NBUDBM DKD^ ZIMABUB NDM ZI@DND^

ZI@DND^ @INBD ^DMD@

GD@Y\ ^B\D@ (Zkiurhtus hstridtus) UIED\D @ICDMBU

UC\BZUB

HKIF 7

@. \BODB ZBKBDMA
4>:5:6:>2

Z\HA\D@ U^YNB CI^ICMBCDM ZI\^DMBDM

ODCYK^DU ZI\^DMBDM
YMB_I\UB^DU UY@D^I\D Y^D\D
<:46

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

NBUDBM DKD^ ZIMABUB NDM ZI@DND^ @INBD ^DMD@
GD@Y\ ^B\D@ (Zkiurhtus hstridtus) UIED\D @ICDMBU

UC\\BZUB

HKIF 7

@. \BODB ZBKBDMA
4>:5:6:>2/CI^ICMBCDM ZI\^DMBDM

Ucrbpsb sildadb sdkdf sdtu sydrdt umtuc `i`pirhkif aikdr sdrgdmd

nb Zrhard` Utunb Citicmbcdm Zirtdmbdm Odcuktds Zirtdmbdm
Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

Nbsitugub hkif 7
Ch`bsb Zi`lb`lbma

(Nr. ^duobc \bzdknb, U^Z, @Z)

MBZ 4219:?414222:54::>
4219:?414222:54::>

Z\HA\D@ U^YNB CI^ICMBCDM ZI\^DMBDM

ODCYK^DU ZI\^DMBDM
YMB_I\UB^DU UY@D^I\D Y^D\D
<:46

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 DLU^\DC

@.\BODB ZBKBDMA7 Nbsdbm Dkdt Zimabsb Ndm Zi`dndt @inbd ^dmd` Gd`ur
^brd`(ZkiurhtusHstridtus
ZkiurhtusHstridtus)) Uiedrd @icdmbs, nblb`lbma hkif
^DYOBC \BWDKNB.
Gd`ur tbrd` sdmadt nb`bmdtb `dsydrdcdt cdrimd rdsdmyd ydma imdc, dcdm

titdpb susdf ndkd` `i`pirhkifmyd nbpdsdrdm dcbldt ndrb pdmim ydma tbndc lbsd
nbtimtucdm ndm prhsis pi`ludtdm `inbdmyd ydma `i`irkucdm ldfdm ndm
cipdndtdm tirtimtu. ^ugudm ndrb pimikbtbdm bmb umtuc pi`ludtdm nbsdbm dkdt pimabsb
ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` siedrd `icdmbs ndm `ikdcucdm dmdkbsbs
cirgd ndrb dkdt `ikdkub sb`ukdsb ydma `imaaumdcdm shotwdri shkbnwhrcs
s hkbnwhrcs.. Nimadm
`i`pirtb`ldmacdm ucurdm ndrb ldakha lirndsdrcdm cirdpdtdm `dssd gimbs ldfdm,
ci`unbdm `iyisudbcdm citbmaabdm hpirdthr ndm timdad ydma ydma nblutufcdm,
nblutufcdm, `dcd
nbpirhkif nb`imsb dkdt nimadm pdmgdma 49: e`, tbmaab 1: e`, kildr 2: e`. Zutdrdm
ydma nblutufcdm umtuc `imaairdccdm phrhs seriw ndm pbpd pimdfdm `dsbma-
`dsbma 459,55 rp` ndm >6,55 rp`. Cdpdsbtds fhppir ydma nbrimedmdcdm silisdr
>9 ca dtdu 5:ldakha
5:ldakha nimadm kd`d pimabsbdm 4 ludf ldakha ´ <: nitbc, sifbmaad
rdmedmadm bmb ndpdt `imafdsbkcdm cdpdsbtds <1: ca/gd`. Fdsbk pimaugbdm ydma
nbkdcucdm pdnd rdmedmadm dkdt bmb `ikdkub sb`ukdsb airdc umtuc `imimtucdm
cbmirgd si`ud ch`phmim dkdt ndm sb`ukdsb stdtbe umtuc `imimtucdm cicudtdm
ldfdm. Zi`ludtdm dkdt sundf kdydc (niohr`dsb ydma nbfdsbkcdm kilbf ciebk
ndrbpdnd cicudtdmldfdm) umtuc nbkdmgutcdm pdnd prhsis pi`ludtdm dkdt.
Cdtd cumeb7 nbsdbm, gd`ur tbrd`, sb`ukdsb

DLU^\DC

@. \bodb Zbkbdma 7 Nisbam ho Obkkbma dmn Eh`pdetbma @inbd ohr Zkdmtbma Hystir
@usfrhh`s (Zkiurhtus Hstridtus) @iefdmbedkky,
@iefdmbedkk y, aubnin ly ^DYOBC \BWDKNB.
Hystir `usfrhh`s dri bm aridt ni`dmn ly tfi pulkbe liedusi ho tfibr
nikbebhus tdsti, lut bt bs nboobeukt th hltdbm tfi` bm tfi `drcit nui th d fdrvist tfdt
edmmht li nitir`bmin dmn tfi prheiss ho `dcbma d `inbu` tfdt riqubris eirtdbm
bmarinbimts dmn nimsbtbis. ^fi purphsi ho tfbs stuny wds th `dmuodeturi
`iefdmbedk obkkir nisbams dmn eh`pdet tfi `iefdmbedkky arhwm hystir `usfrhh`
arhwbma `inbd dmn dmdkyzi tfi whrc ho tfi thhks tfrhuaf sb`ukdtbhms usbma
shkbnwhrcs shotwdri. ^dcbma bmth deehumt tfi sbzi ho ldakha ldsin hm tfi nimsbty
ho tfi `dtirbdk, tfim dngust tfi hpirdthr's fibaft dmn tfi riqubrin phwir, tfim tfi
nb`imsbhms ho tfi nivbei dri 49: e` khma, 1: e` fbaf, 2: e` wbni. ^fi rhtdtbhm
miinin th nrbvi tfi seriw sfdot dmn ritdbmbma pbpi bs 459.55 rp` dmn >6.55 rp`
rispietbviky. ^fi pkdmmin fhppir edpdebty bs >9 ca hr 5: ldakha wbtf tfi nurdtbhm
ho obkkbma 4 ldakha ´ <: siehmns, sh tfdt tfbs nisbam edm prhnuei d edpdebty ho <1:
ca / fhur. ^fi tist risukts dri edrrbin hut hm tfi nisbam ho tfbs thhk tfrhuaf `htbhm
sb`ukdtbhm th nitir`bmi tfi pirohr`dmei ho dkk stdtbe eh`phmimts dmn sb`ukdtbhm
thhks th nitir`bmi tfi strimatf ho tfi `dtirbdk. ^fi `dcbma ho tfi thhk bs oidsblki
(tfi risuktbma niohr`dtbhm bs s`dkkir tfdm tfi strimatf ho tfi `dtirbdk) th prheiin
th tfi thhk `dcbma prheiss.
Ciywhrns7 nisbam, hystir `usfrhh`, sb`ukdtbhm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 \BQDRD^ FBNYZ

Zimukbs lirmd`d @. \bodb Zbkbdma nbkdfbrcdm nb Cdlupdtim Kdlufdm Ldtu

pdnd tdmaadk 4: Hcthlir 422> ndm `irupdcdm dmdc citbad

ci tbad ndrb imd` lirsdundrd

ndrb pdsdmadm Ldpdc @dfyunnbm ndm Blu \dfb`df Mdsutbhm. Zdnd tdfum <:4:

pimukbs `ikdmgutcdm pimnbnbcdm nb @ds Dk-Bcfkds Cilum Dgd`u ndm kukus pdnd

tdfum <:45. Zdnd tdfum ydma sd`d pimukbs nbtirb`d nb Zrhard` Utunb Citicmbcdm

Zirtdmbdm Odcuktds Zirtdmbdm Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd `ikdkub Uikicsb

Lirsd`d @dsuc Ziraurudm ^bmaab Miairb (UL@Z^M).

Uikd`d `imabcutb pircukbdfdm, pimukbs dctbo `imabcutb hradmbsdsb bmtirmdk

ndm icstirmdk cd`pus nbdmtdrdmyd Bcdtdm @dfdsbswd ^icmbc Zirtdmbdm

(B@D^I^D) sildadb Dmaahtd, Zimaurus nb Ymbt Ciabdtdm @dfdsbswd Fb`dnbtd

Mursiry Odcuktds Zirtdmbdm

Zir tdmbdm (YC@ FM OZ) pirbhni <:49, <:4?, <:41 ndm pirbhni

<:46, ndm `imgdnb dsbstim kdlhrdthrbu` `icdmbsdsb pirtdmbdm pdnd tdfum <:41.

Zdnd ^dfum <:41, pimukbs `ikdcsdmdcdm Zrdctic Cirgd Kdpdmadm (ZCK)

nb Z^ZM B_ Zdldtu. Ci`unbdm pdnd tdfum <:46 pimukbs `imadndcdm pimikbtbdm

scrbpsb nimadm gunuk ‛Nbsdbm Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt @inbd ^dmd` Gd`ur

^brd` (pkiurhtus hstridtus)

hstridtus) ‐ nb @indm.

bb

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 CD^D ZIMADM^D\

Zugb ndm syucur pimukbs uedpcdm cipdnd ^ufdm Rdma @dfd Isd dtds lircdt

ndm rdf`dt-Myd sifbmaad pimukbs ndpdt `imyikisdbcdm scrbpsb pimikbtbdm bmb

ydma lirgunuk ‛Nbsdbm

‛Nbsdbm Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt @inbd ^dmd` Gd`ur ^brd`

(Zkiurhtus hstridtus)
hstridtus) Uiedrd @icdmbs‐ ydma `irupdcdm sdkdf sdtu sydrdt umtuc

`imndpdtcdm aikdr sdrgdmd nb Zrhard` Utunb Citicmbcdm Zirtdmbdm Odcuktds

Zirtdmbdm Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd, @indm.

Zimukbs `imauedpcdm tirb`dcdsbf cipdnd cinud hrdma tud ydma tikdf

`imnucuma pimukbs ldbc siedrd `hrdk `dupum `dtirbk. Zdnd cisi`pdtdm bmb

pimukbs guad `imauedpcdm ldmydc tirb`d cdsbf cipdnd Ldpdc

Nr. ^duobc \bzdknb, U^Z, @Z sikdcu ch`bsb pi`lb`lbma ydma tikdf `i`lb`lbma
`i`lb`lbma

pimukbs sifbmaad ndpdt `imyikisdbcdm scrbpsb bmb.

Zimukbs `imydndrb ldfwd scrbpsb bmb `dsbf gduf ndrb si`purmd. Hkif

cdrimd btu pimukbs `imafdrdpcdm

`imafdrdpcdm sdrdm ndrb pdrd pi`lded ydma
ydma lirsbodt

`i`ldmaum umtuc cisi`purmddm pdnd `dsd ydma dcdm ndtdma.

Dcfbr cdtd, pimukbs `imauedpcdm

`imauedpcdm tirb`d cdsbf, si`had
si`had scrbpsb pimikbtbdm

bmb lir`dmoddt ldab pbfdc ydma `i`lutufcdm.

@indm, Daustus <:46

Zimukbs

bbb

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 NDO^D\ BUB

Fdk
DLU^\DC ........................................................
..............................................................................
.............................................
..........................
... b
\BQDRD^ FBNYZ ............................
..................................................
.............................................
.........................................
.................. bb
CD^D ZIMADM^D\ .........................................................
................................................................................
...............................
........ bbb
NDO^D\ BUB ...........................................
..................................................................
............................................
.....................................
................ bv
NDO^D\ AD@LD\ ....................................................
...........................................................................
......................................
............... vb
NDO^D\ KD@ZB\DM ...........................
.................................................
.............................................
......................................
............... vbb
ZIMNDFYKYDM
Kdtdr Likdcdma ..........................................
.................................................................
.............................................
..........................
.... 4
^ugudm Zimikbtbdm ...............................
.....................................................
............................................
..................................
............ 5
@dmoddt Zimikbtbdm
Zimikbtb dm ............................................
..................................................................
.........................................
................... 5
^BMGDYDM ZYU^DCD
Gd`ur ^brd` ...........................................
.................................................................
............................................
..............................
........ >
@hrohkhab ndm Ckdsbobcdsb Gd`ur ^brd` .............................................
.....................................................
........ >
Lunbndyd Gd`ur ^brd` .........................................
...............................................................
......................................
................ 9
Ldakha......................
............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.....................................
............... 2
Uydrdt ^u`luf Gd`ur ^brd` ^brd ` ....................
...........................................
.............................................
..........................
.... 44
Cu`luma Gd`ur ^brd` ............................................
..................................................................
..................................
............ 4<
Zimaaumddm Dkdt/@isbm Zi`dndt ndm Zimabsb @inbd ^dmd` ^dmd` ................... 45
Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt @dmudk ...........................................
.................................................................
..........................
.... 4>
Ubodt-Ubodt Khad` ....................................................
..........................................................................
..................................
............ 4>
Ueriw ehmviyhr ...................
........................................
...........................................
............................................
...........................
..... 4?
@hthr Kbstrbc..........................................
...............................................................
............................................
...............................
........ 41
Zi`hnikdm ................................................
.......................................................................
.............................................
..........................
.... 46
Ub`ukdsb .............................................
....................................................................
............................................
.................................
............ 42
Uhotwdri Uhkbnwhrcs ...........
.................................
............................................
............................................
...........................
..... <:
@I^HNHKHAB ZIMIKB^BDM
Qdctu ndm ^i`pdt Zimikbtbdm ...........................
.................................................
.........................................
................... <<
Ldfdm ndm Dkdt ..........................................
.................................................................
.............................................
..........................
.... <<
@ithnhkhab Zimikbtbdm ...................................
.........................................................
............................................
........................ <<

Zikdcsdmddm
Ad`ldrdm Zimikbtbdm
Y`u` \dmedmadm..........................
...............................................
............................................
...............................
........................................................
................................... ........ <>
.................................
............ <5
\dmedmadm Oumasbhmdk ..............................
....................................................
.............................................
...........................
.... <>
\dmedmadm Utructurdk ................................
......................................................
.............................................
...........................
.... <?
Ub`ukdsb Utdtbe @h
@hniknik Dkdt Nimadm Uhkbnwhrcs ...........................................................
................... <1
Ub`ukdsb Airdc @hnik Dkdt nimadm Uhkbnwhrc .........................................
........................................... <6
Zdrd`itir Zimikbtbdm.................................................
Zimikbtbdm.......................................................................
..................................
............ <2
FDUBK NDM ZI@LDFDUDM
Fdsbk \dmedmadm Dkdt
Dkd t...........................................
..................................................................
......................................
............... 5:
Ldabdm-ldabdm Zimyusum Dkdt ndm Oumasbmyd.................
Oumasbmyd........................................
...........................
.... 54
Ygb Ub`ukdsb ndm Fdsbk \dmedmadm ....................
..........................................
.........................................
................... 5>
Ub`ukdsb Airdc
Air dc ..........................................
................................................................
............................................
...........................
..... 5>
Ub`ukdsb Utdtbe Zdnd \dmacd............................................
..................................................................
..........................
.... . 5?
CIUB@ZYKDM NDM UD\DM
Cisb`pukdm ...............................................
.....................................................................
............................................
...........................
..... 52

bv

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 Udrdm............................................
..................................................................
...........................................
.........................................
.................... >:
NDO^D\ ZYU^DCD .....................................
..........................................................
............................................
...............................
........ >4

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 NDO^D\ AD@LD\

Mh. Fdk

4. Gd`ur ^brd` ..........................................................

................................................................................
.........................................>
...................>

<. Ldakha Gd`ur ^brd` ...........................................

