Active Recreation: Sports
coordination.
Individual and Dual Sports
Recreation
● These are activities that individuals can do
when they have spare time.
● reading, playing board games, and singing
a song.
● The body is not required to move physically
to do these activities.
Active Recreation
● These activities make the heart beat more
quickly, so they can improve cardiovascular
health.
● They are generally carried out for fun and
enjoyment.
● The physical activity pyramid recommends
engaging in active recreation for at least 20
minutes, three to six days a week.
Badminton
● To hit the shuttlecock over the net and place
it in the designated court area.
- builds cardiovascular fitness
- Speed
- eye-hand coordination
- Agility
- reaction time
Bowling
● set of bowling pins and a ball.
● to use a ball to knock down the bowling
pins.
● In 1905, Rubber Duckpin bowling was
invented by Willam Wuerthele of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
● When a player attempts to roll the ball
forward in this sport, he or she gains
strength and improves hand-eye
coordination.
Gymnastics
● This sport helps people become more
flexible, as well as become stronger and
develop endurance.
● It improves balance, power, and
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778 1852)-
● Father of Modern Gymnastics
● In 1881 gymnastics became an “organized
sport” when the Bureau of the European
Gymnastics Federation, which would later
become the International Gymnastics
Federation (FIG), was formed
Artistic Gymnastics
Men’s Artistic gymnastics - Floor exercise,
Pommel horse, Still Rings, Vault, Parallel bars,
Horizontal bar
Women’s Artistic Gymnastic – Vault, Uneven
bars, Balance beam, Floor exercise
skill-related fitness components such as balance,
power, and coordination are also developed
through gymnastics.
Rhythmic Gymnastics
Involves performing routines and skills while
playing music.
Rhythmic gymnastics is governed by the
International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), which
first recognized it as a sport in 1963. It became an
Olympic sport in 1984, with an individual all-around
event
Swimming
● There are four swimming events: freestyle,
backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly.
- It improves cardiovascular fitness and
muscle endurance.
- It also develops speed, coordination, and
response time.
Stockholm Olympics
Tennis
● Invented in Birmingham, England.
● It involves hitting the ball back and forth
across the court.
This sport improves the following fitness
components:
cardiovascular fitness
muscular strength
endurance
flexibility
agility
speed
response time
hand-eye coordination
BASKETBALL
Basketball game
Basketball is played by 2 teams of 5 players each.
The aim of each team is to score in the opponents'
basket and to prevent the other team from scoring.
The game is conducted by the referees, table
officials and a commissioner, if present.
Basket: opponents'/own
The basket that is attacked by a team is the
opponents' basket and the basket which is
defended by a team is its own basket.
Winner of a game
The team that has scored the greater number of
points at the end of playing time shall be the
winner.
A basketball game typically lasts 10-12 minutes per
quarter. 2:30 will be permitted between the first and
second periods, the third and fourth periods and
before any overtime period. There’s also an
additional 15 minutes for halftime. It is hard to tell
how long a basketball game actually is because the
clock stops everytime there is a foul. There are also
instances where the game extends for 5 minutes
due to ties in scores.
History of Basketball
Who invented basketball?
-By Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian-
30 years old when he invented “basket ball”
When was basketball invented?
-during the cold winter of December 1891.
Where was basketball invented?
-YMCA International Training School, now known
as Springfield College in Springfield,
Massachusetts.
Students were getting bored during the winter since
they have nothing to spend their energy on. The
sports baseball and football cannot be played
because it was too cold outside and too dangerous
to play indoors. The school tasked Naismith to
create a new indoor sport to keep the students in
shape.
Consisted of peach baskets and a soccer-style ball,
the objective of the game was to throw the
basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower
railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was
scored, the game was stopped so that the janitor
could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball; until a
small hole was put in the bottom of the peach
basket to poke the ball out using a stick.
On December 21, 1891, in the Armory Street Court,
the first ever basketball game was played.
The first official game was played in the YMCA
gymnasium in Albany, New York, on January 20,
1892, with nine players. The game ended at 1–0;
the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court
just half the size of a present-day Streetball or
National Basketball Association (NBA) court.
13 Original Rules by Naismith
1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one
or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one
or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball, the player must
throw it from the spot on which he catches it, with
allowance to be made for a man who catches the
ball when running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands,
the arms or body must not be used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or
striking in any way the person of an opponent shall
be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any
person shall count as a foul, the second shall
disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if there
was evident intent to injure the person, for the
whole of the game, no substitute.
6. A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of
rules 3 and 4, and such as
described in rule
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it
shall count a goal for opponents.
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or
batted from grounds into the
basket and stays there. If the ball rests on the edge
and the opponent moves the basket it shall count
as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be
thrown into the field and played by the person first
touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall
throw it straight into the field. The "thrower-in" is
allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer it shall go
to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the
game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.
10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and
shall note the fouls, and notify
the referee when three consecutive fouls have
been made.
11. The referee shall be the judge of the ball and
shall decide when the ball is in play, in-bounds, and
to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time.
He shall decide when a goal has been made and
keep account of the goals with any other duties that
are usually performed by a referee.
12. The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with
five-minute rests
between.
13. The side making the most goals in that time
shall be declared the
winner. In the case of a draw, the game may, by
agreement of the
captains, be continued until another goal is made.
HISTORY
Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith
College when Senda Berenson, a physical
education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for
women.
A soccer ball (football) was used for the first two
years. In 1894 the first basketball was marketed. It
was laced, measured close to 32 inches (81 cm), or
about 4 inches (10 cm) larger than the soccer ball,
in circumference, and weighed less than 20 ounces
(567 grams).
Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and
backboards introduced. In 1894 the soccer ball was
replaced by a ball Naismith contacted Spalding to
make.
The first public basketball game was played in
Springfield, Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.
In 1909 the first international match was held in
Saint Petersburg: Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a
YMCA American team.
Formation of Fiba
June 18, 1932, a real international organization was
formed, to coordinate tournaments and teams. The
representatives of the 8 national federations
founded the International Basketball Federation
(Fédération internationale de basketball amateur,
FIBA) in Geneva.
Its work was fundamental for the first inclusion of
basketball in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936.
The WNBA
In 1917, women began their own professional
league, The Women’s National Basketball
Association (WNBA)
The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was
founded on June 6, 1946, in New York City. The
league adopted the name National Basketball
Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging with the
rival National Basketball League (NBL).
Then in 1954, the 24-second shot clock was
introduced. This was done to increase the speed of
the game, by forcing the team with the basketball to
shoot the ball before the 24-second timer is up.
Finally, the NBA introduced the three-point line, in
the 1979–1980 season. This was done to spread
out the players, which were predominantly playing
underneath the basket at this time as well as add a
further degree of difficulty to the game.
Air ball - a shot that completely misses the rim and
the backboard
Jump Ball – is used to start the game
Assist - a pass to a teammate who then scores a
field goal.
Defense - team trying to stop the other team from
scoring
Dunk - to throw the ball down into the basket with
the hand above the level of the rim
Fast break - dribbling or passing the ball towards
your basket before the defense can set up
Man-to-man - a defensive strategy where everyone
guards an assigned player
Offense - team trying to score
Turn over - any loss of the ball without a shot being
taken
Shot Clock
EQUIPMENTS
According to the rules established by FIBA,
basketball standards that are met include:
The size of the ball must match the conditions of
the game. The sizes of basketball that suit the class
are:
Ball size 7 for ages 14 up to boy seniors
Ball size 6 for ages 14 up to girl seniors
Ball size 5 for boys and girls aged 13 and under
The ball material is made of rubber and covered by
synthetic leather or it can be rubber.
Ball weights are in the range of 600 grams to 650
grams.
Court
The court shall have a flat, hard surface free from
obstructions (Diagram 1) with dimensions of 28 m
in length by 15 m in width measured from the inner
edge of the boundary line.
Floor
The floor shall include the court area surrounded by
a further boundary lane free from obstructions with
a minimum of 2 m (Diagram 2). Therefore the floor
shall have dimensions of a minimum of 32 m in
length by a minimum of 19 m in width.
Backcourt
A team's backcourt consists of its team's own
basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and that
part of the court limited by the endline behind its
own basket, the sidelines and the centre line.
Frontcourt
A team's frontcourt consists of the opponents'
basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and that
part of the court limited by the endline behind the
opponents' basket, the sidelines and the inner edge
of the centre line nearest to the opponents' basket.
Sidelines - The outer edge of the court is denoted
by the sidelines, which run the length of the court.
On a full-sized court they measure 28m.
Baselines and endline - The terms baseline and
endline both refer to the ends of the court running
behind the goals. Typically they measure 15m.
Endline is the term for the end of the court which a
team is defending, baseline is the for the attacking
end.
Mid court - This is the halfway mark on the court
and is used to denote the offensive playing area
during a game. On a full-sized court, the mid court
line would be 14m from each endline.
Centre circle - Used for the opening tip off, the
center circlehas a 3.6m diameter.
Three point line - The three-point lines are the
arcs that mark a range boundary from each hoop.
Scoring from outside this line is worth three points.
The distance of the line will vary depending on the
level of game, but is typically 6.75m from the
basket.
Free throw line -The free throw line, marked 4.6m
from the backboard, is the mark at which a player
must stand when shooting free throws.
Free throw circle - The free throw circle is the
same size as the centre circle (3.6m in diameter).
Shooters must stay inside this circle when taking a
free throw. The circle is also used for jump balls.

