Maths formula Sheet

Determinants
DETERMINANTS
A determinant of order three consisting of 3 rows and 3 columns is written as
a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b2
a2 b2 c 2 and is equal to a1 2 - b1 2 + c1 2
b3 c 3 a3 c 3 a3 b3
a3 b 3 c 3
= a1 ( b2c 3 - c 2b3 ) - b1 ( a2c 3 - c 2a3 ) + c1 ( a2b3 - b2a3 ) .
The numbers ai, bi, ci ( i =1,2,3 ) are called the elements of the determinant.
Properties of Determinants
If to each element of a line (row or column) of a determinant be added the equimutiples
of the corresponding elements of one or more parallel lines, the determinant remains
unaltered i.e.
a1 + la2 + ma3 a 2 a3
b1 + lb2 + mb3 b 2 b3
c1 + lc 2 + mc 3 c2 c3
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3
= b1 b2 b3 + 0 + 0 = b1 b2 b3 .
c1 c 2 c3 c1 c 2 c3

Product of Two Determinants

We can write
a1b1c1 a1b1g1 a1a1 + b1b1 + c1g1 a1a 2 + b1b2 + c1g 2 a1a3 + b1b3 + c1g 3
a2b2c 2 a 2b2 g 2 = a2a1 + b2b1 + c 2 g1 a2a 2 + b2b2 + c 2 g 2 a2a3 + b2b3 + c 2 g 3
a3b3c 3 a3b3 g 3 a3a1 + b3b1 + c 3 g1 a3a 2 + b3b2 + c 3 g 2 a3a3 + b3b3 + c 3 g 3

T
é a11 a12 a13 ù é C11 C12 C13 ù é C11 C21 C31 ù
ê ú
If A = a21 a22 a23 , then, adjA =
êC C23 ú = êêC12 C22 C32 úú
ú
ê ú ê 21 C22
êëa31 a32 a33 úû êëC31 C32 C33 úû êëC13 C23 C33 úû
where Cij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.
Inverse of a Matrix
1
A-1 = . adj A.
A
Properties of Inverse of a Matrix
(i). Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(ii). (Reversal Law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then AB is
invertible and (AB)-1 = B-1A-1.
(iii).If A is an invertible square matrix, then A¢ is also invertible and (A¢)-1 = (A-1)¢.
(iv).If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then |adjA| = |A|n-1
(v). If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then
 Maths formula Sheet
adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(vi).If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj(A¢) = (adj A)¢
(vii).If A is a non-singular square matrix, then adj(adjA) = |A|n-2 A
(viii)For any non-singular matrix A and positive integer k, A-k = (Ak)-1 = (A-1)k.
Cramer’s Rule
(1) D ¹ 0: In such a case, the system has precisely one solution (unique solution), which is
given by ‘CRAMER RULE’ i.e. x = D1/D; y = D2/D; z = D3/D.
(2) D = 0 : and at least one of the determinants D1 ,D2 or D3 is non-zero, then the system is
inconsistent . i.e. it has no solution.
(3) D =0 and D1 =D2= D3 = 0, then the system has either infinite number of solutions
Homogeneous System:
If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0, then the system is known as a system of homogeneous linear
equations,
A system of three linear equations in two unknown i.e.
a1x+b1y +c1 =0
a2x+b2y +c2 = 0
a3x+b3y +c3 = 0
a1 b1 c1
is consistent if a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b 3 c 3