.................................................................
............................................
.......................4:
.4:

5. Cu`luma GGd`ur
d`ur ^brd` .................................................
.......................................................................
..................................4<
............4<

>. Dkdt Zi`dndt @dmudk ..........................

................................................
.............................................
......................................4>
...............4>

9. @hnik Ardobs Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha Hth`dtbs .............................5:

.............................5:

?. @hnik Ardobs \dmacd Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha

Ld akha ..............................
...............................54
.54

1. @hnik Ardobs Fhppir Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha ...............................5<

6. @hnik Ardobs Ueriw Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha .................................55

.................................55

2. Zhsbsb cirgd pbpd pimdfdm .........................................

...............................................................
..................................59
............59

4:. Fdsbk Ygb Dmdkbsbs Utdtbe Utriss \dmacd Dtds ............................

................................................51
....................51

44. Fdsbk Ygb Dmdkbsbs Nbspkdei`imt \dmacd Dtds.............................................

Dtds..............................................56
.56

4<. Fdsbk Ygb Dmdkbsbs Odethr ho Udoity \dmacd Dtds .........................................56

.........................................56

45. Dsu`sb cdkima edt .........................................

...............................................................
............................................
.......................>9
.>9

4>. Ldabdm Fhppir ..........................................

...............................................................
............................................
...............................>?
........>?

49. Nb`imsb Zkdt Lisb Ubcu.....................................

Ubcu...........................................................
............................................
.......................9<
.9<

vb

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 NDO^D\ KD@ZB\DM

Mh. Fdk

4. Okhw Efdrt Zimikbtbdm ............................................

..................................................................
.........................................>>
...................>>

<. Zirfbtumadm \dmedmadm Dkdt ....................

.................... ....................
..........................................
..................................>?
............>?

5.Ad`ldr rdmedmadm dkdt ..............................

.............................. ..........................................
......................................................99
............99

vbb

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 ZIMNDFYKYDM

Kdtdr Likdcdma

Gd`ur tbrd` (Zkiurhtus hstridtus)

hstridtus) dndkdf gd`ur pdmadm ndrb cikh`phc

Ldsbnbh`yehtd ndm tir`dsuc cikds Fh`hldsbnbh`yeitis nimadm ebrb-ebrb u`u`

tuluf ludf lirwdrmd putbf fbmaad cri` ndm tunumamyd lirlimtuc sitimadf

kbmacdrdm `brbp edmacdma tbrd` nimadm ldabdm timadf dadc eicuma. Dnd lirldadb

gimbs gd`ur ydma `undf nbgu`pdb ndkd` cifbnupdm cbtd, dnd ydma lir`dmoddt ndm

dnd guad ydma tbndc dpdlbkd cbtd chmsu`sb, sdkdf sdtu gd`ur ydma lir`dmoddt

dndkdf gd`ur tbrd` ydma niwdsd bmb ldmydc nb`bmdtb hkif pitdmb gd`ur, sikdbm

ldfdmmyd `undf nbti`ucdm

nbti`ucdm nbpdsdrdm ndm pi`ludtdmmyd pum tbndc tirkdku sukbt.

Zrhnucsb gd`ur tbrd` (pkiurhtus hstridtus)

hstridtus ) cfususmyd nb Uu`dtird Ytdrd

liku` hptb`dk, md`um pir`bmtddm gd`ur ydma sbdp

sbd p pdmim pum liabtu `imbmacdt,

sipirtb pir`bmtddm nb pdsdr, supir`drcit, ndm ru`df `dcdm. Hkdfdm gd`ur guad

ldmydc rdad`myd, sipirtb7 muaait gd`ur, gd`ur erbspy

erbspy,, sdti gd`ur, shsbs gd`ur,

pipis gd`ur ndm kdbm-kdbm. Cikdmacddm gd`ur cdrimd sinbcbtmyd prhnusim

lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` ndm dctbvbtds prhnucsb ydma liku` hptb`dk. Ymtuc `i`ludt

`inbd tdmd` pitdmb gd`ur tbrd` `dsbf sirbma `imaaumdcdm prhsis cirgd ydma
tirpbsdf nimadm `imaaumdcdm
`imaaumdcdm dkdt ydma `dmudk sifbmaad `i`lutufcdm wdctu

ydma kd`d ndm timdad cirgd ydma eucup ldmydc sifbmaad lbdyd prhnucsb tbmaab.

Cimndkd ydma
ydma nbfdndpb ndkd` prhsis lunbndyd
lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` dndkdf

nblutufcdmmyd timdad ndm wdctu ydma kilbf ldmydc ndkd` prhsis pimabsbdm ndm

pi`dndtdm `inbd tdmd` (ldakha). @inbd ydma pdndt `i`bkbcb ci`d`pudm

`iyb`pdm dbr liabtu ldbc, sikdbm btu usbd ldakha guad kilbf dwit sifbmaad `inbd

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <

ldakha fdrus nbludt sipdndt `umacbm. Uddt bmb pi`lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` `dsbf

`imaaumdcdm dkdt ydma licirgd siedrd `dmudk ydma `imaaumdcdm timdad

`dmusbd umtuc `imabsb ndm `i`dndtcdm `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` (ldakha)
( ldakha).. Fdk

tirsilut curdma ioictbo, nbsd`pbma fdsbkmyd curdma ldaus, Zrhsis pi`dndtdmmyd

guad `i`lutufcdm wdctu ydma kd`d sifbmaad `i`dcdm wdctu ydma ku`dydm

kd`d sifbmaad `i`pimadrufb cudkbtds prhnucsb gd`ur tbrd`.

Ymtuc `imadtdsb pir`dsdkdfdm ydma nbdkd`b pitdmb gd`ur tbrd`

cfususmyd nb Uu`dtird Ytdrd `dcd nbpirkucdm siludf ticmhkhab ydma

ydma fdrus lbsd

`imafdsbkcdm ldakha gd`ur ydma lircudkbtds nimadm gu`kdf prhnucsb ydma

ldmydc nimadm wdctu ydma sbmacdt. Hkif cdrmd btu nbrdmedmakdf dkdt pimabsb ndm

pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd`

t brd` nimadm prbmsbp cirgd pkdstbc ydma nbsdrumacdm
ci pbpd cikudrdm ci`unbdm seriw dcdm `imnhrhma sirluc cdyu cikudr ndm dcdm

`imndpdt ticdmdm ndrb pbpd ticdm ydma nbairdccdm hkif aidrlhx

aidrlhx.. Nimadm

tirimedmdmyd dkdt bmb nbfdrdpcdm prhnucsb gd`ur tbrd` ndpdt `imbmacdt ndm

tirpimufbmyd cilutufdm chmsu`im.

Zdnd pirdmedmadm dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt ldakha gd`ur tbrd` bmb pirku

nbnbsdbm sudtu dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt ldakha siedrd `icdmbs ydma ndpdt

nbhpirdsbcdm nimadm `undf ndm eipdt, sirtd nbkdcucdm dmdkbsbs putdrdm seriw ndm

pbpd ticdm sifbmaad lbsd `imaitdfub cilutufdm ldfdm pdnd sitbdp ch`phmim dkdt

umtuc `i`pirhkif nb`imsb/ucurdm ldfdm ydma hptb`u` nimadm

`i`pirtb`ldmacdm adyd-adyd ydma licirgd sifbmaad lbdyd pi`ludtdm dkdt ndpdt

nb`bmb`dkbsbr `ikdkub sb`ukdsb ydma nbkdcucdm `imaaumdcdm shotwdri shkbnwhrc

dadr nbndpdt fdsbk ydma kilbf ioictbo ndm iobsbim.

iobsbi m.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 5

^ugudm Zimikbtbdm

Zimikbtbdm bmb lirtugudm umtuc pi`ludtdm nbsdbm dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt

`inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` siedrd `icdmbs ndm `ikdcucdm dmdkbsbs cirgd ndrb dkdt

`ikdkub sb`ukdsb ydma `imaaumdcdm showdri shkbnwhrcs.

@dmoddt Zimikbtbdm

4. Ldab pimukbs ydbtu sildadb ldfdm pimyusum scrbpsb umtuc `imyikisdbcdm

pimnbnbcdm nb Odcuktds Zirtdmbdm Zrhard` Utunb Citicmbcdm Zirtdmbdm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd.

<. Ldab `dfdsbswd ydbtu umtuc `imaitdfub edrd `i`ludt `hnik ndm sb`ukdsb

ndrb dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur

gd `ur tbrd`.

5. Ldab `dsydrdcdt ydbtu umtuc `i`dgucdm usdfd ndm `imbmacdtcdm

iobsbimsb timdad cirgd ydma bmhvdtbo.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 ^BMGDYDM ZYU^DCD

Gd`ur ^brd`

Gd`ur tbrd` dndkdf sdkdf sdtu gd`ur putbf `i`lusuc ydma pdkbma ldmydc

nbpikdgdrb cdrimd sdmadt kudr lbdsd sbodt kbambmhkbtbc. Gd`ur tbrd` dndkdf gd`ur

ydma ndpdt nb`dcdm ndm guad `i`bkbcb lilirdpd ioic lbhkhabs, cdrimd

`imadmnuma `hkicuk lbhdctbo pimtbma. Zdnd gd`ur ldsbnbh`yeiti

ldsbnbh`yeiti,, imzb`

kbamhsikukhkbtbc tirpimadruf hkif ldmydc odcthr oir`imtdsb ydma cfds, sipirtb

ch`phsbsb `inbu`, rdsbh cdrlhm tirfdndp mbtrhaim, pF, sufu, ch`phsbsb undrd,

nkk. Cikdmasumadm fbnup ndm pirldmydcdm gd`ur tircdbt ci sigu`kdf odcthr, ydma

ndpdt lirtbmndc siedrd tirpbsdf dtdu `i`bkbcb ioic bmtirdctbo nb dmtdrd `iricd.

Zi`dfd`dm `imndkd` timtdma obtur ticmbs nbpirkucdm umtuc siludf prhnucsb

ydma tipdt ndm iobsbim ndrb gd`ur tbrd` (Likkittbmb ncc, <:4?).

Ad`ldr 4. Gd`ur ^brd`

@hrohkhab ndm Ckdsbobcdsb Gd`ur ^brd`

Ubsti`dtbcd gd`ur tbrd` `imurut Dkixhphukus (422?) dndkdf sildadb lirbcut 7

Uupir Cbmanh` 7 Iucdryhtd

Cbmanh` 7 @yeitidi (oumab)

Nbvbsbh 7 D`dstbah`yehtd

>

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 9

Uul-Nbvbsbh 7 Ldsbnbh`yehtdi

Cikds 7 Ldsbnbh`yeitis

Hrnh 7 Dadrbedkis

Od`bkbd 7 Dadrbedeid

Aimus 7 Zkiurhtus

Upiebis 7 Zkiurhtus hstridtus

Uiedrd u`u` gd`ur tbrd` `i`pumydb tunuma ydma lirnbd`itir >-49 e`

dtdu kilbf, limtuc sipirtb tbrd`, ei`luma ci`unbdm `imgdnb rdtd dtdu cdndma

`i`limtuc ehrhma, pir`ucddm kbebm dadc lir`bmydc citbcd ki`ldl titdpb tbndc

kimacit, wdrmd lirvdrbdsb ndrb putbf sd`pdb dlu-dlu, ehckdt dtdu ehckdt tud

(cdndma-cdndma cicumbmadm pdnd gd`ur niwdsd), ndabma tildk, liwdrmd putbf,

chchf tbndc kumdc pdnd ldabdm ydma lirnicdtdm nimadm tdmacdb, ldu ndm rdsd

tbndc `irdmasdma. ^dmacdb tbndc dnd dtdu gbcd dnd lbdsdmyd pimnic, chchf ndm

tbndc nbpusdt dtdu kdtirdk, pdmgdma :.9->.: e`, ai`uc, pdndt, cudt, cirbma,

u`u`myd lird`lut dtdu lirluku cdpds, tunuma gd`ur lirlimtuc khmghma sd`pdb

ghrhma, kbebm, u`ur sb`pdm ´?:

´?: fdrb (Aumdwdm, <::>).

Lunbndyd Gd`ur ^brd`

Gd`ur tbrd` (Zkiurhtus

Zkiurhtus)) `irupdcdm ehmthf gimbs gd`ur cdyu ydma sundf

sigdc kd`d nbcimdk. Lunbndyd gd`ur bmb tbndc tirldtds cipdnd sdtu dtdu nud gimbs

cdyu tirtimtu, titdpb ndpdt nbtu`lufcdm pdnd ldmydc gimbs cdyu. Ldfcdm pdnd

sulstrdt ydma tirnbrb ndrb sirluc airadgb, gird`b, sicd`, sbsd cirtds sirtd ldfdm-

ldfdm kdbmmmyd sipirtb ldads (d`pds tilu), d`pds drim ndm cikdpd, gd`ur ndpdt

tu`luf siedrd ldbc ndkd` pimikbtbdmmyd `imydtdcdm ldfwd sirluc cdyu cdrit

`irupdcdm `inbd tdmd` pdkbma ldbc ndkd` `imbmacdtcdm pirtu`lufdm ndm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 ?

prhnucsb gd`ur tbrd` putbf (Oduzb, <:4<).

Zdnd u`u`myd sulsrdt ydma nbaumdcdm ndkd` lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd`

dndkdf sirluc cdyu, sildadb chmsicuimsb dcdm tb`luk `dsdkdf dpdlbkd sirluc

cdyu sucdr nbpirhkif dtdu tbndc dnd sd`d sicdkb nb khcdsb ydma dcdm `imgdnb

sdsdrdm pimyildrdm lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd`. Hkif cdrimd btu, umtuc `imadmtbsbpdsb

fdk tirsilut pirku nbedrb sulstrdt dktirmdtbo ydma ldmydc tirsinbd ndm `undf

nbpirhkif nb ndirdf tirsilut. Uiliku` sulstrdt tirsilut nbgdnbcdm ldfdm dktirmdtbo,

pirku nbcdgb tirkilbf ndfuku cdrdctirbstbc

cdrdctirbst bc pirtu`lufdm ndm prhnucsb ggd`ur
d`ur ttbrd`
brd`

ydma dcdm nbfdsbkcdm (Zdrkbmnumadm, <::5).

Ymtuc `i`lunbndydcdm gd`ur tbrd` nbpirkucdm `inbd tdmd` (ldakha

( ldakha)

ydma lircudkbtds. Uydrdt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur ,ydma lircudkbtds siedrd lbhkhabs
dndkdf fdrus ndpdt `i`imufb si`ud cilutufdm mutrbsb ydma nbpirkucdm hkif

gd`ur umtuc pirtu`lufdmmyd. Ldfdm ldcu `inbd tu`luf gd`ur

g d`ur tbrd` u`u`myd

dndkdf sirluc airadgb cdyu. Ldfdm `inbd tirsilut `undf nbpirhkif, f

fdradmyd
dradmyd

sdmadt `urdf (ndkd` wugun kb`ldf), ndm `undf nblimtuc. Uirluc cdyu airadgb bmb

siliku` nbaumdcdm
nbaumdcdm nbtd`ldfcdm ldfdm pikimacdp fdmyd `i`lutufcdm
`i`lutufcdm ldfdm-

ldfdm sipirtb pbpbk gdauma, abpsu`, cdpur, pupuc pirtdmbdm, lblbt ndm cdmthma

pkdstbc nb`dsuccdm ndkd` cdmthma pkdstbc (ldakha) ydma ci`unbdm

nbpdndtcdm (Uuprdptb, <::>).

