By FANTA T

INTRODUCTION
•Individuals have different abilities,
personalities, learning experiences and
attitudes.
•The is to be

can be
met and satisfaction achieved.
•

.
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•Individuals use five senses to experience
the environment:
.
•Organizing the information for the
environment so that it makes sense is
called perception.
•Perception is

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1.

• It is important that

. For correct perception an individual

must be
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•If a supervisor who values punctuality
notices that an employee is sometimes late
for work,

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• Occurs

• You assume a

• If you were hard working and dependable you would

expect others to be so.
• If you are eager for a promotion, you might think
that others in your position are similarly motivated.
• If you are thinking of quitting your job, you start to
believe that other people are also thinking of
quitting.

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 .

• We feel more comfortable with the thought that our

negative traits exist in others, so we believe that others
also have these traits.
4.
• We do not evaluate a person in isolation.
• Our reaction to one person is relative to the other.

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1. It is a
.
2. We have an
.
3. We have
.

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 The process of perceiving the causes of
behavior and outcomes.

• That determination, however, depends on three factors;

1. Distinctiveness
2. Consensus
3. consistency
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(a) Distinctiveness

.
•Example when a worker coming late for
duty; there are two factors, one whether
arriving late is
•If it is

•When the

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b.

• This factor refers to .

• If

.
• But by some chance if

.
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•If the behavior of
should be to
. In such cases there is a high internal
causation.
•

•The

.
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• Another important finding from attribution
theory is that there are
.

.
This is called
.
• For example, If an employee is late for work,
observers are more likely to conclude that the
person is lazy than to realize that external
factors may have caused this behavior.
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 . This
is called .

.
• Maintain a positive self-concept.
• For example, executives mainly refer to their
personal qualities as reasons for the company’s
successes and to external factors as reasons for the
company’s failures.

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 Questions
• What is perception?
• What causes people to have different perceptions of the same
situation?
• Can people be mistaken in their perceptions?
• Does perception really affect outcomes?
• What is personality and how does it affect behavior?

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• An attitude is a or
e, that exerts
a specific influence on a person’s response to people, objects,
and situations.

.
• Implications for managers;

Some attitudes are persistent and enduring; yet, like each of the
psychological variables, attitudes are subject to change.
• e.g. When I say “I like my job,” I am expressing my attitude to work.
Attitudes are thus judgment responses to situations.
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 , which
.

2. The of an attitude is a

3. The behavioral component is

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• A person having a high level of satisfaction will
generally hold a positive attitude while dissatisfied
people will generally display negative attitude towards
life.

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• The —responsibility, interest, and
growth
• —technical help and
social support
• —social harmony
and respect
• —chances for further
advancement
• adequacy of pay and perceived equity vis-
à-vis others.

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• Refers to the degree to which

• Refers to degree to

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The

.
Personality involves both common and
unique characteristics.

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Determinants of Personality: Nature and Nurture

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• In managerial positions,

• Stressed Type A’s are also rarely creative. Because of

their
.

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• Learning is a

• Introduced by Ivan Pavlov.

•“

• S-R relationship
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The experiment envisaged dog as a subject.
Pavlov carried out this experiment in three
sequential stages.
Stage One;

In Stage Two:

In stage three, Pavlov was to accompany the offering

of meat to the dog along with ringing up of bell.

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• The concept was originated by B.F. Skinner.
• Deals with

• In Operant Conditioning particular

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Employees work hard to get additional
benefits.
The

Operant learning emphases response which

stimulates learning.

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3. Social learning:

• It is achieved while interacting with individuals.

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There are four way in which to shape
behavior:

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