(the area closest to the basket) helps create

Center – pivot balance within an offense.
The center is the tallest player (close to 7ft) on
each team, playing near the basket. On offense,
the center tries to score on close shots and
rebound. But on defense, the center tries to block
opponents’ shots and rebound their misses. The
presence of a center who can score in the low post
Power Forward
The power forward does many of the things a
center does, playing near the basket while
rebounding and defending taller players. But power
forwards also take longer shots than centers. The
power forward is often the team's most powerful
and dependable scorer, being able to score close to
the basket while also being able to shoot mid-range
jump shots from 10 – 15 feet from the basket.
Power forwards are also very crafty and have to be
versatile on both offense and defense but not as
much as a small forward. The power forward is
essentially a bigger and stronger version of the
small forward but not generally as tall or as long as
the center.
Small Forward
The small forward plays against small and large
players. They roam all over on the court. Small
forwards can score from long shots and close ones.
The most versatile of the main five basketball
positions.
Versatility is key for small forwards due to the
nature of their role, which resembles that of a
shooting guard more often than that of a small
forward. This is why the small forward and
shooting guard positions are often used
interchangeably
and referred to as wings.
Point Guard
The point guard runs the offense and usually is the
team’s best dribbler and passer. The point guard
defends the opponent’s point guard and tries to
steal the ball. Shortest player, In the NBA, point
guards are mostly between 5 feet 10 inches (1.78
m) and 6 feet 4 inches (1.93 m). They usually are
very fast and are good at driving and short-range.
Therefore, they often lead their team in assists and
are able to create shots for themselves and their
teammates.
Shooting Guard
The shooting guard is usually the team’s best
shooter. The shooting guard can make shots from
long distance and also is a good dribbler. A key
aspect of being a shooting guard is having the
ability to patiently and methodically circulate the
three-point line linear with that of the ball. This
allows the ability to correctly get into open space for
other positions handling the ball.
Skills in Basketball
1. Dribbling
Dribbling is maneuvering a ball by one player while
moving in a given direction, avoiding defenders'
attempts to intercept the ball.
High Bounce
used when you are trying to move the ball
up the court very quickly. You will see high dribbles
after steals and during fast-break opportunities
Change of Pace
used to cause your defender to lose his balance as
you move the ball forward with a high dribble
Crossover
If your defender is making a strong attempt to
prevent you from going right or left, using a
crossover dribble can be effective.
Between the Legs
used to go past a defender who is over playing you
Behind the Back
If you want to change directions while keeping a
good view of the entire court, a behind the back
dribble can be effective
2. Shooting
Shooting is the most essential basketball skill
because it directly causes scoring which
determines outcomes of games.
Dunk
A dunk, or slam dunk, is an offensive shot attempt
in which a player scores a two-point field goal by
jumping into the air and slamming the ball into the
net while touching the rim of the basket with one or
two hands
Free throw
A free throw, or foul shot, is an unguarded scoring
attempt made at the free-throw line, a line on the
basketball court located fifteen feet from the net.
Jumpshot
Jump shots are best for mid-range to long-range
shots.
Lay Up
One of the also most basic shots, especially within
a short range of the basket.
Three-point shot
three-pointer—is an essential shot made out side
the three-point line, the arc situated twenty-two feet
