CHAPTER 51 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

OF THE FORM

EXERCISE 232 Page 571

1. Find the general solution of: 2 +5 - 3y = 6

2 +5 - 3y = 6 in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (2m – 1)(m + 3) = 0

from which, and m = - 3

Hence, the complementary function, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v = k

then

D(k) = 0 and

Hence, 0 + 0 – 3k = 6

from which, k=-2

Hence, P.I., v = – 2

and the general solution, y = u + v =

2. Find the general solution of: 6 +4 - 2y = 3x - 2

in D-operator form is:

800
Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (3m – 1)(m + 1) = 0

from which, and m = -1

Hence, the complementary function, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v = ax + b

then

D(ax + b) = a and

Hence, 0 + 4a – 2ax – 2b = 3x – 2

from which, - 2a = 3 and a=

and 4a – 2b = - 2 and b = 2a + 1 = - 2

Hence, P.I., v = x–2

and the general solution, y = u + v =

3. Find the particular solution of: 3 + - 4y = 8; when x = 0, y = 0 and =0

3 + - 4y = 8 in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (3m + 4)(m - 1) = 0

from which, and m = 1

Hence, the complementary function, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v = k

801
then

D(k) = 0 and

Hence, 0 + 0 – 4k = 8

from which, k=-2

Hence, P.I., v = – 2

and the general solution, y = u + v =

When x = 0, y = 0, hence, 0=A+B–2

or 2=A+B (1)

When x = 0, = 0, hence, 0= (2)

Equation (1) - (2) gives: 2= from which, A =

From (1), 2= +B from which, B =

Hence, the particular solution is: y= or y=

4. Find the particular solution of: 9 - 12 + 4y = 3x - 1; when x = 0, y = 0 and =-

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (3m – 2)(3m - 2) = 0

from which, twice

802
Hence, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v = ax + b

then

D(ax + b) = a and

Hence, 0 - 12a + 4ax + 4b = 3x – 1

from which, 4a = 3 and a=

and -12a + 4b = - 1 i.e. -9 + 4b = - 1 and b=2

Hence, P.I., v =

and the general solution, y = u + v =

x = 0 and y = 0, hence, 0=B+2 from which, B=-2

x = 0 and , hence,

and since B = - 2,

from which, A=

Hence, the particular solution is: y =

i.e. y=

5. The charge q is an electric circuit at time t satisfies the equation: L +R + =E

where L, R, C and E are constants. Solve the equation given L = 2 H, C = 200 x 10 F and

E = 250 V, when (a) R = 200  and (b) R is negligible. Assume that when t = 0, q = 0 and

803
 =0

(a) in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is: which is a quadratic equation

and

Hence, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v = k

then

D(k) = 0 and

Hence, and k = CE =

Hence, P.I., v =

and the general solution, q = u + v =

t = 0 and q = 0, hence, 0=B+ from which, B=-

t = 0 and , hence, i.e. 0 = i.e. A =

Hence, the particular solution is: q =

i.e. q=

804
(b) When R = 0,

and the general solution is: q = u + v = (A cos 50 t + B sin 50t) +

q = 0 and t = 0, hence, 0=A+ i.e. A=-

t = 0 and , hence, 0 = 50B i.e. B=0

Thus, the particular solution is: q = - cos 50t +

i.e.

6. In a galvanometer the deflection  satisfies the differential equation .

Solve the equation for  given that when t = 0,  = =2

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m + 2)(m + 2) = 0

from which, m=-2 twice

Hence, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v = k

then

D(k) = 0 and

Hence, 4k = 8 from which, k=2

805
Hence, P.I., v =

and the general solution,  = u + v =

t = 0 and  = 2, hence, 2=B+2 from which, B=0

t = 0 and , hence, from which, A=2

Hence, the particular solution is:  =

i.e. =

EXERCISE 233 Page 573

1. Find the general solution of: - - 6y = 2e

- - 6y = 2e in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 3)(m + 2) = 0

from which, m=3 and m=-2

Hence, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v =

then

D( )= and

Hence,

i.e. i.e. k=

806
hence, the particular integral, v =

and the general solution, y = u + v =

2. Find the general solution of: -3 - 4y = 3e

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 4)(m + 1) = 0

from which, m=4 and m = -1

Hence, C.F.,

As appears in the C.F. and in the right-hand side of the differential equation, let the particular

integral, P.I., v =

then

D( )=

and

Hence,

i.e.

