CHEMISTRY
9. How undesirable colors are separated from crude
1ST YEAR
IMPORTANT QUESTION
Chapter No. 01
Short Question
1. Macromolecules with examples.
2. What is molecular ion? How it is formed?
3. Why isotopes have same chemical properties but
different physical properties?
4. No individual Neon atom in the sample has a mass of
20.18 a.m.u. justify?
5. What is the principle of mass spectrometry?
6. Define average atomic mass and relative atomic mass.
7. Differentiate between empirical formula and molecular
formula.
8. What is molar volume?
9. 23g of sodium and 238g of Uranium have equal
number of atoms in them. Justify.
10. Mg atom is twice heavier than that of carbon atom.
Justify.
11. 180g of glucose and 342g of sucrose have the same
number of molecule number of atoms present I them.
Justify.
12. Define Avogadro's number and give its value.
13. Define stoichiometry with suitable example.
14. What are the assumptions of stoichiometry?
15. Define limiting reactant with example.
16. Write down the steps involved in the determination of
a limiting reactant.
17. Concept of limiting reactant is not applicable on
reversible reactions. Justify. 18. Why actual yield is
less than theoretical yield?
19. How can we calculate the efficiency of a chemical
reaction?
20. Law of conservation has to be obeyed during
stoichiometric calculations. Justify.
21. Many chemical reactions taking place in our
surrounding involve limiting reactant. Justify.
22. CO and N have same number of electrons, protons and
neutrons. Justify
23. Example Q#6 (a,b), 7, 8(a)
24. Exercise Q#10 (a,b,c), 14(i,ii,)
Long Questions
1. Define the term with examples (molecule, mole,
isotopes, molecular ions)
2. Mass spectrometry
3. Combustion analysis for determination of C, H, O
in organic compounds.
4. Steps to calculate empirical formula.
5. Avogadro number
6. Stoichiometry
7. Limiting reactant
8. Yield
9. Relative abundance of isotopes.
Chapter No. 02
Short Question
1. What is sublimation? Give example
2. Define analytical chemistry
3. Define filtration. Write the name of two process.
4. Sintered glass and gooch crucible
5. Fluted filter paper.
6. Why there is need to crystalize the crude product?
7. Define crystallization. Write names of its steps
8. Good qualities of ideal solvent used in crystallization.
product?
10. Differentiate between distribution law and distribution
co-efficient.
11. What is solvent extraction technique?
12. Differentiate between stationary phase and mobile
phase.
13. Differentiate between adsorption chromatography and
partition chromatography.
14. What is retardation factor (R)? Why it has no unit?
15. Uses of chromatography.
Chapter No. 03
Short Question
1. Gas laws (define and mathematical relation)
2. Quantitative definition of Charles's law
3. Why do we get a straight line when pressure exerted on
a gas are plotted volume?
4. Define absolute zero. Write its value.
5. Scales of thermometry (definition and conversion)
convert (40 °C into °F) and (-100 °C into °F)
6. Value of R in different units.
7. Why water vapours do not behave ideally at 273K?
8. How can you calculate the molecular mass by density?
9.Dalton's law is applicable in respiration. Justify.
10. Why pilots feel uncomfortable at high altitude?
11. Why deep sea divers take oxygen mixed with inert
gas?
12. Differentiate between diffusion and effusion with
examples.
13. State Graham's law of diffusion and write its
mathematical form.
14. Four postulates of K.M.T.
15. Two faulty points of K.M.T.
16. Differentiate between mean square velocity and root
mean square velocity.
17. Derive gas laws from K.M.T. (Boyle's, Charles's,
Avogadro's)
18. Principle of liquefaction.
19. Why ideal gas show non ideal behavior at low
temperature and high pressure/
20. Critical temperature, volume, pressure with examples.
21. Unite of "a" and "b" (Vander Waals constants)
22. How is plasma formed?
23. Differentiate between natural and artificial plasma.
24. Write the characteristics of plasma.
25. What is the future of plasma?
26. Write the applications of plasma.
27. Exercise Q# 13(c), 14(b) 15(iv,v)
Long Questions
1. Numerical (Only Examples)
Chapter No. 04
Short Question
1. Intermolecular forces
(dipole-Dipole, Debye forces, instantaneous)
2. Differentiate between intermolecular intramolecular
forces.
