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Ohm’s Law

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 Ohm’s Law

■ Relationship between current and voltage

within a circuit element.

■ The voltage across an element is directly

proportional to the current flowing through it
vαi
■ Thus::v=iR and R=v/i
❑ Where:
R is called resistor.
Has the ability to resist the flow of electric current.
Measured in Ohms (Ω)

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Ohm’s Law

*pay careful attention to current direction

v=iR

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 Ohm’s Law
■ Value of R :: varies from 0 to infinity
■ Extreme values == 0 & infinity.
■ Only linear resistors obey Ohm’s Law.

Short circuit Open Circuit

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 Ohm’s Law

■ Conductance (G)
❑ Unit mho or Siemens (S).

❑ Reciprocal of resistance R

G=1/R

❑ Has the ability to conduct electric current

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 Ohm’s Law

■ Power:

❑ P = iv i ( i R ) = i2R watts
(v/R) v = v2/R watts

❑ R and G are positive quantities, thus power

is always positive.

❑ R absorbs power from the circuit Passive

element.

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 Ohm’s Law

■ Example 1:
❑ Determine voltage (v), conductance (G) and power
(p) from the figure below.

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 Ohm’s Law

■ Example 2:
❑ Calculate current i in figure below when the switch
is in position 1.
❑ Find the current when the switch is in position 2.

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 Nodes, Branches & Loops

■ Elements of electric circuits can be

interconnected in several way.

■ Need to understand some basic concepts of

network topology.

■ Branch: Represents a single element

(i.e. voltage, resistor & etc)

■ Node: The meeting point between two

or more branches.

■ Loop: Any closed path in a circuit.

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 Nodes, Branches & Loops

■ Example 3:
❑ Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.

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 Nodes, Branches & Loops

■ 5 Branches ■ 3 Nodes
❑ 1 Voltage Source ❑a
❑ 1 Current Source ❑ b
❑ 3 Resistors ❑ c

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 Nodes, Branches & Loops

■ Example 4:
❑ Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.

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Kirchoff’s Laws

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

■ Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

❑ The algebraic sum of current entering /

leaving a node (or closed boundary) is zero.

❑ Current enters = +ve

❑ Current leaves = -ve

❑ ∑ current entering = ∑ current leaving

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

■ Example 5:
❑ Given the following circuit, write the equation for
currents.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

■ Example 6:
❑ Current in a closed boundary

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

■ Example 9:
❑ Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws
■ Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
❑ Applied to a loop in a circuit.
❑ According to KVL The algebraic sum of voltage (rises
and drops) in a loop is zero.

+ v1 - +
+
vs V2
-
- v3 + -

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

■ Example 10:
❑ Use KVL to obtain v1, v2 and v3.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws

■ Example 11:
❑ Use KVL to obtain v1, and v2.

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 Kirchoff’s Laws
■ Example 12:
❑ Calculate power dissipated in 5Ω resistor.

10

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 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

■ Series resistors same current flowing

through them.

■ v1= iR1 & v2 = iR2

■ KVL:
❑ v-v1-v2=0
❑ v= i(R1+R2)
❑ i = v/(R1+R2 ) =v/Req
❑ or v= i(R1+R2 ) =iReq
❑ iReq = R1+R2

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 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

■ Voltage Division:

❑ Previously:
■ v1 = iR1 & v2 = iR2
■ i = v/(R1+R2 )

❑ Thus:
■ v1=vR1/(R1+R2)
■ v2=vR2/(R1+R2)

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 Parallel Resistors & Current Division

■ Parallel resistors Common voltage across it.

■ v = i1R1 = i2R2
■ i = i1+ i2
= v/R1+ v/R2
= v(1/R1+1/R2)
■ =v/Req
■ v =iReq
■ 1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2
■ Req = R1R2 / (R1+R2 )

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 Parallel Resistors & Current Division

■ Current Division:

❑ Previously:
■ v = i1R1 = i2R2
■ v=iReq = iR1R2 / (R1+R2 )
■ and i1 = v /R1 & i2 =v/ R2

❑ Thus:
■ i1= iR2/(R1+R2)
■ i2= iR1/(R1+R2 )

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 Conductance (G)

■ Series conductance:
❑ 1/Geq = 1/G1 +1/G2+…

■ Parallel conductance:
❑ Geq = G1 +G2+…

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 Voltage and Current Division
■ Example 13:
❑ Calculate v1, i1, v2 and i2.

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 Voltage and Current Division
■ Example 14:
❑ Determine i1 through i4.

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 Voltage and Current Division
■ Example 15:
❑ Determine v and i.
■ Answer v = 3v, I = 6 A.

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 Voltage and Current Division
■ Example 16:
❑ Determine I1 and Vs if the current through 3Ω
resistor = 2A.

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 Voltage and Current Division
■ Example 17:
❑ Determine Rab.

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 Voltage and Current Division
■ Example 18:
❑ Determine vx and power absorbed by the 12Ω
resistor.
❑ Answer v = 2v, p = 1.92w.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
■ Given the circuit, how to combine R1 through R6?
■ Resistors are neither in series nor parallel…

■ Use wye-delta transformations

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Wye-Delta Transformations

Y network T network

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Wye-Delta Transformations

Δ network π network

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
■ Delta (Δ) to wye (y) conversion.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
■ Thus Δ to y conversion ::

❑ R1 = RbRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

❑ R2 = RaRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

❑ R3 = RaRb/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

# Each resistors in y network is the

product of two adjacent
branches divide by the 3 Δ
resistors

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
■ Y to Δ conversions:

❑ Ra = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R1

❑ Rb = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R2

❑ Rc= (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R3

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
■ Example 19:
❑ Transform the circuit from Δ to y.
❑ Answer R1=18, R2=6, R3=3.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
■ Example 20:
❑ Determine Rab.
❑ Answer Rab=142.32.

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 Wye-Delta Transformations
■ Example 21:
❑ Determine Io.

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