i.e. i.e. – 5k = 3 and k=

hence, the particular integral, v =

and the general solution, y = u + v =

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3. Find the general solution of: + 9y = 26e

+ 9y = 26e in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

and

i.e. m=

Hence, C.F.,

Let the particular integral, P.I., v =

then

D( )=2 and

Hence,

i.e. i.e. k=2

hence, the particular integral, v =

and the general solution, y = u + v =

4. Find the general solution of: 9 -6 + y = 12e

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (3m - 1)(3m - 1) = 0

from which, m= twice

808
Hence, C.F.,

As and appears in the C.F. and in the right-hand side of the differential equation, let the

particular integral, P.I., v =

then

D( )=

and

Hence,

i.e.

i.e. i.e. and k=

hence, the particular integral, v =

and the general solution, y = u + v =

5. Find the particular solution of: 5 +9 - 2y = 3e ; when x = 0, y = and =0

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (5m - 1)(m + 2) = 0

809
from which, m= and m = -2

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v =

then

D( )=

and

Hence,

i.e. i.e. k=

hence, the particular integral, v =

and the general solution, y = u + v =

x = 0 and y = , hence, =A+B+

i.e. 0=A+B (1)

x = 0 and = 0, hence,

i.e. (2)

2 × (1) gives: 0 = 2A + 2B (3)

(2) + (3) gives: i.e. A= and from (1), B =

Hence, the particular solution is: y=

i.e.

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6. Find the particular solution of: -6 + 9y = 4e3t; when t = 0, y = 2 and =0

-6 + 9y = 4e3t in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 3)(m - 3) = 0

from which, m = 3 twice

Hence, C.F.,

As and both appear in the C.F. and in the right-hand side of the differential equation, let

the particular integral, P.I., v =

then

D( )=

and

Hence, ( ) – 6[ ]+9 =

i.e. +9 =

i.e. and k = 2

hence, the particular integral, v =

and the general solution, y = u + v =

When t = 0, y = 2, hence, 2=B+0 i.e. B=2

811
When t = 0, = 0, hence, 0 = 3B + A + 0 + 0 from which, A = - 6 (since B = 2)

Hence the particular solution is: y =

i.e. y=

EXERCISE 234 Page 575

1. Find the general solution of: 2 - - 3y = 25 sin 2x

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (2m - 3)(m + 1) = 0

812
from which, m= and m = -1

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = A sin 2x + B cos 2x

Hence,

D(A sin 2x + B cos 2x) = 2A cos 2x – 2B sin 2x

Hence,

i.e. - 8A + 2B - 3A = 25

and - 8B – 2A – 3B = 0

i.e. – 11A + 2B = 25 (1)

and - 2A – 11B = 0 (2)

2 × (1) gives: - 22A + 4B = 50 (3)

11 × (2) gives: - 22A – 121B = 0 (4)

(3) – (4) gives: 125B = 50 from which, B=

Substituting in (1) gives: - 11A + = 25

from which, - 11A = 25 - = and A=

Thus, P.I., v =

and the general solution is: y=u+v=

2. Find the general solution of: -4 + 4y = 5 cos x

-4 + 4y = 5 cos x in D-operator form is:

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Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 2)(m - 2) = 0

from which, m=2 twice

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = A sin x + B cos x

Hence,

D(A sin x + B cos x) = A cos x – B sin x

Hence,

Equating coefficients of sin x gives: - A + 4B + 4A = 0

and equating coefficients of cos x gives: - B - 4A + 4B = 5

i.e. 3A + 4B = 0 (1)

and - 4A + 3B = 5 (2)

3 × (1) gives: 9A + 12B = 0 (3)

4 × (2) gives: - 16A +12B = 20 (4)

(4) – (3) gives: - 25A = 20 from which, A=

Substituting in (1) gives: - A + 4B = 0 from which, B=

Thus, P.I., v =

and the general solution is: y=u+v=

3. Find the general solution of: + y = 4 cos x

814
 in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. and m=
Hence, C.F.,