3. Why ethane is a gas while hexane is a liquid?
4. Why HF is weaker acid as compared to HCI, HBr, HI?
5. H2O is liquid while H2S and H2Se are gases at room
temperature. Give reason.
6. Define Hydrogen bonding and show hydrogen bonding
in HF, NH3, CH3Cl and acetone.
7. Boiling point of water is greater than that of HF. Why?
8. Water and ethanol can mix easily and n all proportion.
Justify
9. Why ice floats on the surface of water?
10. In a very cold winter, the fish in garden ponds owe
their lives to hydrogen bonding. Justify
11. Explain hydrogen bonding in soap and detergents.
12. How earthenware vessels keep water cool?
13. One feel sense of cooling under fan after bath. Justify.
14. Evaporation is a cooling process. Justify.
15. Why boiling point of water is different at Murree hills
and at Mount Everest?
16. Define polarizability how it effect London Dispersion
forces?
17. How liquid crystals are used to locate infections and
tumors in the body?
18. How liquid crystals are used to locate find the
potential failure in electrical circuits?
19. Differentiate between crystalline solids and
amorphous solids.
20. Define cleavage planes and symmetry.
21. Differentiate between anisotropy and allotropy.
22. Differentiate between isomorphism and polymorphis
23. Define Habit of crystal.
24. Define transition temperature with an example.
25. Define unit cell with example.
26. Why ionic crystal do not conduct electricity in solid
state?
27. Draw the shapes, axes and angles of hexagonal,
tetragonal system
28. Lattice energy with example.
29. Why ionic crystals are brittles?
30. Diamond is hard and an electrical insulator. Give
reason.
31. The electrical conductivity of metal decreases with
increase in temperature.
32. Electron gas/ pool theory.
33. Exercise (Liquid Q#14, Solid Q#12)
Long Questions
1. Intermolecular forces and its types.
2. Define H-bonding and explain H-bonding in biological
molecules (Protein, DNA)
3. Structure of ice
4.Measurement of vapor pressure by Monometric method
5. What are liquid crystals? Also write its uses.
6. Explain the term (isomorphism, polymorphism,
transition temperature, types of solids)
7. Define lonic solids. Write its properties.
8.Properties of covalent solids and molecular solids.
(4 of each)
9. Define metallic solid. Write its three theories with
increase in temperature.
Chapter No. 05
Short Question
1. Why is it necessary to decrease the pressure in the
discharge tube?
2. Whichever gas is used in the discharge tube, the nature
of cathode rays remains same. Why?
3. Why nature of cathode rays is independent of the nature
of gas used in the discharged tube.
4. Why e/m value of cathode rays just equal to electrons?
5. Why positive rays are also called canal rays/
6. Four [properties of positive rays.
7. The e/m value for positive rays obtained from hydrogen
gas is 1836 times less than that of cathode rays. Justify it.
8. Justify that cathode rays are material particles.
9. How neutrons were discovered?
10. Differentiate between fast moving and slow moving
neutrons.
11. How mass of electron can be calculated from e/m?
12. Two postulates of Plank's theory.
13. Write two postulates of Bohar's atomic model.
14. Differentiate between Zeeman and Stark effect.
15. What is spin quantum number?
16. What are degenerate orbitals?
17. Differentiate between atomic emission and atomic
Absorption.
18. State Mosely's law. Give its mathematical expression.
19. Importance of Mosely's law
20. Define Heisenberg uncertainty principle with
mathematical relation.
21. State Hund's rule, Aufbau principle and Pauli's
exclusion principle.