@imurut Zurlh (<:4<) dnd lilirdpd kdmacdf ndkd` lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd`
tbrd ` 7

4) Zimybdpdm Lblbt Gd`ur. Ndkd` lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` nbpirkucdm ldfdm ndm

sdrdmd sipirtb7 lblbt gd`ur, `inbd tdmd`, ndm cu`luma gd`ur. Lblbt gd`ur ydma

nbsbdpcdm `ukdb ndrb lblbt O4, O<, O5. O (Obkbdk) ydma drtbmyd turumdm ci 4, < , ndm

ci 5. O4 dndkdf lblbt bmnuc turumdm pirtd`d (ci B), ydma sdmadt `i`pimadrufb

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 1

cudkbtds lblbt pdnd turumdm lirbcutmyd. Zimyinbddm lblbt gd`ur umtuc scdkd ru`df

tdmaad dtdu scdkd ciebk ndpdt nblikb ndm tbndc pirku `i`ludt simnbrb, cdrimd nb

sd`pbma `i`irkucdm dkdt - dkdt ydma cfusus guad `i`irkucdm ticmbc ydma ru`bt

ydma nbsilut ticmbc dsiptbc, umtuc `imafbmndrb tirgdnbmyd chmtd`bmdsb dtdu

`imgdad ci`urmbdm lblbt.

<) Zimybdpdm Cu`luma gd`ur (Cu`luma).

( Cu`luma). Zimybdpdm cu`luma gd`ur `irupdcdm

kdmacdf dwdk ndkd` lunbndyd gd`ur. Zi`bkbfdm khcdsb cu`luma gd`ur

nbupdydcdm ydma `i`bkbcb sufu 5:-5< :E nicdt nimadm su`lir dbr, ndm sdrdmd

prhnucsb ydma kdbm. Citbmaabdm ru`df 9-? `itir, lirdtdp aimtbma/pkdstbc, nbmnbma

ndrb dmyd`dm ld`lu ydma nbkdpbsb pkdstbc. Lisdrmyd cu`luma gd`ur bmb

tiradmtuma pdnd gu`kdf ldakha ydma dcdm nbti`pdtcdm. Odcthr kbmacumadm sipirtb
pimedfdyddm ydma pimtbma umtuc pirtu`lufdm tuluf ludf, cdrimd gd`ur lirsbodt

dirhl (lutuf hcsbaim), ciki`ldldm dbr, sufu, ndm nirdgdt cidsd`dm (pF).

Cu`luma gd`ur nbkimacdpb nimadm pbmtu, gimnikd umtuc `imadtur sbrcukdsb undrd,

ndm rdc umtuc ti`pdt ldakha. Cu`luma gd`ur ydma sundf gdnb, siliku` nbpdcdb

pirku nbstirbkcdm nimadm `imdlurb cdpur ndm bmsictbsbnd, nbtumaau sikd`d 4-<

fdrb, ldru ldakha ydma sundf nbbmhcukdsb nb`dsuccdm ci ndkd`myd.

5) Zi`ludtdm
Zi`ludtdm @inbd ^dmd` Gd`ur. @inbd tdmd` gd`ur `imaaumdcdm ldfdm

ndsdr sirluc airadgb ydma sundf nbdydc, ndm ldfdm-ldfdm ed`purdm lirupd

abpsu` (EdUH>), cdpur (EdEh5), licdtuk, ^UZ, nbed`pur nimadm dbr siedrd

`irdtd fbmaad cdndr dbr ?:% dtdu gbcd nbcipdk `inbd tbndc piedf. Uitikdf

tired`pur rdtd, `inbd nb`dsuccdm ci ndkd` pkdstbc (ldakha

(ldakha) nbtutup nimadm

cdpds ndm nbbcdt nimadm ebmebm pkdstbc.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 6

>) Utirbkbsdsb @inbd ^dmd`. Utirbkbsdsb nbkdcucdm umtuc `imafbmndrb dndmyd

chmtd`bmdsb hradmbs`i kdbm ydma ndpdt `i`pimadrufb pirtu`lufdm gd`ur.

Utirbkbsdsb nbkdcucdm nimadm `imaaumdcdm duthckdo (sufu 4<:ᵜE, ticdmdm Udtu

dt`hsoir, sikd`d 9-? gd`), gbcd nbcucus nimadm sufu 29-4::ᵜE

29-4::ᵜE sikd`d 4< gd`.

9) Bmhcukdsb Lblbt. Bmhcukdsb lblbt dndkdf kdmacdf `imabsbcdm lblbt gd`ur ci ndkd`

`inbd tdmd` ydma sundf nbmabm. Lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` sildadb dktirmdtbo usdfd

ldab `dsydrdcdt, lblbt ydma nbaumdcdm dndkdf O5 ydma nbbsbcdm siedrd dsiptbc

(nbkdcucdm nicdt kd`pu lumsim/kd`pu spbrbtus) `imaaumdcdm scdkpik/pbmsit ydma

stirbk, nimadm lirdt curdma kilbf 4: ard`/`irdtd nbpir`ucddm ldakha.

?) Bmculdsb. Bmculdsb ldakha ydma sundf lirbsb lblbt, `i`lutufcdm sufu rudma

ndm pimdtddm ldakha ydma ldbc pdnd rdc ndkd` cu`luma gd`ur. Uufu bmculdsb
curdma kilbf dmtdrd <<-<6 :E ndm pimabsbdm rdc siedrd fhrbzhmtdk ndm lirsikdma-

sikbma nimadm nblirb pimyicdt ndrb ld`lu. Uikd`d >:-?: fdrb `bsikbu` sundf

tu`luf `irdtd.

1) Zi`lucddm ^utup Cdpds. Gbcd `bsikbu` sundf `i`imufb ldakha, lucd tutup

cdpds, gdad ciki`ldldm curdma kilbf ?9% nimadm edrd `imyi`prht `inbd ndm

sikd`d 4-1 fdrb dcdm tu`luf tuluf ludf ( tumds) ndrb `ukut ldakha.

6) Zi`ikbfdrddm. Uikd`d `dsd bmculdsb nbpirkucdm pi`ikbfdrddm tirfdndp

hradmbs`i pimaadmaau, lilirdpd admaaudm ndkd` `dsd bmculdsb dmtdrd kdbm

tirgdnbmyd chmtd`bmdsb hkif gd`ur kdbm ^rbefhnir`d.sp

^rbefhnir`d.sp,, fdnbrmyd fd`d sipirtb

tumadu ydma ndpdt `irusdc `bsikbu` ndm `imafd`ldt pirtu`lufdm gd`ur.

Ymtuc `imadtdsb fdk bmb, pirku simdmtbdsd `imgdad sdmbtdsb kbmacumadm `bsdkmyd

nimadm `imdlurcdm cdpur pdnd eikdf-eikdf dmtdrd susumdm ldakha, `i`ludma

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 2

ldakha ydma tikdf tirchmtd`bmdsb (dnd pirtu`lufdm gd`ur wdrmd fbgdu),

`i`pirldbcb cu`luma gd`ur ydma rusdc.

2) Zi`dmimdm. Zi`dmimdm 4-< `bmaau sitikdf pi`lucddm tutup cdpds, gd`ur

ndpdt nbpdmim. Gd`ur tbrd` sbdp nbpitbc citbcd tikdf lirusbd < fdrb sigdc tu`luf

tumds. Zi`dmimdm sildbcmyd nbkdcucdm pdab fdrb nimadm edrd `imedlut sikuruf

ru`pum gd`ur ci`unbdm nblirsbfcdm.

Ldakha

Gd`ur tbrd` ndpdt nblunbndydcdm pdnd `inbd sirluc ydma nbci`ds ndkd`

cdmthma (lda) ydma lirlimtuc aikhmnhmadm (kha) sifbmaad `inbd tdmd` gd`ur

sirbma nbsilut nimadm ldakha. Ldakha sildadb `inbd tu`luf ydma `imadmnuma

mutrbsb tirldtds fdmyd ioictbo lbkd nbaumdcdm umtuc `imu`lufcdm gd`ur tbrd`
sildmydc ?-4: cdkb dtdu sicbtdr >-? lukdm ndrb pi`rhsisdm dwdk. Uitikdf `dsd

pdcdbmyd fdlbs, ldakha nbd`lbk ndm nblhmacdr. Zdnd odsi bmb ldakha `imgdnb

kb`ldf lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` ydma dpdlbkd tbndc nbtdmadmb nimadm ldbc ndpdt

`imb`lukcdm pimei`drdm kbmacumadm. Zimdmadmdm kb`ldf ldakha nb`ukdb

nimadm `i`bsdfcdm dmtdrd pkdstbc ndm `inbd. Zkdstbc ndpdt nb`usmdfcdm nimadm

nbldcdr dtdu nbndur ukdma sindmacdm `inbd ydma cildmydcdm lirupd sirluc cdyu

(dtdu gird`b) ndpdt nbprhsis `imgdnb pupuc hradmbc (Kutob, ncc, <:49).

Ldakha gd`ur tbrd` putbf ( Zkiurhtus hstridtus)

hstridtus) nbludt nimadm ch`phsbsb

ydma tirnbrb ndrb ldfdm ldcu ndm ldfdm td`ldfdm. Ldfdm ldcu lirupd kb`ldf

sirluc cdyu airadgb, sildadb ldfdm td`ldfdm pdnd u`u`myd lirupd licdtuk ndm

cdpur thfhr (EdEH5). Zimd`ldfdm licdtuk pdnd `inbd tdmd` lirpirdm ndkd`

pirci`ldmadm `bsikbu` ndm pirtu`lufdm

pirtu`lufdm tuluf ludf gd`ur
gd`ur cdrimd `imadmnuma

vbtd`bm, cdrlhfbnrdt, ki`dc ndm prhtibm. Gd`ur tbrd` tir`dsuc gimbs gd`ur

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 4:

pirh`ldc cdyu ydma ndpdt tu`luf pdnd lirldadb `inbd sipirtb sirluc airadgb,

gird`b, sicd`, kb`ldf

k b`ldf cdpds, kb`ldf ndum tif, ckhlht gd
gdauma,
auma, d`pds tilu, kb`ldf
k b`ldf

cirtds, ndm kb`ldf pirtdmbdm `dupum bmnustrb kdbm ydma `imadmnuma ldfdm

kbamhsikukhsd (Uu`drsbf, <:4:).

Ad`ldr <. Ldakha gd`ur tbrd`.

Zdnd pi`ludtdm ldakha fdrus `ikdkub tdfdp pimaiprisdm dadr prhsis

bmculdsbmyd ndpdt `dcsb`dk. Uitikdf btu ldakha `ikiwdtb prhsis stirbkbsdsb. Zrhsis

strirbkbsdsb pdnd `inbd tdmd` pimtbma nbkdcucdm `imabmadt lunbndyd gd`ur

nbsd`pbma `i`lutufcdm kbmacumadm lunbndyd ydma sikdku lirsbf guad `inbd

tdmd` ydma limdr-limdr stirbk dadr fdsbk pdmim ndpdt `imedpdb hptb`dk sirtd

prhsis lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` `imafdsbkcdm ciumtumadm tbmaab. Zrhsis stirbkbsdsb

`inbd tdmd` bmb `ikbputb stirbkbsdsb ldfdm ndm stirbkbsdsb ldakha. Utirbkbsdsb ldfdm

nbkdcucdm `imaaumdcdm hvim nimadm sufu 4<4ºE. Utirbkbsdsb bmb lirkdmasuma

sikd`d 6 gd` umtuc nbpirhkif fdsbk kilbf ldbc. Zi`dmdsdm nbkdcucdm dadr

pirtu`lufdm `bcrhhradmbs`i pimaadmaau

pimaadmaau ndpdt nbticdm, sikdbm btu guad lirtugudm

`imaurdmab cdndr dbr. Ldfdm-ldfdm ydma nbstirbkbsdsb lirupd sirluc airadgb cdyu

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 44

ndm licdtuk. Uiliku` nb`dsuccdm ci ndkd` hvim

hvim,, sirluc airadgb cdyu ndm licdtuk

gdauma bmb nbed`pur `imgdnb sdtu tirkilbf ndfuku ci`unbdm nbtd`ldfcdm dbr

lirsbf sicbtdr 9:-?:%, ed`pur ldfdm fbmaad limdr-limdr rdtd sirtd cdkbs.

Zimd`ldfdm dbr bmb liroumasb `i`ldmtu prhsis pimyirdpdm mutrbsb hkif `bsikbu`.

Uifbmaad ldakha ndpdt nbaumdcdm umtuc > cdkb pdmim (Gikbtd, <:4?).

Uydrdt ^u`luf Gd`ur ^brd`

Gd`ur tbrd` putbf `irupdcdm gimbs gd`ur cdyu ydma `i`bkbcb cdmnumadm

mutrbsb kilbf tbmaab nbldmnbmacdm nimadm gimbs gd`ur cdyu kdbmmyd. Gd`ur tbrd`

putbf `imadmnuma prhtibm, ki`dc, ohsohr, lisb, tfbd`bm ndm rblhokdvbm

r blhokdvbm kilbf tbmaab

nbldmnbmacdm gimbs gd`ur kdbm sipirtb gd`ur `irdma. Rdma pirku nbpirfdtbcdm

ndkd` pimdmd`dm gd`ur tbrd` putbf bdkdf pi`ludtdm `inbd. Ymtuc `imafdsbkcdm
tuluf ludf ydma ldbc sdmadt liradmtuma pdnd mutrbim, ti`pirdtur, ciki`ldldm,

cidsd`dm, undrd, ndm edfdyd (Uurbdwbrbd, 4262).

Gd`ur liradmtuma cipdnd cdrlhfbnrdt ch`pkics tirsilut sildadb su`lir

mutrbim. Cdrlhfbnrdt ch`pkics tirsilut nburdbcdm nuku `imgdnb limtuc

`hmhsdcdrbnd nimadm imzb` icstrdsikukir, ci`unbdm ldru nbsirdp oumab umtuc

sikdmgutmyd nbdsb`bkdsb. Cdrlhfbnrdt liroumasb sildadb su`lir cdrlhm sifbmaad

ndpdt `imd`ldf mutrbim pdnd `inbd tdmd`. Cdrlhm `irupdcdm umsur pimtbma

ydma sdmadt nblutufcdm gd`ur sildadb su`lir imirab ndkd` `imgdkdmcdm dctbvbtds

`itdlhkbs`imyd. Zimd`ldfdm cdrlhfbnrdt ydma kilbf ldmydc pdnd `inbd tdmd`

gd`ur ndpdt `i`pireipdt `umeukmyd tuluf ludf ndm `imd`ldf lirdt

ldsdf tuluf ludf gd`ur (Efdma dmn @bkis, 4261).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 4<

Cu`luma Gd`ur ^brd`

Ymtuc lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` ndm gd`ur kdbmmyd nbpirkucdm cu`luma

(cu`luma gd`ur)
gd`ur) ydma u`u`myd
u`u`myd `imaaumdcdm ldfdm
ldfdm ldcu utd`d ld`lu
ld`lu ydma

ldmydc guad ldmydc tu`luf nb cdwdsdm Bmnhmisbd. Cilirfdsbkdm

Cilirfdsb kdm lunbndyd gd`ur

tbndc tirkipds ndrb ndyd nucuma kbmacumadm tu`luf ydma sisudb, `bsdkmyd
`bsdkmyd umtuc

gd`ur tbrd`, sufu khcdsb 5:-5<ᵜE,

5:-5<ᵜE, sufu hptb`u` rudma <<-
<< -<6ᵜE ndm ciki`ldldm

rudma, pF `inbd ydma u`u`myd

u`u`myd `imadrdf ci dsd`, cdndr dbr `inbd sicbtdr ?:%,

citbmaabdm ydma eucup sifbmaad bnidk umtuc lunbndyd gd`ur. C

Citirsinbddm
itirsinbddm kdfdm

nimadm bckb` ydma ehehc, sirtd su`lir ndyd ydma tirsinbd ydma nbsirtdb

cisumaaufdm ndm `htbvdsb ndrb `dsydrdcdt, updyd lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd`

ci`umacbmdm ndpdt `i`lirbcdm pimadruf phsbtbo tirfdndp prhnucsb

gd`ur (Zurlh, <:4<).
<:4<).