Since cos x occurs in the C.F. and in the right-hand side of the differential equation,

let P.I., v = x(C sin x + D cos x)

Hence,

Hence, since
then + x(C sin x + D cos x)

= 4 cos x

from which, 2C = 4 from which, C = 2

and - 2D = 0 from which, D = 0

Hence, P.I., v = 2x sin x

and the general solution is: y=u+v=

4. Find the particular solution of the differential equation:

-3 - 4y = 3 sin x; when x = 0, y = 0 and =0

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 4)(m + 1) = 0

from which, m=4 and m = -1

815
Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = A sin x + B cos x

Hence,

D(A sin x + B cos x) = A cos x – B sin x

Hence, (-A sin x – B cos x) – 3(A cos x – B sin x) – 4(A sin x + B cos x) = 3 sin x

i.e. - A + 3B - 4A = 3

and - B – 3A – 4B = 0

i.e. – 5A + 3B = 3 (1)

and - 3A – 5B = 0 (2)

3 × (1) gives: - 15A + 9B = 9 (3)

5 × (2) gives: - 15A – 25B = 0 (4)

(3) – (4) gives: 34B = 9 from which, B=

Substituting in (1) gives: - 5A + =3

from which, 5A = -3 = and A=

Thus, P.I., v =

and the general solution is: y=u+v=

x = 0 when y = 0, hence, 0=A+B+ i.e. A+B=- (5)

x = 0, when = 0, hence, 0 = 4A – B i.e. 4A – B = (6)

4 × (5) gives: 4A + 4B = - (7)

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(7) – (6) gives: 5B = - - =

and B=

Substituting in (5) gives: from which,

Hence, the particular solution is: y =

i.e.

5. A differential equation representing the motion of a body is + n y = k sin pt, where k, n

and p are constants. Solve the equation (given n  0 and p  n2) given that when t = 0,

y= =0

+ n y = k sin pt in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e.

from which, m=

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = C sin pt + D cos pt

Hence,

D(C sin pt + D cos pt) = Cp cos pt – Dp sin pt

Hence, ( )+ (C cos pt + D sin pt) = k sin pt

i.e. -C +D =k (1)

817
and -D +C =0

i.e. C -D =0 (2)

× (1) gives: -C +D = k (3)

× (2) gives: C -D =0 (4)

(3) + (4) gives: C( - )= k from which, C=

Substituting in (2) gives: =D from which, D=

Thus, P.I., v =

and the general solution is: y = u + v = +

t = 0 when y = 0, hence, 0=B+ i.e. B=-

t = 0, when = 0, hence, 0 = An i.e. A=-

Hence, the particular solution is:

y= +

i.e. y=

i.e. y=

6. The motion of a vibrating mass is given by +8 + 20y = 300 sin 4t.

Show that the general solution of the differential equation is given by:

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 y=e (A cos 2t + B sin 2t) + (sin 4t - 8 cos 4t)

+8 + 20y = 300 sin 4t in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. m=

from which, m = - 4 ± j2

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = C sin 4t + D cos 4t

Hence,

D(C sin 4t + D cos 4t) = 4C cos x – 4D sin x

Hence, (- 16C sin 4t – 16D cos 4t) + 8(4C cos x – 4D sin x) + 20(C sin 4t + D cos 4t) = 300 sin 4t

i.e. – 16C – 32D + 20C = 300

and - 16D + 32C + 20D = 0

i.e. 4C – 32D = 300 (1)

and 32C + 4D = 0 (2)

4 × (1) gives: 16C – 128D = 1200 (3)

32 × (2) gives: 1024C + 128D = 0 (4)

(3) + (4) gives: 1040C = 1200 from which, C=

Substituting in (1) gives: – 32D = 300

from which, 32D = - 300 = and D=

Thus, P.I., v =

819
and the general solution is: y=u+v= +

i.e. y= +

7. L +R + q = V0 sin t represents the variation of capacitor charge in an electric

circuit. Determine an expression for q at time t seconds given that R = 40 , L = 0.02 H,