22. Electronic distribution of ( Ni, Cu, Cr, Co, Ca,P,Rb,
Fe,K, Br)
23. Differentiate between orbit and orbital.
24. What is the origin of hydrogen spectrum
25. Principle quantum number.
Long Questions
1. Measurement of e/m value of electron. (J.J. Thomson
experiment)
2. Properties of cathode rays (any eight)
3. Discovery and properties of neutrons.
4. Charge on electron-Millikan's oil droplet method
5. Derivation of radius of revolving electron in nth orbit.
6. Defects of Bohar's atomic model.
7.Calculate wave number of Lyman and Balmer series.
8. Study of X-rays by Mosely.
9. Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
10. Define quantum numbers and explain azimuthal,
magnetic quantum numbers
11. Explain principle quantum number.
Chapter No. 06
Short Question
1. Define chemical bond and write the cause of chemical
combination.
2. Define octet rule. Give two examples.
3. Why radius of an atom cannot be determined precisely?
4. Differentiate between atomic radii, ionic radii, and
covalent radii.
5. Why the size of cation is smaller than its parent atom?
6. Why the size of anion is greater than its parent atom? 7.
Second I.E is always higher than first I.E. justify
8. Why the second value of electron affinity of an element
is usually shown with the positive sign?
9.How the nature of chemical bond is predicted with the
help of electronegativity value?
10. Define ionization energy and electronegativity. Write
its periodic trend.
11. Define Co-ordinate covalent bond with example.
12. Differentiate between polar and non-polar covalent
bond with examples.
13. Why the lone pair of electron occupies more space
than bond pair?
14. Define bond energy and bond length.
15. Bond angles of CH4, NH3 and H2O are different
while all these show sp3-hybradization.
16. Why MOT is superior to VBT?
17. Draw the structure of He with MOT.
18. Bond distance is the compromise distance between
two atoms. Justify.
19. A sigma bond is stronger than a pi-bond. Justify
20. Pi-bond are more diffused than sigma bond. Justify
21. Differentiate between bonding and anti-bonding
molecular orbitals.
22. The dipole moment of CO2 and CS2 is zero while CO
and SO2 is not zero. Why?
23. How the percentage ionic character of a covalent bond
is determined by dipole moment?
Long Question
1. lonization energy
2. Electron affinity
3. Postulates of VSEPR theory (most imp)
4.lonic bond up to KCI
5.Co-ordinate covalent bond
6. Define hybridization and explain sp3, sp2 and sp
hybridization.
7.Draw structure of N2 and O2 with the help of MOT.
8. Dipole moment.
Chapter No. 07
Short Question
1. Differentiate between internal energy and enthalpy.
2. Differentiate between internal energy and enthalpy
change
3. Differentiate between exothermic and endothermic
reactions.
4. Differentiate between spontaneous and non-
spontaneous reactions.
5. Justify that burning of candle is spontaneous process.
6. Why is it necessary to mention the physical states of
reactants and products in thermochemical reactions?
7. Define system, surrounding and state functions with
examples.
8. State law of thermodynamics with mathematical
formula.
9. Enthalpy of formation and combustion with examples.
10. Enthalpy of atomization and solution with examples.
11. Enthalpy of neutralization with examples.
12. Exercise Q#4, 5, 6, 10(a,b,c)
Long Question
1. Prove that AH = qp AE=q (Most imp)
2. Hess's law
3. Glass calorimeter and Bomb calorimeter.
Chapter No. 08
Short Question
1. Differentiate between reversible and irreversible
reactions.
2. Define law of mass action with mathematical
expression.
3. Units of Kc value.
4. State Le-Chatelier's principle by volume at equilibrium
stage.
5. What is the effect of catalyst and temperature on
equilibrium constant?
6. What is the effect of temperature on solubility?
7. Define pH, pOH, pKa and pkb.
8. Relation between Kp and Kc.
9. How Kc is used to find the direction of reaction?
10. How ammonia is synthesized by Haber's process?
Also write its conditions.
11. Define common ion effect with one example.
12. Define buffer solution. Why do we need buffer
solutions?
