CHAPTER 62 EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS AND HALF-RANGE

FOURIER SERIES

EXERCISE 267 Page 679

1. Determine the Fourier series for the function defined by:

f(x) =

which is periodic outside of this range of period 2

The square wave shown is an even function since it is symmetrical about the f(x) axis.

Hence, the Fourier series is given by: f(x) = a +

(i.e. the series contains no sine terms)

a = =

= = + [(- ) - =0

a = =

950
 =

= =

When n is even, a = 0

When n is odd, a = for n = 1, 5, 9,...

and a = for n = 3, 7, 11,...

Hence, a1 = ,a = , a5 = , and so on

Hence the Fourier series for the above waveform is given by:

f(x) =

2. Obtain the Fourier series of the function defined by:

f(t) =

which is periodic of period 2. Sketch the given function.

The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since it is symmetrical about the origin, the

function is odd, and

951
 = by integration by parts

Hence, , , , , and so on.

i.e. f(t) =

i.e.

3. Determine the Fourier series defined by f(x) = which is periodic of period

2.

The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since it is symmetrical about the f(x) axis, the

function is even, and

952
 due to symmetry

= by integration by parts

= since cos(-n) = cos n

When n is even,

When n = 1,

When n = 3,

When n = 5, and so on.

i.e. f(x) =

4. In the Fourier series of Problem 3, let x = 0 and deduce a series for 2/8

953
When x = 0 in the series of Problem 3 above, f(x) = 1,

hence, 1=

i.e. 1=

i.e.

and

5. Show that the Fourier series for the triangular waveform shown is given by:

y=

The function is periodic of period 2π

The equation of the function between 0 and π/2 is of the straight line form y = mθ + c where

gradient, m = and intercept, c = 0

Hence, equation of line between 0 and π/2 is y =

The equation of the function between π/2 and 3π/2 is of the straight line form y = mθ + c where

954
gradient, m = When θ = π, and y = 0 and since y = mθ + c then 0 = π+c

from which, c = 2. Hence, equation of line between π/2 and 3π/2 is y =

The equation of the function between 3π/2 and 2π is of the straight line form y = mθ + c where

gradient, m = When θ = 2π, and y = 0 and since y = mθ + c then 0 = (2π) + c

from which, c = - 4. Hence, equation of line between 3π/2 and 2π is y =

The triangular wave is an odd function since it is symmetrical about the origin.

Hence, the Fourier series is given by: f(θ) = b sin nθ) i.e. a = a = 0

= =
b

Thus, b1 = =

b2 = = = b4 = b6 = b8 , and so on

b3 = =

955
 b5 = =

It follows that b7 = and so on.

Thus, y= =

i.e. y=

EXERCISE 268 Page 682

1. Determine the half-range sine series for the function defined by:

f(x) =

The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range sine series is required, the

function is symmetrical about the origin and

956
 by integration by parts

Hence, ,

, and so on

Hence, =

i.e.

2. Obtain (a) the half-range cosine series and (b) the half-range sine series for the function

957
 f(t) =

(a) The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range cosine series is

required, the function is symmetrical about the f(t) axis and

When n is even,

and , , , and so on.

Thus,

i.e.

(b) The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range sine series is required,

the function is symmetrical about the origin and

958
 Hence, ,

, and so on.

Thus, =

i.e.

3. Find the half-range Fourier sine series for the function f(x) = sin2 x in the range 0  x  . Sketch

the function within and outside of the given range.

The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range sine series is required,

the function is symmetrical about the origin and

959
 =

Hence,

and so on

It follows that and so on

Thus, =

i.e.

960
4. Determine the half-range Fourier cosine series in the range x = 0 to x =  for the function

defined by:

f(x) =

The periodic function is shown in the diagram below. Since a half-range cosine series is required,

the function is symmetrical about the f(x) axis and

961
 When n is odd,

and ,

, and so on.

Thus,

i.e.

EXERCISE 269 Page 682

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d)

962