C = 50×10 F, V0 = 540.8 V and  = 200 rad/s and given the boundary conditions that

t = 0, q = 0 and = 4.8

in D-operator form is:

The auxiliary equation is:

and

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = A sin t + B cos t

D(v) = A cos t - B sin t and

Thus,

i.e. -800A sin 200t – 800B cos 200t + 8000A cos 200t – 8000B sin 200t + 20000A sin 200t

+ 20000B cos 200t = 540.8 sin 200t

Hence, - 800A – 8000B + 20000A = 540.8

820
and - 800B + 8000A + 20000B = 0

i.e. 19200A – 8000B = 540.8 (1)

and 8000A + 19200B = 0 (2)

8 × (1) gives: 153600A – 64000B = 4326.4 (3)

19.2 × (2) gives: 153600A + 368640B = 0 (4)

(3) – (4) gives: - 432640B = 4326.4

from which, B=

Substituting in (1) gives: 19200A – 8000(-0.01) = 540.8

i.e. 19200A + 80 = 540.8

and A=

Hence, P.I., v = 0.024 sin 200t – 0.01 cos 200t

Thus, the general solution is: q = u + v = + 0.024 sin 200t – 0.01 cos 200t

When t = 0, q = 0, hence, 0 = B – 0.01 from which, B = 0.01

When t = 0, = 4.8, hence, 4.8 = - 1000B + A + 4.8

i.e. A = 1000B = 1000(0.01) = 10

Thus, the particular solution is: q= + 0.024 sin 200t – 0.010 cos 200t

821
EXERCISE 235 Page 577

1. Find the general solution of: 8 -6 + y = 2x + 40 sin x

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (4m - 1)(2m - 1) = 0

from which, m= and m=

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = ax + b + c sin x + d cos x

Hence,

D(v) = a + c cos x – d sin x and = - c sin x – d cos x

Hence, = 8(-c sin x – d cos x) – 6(a + c cos x – d sin x)

+ (ax + b + c sin x + d cos x) = 2x + 40 sin x

i.e. ax = 2x from which, a=2

and - 6a + b = 0, from which, b = 12

- 8c + 6d + c = 40 i.e. – 7c + 6d = 40 (1)

- 8d – 6c + d = 0 i.e. – 6c – 7d = 0 (2)

6 × (1) gives: - 42c + 36d = 240 (3)

822
7 × (2) gives: - 42c – 49d = 0 (4)

(3) – (4) gives: 85d = 240 from which,

Substituting in (2) gives: - 6c - =0 from which,

Hence, P.I., v = 2x + 12 sin x + cos x

and the general solution is: y = u + v = + 2x + 12 sin x + cos x

or y= + 2x + 12 +

2. Find the general solution of: -3 + 2y = 2 sin 2 - 4 cos 2

-3 + 2y = 2 sin 2 - 4 cos 2 in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 2)(m - 1) = 0

from which, m=2 and m =1

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = C sin 2θ + D cos 2θ

Hence,

D(v) = 2C cos 2θ – 2D sin 2θ and = - 4C sin 2θ – 4D cos 2θ

Hence, = (- 4C sin 2θ – 4D cos 2θ) – 3(2C cos 2θ – 2D sin 2θ)

+ 2(C sin 2θ + D cos 2θ) = 2 sin 2θ – 4 cos2θ

i.e. – 4C + 6D + 2C = 2

and - 4D – 6C + 2D = - 4

i.e. – 2C + 6D = 2 (1)
823
and - 6C – 2D = - 4 (2)

2 × (1) gives: - 4C + 12D = 4 (3)

6 × (2) gives: - 36C – 12D = - 24 (4)

(3) + (4) gives: - 40C = - 20 from which,

Substituting in (1) gives: - 1 + 6D = 2 from which, 6D = 3 and D =

Hence, P.I., v = sin 2θ + cos 2θ

and the general solution is: y = u + v = + sin 2θ + cos 2θ

or y= +

3. Find the general solution of: + - 2y = x

+ - 2y = x in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 1)(m + 2) = 0

from which, m=1 and m=-2

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v = a + bx + cx + d

Hence,

D(v) = b + 2cx + 2d and = 2c + 4d

Hence, = (b + 2cx + 2d ) + (2c + 4d ) - 2(a + bx + cx + d )=x

Equating x coefficients gives: – 2c = 1 from which, c = -

824
Equating x coefficients gives: 2c – 2b = 0 i.e. – 1 – 2b = 0 and - 1 = 2b i.e. b = -

Equating constants gives: b + 2c – 2a = 0 i.e. - - 1 – 2a = 0 and 2a = - i.e. a = -