from the net.
3. Passing
Passing in basketball is the act of throwing the ball
to a teammate. One player will try
to pass the ball to their teammate while the other
player tries to steal the ball and take it away.
Chest Pass
is named so because the pass originates from the
chest. It is thrown by gripping the ball on the sides
with the thumbs directly behind the ball. When the
pass is thrown, the fingers are rotated behind the
ball and the thumbs are turned down.
Bounce Pass
is thrown with the same motion however it is aimed
at the floor. It should be thrown far enough out that
the ball bounces waist-high to the receiver.
Overhead Pass
is often used as an outlet pass. Bring the ball
directly above your forehead with both hands on
the side of the ball and follow through. Aim for the
teammate’s chin.
4. Defense
A basketball defense refers to the defensive
strategies, alignments, and positioning that a team
uses to prevent the opposing offense from scoring
baskets. In basketball, good defense requires
quickness, footwork, and a deep understanding of
the fundamentals.
5. Rebounding
A rebound is credited to a team when it gains
possession of the ball after any missed shot that is
not cleared by a single player.
An offensive rebound is when offensive players
regain possession of the ball after a missed shot.
In contrast, defensive rebounds occur when
defensive players gain possession of the ball after
an offensive player misses the shot.
6. Pivoting
Pivoting is an action the ball-handler can take by
rotating around on a pivot foot without picking it up.
Basketball
players are not allowed to move with the ball unless
they are dribbling so they must always keep at least
one foot established on the ground when holding
the ball. This is called their pivot foot and players
can pivot this foot as much as needed. Their foot is
free to step and move but the pivot foot must
maintain contact with the ground.
Categories of Fouls
A foul in basketball is a rule-breaking action that
results in a loss of possession and possible free
throws. Categories of fouls include:
Personal foul - a foul that is physical in nature, like
grabbing or pushing.
Flagrant foul - a foul that involves extraordinary
violent contact with an opposing player or a
dangerous, non-basketball play.
Technical foul - a foul that is unsportsmanlike,
including screaming at the referee or an opponent.
In the NBA, if a player commits 6 fouls in a game,
they are disqualified from playing for the rest of the
game.
Fouls are different from rule violations. A foul
counts towards a player or a team’s overall foul
count, while a rule violation will only typically result
in a turnover. Violations such as shot-clock
violations, 3-second violations, and traveling do not
count as fouls.
Blocking - A blocking foul is called when one
player uses their body to prevent the movement of
another player. This is often called when the
defensive player is trying to draw a charge, but
does not have their feet set or initiates the contact.

Hand Check - A hand check foul is called when a

player uses their hands to impede or slow the
movement of another player. This is usually called
on the defensive player covering the player with the
ball on the perimeter.

Illegal Hand Use - This foul is called for any use of

the hands-on another player that the referee thinks
is illegal. It's generally called when you hit another
player on the arm during shooting or when trying to
steal the ball.

Moving Screen - A moving screen is called when

the player setting the pick or screen is moving.
When setting a screen you have to stand still and
maintain position. Sliding a bit over to block your
opponent will cause a moving screen foul to be
called.

Over the Back - This foul is called when

rebounding. If one player has position, the other
player is not allowed to jump up over their back to
try and get the ball. This is called on both offensive
and defensive players.