CHAPTER 9 CARTESIAN AND POLAR CO-ORDINATES

EXERCISE 48 Page 114

1. Express (3, 5) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in radians.

From the diagram, = 5.83

and = 59.04 or rad = 1.03 rad

Hence, (3, 5) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (5.83, 59.04) or (5.83, 1.03 rad)

in polar co-ordinates.

2. Express (6.18, 2.35) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in

radians.

From the diagram, = 6.61

and = 20.82 or rad = 0.36 rad

Hence, (6.18, 2.35) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (6.61, 20.82) or (6.61, 0.36 rad)

in polar co-ordinates.

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3. Express (- 2, 4) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in radians.

From the diagram, = 4.47

and = 63.43

Thus,  = 180 -  = 116.57 or rad = 2.03 rad

Hence, (-2, 4) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (4.47, 116.57) or (4.47, 2.03 rad)

in polar co-ordinates.

4. Express (- 5.4, 3.7) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in

radians.

From the diagram, = 6.55

and = 34.42

Thus,  = 180 -  = 145.58 or rad = 2.54 rad

Hence, (-5.4, 3.7) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (6.55, 145.58) or (6.55, 2.54 rad)

in polar co-ordinates.

5. Express (- 7, - 3) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in

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 radians.

From the diagram, = 7.62

and = 23.20

Thus,  = 180 + 23.20 = 203.20 or rad = 3.55 rad

Hence, (-7, -3) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (7.62, 203.20) or (7.62, 3.55 rad)

in polar co-ordinates.

6. Express (- 2.4, - 3.6) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in

radians.

From the diagram, = 4.33

and = 56.31

Thus,  = 180 + 56.31 = 236.31 or rad = 4.12 rad

Hence, (- 2.4, - 3.6) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (4.33, 236.31) or

(4.33, 4.12 rad) in polar co-ordinates.

7. Express (5, - 3) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in

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 radians.

From the diagram, = 5.83

and = 30.96

Thus,  = 360 - 30.96 = 329.04 or rad = 5.74 rad

Hence, (5, - 3) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (5.83, 329.04) or (5.83, 5.74 rad) in

polar co-ordinates.

8. Express (9.6, - 12.4) as polar co-ordinates, correct to 2 decimal places, in both degrees and in

radians.

From the diagram, = 15.68

and = 52.25

Thus,  = 360 - 52.25 = 307.75 or rad = 5.37 rad

Hence, (9.6, -12.4) in Cartesian co-ordinates corresponds to (15.68, 307.75) or

(15.68, 5.37 rad) in polar co-ordinates.

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EXERCISE 49 Page 115

1. Express (5, 75) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

In the diagram, x = 5 cos 75 = 1.294 and y = 5 sin 75 = 4.830

Hence, (5, 75) in polar form corresponds to (1.294, 4.830) in Cartesian form.

2. Express (4.4, 1.12 rad) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

In the diagram, x = 4.4 cos 1.12 = 1.917 and y = 4.4 sin 1.12 = 3.960

Hence, (4.4, 1.12 rad) in polar form corresponds to (1.917, 3.960) in Cartesian form.

3. Express (7,140) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

In the diagram, x = 7 cos 140º = - 5.362 and y = 7 sin 140º = 4.500

Hence, (7,140) in polar form corresponds to (- 5.362, 4.500) in Cartesian form.

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4. Express (3.6, 2.5 rad) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

x = 3.6 cos 2.5 rad = - 2.884

y = 3.6 sin 2.5 rad = 2.154

Hence, (3.6, 2.5 rad) in polar form corresponds to (- 2.884, 2.154) in Cartesian form.

5. Express (10.8, 210) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

x = 10.8 cos 210 = -9.353

y = 10.8 sin 210 = -5.400

Hence, (10.8, 210) in polar form corresponds to (- 9.353, - 5.400) in Cartesian form.

6. Express (4, 4 rad) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

x = 4 cos rad = - 2.615

y = 4 sin 4 rad = - 3.027

Hence, (4, 4 rad) in polar form corresponds to (- 2.615, - 3.027) in Cartesian form.

7. Express (1.5, 300) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

x = 1.5 cos 300 = 0.750

y = 1.5 sin 300 = - 1.299

Hence, (1.5, 300) in polar form corresponds to (0.750, - 1.299) in Cartesian form.

8. Express (6, 5.5 rad) as Cartesian co-ordinates, correct to 3 decimal places.

x = 6 cos 5.5 rad = 4.252

y = 6 sin 5.5 rad = -4.233

Hence, (6, 5.5 rad) in polar form corresponds to (4.252, - 4.233) in Cartesian form.

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9. The diagram below shows 5 equally spaced holes on an 80 mm pitch circle diameter. Calculate

their co-ordinates relative to axes 0x and 0y in (a) polar form, (b) Cartesian form.

(c) Calculate also the shortest distance between the centres of two adjacent holes.

(a) In the diagram below, hole A is at an angle of 90 Hence, in polar form, hole A is 4090.

The holes will be equally displaced, i.e. 72 apart.

Thus, in polar form the holes are at (40, 90), (40, (90 + 72)), i.e. (40, 162),

(40, (162 + 72)), i.e. (40, 234), (40, (234 + 72)), i.e. (40, 306), and (40, (306 + 72)), i.e.

(40, 378) or (40, 18).

Summarising, the holes are at (40, 18), (40, 90), (40, 162), (40, 234) and (40, 306)

(b) (40, 18) = (40 cos 18, 40 sin 18) = (38.04, 12.36) in Cartesian form

(40, 90) = (40 cos 90, 40 sin 90) = (0, 40) in Cartesian form

(40, 162) = (40 cos 162, 40 sin 162) = (- 38.04, 12.36) in Cartesian form

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 (40, 234) = (40 cos 234, 40 sin 234) = (- 23.51, – 32.36) in Cartesian form

(40, 306) = (40 cos 306, 40 sin 306) = (23.51, - 32.36) in Cartesian form

(c) In triangle ABC in the above diagram, AC = 40 – 12.36 = 27.64, and BC = 38.04

Thus, by Pythagoras’ theorem, AB = = 47.0 mm

i.e. the shortest distance between the centres of two adjacent holes is 47.02 mm

EXERCISE 50 Page 116

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)

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