Equating coefficients gives: 2d + 4d – 2d = 1 i.e. 4d = 1 and d=

Hence, P.I., v = - - x- x +

and the general solution is: y=u+v= - - x- x +

4. Find the general solution of: -2 + 2y =

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e.

Hence, C.F.,

Since occurs in the C.F. and in the right-hand side of the differential equation,

let P.I., v =

then

D(v) =

Hence,

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 -2

+2 =

i.e. – D + 2C – D – 2C = 1 i.e. -2D = 1 and D=

and C + 2D + C – 2D = 0 i.e. C=0

Hence, P.I., v =

and the general solution is: y=u+v=

5. Find the particular solution of: -7 + 10y = e + 20; when x = 0, y = 0 and =

in D-operator form is:

Auxiliary equation is:

i.e. (m - 5)(m - 2) = 0

from which, m=5 and m=2

Hence, C.F.,

Let P.I., v =

Thus,

D(v) = and

Hence,

from which, 10a = 20 and a=2

Also, 2k + 2k – 7k = 1 i.e. -3k = 1 from which, k=

Hence, P.I., v =
826
and the general solution is: y=u+v=

When x = 0, y = 0, hence, 0=A+B+2 i.e. A + B = -2 (1)

When x = 0, , hence, = 5A + 2B i.e. 5A + 2B = 0 (2)

2 × (1) gives: 2A + 2B = -4 (3)

(2) – (3) gives: 3A =4 from which, A =

Substituting in (1) gives: +B=-2 from which, B=-2- =

Hence, the particular solution is: y=u+v=

6. Find the particular solution of: 2 - - 6y = 6e cos x; when x = 0, y = - and

= -7

2 - - 6y = 6e cos x in D-operator form is (2D2 - D - 6)y = 6e cos x

The auxiliary equation is 2m - m - 6 = 0

Using the quadratic formula, m = = = 2 or -

Since the roots are real and different, the C.F., u =

Since the right-hand side of the given differential equation is a product of an exponential and a

cosine function, let the P.I., v = e (C sin x + D cos x)

Substituting v into (2D2 - D - 6)v = 6e cos x gives:

(2D2 - D - 6)[e (C sin x + D cos x)] = 6e cos x

827
 D(v) = e (C cos x - D sin x) + (C sin x + D cos x)( e )  e {(C + D)cos x + (C - D)sin x}

D2(v) = e (- C sin x - D cos x) + e (C cos x - D sin x)

+ e (C cos x - D sin x) + e (C sin x + D cos x)

 e {- 2D sin x + 2C cos x}

Hence (2D2 - D - 6)v = 2e {- 2D sin x + 2C cos x } - e {(C + D)cos x + (C - D)sin x }

- 6 e (C sin x + D cos x) = 6e cos x

Equating coefficients of e sin x gives: - 4D - C + D - 6C = 0

i.e. - 7C – 3D = 0 (1)

Equating coefficients of e cos x gives: 4C - C – D - 6D = 6

i.e. 3C – 7D = 6 (2)

3 × (1) gives: - 21C - 9D = 0 (3)

7 × (2) gives: 21C - 49D = 42 (4)

(3) + (4) gives: - 58D = 42 from which, D = -

Substituting in (1) gives: - 7C + =0 from which, 7C = and C =

Hence the P.I., v = e ( sin x cos x) or v =

The general solution, y = u + v,

i.e. y= +

When x = 0, y = - , hence, - =A+B- from which, A+B=0 (5)

When x = 0, =-7 , hence, - 7 = 2A - B+ -

828
i.e. 2A - B=-7 (6)
Solving equations (5) and (6) gives: A = - 2 and B = 2

Hence the particular solution is: y = +

i.e. y= +

829