CHAPTER 50 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

OF THE FORM

EXERCISE 229 Page 564

1. Find the general solution of: 6 - - 2y = 0

6 - - 2y = 0 in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

and

i.e. m=

Hence, the general solution is:

2. Find the general solution of: 4 +4 + =0

4 +4 + = 0 in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (2m + 1)(2m + 1) = 0

from which, m=- twice

Hence, the general solution is:

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3. Find the general solution of: +2 + 5y = 0

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

and

Hence, the general solution is:

4. Find the particular solution of: 6 +5 - 6y = 0; when x = 0, y = 5 and =-1

6 +5 - 6y = 0 in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (3m - 2)(2m + 3) = 0

from which, and

Hence, the general solution is:

At x = 0, y = 5, hence, 5=A+B (1)

At x = 0, = - 1, hence, -1= (2)

× (1) gives: (3)

(2) + (3) gives: = from which, A = 3

From equation (1), when A = 3, 5=3+B from which, B = 2

Hence, the particular solution is:

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5. Find the particular solution of: 4 -5 + y = 0; when t = 0, y = 1 and =-2

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (4m – 1)(m – 1) = 0

from which, and m = 1

Hence, the general solution is:

At t = 0, y = 1, hence, 1=A+B (1)

At t = 0, = -2, hence, -2= (2)

(1) – (2) gives: 3= from which, A = 4

From equation (1), when A = 4, 1=4+B from which, B = -3

Hence, the particular solution is:

6. Find the particular solution of: (9D2 + 30D + 25)y = 0,where D  ; when x = 0, y = 0 and

=2

The auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (3m + 5)(3m + 5) = 0

from which, twice

Hence, the general solution is:

At x = 0, y = 0, hence, 0=B
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 by the product rule

At x = 0, = 2, hence, 2= from which, A = 2 (since B = 0)

Hence, the particular solution is:

7. Find the particular solution of: -6 + 9x = 0; when t = 0, x = 2 and =0

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m – 3)(m – 3) = 0

from which, m = 3 twice

Hence, the general solution is:

At t = 0, x = 2, hence, 2=B

At t = 0, = 0, hence, 0 = 3B + A and since B = 2, A = -6

Hence, the particular solution is: or

8. Find the particular solution of: +6 + 13y = 0; when x = 0,y = 4 and =0

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

and

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Hence, the general solution is:

At x = 0, y = 4, hence, 4=A

At x = 0, = 0, hence, 0 = 2B – 3A and since A = 4, B=6

Hence, the particular solution is:

or

9. Find the particular solution of: (4D2 + 20D + 125) = 0, where D  ; when t = 0,  = 3 and

= 2.5

The auxiliary equation is:

and

Hence, the general solution is:

At t = 0, θ = 3, hence, 3=A

At t = 0, = 2.5, hence, 2.5 = 5B – 2.5A and since A = 3, B=2

Hence, the particular solution is:

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EXERCISE 230 Page 566

1. The charge, q, on a capacitor in a certain electrical circuit satisfies the differential equation

+4 + 5q = 0. Initially (i.e. when t = 0), q = Q and = 0. Show that the charge in the

circuit can be expressed as: q = Qe sin(t + 0.464)

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

and

Hence, the general solution is:

At t = 0, q = Q, hence, Q=A

At t = 0, = 0, hence, 0 = B – 2A and since A = Q, B = 2Q

Hence, the particular solution is:

i.e.

Let cos t + 2 sin t = R sin(t + )

= R[sin t cos  + cos t sin ]

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 = R cos  (sin t) + R sin  (cos t)

Hence, 2 = R cos  from which, cos  =

and 1 = R sin  from which, sin  =

There is only one quadrant where both sine and cosine are positive, i.e. the first quadrant.

From the diagram below, R=

and =

Hence, cos t + 2 sin t = sin(t + 0.464)

Since, then

2. A body moves in a straight line so that its distance s metres from the origin after time t seconds

is given by + a2s = 0, where a is a constant. Solve the equation for s given that s = c and

= 0 when t =

+ a2s = 0 in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is: i.e.

and

Hence, the general solution is:

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When t = , s = c hence, c=

i.e. c = A cos 2π + B sin 2π

from which, A=c

When t = , = 0, hence,

from which, 0 = 0 + Ba i.e. B=0

Hence, the particular solution is:

3. The motion of the pointer of a galvanometer about its position of equilibrium is represented by

the equation I +K +F = 0.

If I, the moment of inertia of the pointer about its pivot, is 5 x 10 , K, the resistance due to

friction at unit angular velocity, is 2 x 10 and F, the force on the spring necessary to produce

unit displacement, is 0.20, solve the equation for in terms of t given that when t = 0, θ = 0.3

and =0

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

and

Hence, the general solution is:

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At t = 0,  = 0.3, hence, 0.3 = A

At t = 0, = 0, hence, 0 = 6B – 2A and since A = 0.3, B = 0.1

Hence, the particular solution is:

4. Determine an expression for x for a differential equation + 2n + n2x = 0 which

represents a critically damped oscillator, given that at time t = 0, x = s and =u

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m + n)(m + n) = 0

from which, m = -n twice

Hence, the general solution is:

At t = 0, x = s, hence, s=B

At t = 0, = u, hence, u = -nB + A hence A = u + nB = u + ns

Hence, the particular solution is: or

5. = 0 is an equation representing current i in an electric circuit. If inductance L

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 is 0.25 henry, capacitance C is 29.76 x 10 farads and R is 250 ohms, solve the equation for i

given the boundary conditions that when t = 0, i = 0 and = 34

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

and = -160 or -840

Hence, the general solution is:

When t =0, i = 0, hence, 0=A+B (1)

When t = 0, = 34, hence, 34 = -160A – 840B (2)

160 × (1) gives: 0 = 160A + 160B (3)

(2) + (3) gives: 34 = -680B from which, B=-

From equation (1), A=

Hence, the particular solution is: or A

6. The displacement s of a body in a damped mechanical system, with no external forces, satisfies

the following differential equation:

where t represents time. If initially, when t = 0, s = 0 and = 4, solve the differential equation
for s in terms of t.

in D-operator form is:

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The auxiliary equation is:

or

i.e. (2m + 3)(2m + 3) = 0

from which, twice

Hence, the general solution is:

At t = 0, s = 0, hence, 0=B

At t = 0, = 4, hence, 4= and since B = 0, A = 4

Hence, the particular solution is:

EXERCISE 231 Page 567

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)

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