Ad`ldr 5. Cu`luma Gd`ur ^brd`.

Zimybdpdm cu`luma `irupdcdm kdmacdf dwdk ndkd` lunbndyd gd`ur.

Zi`bkbfdm khcdsb cu`luma gd`ur nbupdydcdm ydma `i`bkbcb sufu 5:-5<ᵜE

5:- 5<ᵜE nicdt

nimadm su`lir dbr, ndm sdrdmd prhnucsb ydma kdbm. Citbmaabdm ru`df 9-? `itir,

lirdtdp aimtbma/pkdstbc, nbmnbma ndrb dmyd`dm ld`lu ydma nbkdpbsb pkdstbc.

Lisdrmyd cu`luma gd`ur bmb tiradmtuma pdnd gu`kdf ldakha ydma dcdm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 45

nbti`pdtcdm. Odcthr kbmacumadm sipirtb pimedfdyddm ydma pimtbma umtuc

pirtu`lufdm tuluf ludf, hcsbaim cdrimd gd`ur lirsbodt dirhl (lutuf hcsbaim),

ciki`ldldm dbr, sufu, ndm nirdgdt cidsd`dm (pF) lircbsdr. Cu`luma nbkimacdpb

nimadm pbmtu, gimnikd umtuc `imadtur sbrcukdsb undrd ydma nimadm rdc-rdc umtuc

`imi`pdtcdm ldakha. Cu`luma gd`ur ydma sundf gdnb, siliku` nbpdcdb pirku

nbstirbkcdm nimadm `imdlurb cdpur ndm bmsictbsbnd, nbtumaau sikd`d 4-< fdrb, ldru

ldakha ydma sundf nbbmhcukdsb nb`dsuccdm cindkd`myd (Y`mbydtbi, ncc, <:45).

Zimaaumddm Dkdt/@isbm
Dkdt/@isbm Zi`dndt ndm Zimabsb @inbd ^dmd` Gd`ur ^brd`

Zi`dndtdm/pimaiprisdm `inbd tdmd` lirtugudm umtuc `i`pirhkif

vhku`i `inbd ydma kilbf pdndt, ndm sirdad` sifbmaad ci`d`pudm `imyirdp dbr

lirtd`ldf ndm ndpdt `i`pirpdmgdma `dsd pdmim. @inbd ydma tbndc pdndt dcdm

`imadcbldtcdm cdmnumadm mutrbsb ndkd` lilirdpd ldabdm `inbd lirdad`. Fdk bmb

dcdm `imyildlcdm pirtu`lufdm `bsikbu` tbndc `irdtd ldfcdm lbkd tu`luf

limtuc `hrohkhab gd`ur curdma ldbc, dcbldtmyd cudmtbtds ndm cudkbtds gd`ur

rimndf (Bsmdwdm, <::5).

Zimabsbdm ldakha gd`ur nimadm edrd `dmudk tirmydtd tbndc `i`ludt

iobsbim cdrimd `dsbf `i`lutufcdm wdctu ydma kd`d ndm `i`ludt `inbd tdmd`

gd`ur tbrd` tbndc tirkbfdt ldaus sirtd pi`dndtdm/pimaiprisdm `inbd tdmd`

lirtugudm umtuc `i`pirhkif vhku`i `inbd ydma kilbf pdndt, ndm sirdad`

sifbmaad ci`d`pudm `imyirdp dbr lirtd`ldf ndm ndpdt `i`pirpdmgdma `dsd

pdmim. @inbd ydma tbndc pdndt dcdm `imadcbldtcdm cdmnumadm mutrbsb ndkd`

lilirdpd ldabdm `inbd lirdad`. Fdk bmb dcdm `imyildlcdm pirtu`lufdm

`bsikbu` tbndc `irdtd ldfcdm lbkd tu`luf limtuc `hrohkhab gd`ur curdma ldbc,

dcbldtmyd cudmtbtds ndm cudkbtds

cudkbtds gd`ur rimndf (Zrdlhwh ndm
ndm Dmndmd, <:4
<:49).
9).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 4>

Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt `dmudk

Zimabsbdm ldakha gd`ur nimadm edrd `dmudk tirmydtd tbndc `i`ludt

iobsbim cdrimd `dsbf `i`lutufcdm wdctu ydma kd`d ndm `i`ludt `inbd tdmd`

gd`ur tbrd` tbndc tirkbfdt ldaus sirtd pi`dndtdm/pimaiprisdm `inbd tdmd`

lirtugudm umtuc `i`pirhkif vhku`i `inbd ydma kilbf pdndt, ndm sirdad`

sifbmaad ci`d`pudm `imyirdp dbr lirtd`ldf ndm ndpdt `i`pirpdmgdma `dsd

pdmim. @inbd ydma tbndc pdndt dcdm `imadcbldtcdm cdmnumadm mutrbsb ndkd`

lilirdpd ldabdm `inbd lirdad`. Fdk bmb dcdm `imyildlcdm pirtu`lufdm

`bsikbu` tbndc `irdtd ldfcdm lbkd tu`luf limtuc `hrohkhab gd`ur curdma ldbc,

dcbldtmyd cudmtbtds ndm cudkbtds gd`ur rimndf (Bsmdwdm, <::5).

Ad`ldr >. Dkdt Zi`dndt @dmudk

Ubodt-Ubodt Khad`

Lbkd sudtu khad` nblildmb lildm tdrbc `dcd dcdm `imadkd`b niohr`dsb.

Niohr`dsb sudtu khad` dndkdf piruldfdm ucurdm dtdu limtuc cdrimd pimadruf

lildm ydma nbcimdcdm pdndmyd. Niohr`dsb bmb ndpdt tirgdnb siedrd ikdstbs ndm

siedrd pkdstbs
pkdstbs.. Niohr`dsb ikdstbs ydbtu sudtu piruldfdm limtuc ydma siaird fbkdma

ci`ldkb lbkd lildm ydma `imyildlcdm niohr`dsb tirsilut nbtbdndcdm, sindmacdm

niohr`dsb pkdstbs ydbtu sudtu piruldfdm limtuc ydma titdp dnd, `iscbpum lildm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 49

ydma `imyildlcdm niohr`dsb bmb nbtbdndcdm. Ymtuc `imyildlcdm tbndc dndmyd

niohr`dsb `dcd tiadmadm limachc ydma nbbzbmcdm fdrus kilbf ciebk ndrb pdnd

tiadmadm ydma nbsildlcdm hkif lildm (Qbnhnh ndm Uityh, <::6).

^iadmadm limachc ydma nbbzbmcdm ndpdt nbtimtucdm nimadm `imaaumdcdm

pirsd`ddm7

4
@I  f
<
d  ........................
....................................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.......................
..........(4)
(4)


Nb`dmd7 @I 0 @h`im kimtur (ca/e`)

f 0 ^ildk limnd (e`)

B 0 @h`im bmirsbd (e`>)

Citirdmadm 7

or  Zl
@I .........................
.....................................
.........................
.........................
.........................
.........................
................
....(<)
>

Nb`dmd7 or 0 Adyd ydma `imadcbldtcdm tiadmadm (ca)

Zl 0 Zdmgdma limnd (e`)

5
lf
(pirsiab pigdk) ..........................................
................................................................
............................................
.............................
....... (5)
4<

Nb`dmd7 l 0 Kildr limnd (e`) (\unbdmsydf, <:4<).

Lildm nbmd`bs bdkdf lildm ydma liruldf drdf lisdrmyd `imurut wdctu.

Ldfdm ydma
ydma nblildmb siedrd nbmd`bs dcdm kikdf ndm pdtdf `iscbpum nbldwdf

cicudtdm stdtbs. Cikikdfdm dndkdf aigdkd pdtdf ndrb ldfdm nbsildlcdm lildm ydma

liruldf-uldf. Cicudtdm cikikdfdm sudtu khad` ydbtu tiadmadm lhkdc-ldkbc

tirtimtu ydma ndpdt nbtdfdm hkif khad` btu sd`pdb ldmydc ldkbcdm tirtimtu.

Uindmacdm ldtds cikikdfdm dndkdf tiadmadm lhkdc-ldkbc tirtbmaab ydma ndpdt

nbtdfdm hkif khad` btu sd`pdb ldmydc ldkbcdm tdc

tirfbmaad (Qbnhnh ndm Uityh,

Uit yh, <::6).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 4?

Ueriw
Ueriw Ehm
Ehmv
viyhr

Ueriw Ehmviyhr tirnbrb ndrb phrhs ydma tirpdsdma nb seriw ydma lirputdr

ndkd` edsbma (trhuaft

(trhuaft) ndm pimaairdc. Ueriw Ehmviyhr lirputdr siedrd chmstdm

cdrimd nbthpdma hkif admtumadm ldmtdkdm (fdmair

( fdmair lidrbma) ndm ldmtdkdm (lidrbma
(lidrbma)

ydma tirndpdt pdnd tbdp uguma seriw

seriw.. Zirputdrdm seriw dcdm `imnhrhma ldfdm

sipdmgdma trhuaft (edsbma)

edsbma).. Zdnd sddt seriw lirputdr, `dtirbdk nb`dsuccdm

`ikdkub edwdm pimabsb ( oiinbma fhppir) ci seriw ydma lirairdc `dgu dcbldt ndyd

nhrhma seriw
seriw.. Zhrhs ndm seriw lirputdr sipdmgdma kbmtdsdm ydma sundf dnd.

@dtirbdk dtdu ldfdm ydma lirdnd nb ndkd` seriw dcdm nbcikudrcdm pdnd uguma

trhuaft dtdu lucddm ldwdf trhuaft (\dmtdwb, <:41).

Ueriw ehmviyhr `i`bkbcb limtuc ydma spbrdk dtdu pum sipirtb edebma ydma

liraukuma, seriw ehmviyhr lbdsdmyd tirnbrb ndrb sicrup ydma nbpdsdma dtdu

`imi`pik pdnd phrhs ydma nbpdsdma ndkd`

ndkd` pdkuma
pdkuma nimadm
nimadm umbt ydma
ydma `im
`imadtur
adtur

airdcdm putdr phrhs, sddt phrhs lirputdr, ldfdm ydma nbu`pdmcdm lirairdc `dgu

cdrimd nhrhmadm seriw

seriw.. Zhrhs ndm seriw lirputdr sipdmgdma tdluma khmabtunbmdk

ydma lirlimtuc Y. @dtirb ydma dcdm nbcikudrcdm nbbsb tirkilbf ndfuku cindkd`

edwdm u`pdm, nimadm prbmsbp ldfdm ydma nbndkd` edwdm dcdm `ikumeur

sipdmgdma tdluma ydma lirlimtuc

lirlimtuc Y (Upbvdchvscy dmn Nydefchv,
Nydefchv, 42??).

\u`us utd`d ndrb seriw ehmviyhr

N0 
5 >
?:   :.6 m   E
............................................
...................................................................
............................................
............................
....... (>)

Nimadm7

T 0 cdpdsbtds ydma nbpirkucdm (ca/gd`)

m 0 putdrdm phrhs (rp`)

0 khdnbma ioobebimey

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 41

0 lirdt gimbs

Zirsd`ddm `imedrb gdrdc dmtdrd pbtef

pbtef77

U0:.6 x N ...........................................
.................................................................
...........................................
...........................................
...................... (9)

Nimadm7

U0 nbd`itir pbtef

N0 nbd`itir seriw

Zirsd`ddm `imedrb ndyd `hthr ydma nb pirkucdm

M:0
   ......................
 .............................................
.............................................
...........................................
...........................................
...................... (?)

Nimadm7

M0 ndyd `hthr (cw)

T0 cdpdsbtds ydma nbpirkucdm

K0 pdmgdma seriw (`)

Q:0 odeth
odethrr aisic

@hthr Kbstrbc

@hthr-`hthr ydma
ydma nbmd`dcdm
nbmd`dcdm `hthr kbstrbc ydma nbrdmedma umtuc `imauldf

imirab kbstrbc `imgdnb imirab `icdmbc umtuc `imaairdccdm lirldadb pirdkdtdm,

`isbm-`isbm ndkd` bmnustrb, pimadmacutdm ndm kdbm-kdbm. Zdnd ndsdrmyd `hthr

kbstrbc nbaumdcdm umtuc `imaairdccdm iki`im `isbm sipirtb pukkiy

pukkiy,, phrhs, ndm

sunu ki`pdr (Zrdth`h ndm Brwdmth, 4265).

@imurut Uu`dmth (4225) sildadb dkdt pimaairdc `hthr kbstrbc kilbf umaauk

nbldmnbmacdm dkdt-dkdt pimaairdc gimbs kdbm cdrimd `hthr kbstrbc ndpdt

nbchmstrucsbcdm sisudb nimadm cilutufdm ndm cdrdctirbstbc pimaairdcdm, dmtdrd

kdbm 7

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 46

4. Lbsd nbludt ndkd` lirldadb ucurdm timdad

<. @i`pumydb ldtds-ldtds cieipdtdm (spiin rdmai)

rdmai) ydma kuds

5. Zikdydmadm hpirdsb `undf ndm pi`ikbfdrddmmyd sinirfdmd

>. Lbsd nbcimndkbcdm siedrd `dmudk ndm hth`dtbs

Zi`hnikdm

@hnik ndm sbsti` dndkdf ch`phmim-ch`phmim utd`d ndrb sb`ukdsb.

@hnik `irupdcdm sudtu riprisimtdsb ndrb sicikh`phc hlyic dtdu bni cindkd`

sudtu limtuc ydma kdbm ndrb sudtu imtbtds. Zi`hnikdm guad nbcdtdcdm umtuc

`imai`ldmacdm tugudm nimadm stunb tbmacdf kdcu sbsti` `ikdkub dmdkbsbs rbmeb

dcdm ch`phmim dtdu umsur ndm prhsis utd`d ydma `imyusum sbsti` ndm

bmtirdcsbmyd dmtdrd sdtu nimadm ydma kdbm. Gdnb pi`hnikdm `irupdcdm sudtu

pimnicdtdm ydma tirsinbd umtuc `imndpdtcdm pimaitdfudm ydma kdydc dcdm

sbsti` (Ubmdad, ncc, <:49)

Zdnd u`u`myd pirdmedmadm dkdt/`isbm `imaaumdcdm pimnicdtdm siedrd

oumasbhmdk ndm structurdk. Zimnicdtdm oumasbhmdk dndkdf pimnicdtdm umtuc

`imimtucdm oumasb-oumasb tumaadk ndm `icdmbs`i ydma fdrus nbldmacbtcdm dadr

tugudm pirdmedmadm ndpdt tiredpdb. Zimnicdtdm structurdk pimnicdtdm ydma

nbaumdcdm umtuc `imndpdtcdm pirsydrdtdm ticmbc ydbtu mbkdb cudmtbtdtbo ydma

`i`pumydb spisbobcdsb tirtimtu (\unbdmsydf, <:4<).

