‭ENG 1: Purposive Communication‬‭Preliminary Topics‬ ‭Listening‬

‭Ma Althea Krizelle D. Ociel‬ ‭-‬ ‭ n‬‭active‬‭and‬‭conscious‬‭engagement‬‭that‬‭involves‬‭focusing‬‭on‬‭a‬‭speaker,‬‭understanding‬‭the‬‭message‬

a
‭and processing information.‬
‭COMMUNICATION‬
‭Strategies of Listening‬
‭Verbal communication‬‭refers to the exchange of information through spoken or written words.‬
‭ .‬ T
1 ‭ op Down strategy‬
‭ onverbal‬ ‭communication‬ ‭involves‬ ‭conveying‬ ‭messages‬ ‭through‬ ‭gestures,‬ ‭facial‬ ‭expressions,‬ ‭body‬
N ‭-‬ ‭Involves‬ ‭using‬ ‭prior‬ ‭knowledge‬ ‭and‬ ‭context‬ ‭to‬ ‭comprehend‬ ‭spoken‬ ‭language,‬ ‭prioritizing‬ ‭overall‬
‭language, and other visual cues without using words.‬ ‭meaning‬‭over‬‭decoding‬‭Individual‬‭words.‬‭It's‬‭a‬‭strategy‬‭that‬‭Integrates‬‭background‬‭understanding‬‭for‬‭a‬
‭more holistic comprehension.‬
‭ ommunication‬‭breakdowns‬‭stem‬‭from‬‭language‬‭or‬‭style‬‭differences,‬‭poor‬‭listening,‬‭message‬‭clarity‬‭issues,‬
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‭emotional‬ ‭barriers,‬ ‭distractions,‬ ‭technical‬ ‭problems,‬ ‭or‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭disparities,‬ ‭causing‬ ‭misunderstandings‬ ‭and‬ ‭ .‬ B
2 ‭ ottom-up strategy‬
‭hindering effective communication.‬ ‭-‬ ‭involves‬ ‭focusing‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭individual‬ ‭components‬ ‭of‬ ‭spoken‬ ‭language,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭recognizing‬ ‭sounds,‬
‭words‬‭and‬‭grammatical‬‭structures,‬‭to‬‭build‬‭a‬‭comprehensive‬‭understanding‬‭of‬‭the‬‭message.‬‭Prioritizing‬
‭ ommunication‬ ‭breakdowns‬ ‭can‬ ‭result‬ ‭from‬ ‭language‬ ‭barriers,‬ ‭differing‬ ‭communication‬ ‭styles,‬ ‭poor‬
C ‭linguistic elements over prior knowledge or context.‬
‭listening,‬ ‭lack‬ ‭of‬ ‭clarity,‬ ‭emotions,‬ ‭distractions,‬ ‭technical‬ ‭issues,‬ ‭or‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭differences,‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬
‭misunderstandings and hindered effectiveness.‬ ‭Types of Listening‬

‭FDAR‬‭= Focus Data Action Results‬ ‭ .‬ ‭Appreciative listening‬

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‭-‬ ‭listening for enjoyment and appreciation‬
‭Elements of Communication‬
‭ .‬ ‭Comprehensive listening‬
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‭1.‬ ‭Sender: The person or entity who initiates the communication by encoding and transmitting a message.‬ ‭-‬ ‭listening to understand the main ideas and details of message‬

‭2.‬ ‭Receiver: The individual or group intended to receive and decode the message sent by the sender.‬ ‭ .‬ C
3 ‭ ritical listening‬
‭-‬ ‭listening to understand and to respond‬
‭3.‬ ‭Message: The information, idea, or expression being communicated from the sender to the receiver.‬ ‭-‬ ‭analyzing and evaluating information to make judgements or decisions‬

‭4.‬ C
‭ hannel:‬ ‭The‬ ‭medium‬ ‭through‬ ‭which‬ ‭the‬ ‭message‬ ‭is‬ ‭transmitted,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭spoken‬ ‭language,‬ ‭written‬ ‭ .‬ ‭Empathetic listening‬
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‭text, body language, or electronic means like email or phone.‬ ‭-‬ ‭listening to respond and care, provide emotional support‬

‭5.‬ B
‭ arriers:‬ ‭Factors‬ ‭that‬ ‭impede‬‭the‬‭successful‬‭transmission‬‭or‬‭understanding‬‭of‬‭the‬‭message,‬‭including‬ ‭Types of Listeners‬
‭noise, distractions, language differences, emotions, or cultural differences.‬
‭ )‬ A
a ‭ ctive listener‬
‭6.‬ F
‭ eedback:‬ ‭The‬ ‭response‬ ‭or‬ ‭reaction‬ ‭provided‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭receiver‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭sender,‬ ‭indicating‬ ‭their‬ ‭-‬ ‭Fully engage with the speaker‬
‭understanding or interpretation of the message and completing the communication loop.‬
‭ )‬ P
b ‭ assive listener‬
‭ he‬ ‭purpose‬ ‭of‬ ‭purposive‬ ‭communication‬‭is‬‭to‬‭convey‬‭specific‬‭information,‬‭achieve‬‭predetermined‬‭goals,‬
T ‭-‬ ‭casual approach without active participation or interaction‬
‭or‬ ‭influence‬ ‭the‬ ‭thoughts,‬ ‭behaviors,‬ ‭or‬ ‭emotions‬ ‭of‬ ‭others‬ ‭through‬ ‭intentional‬ ‭and‬ ‭directed‬ ‭communication‬
‭practices such as‬‭writing, speaking, or presenting‬‭in various life contexts.‬ ‭ )‬ ‭Empathetic‬
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‭-‬ ‭listen to care‬
‭ he‬ ‭principles‬ ‭of‬ ‭communication‬ ‭are‬ ‭fundamental‬ ‭guidelines‬ ‭that‬ ‭help‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭effective‬ ‭and‬ ‭meaningful‬
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‭interactions between individuals or groups. Some key principles include:‬ ‭ )‬ E
d ‭ ager-beaver‬
‭-‬ ‭always ready to listen and eager to learn‬
‭1.‬ ‭Clarity: Messages should be clear, concise, and easily understood by the intended audience.‬ ‭-‬ ‭shows strong interest in understanding and participating in discussion‬