13. How do buffers act?
14. What is buffer capacity?
15. Define solubility product. Give its expression.
16. Exercise Q# 10 (a), 12 (a,b,c)
Long Question
1. Examples (except 3)
2. Exercise (22, 23(a), 24, 25)
Chapter No. 09
Short Question
1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is independent of
temperature. Justify
2. Percentage composition.
3. Define molarity of solution with equation.
4. Define molality of solution with equation.
5. One molal solution of urea in water is dilute as
compared to one molar solution of urea but number of
particles are same. Justify
6. Define upper consulate temperature with example.
7. Justify thatch molarity is the temperature dependent
while molality is independent.
8. Non-ideal solution do not obey Raoult'slaw.
9. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal solution.
10. Differentiate between zeotropic and azeotrpic solution
with examples.
11. Define continuous and discontinuous solubility curve.
12. Define colligative properties and name some
colligative properties.
13. Why some properties are called colligative properties?
14. Differentiate between ebullioscopic and cryoscopic
constants.
15. Colligative are obeyed when the solute is non-
electrolyte and also when the solutions are dilute. Justify.
16. Boiling point of solvent increase due to presence of
solute. Justify.
17. Freezing points are depressed due to presence of
solute. Justify.
18. In summer, antifreeze solutions protect the liquid of
radiator from boiling over. Justify
19. NaCl and KNOз are used to lower the melting point of
ice. Justify.
20. Define hydration energy of ions.
21. Exercise Q# 5(b) 6, 9(b) 12
Long Question
1. Raoult's law for both cases
2. Elevation in boiling points
3. Landsberger's Method
4. Lowering of vapour pressure
5. Beckmann's Method
6. Applications of boiling point elevation and freezing
point depression.
7. Fractional distillation of ideal mixture.
Chapter No. 10
Short Question
1. Differentiate between electrolytic cell and galvanic cell.
2. Define electrochemistry.
3. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers.
4. What is meant by electronic conduction?
5. Calculate oxidation numbers of different atoms.
6. Differentiate between ionization and electrolysis.
7. What is Hall-Beroult process?
8. How impure Cu can be purified by an electrolytic
process?
9. What is anodized aluminum? Give its advantages.
10. What is the function of salt bridge? OR salt bridge
maintain the electrical neutrality. Explain
11. Define electrode potential.
12. Define SHE.
13. SHC acts as anode when connected with Cu and as a
cathode when connected to Zn electrode. Explain
14. How electrochemical series helps to protect the
feasibility of chemical reaction?
15. The standard oxidation potential of Zn is +0.76V and
its reduction potential is 0.76V. Why?
16. Differentiate between primary and secondary cell with
examples.
17. Exercise Q# 4(c), 8, 12, 14,
Long Question
1. Electrolytic cell
2. Rules for assigning oxidation numbers
3. Voltaic cell and Galvanic cell
4. Measurement of electrode potential
5. Define electrochemical series and explain any three
applications.
6.Lead accumulator battery (recharging and discharging)
7.Electrodic reactions of some batteries.
8.Fuel cells
Chapter No. 11
Short Question
1. Differentiate between rate of reaction with units and
order of reaction.
2. What is meant by order of reaction? Give examples.
3. Differentiate between instantaneous rate and average
rate of reaction.
4. Define specific rate constant and velocity constant.
5. Define zero order reaction and pseudo 1st order
reaction with examples.
6. The radioactive is always a 1st order reaction. Justify.
7. Define half-life period with examples.
8. What is rate determining step? Give examples.
9. Differentiate between energy of activation, activated
complex and lattice energy.
10. Justify that rate of reaction depends upon surface area.
11. What is the effect of temperature on energy of
activation of a reaction?
12. Justify that catalyst is specific in its actions.
13. A finely divided catalyst may be prove more effective.
Give reason.
14. Catalytic poising and negative catalyst.
15. Activation of catalyst.
16. Define auto-catalyst with one example.
17. Differentiate between homogeneous and
heterogeneous catalysis with example.
18. Exercise Q# 7, 8
Long Question
1. Explain half-life period.
2. Measurement of rate of reaction by chemical method
3. Explain energy of activation
4. Effect of concentration and temperature on rate of
reaction.
5. How half-life method is helpful to find order of
reaction?
6. How does the Arrhenius equation help us to calculate
the energy of activation of a reaction?

Best of Luck