@imurut Ykk`dm (422<), dkdsdm pimirdpdm pirdmedmadm dndkdf cdrimd dndmyd

cilutufdm prhnuc ldru, ioictbobtds lbdyd, ndm cilutufdm dcdm prhnuc ydma

lircudkbtds tbmaab. @dsdkdf ydma sirbma `umeuk pdnd prhnuc ldru dndkdf prhnuc
prhnuc

tirsilut tbndc liroumasb sildadb`dmd `istbmyd, `i`lutufcdm wdctu ydma kd`d

ndkd` `iridkbsdsbcdmmyd nb `dsydrdcdt, lbdyd tirkdku `dfdk, ndm fdsbk prhnuc

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 42

ydma curdma
curdma `i`udscdm. Ndrb pir`dsdkdfdm-pir`dsdkdfdm tirsilut `dcd pirku

nbkdcucdm dmdkbsbs pir`dsdkdfdm umtuc `imndpdtcdm shkusb `ikdkub tdfdpdm

pirimedmddm ydma tipdt. Zirimedmddm `irupdcdm tdfdpdm ldadb`dmd umtuc

`i`pirhkif sudtu prhnuc tirtimtu ydma sisudb nimadm cilutufdm ydma dnd.

^dfdpdm-tdfdpdm ndkd` `ikdcucdm pirdmedmadm `ikbputb bnimtbobcdsb `dsdkdf,

dmdkbsbs `dsdkdf, chmsip nbsdbm, pi`ludtdm prhthtbpi,ndm pimaugbdm cirgd

prhthtbpi,ndm

prhthtbpi..
prhthtbpi

Ub`ukdsb

Ub`ukdsb `irupdcdm sudtu ticmbc `imbru hpirdsb-hpirdsb dtdu prhsis-prhsis ydma

tirgdnb ndkd` sudtu sbsti` nimadm ldmtudm pirdmacdt ch`putir ndm hkif lilirdpd

dsu`sb tirtimtu sifbmaad sbsti` tirsilut lbsd nbpikdgdrb siedrd bk`bdf. Ndkd`

sb`ukdsb nbaumdcdm ch`putir umtuc `i`pikdgdrb sbsti` siedrd mu`irbc, nb`dmd

nbkdcucdm pimau`pukdm ndtd umtuc `imndpdtcdm cdrdctirbstbc dskb ndrb sbsti`.

Ub`ukdsb `irupdcdm dkdt ydma tipdt nbaumdcdm umtuc `ikdcucdm icspirb`im ydma

`i`irkucdm lbdyd ydma sdmadt `dfdk ndm `i`irkucdm wdctu ydma kd`d gbcd

icspirb`im nbehld siedrd rbbk (Ldrus, <:4?).

Nimadm `ikdcucdm stunb sb`ukdsb `dcd ndkd` wdctu sbmacdt ndpdt nbtimtucdm

ciputusdm ydma tipdt sirtd nimadm lbdyd ydma tbndc tirkdku lisdr cdrimd si`udmyd
eucup nbkdcucdm nimadm ch`putir. Ndkd` `i`ludt sudtu sb`ukdsb `dcd nbdwdkb

nimadm pi`ldmaumdm `hnik sbsti` mydtd. @hnik tirsilut fdrus ndpdt

`imumguccdm ldadb`dmd lirldadb ch`phmim ndkd` sbsti` sdkbma lirbmtirdcsb

sifbmaad limdr-limdr `imaad`ldrcdm pirbkdcu sbsti`. Uitikdf `hnik nbludt

`dcd `hnik
`hnik tirsilut nbtrdmsohr`dsbcdm ci ndkd` prhard`
prhard` ch`putir
ch`putir sifbmaad

`i`umacbmcdm umtuc nbsb`ukdsbcdm (Bmnrdwdm, <:4:).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <:

Uhot
Uhotw
wdr i Uh
Uhkbn
kbnQh
Qhrc
rcss

Ci`dgudm ticmhkhab nblbndma ch`putir sddt bmb sdmadt `i`ldmtu ndkd`

prhsis pimyikisdbdm ad`ldr ticmbc. Ldmydc shotwdri ad`ldr sddt bmb ydma

nbci`ldmacdm lilirdpd pirusdfddm shotwdri

shotwdri.. Nimadm ci`dgudm ticmhkhab

sicdrdma ldmydc shotwdri ad`ldr ydma tikdf tirbmtiardsb nimadm dmdkbsd sipirtb

dmdkbsd cicudtdm structur ndm dmdkbsd dkbrdm okubnd. Ymtuc shotwdri ad`ldr ydma

tikdf tirbmtiardsb nimadm dmdkbsd structur sdkdf sdtumyd dndkdf

UhkbnQhrcs (\unbdmsydf, <:4<).

Nimadm pi`dfd`dm ndsdr chmsip, tihrb, ndm ticmbc shkusb nbsdbm `i`ldfds

lilirdpd pikdgdrdm tuthrbdk `imaimdb ci`d`pudm hptb`dsb nbsdbm ydma

nbtdwdrcdm nimadm dkdt ch`irsbdk, sipirtb UhkbnQhrcs. Nb prhyic U9

`i`pircimdkcdm ci`d`pudm hptb`dsb nbsdbm UhkbnQhrcs ndm ci`unbdm

`ikdcucdm bmtirdctbo. Nbsdbmmyd `imaaumdcdm rdmacdbdm nbsdbm lirldmtudm

ch`putir UhkbnQhrcs (EDN), imabmiirbma (EDI), ndm `dmuodctur (ED@)

ci`d`pudm umtuc `dsdkdf nbsdbm `uktb nbsbpkbm (Efdma, <:45).

Dnd nud `hni utd`d umtuc `imgdkdmcdm stunb nbsdbm nb UhkbnQhrcs

UhkbnQhrcs77 ivdkudsb ndm

pimahptb`dkdm. Ivdkudsb `imnucuma pimaaumd ndkd` `imimtucdm mbkdb nbscrbt

umtuc sitbdp vdrbdlik ndm `imaaumdcdm simshr sildadb cimndkd. Zirdmacdt

Zirdmacdt kumdc
bmb `imgdkdmcdm pimikbtbdm `imaaumdcdm lirldadb ch`lbmdsb mbkdb ndm

`ikdphrcdm fdsbkmyd umtuc sitbdp ch`lbmdsb. Hptb`dkbsdsb, nb sbsb kdbm,

`i`umacbmcdm pimaaumd umtuc `imimtucdm mbkdb umtuc sitbdp vdrbdlik, ldbc

sildadb nbscrbtmbkdb dtdu rimtdma. Zimaaumd `imaaumdcdm simshr sildadb cimndkd

ndm sildadb tugudm. Zirdmacdt kumdc `imgdkdmcdm btirdsb ndrb mbkdb ndm kdphrdm

ch`lbmdsb mbkdb ydma hptb`dk umtuc `i`imufb tugudm ydma nbtimtucdm.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <4

Zirfdtbcdm ldfwd siludf simshr `dsuc UhkbnQhrcs `i`hmbthr prhpirtb ydma

nbpbkbf ndrb sucu edndma ndm rdcbtdm ndm `i`lirb tdmnd pdnd pimaaumd sddt mbkdb

`imyb`pdma ndrb ldtds ydma nbtimtucdm pimaaumd. Uimshr

Uimshr ndpdt nbaumdcdm umtuc

`i`pikdgdrb sbodt `dssd, nb`imsb, dmtdr `ucd niticsb cinicdtdm (tirsinbd ndkd`

`dgikbs fdmyd umtuc `i`dmtdu pirdcbtdm umtuc bmtiroirimsb dmtdrd ch`phmim

ydma nbpbkbf pimaaumd), ndtd sb`ukdsb, ndm ndtd airdc (Efdma, <:4>).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 @I^HNHKHAB ZIMIKB^BDM

Qdctu ndm ^i`pdt Zimikbtbdm

Zimikbtbdm bmb nbkdcucdm pdnd lukdm @drit sd`pdb nimadm lukdm @ib tdfum

<:46 nbti`pdt lunbndyd gd`ur tbrd` gdkdm U^@ uguma, Cied`dtdm @indm

Ghfhr.

Ldfdm ndm Dkdt

Ldfdm

Ldfdm ydma nbaumdcdm ndkd` pimikbtbdm bmb dndkdf7 cirtds, ndm ndtd-ndtd

pimnucuma umtuc
umtuc pirfbtumadm ticmbc.

Dkdt

Dkdt ydma nbaumdcdm ndkd` pimikbtbdm bmb dndkdf7

4. Zirdmacdt cirds lirupd kdpthp.

<. Zirdmacdt kumdc umtuc `imnbsdbm ndm sb`ukdsb nimadm `imaaumdcdm

pirdmacdt kumdc Uhkbn Qhrcs <:4>.

5. Cdkcukdthr umtuc `imafbtuma pirfbtumadm ticmbc.

@ithnhkhabb Zimikbtbdm
@ithnhkha

@ithni ydma nbkdcucdm ydbtu nimadm `ikdcucdm icspirb`im kdmasuma ci

kdpdmadm umtuc `imndpdtcdm ndtd-ndtd pimnucuma, ci`unbdm nbkdcucdm

pirdmedmadm chmsip pi`ludtdm `hnik `ikdkub pimnicdtdm pirdmedmadm

oumasbhmdk ndm structurdk.

Zimikbtbdm bmb ci`unbdm nbci`ldmacdm nimadm pi`ludtdm ad`ldr ticmbc

ci`unbdm nbkdcucdm sb`ukdsb pdnd dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur

tbrd` nimadm `imaaumdcdm pirdmacdt kumdc, sirtd nbnucuma dkdt kdbmmyd, sipirtb7

dkdt ucur ndm cdkcukdthr umtuc `i`pir`undf

`i`pir`undf ndkd` pirfbtumadm ru`us fbtumadm

<<

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <5

ticmbc, sifbmaad ndpdt `i`imufb tdrait ndkd` pirdmedmadm oumasbhmdk ndm

structurdk.

Zikdcsdmddm Zimikbtbdm

Dndpum tdfdpdm ndkd` pikdcsdmddm pimikbtbdm ydbtu7

4. Dmdkbsbs \dmedmadm

Ndkd` dmdkbsbs bmb nbkdcucdm pirfbtumadm ticmbc umtuc `imndpdtcdm nb`imsb

ch`phmim, ndyd pimaairdc ndm ch`phmim pimnucuma kdbmmyd. Lilirdpd dmdkbsbs

ydma nbkdcucdm kdbmmyd7

d. Dmdkbsbs cicudtdm ldfdm

Dmdkbsbs cicudtdm ldfdm nbkdcucdm umtuc `imndpdtcdm ci`d`pudm ndrb

ch`phmim ydma nbrdmedma. Dmdkbsbs ydma nbkdcucdm ydbtu tiadmadm, piruldfdm

ndrb rdmacd, sirtd odethr sdoity.

sdoity.

l. Dmdkbsbs ndyd ndm timdad

Dmdkbsbs ydma nbkdcucdm ydbtu umtuc `imndpdtcdm airdc/ ci`d`pudm ndkd`

`imnhrhma sirluc cdyu ydma cikudr `ikdkub pbpd cikudrdm ydma nbnhrhma seriw
seriw..

<. Ad`ldr ^icmbc

Uitikdf nbkdcucdm dmdkbsbs rdmedmadm ndm nbndpdtcdm nb`imsb ndrb sitbdp

ch`phmim dkdt `dcd nbkdcucdm pimaad`ldrdm ticmbc.

5. Ub`ukdsb \dmedmadm

Uitikdf nbkdcucdm
nbkdcucdm prhsis ad`ldr
ad`ldr ticmbc `dcd sikdmgutmyd
sikdmgutmyd nbkdcucdm sb`ukdsb.

Ub`ukdsb ydma nbkdcucdm ydbtu nimadm `imaaumdcdm pirdmacdt kumdc shkbnwhrc ,

sb`ukdsb ydma nbkdcucdm ydbtu pdnd airdcdm seriw ndm pbpd

pimdfdm ndkd` `ikdcucdm cirgd. Ub`ukdsb bmb lirtugudm umtuc

umtuc `imnucuma

prhsis hpirdsbhmdk dkdt.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <>

Ad`ldrdm Y`u` \dmedmadm

Zi`bkbfdm dkdt pimabsb sirtd pi`dndtdm `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` `imgdnb

sudtu odcthr ydma liabtu pimtbma cdrmd dcdm `imgdnb siludf pirtb`ldmadm

ioictbvbtds ndm iobsbimsb ndrb sudtu pirusdfddm. Ndrb pimad`dtdm ydma nbkdcucdm

nb kdpdmadm dndkdf `dsbf nbkdcucdmmyd picirgddm nimadm edrd `dmudk, ydbtu pdnd

sddt `imabsb ndm `i`dndtcdm sirluc

si rluc cdyu, sifbmaad `i`dcdm wdctu ydma liabtu

ldmydc ndm gu`kdf prhnucsb ydma tirldtds, nimadm wdctu sdtu `imbt

`imafdsbkcdm tbad ldakha sifbmaad nbdmaadp curdma ioictbo ndm iobsbim. Hkif

cdrimd btu, rdmedmadm dkdt ydma dcdm nbludt `irupdcdm dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt

`inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` nimadm iobsbimsb cdpdsbtds dkdt tbad ldakha pir `imbt

ydma nbsirtdb `hthr kbstrbc sildadb su`lir timdad pimaairdc. @hthr ydma

nbaumdcdm `i`bkbcb `icdmbs`i sinirfdmd, pirdwdtdm ydma `undf ndm d`dm ldab

kbmacumadm sifbmaad sisudb nb kdpdmadm cirgd. Zrhsis pi`dsucdm pkdstbc pdnd pbpd

cikudrdm nbkdcucdm siedrd `dmudk.

\dmedmadm Oumasbhmdk

Oumasb utd`d ndrb rdmedmadm dkdt bmb dndkdf sildadb pimabsb sirluc cdyu

ydma sundf nboir`imtdsb ci ndkd` cdmthma pkdstbc fbmaad sd`pdb pdndt. Dkdt ydma

nbrdmedma dcdm nbdpkbcdsbcdm umtuc `imabsb ndm `i`dndtcdm `inbd tdmd` gd`ur
tbrd` ydma dcdm nb`ukdb ndrb fhppir nimadm cdpdsbtds >9 ca. Uitikdf `inbd

tdmd` cikudr ndrb pbpd pimdfdm `dcd nbkdcucdm pimabcdtdm ebmebm pdnd `ukut

pkdstbc nimadm edrd `dmudk. Dndpum ldabdm-ldabdm ch`phmim pimyusum utd`d

myd ydbtu7

4. Zbpd cikudrdm

Liroumasb sildadb pimaikudrdm sirluc cdyu ydma dcdm `imabsb pkdstbc, nimadm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <9

ucurdm nbd`itir sinbcbt kilbf ciebk ndrbpdnd nbd`itir pkdstbc

pkds tbc ydbtu nimadm

Zdmgdma 5: e` ndm nbd`itir 4: e`.

<. Ueriw

Liroumasb sildadb prhsis pimnhrhma cikudrmyd sirluc cdyu ndrb pbpd cikudrdm

`imugu pkdstbc, nimadm nbd`itir seriw 2,45 e` ndm pdmgdmamyd ?: e`. Ndm

umtuc `imiaitdfub cdpdsbtds sitbdp pbtef ndm gu`kdf ukbrmyd ndpdt nb fbtuma

nimadm `imaaumdcdm pirsd`ddm

N0 
5 >
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Zirsd`ddm `imedrb gdrdc pbtef

pbtef77

U0:.6 x N ....................
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Zirsd`ddm `imedrb ndyd `hthr ydma nblutufcdm7

M:0
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5. Zbpd pimdfdm

Liroumasb sildadb pi`dndt sirluc ydma nb ldmtu airdcdm aidrlhx nimadm

`i`dmoddtcdm putdrdm kd`ldt, ydma ucurdm nbd`itirmyd sinbcbt kilbf lisdr

ndrbpdnd nbd`itir pbpd cikudrdm sirluc ydbtu 4:,5

4:,5 e`.

>. @hthr kbstrbc

Liroumasb sildadb su`lir timdad ydma `imauldf imirab kbstrbc `imgdnb imirab

`icdmbc, ydma `imaairdccdm seriw ndm aidrlhx sifbmaad nbndpdt pirldmnbmadm

cieipdtdm putdrdm nimadm `i`dcdb `hthr kbstrbc 4>9: rp`.

9. ^b`ldmadm Nbabtdk

Liroumasb sildadb pimaucur cudt timdad ydma nbfdsbkcdm ndrb putdrdm seriw ydma

`imnhrhma sirluc cdyu cindkd` pkdstbc nimadm pbpd pimdfdm ydma nbkitdccdm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <?

nbtimadf.

?. Aidrlhx

Aidrlhx dndkdf pirdmacdt `icdmbs ydma nbaumdcdm umtuc `imbmacdtcdm cikudrdm

thrsb ndm `imaurdmab cieipdtdm (\Z@) ndrb siludf `hthr. Zi`bkbfdm aidrlhx

nbkdcucdm lirndsdrcdm pirfbtumadm putdrdm ydma nblutufcdm umtuc nbsdkurcdm

`imugu pbpd ticdm nimadm rdsbh 475:.

1. Chmtdcthr

Chmtdcthr dndkdf siludf dkdt kbstrbc ydma `dmd oumasbmyd umtuc `imaairdccdm

`hthr kbstrbc, nimadm sbsti` drus mhr`dkb hpim ndm mhr`dkb ekhsi nimadm

pirairdcdm ehbk, sifbmaad putdrdm `hthr kbstrbc lbsd nblhkdc ldkbc.

6. Zusf Lutthm

Dndkdf sdckdr ticdm ydma liroumasb sildadb pi`utus dtdu pimyd`luma drus kbstrbc

ci lildm kbstrbc, ydma `dmd

`dmd pdnd dkdt bmb dcdm `i`dcdb sdckdr stdrt, stdrt risit,

ndm i`iraimey.

\dmedmadm Utructurdk

Ymtuc `imnucuma tiredpdbmyd oumasb utd`d ndrb rdmedmadm dkdt pimabsb ndm

pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd

gd`ur
`ur tbrd` tirsilut `dcd nbpirkucdm rdmedmadm structurdk

ydma `i`bkbcb oumasb-oumasb dmtdrd kdbm7 `i`lirbcdm limtuc ndrb dkdt ndm sildadb
ti`pdt `imi`pikmyd ch`phmim kdbm, pimydkur timdad putdr, pirinucsb timdad

putdr, ndm kdbm-kdbm7

4. Cirdmacd

Liroumasb sildadb pi`lirb limtuc ndrb dkdt ydma nbrdmedma ndm sildadb ti`pdt

tirpdsdmamyd ch`phmim ldabdm dkdt kdbmmyd, nimadm pdmgdma 49: e`, tbmaab 1:

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <1

e` ndm kildr 2: e`, ndm lisb ydma

ydma nbpdcdb ydbtu
ydbtu lisb sbcu sd`d sbsb ucurdm

>:x>:x> ``.

<. Fhppir

Oumasb fhppir ydbtu sildadb ti`pdt ldfdm sirluc cdyu ydma sundf nbed`pur ydma

dcdm nbcikudrcdm `imgdnb `inbd tdmd` gd`ur nimadm ucurdm ndm cdpdsbtds ydma

tikdf nbtimtucdm .

5. pukkiy

Zukkiy liroumasb sildadb pimirusdm su`lir timdad ndrb `isbm ydma nbfulumacdm

hkif v-likt yda ci`unbdm dcdm `i`utdrcdm phrhs, ucurdm pukb ydma nbpdcdb ydbtu,

5 bmef, 5 bmef, ndm <: bmef.

b mef.

>. ^h`lhk Hpirdthr

Liroumasb sildadb chmtrhk airdcdm `isbm ydma `i`lirbcdm airdcdm lhkdc-ldkbc

pdnd `isbm, sifbmaad lbsd `i`ludt airdcdm pdnd pbpd pimdfdm `i`pumydb adyd

`dgu ndm `umnur.

Ub`ukdsb Utd
Utdttbe @hnik Dkdt nimadm Uh
Uhkbn
kbnQh
Qhrc
rcss

4. @i`lucd prhard` Uhkbnwhrcs.

<. @imyinbdcdm `hnik rdmedmadm ydma dcdm nbsb`ukdsb.

5. @i`bkbf tdl Ub`ukdtbhm ‐pdnd eh``dmn `dmdair.

>. @i`bkbf Utuny Dnvbshr, ci`unbdm nbpbkbf Miw Utuny.
Utuny.

9. @i`bkbf stdtbe pdnd gimnikd stuny, ci`unbdm nbticdm th`lhk HC.

?. @imackbc cdmdm obtur Ub`pki Zdrt _bnih pdnd sb`ukdtbhm oidturi trii.

1. @imackbc Dppky/Inbt @dtirbdk.

6. @imimtucdm gimbs ldfdm pimyusum rdmacdbdm dkdt, ci`unbdm nbticdm th`lhk

Dppky kdku Ekhsi

Ekhsi..

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <6

2. @imimtucdm fulumadm ch`phmim sdtu nimadm kdbmmyd `ikdkub obtur

Ehmmietbhms pdnd sb`ukdtbhm oidturi trii

4:. @imackbc cdmdm obtur Obxturis

Obxturis,, ci`unbdm nbdpkbcdsbcdm gimbs tu`pudm pdnd

`hnik rdmacdbdm ydma nblutufcdm

44. @imimtucdm gimbs, lisdr ndm drdf ticdmdm pdnd `hnik `ikdkub obtur Ixtirmdk

Khdn

4<. @imackbc cdmdm obtur @isf

@isf,, ci`unbdm nbpbkbf @isf dmn \um

45. @imad`dtb lisdr tiadmadm, niohr`dsb ndm Odethr ho Udoity (OhU) ydma tirgdnb

pdnd `hnik ndm nbldmnbmacdm nimadm ybikn striss ldfdm pimyusum dkdt pdnd

`hnik.

Ub`ukdsb airdc (`h

`htb
tbhm
hm stuny) `hnik dkdt nimadm sh
shkbn
kbnw
whr cs

4. @i`lucd prhard` Uhkbnwhrcs.

<. @imyinbdcdm `hnik rdmedmadm ydma dcdm nbsb`ukdsb.

5. @imyisudbcdm tbpi `dti dmtdrd ch`phmim-ch`phmim dkdt pdnd `hnik.

>. @i`bkbf `hni sb`ukdsb airdc nimadm `imicdm tdl @htbhm Utuny.

9. Nb gimnikd @htbhm @dmdair, nbpbkbf sdkdf sdtu ch`phmim `hnik ydma dcdm

nbairdccdm.

?. @imdrbc tb`i ldr ch`phmim ydma nbpbkbf ci gu`kdf wdctu ydma nblutufcdm.
1. Nb gimnikd utd`d, nbairdccdm ch`phmim `hnik ydma dcdm nbd`dtb.

6. @i`bkbf th`lhk Edkeukdti.

2. @imad`dtb ndm `imedtdt pirldmnbmadm cieipdtdm ch`phmim-ch`phmim dkdt

pdnd `hnik ydma lirairdc.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 <2

Zdrd`itir ydma nbd`dtb

4. Cisisudbdm pirairdcdm ch`phmim `hnik ardobs dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt

`inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` sisudb cirgd dkdt.

<. ^iadmadm tbmacdt niohr`dsb ndm OhU ydma tirgdnb pdnd `hnik ardobs rdmacd

dkdt umtuc `imaitdfub citdfdmdm rdmacd ndkd` `imdfdm lildm dkdt.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 FDUBK NDM ZI@LDFDUDM

Fdsbk \dmedmadm Dkdt

Lirbcut dndkdf `hnik ardobs fdsbk nbsdbm dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd

tdmd` gd`ur tbrd`.

(ad`ldr td`pdc sd`pbma)

(Ad`ldr td`pdc dtds)

Ad`ldr 9. @hnik Ardobs Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha Gd`ur ^brd`

Nbsdbm dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` ydma liroumasb

umtuc `i`dsuccdm `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` sicdkbaus `i`lirbcdm pi`dndtdm

pdnd `inbd tdmd` ydma tikdf nbbsb kdmasuma ci ndkd` pkdstbc nimadm nhrhmadm

5:

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 54

seriw ydma `i`bkbcb putdrdm kilbf eipdt nbldmnbmacdm pbpd pimdfdm, sifbmaad

tirgdnbmyd pimicdmdm ydma dcdm `i`lirbcdm pi`dndtdm pdnd ldakha.

Zrbmsbp cirgd dkdt bmb ydbtu, nimadm `imabsbcdm ldfdm `inbd tdmd` gd`ur

tbrd` ydma sundf tired`pur nimadm ch`phmim kdbmmyd sipirtb7 licdtuk, cdptdm,

aypsu` ndm dbr, cindkd` fhppir, ci`unbdm pkdstbc nbsdrumacdm pdnd pbpd

cikudrdm, ci`unbdm hpirdthr `imafbnupcdm `hthr kbstrbc `dcd seriw pum dcdm

`imnhrhma sirluc cikudr `imabsb pkdstbc ndm lirairdc lirsd`ddm nimadm

lirairdcmyd pbpd pimdfdm `umnur cilikdcdma, nbsddt cdcb pbpd pimdfdm sundf

sd`pdb pdnd gdkur tirdcfbrmyd `dcd sipdruf ndrb pbpd dcdm tirlucd simnbrb cdrmd

dndmyd adyd limachc pdnd gdkur ydma nbkdkub hkif cdcb pbpd pimdfdm, sifbmaad

ldakha dcdm `ikumeur nimadm simnbrb ci ldwdf.

Ldabdm-Ldabdm Zimyusum Dkdt ndm Oumasbmyd

4. \dmacd

\dmacd liroumasb sildadb pimhpdma dtdu ti`pdt `imi`pikmyd ch`phmim

kdbmmyd sifbmaad lirnbrbmyd dkdt, pdnd dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd`

gd`ur tbrd` bmb `i`bkbcb nud ldabdm ydbtu pdnd ldabdm

ldabdm dtds ndm ldwdf.

Ad`ldr ?. @hnik Ardobs \dmacd Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 5<

\dmacd `i`bkbcb ucurdm pdmgdma 49: e` ndm tbmaab 1: e` ndm kildr 2: e`

nimadm `imaaumdcdm
`imaaumdcdm lisb sbcu nimadm nb`imsb
nb`imsb >:x>:x>
>:x>:x> ``. \dmacd pdnd

ldabdm ldwdf liroumasb umtuc ti`pdt nunucdm `hthr n

ndm
dm aidrlhx
aidrlhx..

<. Fhppir

Fhppir sildadb wdndf pimd`puma

pimd`puma `inbd tdmd` gd`ur
gd`ur tbrd` ydma sundf

tired`pur nimadm ldfdm kdbmmyd ydma ci`unbdm dcdm nb`dsuccdm cindkd`

pkdstbc `ikdkub nhrhmadm seriw,,

seriw cdpdsbtds ydma
ydma nbrimedmdcdm dndkdf >9 ca

sirluc cdyu sifbmaad nbndpdt vhku`i 441.?>1,:? e` 5, `dcd nbndpdtcdm nb`imsb

fhppir ydbtu nimadm ldmaum kb`ds tirpdmeuma ndm pirsiab. Nb`dmd kuds dkds

kb`ds tirpdmeuma ydbtu 1: e` ndm tbmaabmyd 95,:? e` ndm kuds dkds ldwdfmyd 5:

e`, sindmacdm pdnd ldmaum pirsiab `i`bkbcb ucurdm 5: e`.

Nimadm cdpdsbtds ydma nbrimedmdcdm >9 ca ndm fdsbk ydma nbbmabmcdm

pirldakhamyd 4,9 ca `dcd nbndpdt 5: ldakha ndrb fdsbk ydma dcdm nbcikudrcdm

Fhppir.

Ad`ldr 1. @hnik Ardobs Fhppir Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 55

5. Ueriw

Ueriw sildadb pimnhrhma dtdu `i`ldwd cikudrmyd sirluc `imugu pkdstbc

ydma `i`bkbcb nb`imsb nimadm

nimadm nbd`itir 2,45 e` ndm gdrdc dmtdr pbtef 1,5: e`

ndm pdmdgma 96 e` sindmacdm lisdr phrhsmyd < e` nimadm cdpdsbtds ydma ndpdt

nbldwd ydbtu <1: ca/gd` nimadm putdrdm 459,55 rp`.

Ad`ldr 6. @hnik Ardobs Ueriw Dkdt Zimabsb ndm Zi`dndt Ldakha

>. Zbpd Cikudrdm

Zbpd cikudrdm sildadb pimydkur `inbd tdmd` ci ndkd` pkdstbc, `i`bkbcb

nb`imsb nimadm nbd`itir 4: e` ndm pdmgdma 5: e` ydma nbsisudbcdm nimadm

ucurdm pkdstbc.

9. Zbpd Zimdfdm

Zbpd pimdfdm sildadb pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` `ikdkub nhrhmadm seriw ndm

airdcdm kd`ldt ydma nblirbcdm hkif aidrlhx

aidrlhx,, ydma `i`bkbcb nb`imsb nimadm

nbd`itir 4:,9 ndm pdmgdma 5: e`.

?. Aidrlhx

Aidrlhx sildadb rinusir dtdu su`lir timdad umtuc `imaairdccdm pbpd

pimdfdm, ydma dcdm nbaumdcdm dndkdf aidrlhx nimadm rdsbh 475: ydma dcdm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 5>

nbaumdcdm umtuc `imaairdccdm pbpd pimdfdm nimadm cieipdtdm ydma nbsisudbcdm

lirndsdrcdm fbtumadm.

1. Zukkiy

Dndpum nb`imsb pukkiy ydma nbaumdcdm pdnd `hthr kbstrbc ydbtu < bmeb, ndm

pukkiy ydma `imafulumacdm Ueriw <: bmeb ndm pukky umtuc Aidrlhx ndm pbpd

pimdfdm ydbtu 5 bmeb.

6. Ldmtdkdm ndm phrhs

Nbd`itir phrhs ydma nbaumdcdm ydbtu <: `` sifbmaad nbpdcdb ldmtdkdm

nimadm nbd`itir <: `` nimadm gimbs p-<:?.

2. @hthr kbstrbc

Uildadb su`lir timdad umtuc `i`utdr seriw ndm `imaairdccdm pbpd

pimdfdm nimadm `imaaumdcdm

`imaaumdcdm `hthr kbsrbc 4,1 cw nimadm
nimadm rp` 4>9:.

Ygb Ub`ukdsb
Ub`ukdsb ndm F
Fdsbk
dsbk \dme
\dmedmadm
dmadm

Zi`ludtdm nbsdbm dkdt ndm pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd`

nbsusum lirndsdrcdm rdmedmadm ydma tikdf nbsisudbcdm, ci`unbdm nbkdcucdm

pimaugbdm umtuc `imaitdfub cikdydcdm ndrb dkdt. Zimaugbdm ydma nbkdcucdm ydbtu,

nimadm `ikdcucdm sb`ukdsb airdc sifbmaad ndpdt nbkbfdt ndrb cirgd dkdt, ci`unbdm

nbkdcucdm pimaugbdm cikdydcdm pdnd cirdmacd dkdt ydma nbfbtuma nimadm ndyd
td`puma lildm ydma dcdm nb d`pu hkif dkdt pimaugbdm nbkdcucdm ydbtu nimadm

pimaugbdm stdtbc.

4. Ub`ukdsb Airdc (@ht

@htbhm
bhm Utun
Utuny)

Lirndsdrcdm fdsbk pirfbtumadm ydma nbkdcucdm umtuc `imndpdtcdm

cisisudbdm fdsbk cirgd dkdt pdnd sddt `ikdcucdm pimabsbdm sirluc cdyu ydma dcdm

nbldwd hkif seriw ndm timdad ydma

ydma nbpirkucdm hkif pbpd pimdfdm `dcd

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 59

nbpirkucdm `dsbma-`dsbma timdad pimaairdc nimadm

nimadm 459,55 rp`,
rp`, ndm >6,55 rp`

nimadm cdpdsbtds ydma nbfdrdpcdm <1: ca/gd`. Dndpum sb`ukdsb airdc ydma
ydma dcdm

nbtd`pbkcdm ydbtu7 airdc phsbsb dwdk pbpd, airdc pirtimadfdm, ndm airdc tirdcfbr

pbpd pimdfdm.

d. Zhsbsb dwdk airdcdm pbpd pimdfdm l. phsbsb airdcdm pbpd pimdfdm cinud

e. Zhsbsb airdcdm citbad pbpd pimdfdm n. phsbsb airdcdm tirdcfbr pbpdpimdfdm

Ad`ldr 2. Zhsbsb cirgd pbpd pimdfdm

Fdsbk ugb airdc ndrb sitbdp cirgd pbpd pimdfdm `imumguccdm cirgd ydma

lirlind ndrb sitbdp cirgd pbpd pimdfdm, pdnd phsbsb Ad`ldr 2.d `imumguccdm

cirgd dwdk pbpd pimdfdm nimadm wdctu : nitbc ydma `dmd phsbsb pimdfdm `dsbf

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 5?

lirdnd pdnd pbpd cikudrdm ydma `dsbf `ikdcucdm pimabsbdm sirluc ci ndkd`

pkdstbc, ci`unbdm pbpd pimdfdm lirairdc `umnur `imgdufb pbpd c

cikudrdm
ikudrdm nimadm

`i`ldwd ldakha ydma sundf tirbsb pimuf sipirtb pdnd Ad`ldr 2.l nimadm

`ukdb `i`lucd
`i`lucd sipdruf ldndm pbpd pimdfdm pdnd wdctu 4.:? nitbc, pdnd

Ad`ldr 2.e phsbsb pbpd pimdfdm tirlucd siedrd cisikurufdm pdnd wdctu 5.9 nitbc,

ndm pdnd phsbsb bmb ldakha dcdm gdtuf simnbrb, bmb dndkdf phsbsb dcfbr ndrb cirgd

pbpd pimdfdm, sindmacdm pdnd Ad`ldr 2.n phsbsb pimdfdm `ukdb lirdmgdc

lirairdc ciphsbsb dwdk pdnd wdctu > nitbc , nb`dmd pbpd pimdfdm dcdm ci`ldkb

`dgu ci phsbsb cirgd Ad`ldr 2.d pdnd sddt pbpd

pbpd pimdfdm liku` sd`pdb pdnd pbpd

cikudrdm `dcd cdmthma pkdstbc nbsdrumacdm pdnd pbpd pimaikudrdm.

<. Ub`ukdsb Utdtbe (Ut

Utd
dtbe Ub`
Ub `ukdt
ukdtb hm) Zdnd \dmacd

Lirndsdrcdm fdsbk pirfbtumadm ydma nbkdcucdm, `dcd nbndpdt lirdt thtdk

lildm ydma nblildmcdm pdnd rdmacd ydbtu ?: ca (966 M). Nimadm lirdt ldfdm

ydma nbtd`puma fhppir ydbtu >9 ca ndm lirdt fhppir 49 ca. Ub`ukdsb ydma

nbkdcucdm fdmyd pdnd ldabdm rdmacd ydbtu, pdnd rdmacd ydma `imhpdma fhppir

nimadm lirdt thtdk ldfdm ydma nblildmcdm ydbtu ?: ca. Dndpum ugb ydma nbkdcucdm

ydbtu7 ugb striss

striss,, nbspkdei`imt ndm sdoity odethr.

d. Ygb tiadmadm (striss

striss))

Fdsbk ugb striss `imumguccdm lisdr tiadmadm ydma nbdkd`b hkif rdmacd
r dmacd

lirndsdrcdm chni wdrmd ticdmdm. Ndrb ugb sb`ukdsb ydma nbkdcucdm, tiadmadm

tirlisdr ydma tirgdnb pdnd rdmacd dndkdf silisdr 42.12>.196 M/`` < ydma

nbtumguccdm hkif chni wdrmd `irdf, ndm

ndm tiadmadm ydma tirciebk dndkdf 1?2,64>
1?2,64>

M/``< pdnd ticdmdm lirwdrmd lbru pdnd Ad`ldr 4:. Cdrimd mbkdb tirsilut kilbf

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 51

ciebk nbldmnbmacdm
nbldmnbmacdm tiadmadm tdrbc `dcsb`u` rdmacd ydma `i`bkbcb lisdr 14:
14:

M/``<,

`dcd nbsdbm rdmacd nbsb`pukcdm ndpdt `imdfdm lildm dkdt nimadm ldbc.

Ad`ldr 4:. Fdsbk Ygb Dmdkbsbs Utdtbe Utriss \dmacd Dtds

l. Ygb piruldfdm/pirpbmndfdm (nbspkdei`imt)

Ygb Nbspkdei`imt nbkdcucdm umtuc `imaitdfub lisdrmyd piruldfdm

limtuc pdnd rdmacd ydma nbdcbldtcdm hkif tiadmadm lildm. Lisdr

Li sdr myd piruldfdm

limtuc ydma tirgdnb pdnd rdmacd nbtumguccdm hkif chni ydma lirwdrmd `irdf,

ndm wdrmd lbru `imumuguccdm ticdmdm ydma tirimndf, nbcitdfub ldfwd lisdr

piruldfdm `dcsb`u` ydma tirgdnb pdnd nbsdbm rdmacd dndkdf silisdr >,<<: ``

ydma nbtumguccdm hkif chni ticdmdm lirwdrmd `irdf, ndm piruldfdm ticdmdm

tirciebk pdnd nbsdbm rdmacd

rdmacd ydbtu 4,:: `` ydma nbtumguccdm hkif ticdmdm ydma

lirwdrmd lbru. Zdnd Ad`ldr 44 (kicucdm pdnd fdsbk sb`ukdsb `hnik ardo
ardobs
bs tbndc

`imumguccdm kicucdm dctudk ydma dcdm tirgdnb pdnd rdmacd, md`um fdmyd

`imumgucdm ci`umacbmdm kicucdm tirlisdr ydma ndpdt tirgdnb pdnd rdmacd

lirndsdrcdm phsbsb pikitdcdm lildm).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 56

Ad`ldr 44. Fdsbk Ygb Dmdkbsbs Utdtbe Nbspkdei`imt \dmacd Dtds

e. Ygb odethr ho sdoity (OhU)

Ygb OhU lirtugudm umtuc `ima

`imaitdfub
itdfub tbmacdt cid`dmdm pdnd sudtu rdmacd

sifbmaad rdmacd tirsilut d`dm umtuc nbaumdcdm

nbaumdcdm sildadb pimdfdm
pimdfdm sudtu lildm.
lildm.
Nbsdbm rdmacd nbcdtdcdm d`dm umtuc nbaumdcdm gbcd lisdr OhU kilbf ndrb <,

si`dcbm lisdr dmacd odethr cid`dmdmmyd `dcd dkdt tirilut si`dcbm cudt.

Lirndsdrcdm ugb sb`ukdsb ydma nbkdcucdm, nbcitdfub

nbcitdfub ldfwd
ldfwd mbkdb OhU rdmacd

dndkdf 5,96 ydma

ydma nbtumguccdm hkif chni wdrmd `irdf pdnd Ad`ldr 44. @dcd

ndpdt nbsb`pukcdm ldfwd nisdbm rdmacd d`dm umtuc nbaumdcdm.

Ad`ldr 4<. Fdsbk Ygb Dmdkbsbs Odethr ho Udoity \dmacd Dtds

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 CIUB@ZYKDM NDM UD\DM

Cisb`pukdm

Lirndsdrcdm ugbsb`ukdsb `hnik ardobs dkdt ydma nbkdcucdm, pdnd pi`ludtdm

`hnik ndm sb`ukdsb dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur
gd `ur tbrd` ydbtu7

4. Nbsdbm dkdt pimabsb ndm pi`dndt `inbd tdmd` gd`ur tbrd` bmb `i`bkbcb

nb`imsb rdmacd ydbtu nimadm pdmgdma 49: e`, tbmaab 1: e`, ndm kildr 2: e`.

<. Dkdt bmb siedrd sb`ukdsb ydma tikdf nbkdcucdm `i`bkbcb dmacd tiadmadm ydma

tirgdnb pdnd rdmacd ydbtu silisdr 42.12>.196 M/``<, ndm dmacd piruldfdm

limtuc ydma tirgdnb pdnd rdmacd ydbtu silisdr >,<< ``, sindmacdm dmacd

sdoity odethr ydma nbndpdt ydbtu silisdr 5,96, cdrimd fdsbk ticdmdm ydma

nblirbcdm kilbf ciebk ndrbpdnd tiadmadm `dcsb`u` ldfdm, sifbmaad tbndc

tirgdnb piruldfdm stdtbs ndm nbmd`bs pdnd rdmacd.

5. Uiedrd airdc dtdu cirgd

cirgd dkdt ydma nbkdcucdm pdnd seriw nimadm putdrdm

459,55 rp` ndm pbpd pimdfdm

pimdfdm >6,55 rp` `ikdkub `htbhm stuny, `dcd dkdt

ndpdt licirgd nimadm ldbc sisudb oumasb cirgd dkdt.

>. Nbsdbm dkdt bmb ndpdt `imgdnb rich`imndsb umtuc nbludt cindkd` limtuc mydtd

ydma lbsd nbdpkbcdsbcdm kdmasuma.

52

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

Udrdm

4. @i`pirtb`ldmacdm ch`phmim-ch`phmim ndkd` pirdcbtdm kbstrbc umtuc

pimadtur airdc lhkdc-ldkbc pdnd `hthr kbstrbc.

<. Zdnd sddt pbpd pimdfdm `imugu pbpd cikudrdm ndm `umnur cilikdcdma

sitikdf pimabsbdm ldakha ndrb pbpd cikudrdm seriw sildbcmyd tbndc lirputdr

dadr sirluc tbndc tirnhrhma cikudr.

>:

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 NDO^D\ ZYU^DCD

Dkixhphukus, E. G., @. Lkdsewik, dmn E. Q. @bms. 422?. Bmtrhnuethry @yehkhay

@yehkhay..
Ohurtf inbtbhm. Ghfm Qbkiy & Uhms. Miw Rhrc.

Ldrus, U. <:4?. Zrhard` Ub`ukdsb Zimaikhkddm ^rdcthr Ymtuc Zimahkdfdm ^dmdf

Nb Kdfdm Udwdf (Utunb Cdsus 7 Cied`dtdm Zirldumadm Cdlupdtim
Uirndma Lirndadb) SUcrbpsbP. Zrhard` Utunb Citicmbcdm Zirtdmbdm YUY.
@indm.

Likkittbmb, @. L., O. D. Obhrnd, F. D. @dbivis, A. K. ^ibxibrd, dmn Z. U. Fhrmuma.

<:4?. Odethrs Dooietbma @usfrhh` Zkiurhtus spp spp.. Udunb Ghurmdk ho
Lbhkhabedk Uebimeis 46 Niei`lir <:4?.

Efdma, U. ^. dmn @bkis. 4261. Inblki @usfrhh` dmn ^fibr Euktbvdtbhm.

Euktbvdtbhm. E\E
Zriss. Lhed \dthm Okhrbnd.

Efdma, C. F.<:45. Zrhnuet Zirohr`dmei Ivdkudtbhm Ysbma EDN/EDI,

EDN/EDI, tfi Eh`pu
tir Dbnin Imabmiirbma Nisbam Uirbis. Dedni`be Zriss, Iksivbir
Uebimei & ^iefmhkhay. 5: Ehrphrdti Nrbvi. Uubti >::. Lurkbmathm. @D
:46:5. BULM 216-:-4<-526>?:-2.
216-:-4<-526>?:-2.

Efdma, C. F. <:4>. Nymd`be Ub`ukdtbhm dmn @iefdmbs` Nisbam wbtf UhkbnQhrcs

@htbhm <:45. Uefrhoo Nivikhp`imt Ehrphrdtbhm. Z H Lhx 455>. @bssbhm.
CU ??<<<, BULM 216-4-969:5-2:<-2.
216-4-969:5-2:<-2.

Oduzb, @. <:4<. Zimadruf ^bad Gimbs @inbd ^dmd` Uirluc Cdyd ndm Zi`lirbdm
Zupuc Z pdnd Zrhnucsb Gd`ur ^brd` Zutbf ( Zkiurhtus hstridtus (vdr.)
Okhrbnd). Ucrbpsb Odcuktds Zirtdmbdm Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd, @indm.

Aumdwdm, D. Q. <::>. Ysdfd Zi`lblbtdm Gd`ur. Zimildr Uwdndyd. Gdcdrtd. Fdk

45.

Bmnrdwdm.<:4:. Ubsti`, @hnik ndm Ub`ukdsb nbdcsis ndrb

fttp7//bmnrdddwdm.lkha.ums.de.bn S41 @drit <:4?P.

Bsmdwdm, F. F. <::5. ^icmhkhab Lbhprhpsis Zi`lblbtdm ndm Zrhnucsb Gd`ur
^brd`Ymtuc Zimbmacdtdm Mbkdb ^d`ldf Zirtdmbdm. Zrhsbnbma Ui`bmdr
^icmhkhab umtuc Miairb <::5. _hk. BB 7 4<5-4<?.

Gikbtd, A. D. <:4?. Dpkbcdsb @hthr DE pdnd Dkdt Zimaipris Ldakha Gd`ur

Hth`dtbs. Gurmdk ^icmbc Ikictrh. Odcuktds ^icmbc Rhaydcdrtd.Rhaydcdrtd.

Kutob, @., A. D. Gikbtd, _. G. Zrdlhwh, O. ^. Dmdmnd, ndm U. Zrdnbcd. <:49. I-KHA

(Idsy Ldakha) Dkdt Zimaipriss Ldakha Gd`ur Hth`dtbs Ymtuc
@imbmacdtcdm Zrhnucsb Gd`ur. Zikbtd Gurmdk ^icmbc Ikictrh._hku`i V.
Mh`hr <. Daustus <:49<:49 fdk 4:1.

>4

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 ><

Zdrkbmnumadm, D. C. <::5. Cdrdctirbstbc Zirtu`lufdm ndm Zrhnucsb Gd`ur ^brd`

Zutbf (Zkihrhtus hstridtus)
hstridtus) ndm Gd`ur ^brd` Cikdlu ( Zkiurhtus sdghr
Edgu)) pdnd Ldakha Dkdma-Dkdma. Ucrbpsb Odpirtd. Ymbvirsbtds \bdu. Zicdm
Edgu
ldru.

Zrdlhwh, _. G. ndm Dmndmd,

Dmndmd, O. ^. <:49. I-KHA (Idsy Ldakha) Dkdt Zimaipriss
Ldakha Gd`ur Hth`dtbs Ymtuc @imbmacdtcdm Zrhnucsb Gd`ur. Zikbtd
Gurmdk ^icmbc Ikictrh. _hku`i V 7 (<) 4:6.

Zrdth`h, @. ndm Brwdmth. 4265. Dkdt ndm @isbm Zirtdmbdm Nipdrti`im

Zimnbnbcdm ndm Cilundyddm, Gdcdrtd.

Zurlh, @. U. <:4<. Zikdtbfdm^icmbc Lunbndyd Gd`ur Inblikldab @dsydrdcdt

Zdsed Irupsb @irdpb. @dtirb ZikdtbfdmZZ@ Bl@ <:4<.

\dmtdwb, D. L. <:41. Zirdmedmadm Ymbt ^rdmsoir (Ueriw Ueriw Ehmviyhr) pdnd

@isbm Zimabsb Zhkblda Ymtuc @imbmacdtcdm Ioictbvbtds Zi`lblbtdm.
Gurmdk Ebtrd Qbnyd Inucdsb. Licdsb.

\unbdmsydf, D. \. <:4<. Nbsdbm ^rdmsphrtir ^dmndm Ludf Uiadr (^LU) Cikdpd

Udwbt ^bpi ^ric Cdyu.SUcrbpsbP Bmstbtut Zirtdmbdm Lhahr. Lhahr.

Ubmdad,Zrdndmd.
G. A., N. <:49.
Z. Edfydmbma, @. Fdrbyhab,
Zi`hnikdm A. C. Gurmdk
ndm Ub`ukdsb. Z. Drydnbmdtd,
^icmbc ndm Z. C. D.
Bmohr`dtbcd.
Odcuktds @dti`dtbcd ndm Bk`u Zimaitdfudm. Ymbvirsbtds Yndydmd. Lucbt
Gb`ldrdm. fttp7//www.dedni`bd.inu/pi`hnikdmndmsb`ukdsb.eh`
fttp7//www.dedni`bd.inu/pi`hnikdmndmsb`ukdsb.eh`..
SNbdcsis pdnd tdmaadk 4 oilrudrb <:46P.

Upbvdchvscy, D. H. dmn _. Nydefchv. 42??. Ehmviyhrs dmn \ikdtin Iqubp`imt .

@hsehw. pidei Zulkbsfirs. Fdk. <??-<1>
<??-<1>

Uu`dmth. 4225. @hthr Kbstrbc Drus Lhkdc-Ldkbc. Rhaydcdrtd. Dmnb Hoosit.

Hoo sit.

Uu`drsbf, U. <:4:. @bcrhkhab Ndsdr. Ymbvirsbtds Zi`ldmaumdm Mdsbhmdk _itirdm

Rhaydcdrtd.

Uuprdptb, U. <::>. Zimdmd`dm Gd`ur ^brd`. Zusdt Zimikbtbdm ndm Zimai`ldmadm

^icmhkhab Fdsbk Futdm. Lhahr.

Uurbdwbrbd, Y. 4262. Zimadmtdr Ymtuc @imaimdk ndm @imdmd` Gd`ur . Ldmnuma.

Dmacdsd Ldmnuma.

Ykk`dm, N. A. 422<. ^fi @iefdmbedk Nisbam Zrheiss. Miw Rhrc. @e. Ardw-Fbkk,
Bme.

Y`mbydtbi, U. D., N. Zrd`bdnb, ndm _. Fimufbkb. <:45. Lunbndyd Gd`ur ^brd`

(Zkiuritus sp.) Uildadb Dktirmdtbo Ysdfd Ldab @dsydrdcdt Bmhtic. _hk 41 7
< (4?5).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 >5

Qbnhnh, U. ndm M. Uityh. <::6. Zirfbtumadm Cicudtdm \dmacd Zdnd Chmtrucsb

@isbm Zi`ludt Zicit (Zdcdm Bcdm) Nimadm Zimaairdc @hthr Kbstrbc.
Gurusdm^icmbc Ymbvirsbtds ^bndr. @daikdma.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 KD@ZB\DM

Kd`pbrdm 4. Okhwefdrt pimikbtbdm

@ukdb

Bnimtbobcdsb `dsdkdf

Zimai`ldmadm ndm piru`usdm bni Ndtd pimnucuma

`hnik dkdt

Zimitdpdm `icdmbs`i

Chmsiptudk ad`ldr

Dmdkbsbs rdmedmadm \u`us Zirfbtumadm

Ad`ldr ticmbc

^bndc

Ub`ukdsb Ub`ukdsb rdmedmadm `imaaumdcdm Ub`ukdsb stdtbe

airdc shkbnwhrcs

_dkbn

Rd

Zi`ludtdm pi`hnikdm dkdt

Uikisdb

>>

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 >9

Kd`pbrdm <. Zirfbtumadm \dmedmadm Dkdt

4. \dmedmadm fhppir
\dmedmadm Fhppir nb`ukdb ndrb pirfbtumadm `dssd gimbs ldfdm nimadm

ldmtudm wdndf edt <9 ca, dndpum gu`kdf ldakha ydma bmabm nbpirhkif ndrb

ndyd td`puma fhppir ydbtu, sildmydc 5: ludf nimadm lirdt `dsbma-`dsbma

4,9 ca,
ca, `dcd nbrimedmdcdm umtuc
umtuc ndyd td`puma fhppir silisdr >9 ca,
ca, ydma

nbdsu`sbcdm nimadm `imaaumdcdm wdndf edt sildadb lirbcut7

5: e`

51 e`

Ad`ldr 45. Dsu`sb cdkima edt

_   r< t

_ 0 5,4> (49)< (51)

Q 0 :,6 ca

Qt 04:,6 ca

Ql 0 4: ca

@dssd gimbs ldfdm 0 4:::: ar/ <?4>:,9 e`5 0 :,56<9 ar/e`5

Cdpdsbtds ydma nb bmabmcdm ndrb Fhppir 0 >9 ca 0 >9.::: ar

_hku`i ^htdk Fhppir 0 >9.::: :,56<9 ar/e`5 0 441?>1,:?

>9.::: ar 7 :,56<9 441?>1,:? e`5

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 >?

Nb`imsb Fhppir

Ad`ldr 4>. Ldabdm fhppir

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 >1

 _ pirsiab 0 U5 0 5:5 0<1.::: 7 < 0 45.9:: e` 5

 _ kb`ds tirpdmeuma 0 4/5 t (K4 + K< +  ― )

4 <

Nb`dmd K4 0 kuds DLEN , K< 0 kuds IOAF, t 0 tbmaab

K40 5: x 5: 0 2::

K<0 1: x 1: 0 >.2::

t 0 95,:?><4

_ 0 4/5 95,:?><4 (2:: + >.2:: + >2::

2::-2:: )

∗
0 41,?66:1 (96:: + >:::
>:::))

0 41,?66:1 ( 96:: + ?5,<>9)

0 41,?66:1 (96?5,<>9)

0 4:5.1:2,>61 e`5

 @imedrb vhku`i trdpisbu` nb ndkd` pirsiab

_ 0 ° (d+l) x tp x t

_ 0 ° (5: + 9) x 9 x 9 0 >51,9 e` 5

Gdnb, dndpum gu`kdf thtdk vhku`i pdnd pirsiab ydbtu 45.9:: + >51,9

0 45251,9 e`5 cdrimd gu`kdf thtdk vhku`i pirsiab <1.:::, `dcd

<1.::: “ 45.251,9 0 45.:?<,9 e`5 bmbkdf gu`kdf vhku`i ydma fbkdma ndrb pirsiab,

`dcd umtuc `imndpdtcdm thtdk ydma fbkdma `dcd fdrus nbmdbccdm dtdu nblisdrcdm

dmacd pdnd ldmaum nbdtds ydbtu nimadm `i`ludt piruldfdm pdnd dmacd nb

trdpisbu` dtds sipirtb fbtumadm nbdtds. @dcd dnd pum gu`kdf vhku`i ydma

nbbmabmcdm ydbtu 441.?>1,:? e`5 dtdu sicbtdr >9 ca (45,251,9 e` 5 + 4:5,1:2.>61

e`5 0 441.?>?,26 e`5).

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 >6

<. Fbtumadm Ueriw

Dndpum cdpdsbtds ydma nbrimedmdcdm ydbtu <1: ca/gd`, nb `dmd sitbdp 4

`imbt ndpdt `imafdsbkcdm 5 ludf ldakha, umtuc `imimtucdm nbd`itir seriw

ndm gdrdc pbtef ndrb seriw `dcd nbkdcucdm pirfbtumadm sildadb lirbcut7

N0 
5 >
?:   :,6 m   E

Nimadm7

N0 nbd`itir seriw (`itir)

T 0 cdpdsbtds ydma nbpirkucdm (ca /gd`)

m 0 putdrdm phrhs (rp`)

 0 khdnbma ioobebimey
5

0 lirdt gimbs (ca/` )

Nb`dmd7

T0 <1: ca/gd`

M0 459,55 rp`

0:,4<9

0?41,:521 ca/`5

E0 :,2

5 >  <1:
N0
 ?:  5.4>  :.6  459.555  :.4<9  ?41.:521  :,2

N0 
5 
4.>49.625,95

N0 :,:2451 `

@dcd nbpirhkif nbd`itir seriw silisdr :,:2451 ` dtdu silisdr 2,45 e`.

5. Zirsd`ddm umtuc
umtuc `imimtucdm gdrdc dmtdrd pbtef

Dadr ldfdm ndpdt tirldwd umtuc pimabsbdm pkdstbe ldakha, `dcd nbtimtucdm

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

 >2

gdrdc dmtdrd pbtef seriw nimadm pirsd`ddm7

U 0 :,6 x N

U 0 :,6 x 2,45 0 1,5:> e`

`dcd nbpirhkif gdrdc dmdtdrd pbtef seriw silisdr 1,5:> e` lirndsdrcdm

pirfbtumadm.

>. Zirsd`ddm ydma nbaumdcdm umtuc `imimtucdm ndyd `hthr ydma nbpirkucdm7
M: 0
  

Nb`dmd7

T 0 cdpdsbtds ydma nbrimedmdcdm (ca/gd`)

K 0 pdmgdma seriw (`itir)

Q: 0 odethr aisicdm (>,: umtuc aypsu`, ku`pydtdu obmi, nry ekdy, edkebu`

edrlhmdti, ohumnry sdmn, sukpfur , si`im, dlu.)

M: 0
    

M: 0 4,1 cw

9. \dmedmadm \dmacd

Zdmgdma rdmacd 0 49: e`

^bmaab dkdt 0 1: e`

Kildr dkdt 0 2:e`

Gimbs ndm ucurdm lisb 0 lisb sbcu >: x >: x > ``

Zirfbtumadm cicudtdm ldfdm nimadm `iruldf ca ci M ndm `iruldf e` ci

``, ydma `dmd 4 ca 0 2,6 M ndm 4 e` 0 4: ``

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

9:
 4>1(f4) 4>1(f<)

D E N L

5:: 5:: 5::

\D sdtudm `` \L

∔o 0 :

∔oy 0 :

\D “ F4“ F< + \L 0 :

\D ― 4>1 M ― 4>1 M + \L 0 :

\D + \L 0 4>1M + 4>1 M

0 <2> M

d. Ymtuc `imimtucdm
`imimtucdm adyd pdnd tu`pudm
tu`pudm \D ndm \L `dcd nbdsu`sbcdm
nbdsu`sbcdm

gu`kdf `h`im adyd pdnd tbtbc D 0 :

∔@D 0 :

F4 x KDE + F< x KDN ― \L x KDL

4>1 M x 5:: `` + 4>1

4 >1 M  ?:: `` “ 2:: \L M`` 0 :

>>.4:: M`` + 66.<:: M`` “ 2:: \L M`` 0 :

45<.5:: M`` “ 2:: \L M`` 0 :

2:: \L M`` 0 45<.5:: M``

M``

\L 0
45<.5::
2:: 

\L 0 4>1 M

\D 0 <2> M ― 4>1 M 04>1 M

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

94
l. @imimtucdm cisitb`ldmadm adyd ndkd` dtdu lildm `dcs nimadm sundf

`imaitdfub adyd ydma tirgdnb pdnd lildm \D ndm \L. @imedrb `h`im

ydma tirgdnb pdnd tbtbc E ydma `dmd tirndpdt adyd ydma licirgd ydbtu F4

0 4>1 M ndm tirndpdt gdrdc tbtbc D `imugu E sipdmgdma 5:: ``.

∔@e 0 \D x K DE

0 4>1 M x 5::

0 >>.4:: M ``

e. @imimtucdm `h`im ydma tirgdnb pdnd tbtbc N ydbtu nima

nimadm
dm `i`dsuccdm

si`ud adyd ydma tirgdnb `ukdb ndrb tbtbc D ci tbtbc N ndm `i`dsuccdm

adyd ydma tirgdnb pdnd adyd

∔@n 0 \D x KDE ― F4 x 5::

0 4>1 x 5:: ― 4>1 x 5::

0:

n. @imimtucdm `h`im pdnd tbtbc L nimadm `i`dsuccdm si`ud adyd ydma

tirgdnb `ukdb ndrb tbtbc D sd`pdb tbtbc L ndm `i`dsuccdm gdrdcmyd

∔@l 0 \D x KDL ―F4 x KEL ― F< x KNL

0 4>1 x 2:: ― 4>1 x ?:: ― 4>1 x 5::

0 45<.5::
45<.5:: - 66.<:: ― >>.4::

Ldfdm ydma nbaumdcdm dndkdf lisb sbcu DBUB >5>: U^IIK nimadm

nb`imsb >: x >: x > `.

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

9<
Nimadm @h`im Bmirsbd7

Ad`ldr 49. Nb`imsb Zkdt Lisb Ubcu

D4 V4 0 << D< V< 0 <

(4>>) R4 0 56 (4?:) R< 0 <:

Chhrnbmdt (^btbc Lirdt)

4 D4 + < D< 54?6 + 5<:

Dlsbs (V) 0 0 0 44,>1
D4 + D< 4>>+4?:

4 D4 + < D< 9>1< + 5<::

Dlsbs (R) 0 0 0 <6,9<?
D4 + D< 4>>+4?:

V 0 44,>1

R 0 <6,95

Zirpbmndfdm ^btbc Lirdt

Uu`lu V Uu`lu R

d4 0 << “ 44,>10 4:,95 L4 0 56 “ <6,95 0 2,>1

d< 0 < “ 44,>1 0 2,>1 L< 0 <: “ <6,95 0 6,95

Ymbvirsbtds Uu`dtird Ytdrd

95
 Bmirsbd ^irfdndp Uu`lu V

5 5
lt lt
Ldabdm 4 0 Bx4 0 + L4< D4 Ldabdm < 0 + l<< D<
4< 4<

5 5
>: (>) >: (>)
0 + (2,>1<) (4>>) 0 + (6,95<) (4?:)
4< 4<

0 <45,55 + 62,?6 x 4>> 0 <45.55 + 1<,1? x 4?:

0 <45,55 + 4<.245,2< 0 <45,55 + 44.?>4,?

0 45.4<1,<9 ``> 0 44.69>,25 ``>

Bx 0 Bx4 + Bx<

045.4<1,<9 + 44.69>,25

0 <>.26<,46 ``>

Bmirsbd ^irfdndp Uu`lu R

tl5 tl5
Ldabdm 4 0 By4 0 + d4< D4 Ldabdm < 0 By<0 + d<< D<
4< 4<

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