‭2.‬ C
‭ onciseness:‬ ‭Communication‬ ‭should‬ ‭be‬ ‭brief‬ ‭and‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭point,‬ ‭avoiding‬ ‭unnecessary‬ ‭details‬ ‭or‬
‭verbosity.‬
‭Communication Globalization‬
‭3.‬ C
‭ ompleteness:‬‭Providing‬‭all‬‭necessary‬‭information‬‭and‬‭details‬‭for‬‭the‬‭receiver‬‭to‬‭ensure‬‭understanding‬
‭Interconnectedness‬ ‭emphasizes‬ ‭how‬ ‭different‬ ‭elements‬ ‭are‬ ‭linked‬ ‭and‬ ‭influence‬ ‭each‬ ‭other,‬ ‭while‬
‭and avoid confusion.‬
‭ lobalization‬‭describes‬‭the‬‭increasing‬‭integration‬‭of‬‭economies,‬‭cultures,‬‭and‬‭societies‬‭worldwide‬‭through‬‭the‬
g
‭exchange of goods, services, and ideas across borders.‬
‭4.‬ O
‭ rganization:‬ ‭Structuring‬ ‭the‬ ‭message‬ ‭in‬ ‭a‬ ‭logical‬ ‭and‬ ‭coherent‬ ‭manner‬ ‭to‬ ‭enhance‬ ‭comprehension‬
‭and retention.‬
‭In‬ ‭the‬ ‭context‬ ‭of‬ ‭communication,‬ ‭globalization‬ ‭involves‬ ‭the‬ ‭exchange‬ ‭of‬ ‭information,‬ ‭ideas,‬ ‭and‬
‭●‬ ‭"IBC"‬ ‭stands‬ ‭for‬ ‭"Information,‬ ‭Beliefs,‬ ‭and‬ ‭Culture,"‬ ‭a‬ ‭concept‬ ‭that‬ ‭highlights‬ ‭the‬
‭ ultural‬‭influences‬‭on‬‭a‬‭global‬‭scale,‬‭facilitated‬‭by‬‭advancements‬‭in‬‭technology‬‭and‬‭transportation,‬‭i.e.,‬‭culture‬
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‭interconnectedness of these elements in communication.‬
‭and medicine.‬
‭5.‬ F
‭ lexibility:‬ ‭Adapting‬ ‭the‬ ‭communication‬ ‭style‬ ‭and‬ ‭approach‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭needs,‬ ‭preferences,‬ ‭and‬
‭The‬ ‭global‬ ‭village‬ ‭refers‬ ‭to‬‭the‬‭interconnectedness‬‭of‬‭the‬‭world‬‭through‬‭modern‬‭communication‬‭and‬
‭context of the receiver.‬
‭transportation technologies.‬
‭6.‬ E
‭ mpathy:‬‭Understanding‬‭and‬‭considering‬‭the‬‭emotions,‬‭perspectives,‬‭and‬‭experiences‬‭of‬‭the‬‭receiver‬
‭Interdependency‬‭refers to a mutual reliance or dependence between two or more entities.‬
‭to establish rapport and connection in communication.‬
‭History of Globalization and Communication‬ ‭Cultural Understanding‬
‭◆‬ ‭Influences‬ ‭our‬ ‭personal‬ ‭preferences‬ ‭in‬ ‭communication‬ ‭style‬ ‭and‬ ‭continues‬ ‭to‬ ‭influence‬ ‭our‬
‭ 830s - Telegraph‬
1 ‭perception of others throughout our life.‬
‭1843 - Washington and Baltimore connected‬ ‭(Haslett, 1989, in Stringer & Cassiday, 2009)‬
‭1865 - Britain and India connected‬
‭1870s- Europe linked to large parts of the world‬
‭1924 - King George V sent a message that circulated the globe in 80 seconds‬ ‭Cross-Cultural Communication‬
‭19th Century - Emergence of global news networks‬ ‭◆‬ ‭occurs‬ ‭between‬ ‭people‬ ‭who‬ ‭may‬ ‭have‬ ‭different‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭perspectives.‬ ‭This‬ ‭can‬ ‭include‬ ‭the‬ ‭entire‬
‭1.‬ ‭News over large territories‬ ‭range of differences from nationality to age to different departments within the same organization.‬
‭2.‬ ‭Global scope‬ ‭Stringer & Cassiday, 2009‬
‭3.‬ ‭Reached big audiences‬
‭Electro-magnetic waves‬
‭the emergence of organizations with the mission to disseminate‬ ‭Issues‬
‭radio frequencies‬ ‭◆ Generalization- are the patterns of communication used by the most people in any‬
‭NOW‬ ‭cultural group.‬
‭All nurses are skilled caregivers and offer emotional support‬
‭◆ Stereotypes- are cultural norms applied to everyone in a group in a rigid manner.‬
‭Nurses being subordinate to doctors.‬
‭Dimensions‬ ‭◆ Perception- is highly susceptible to both personal and cultural experiences.‬
‭The‬‭perception‬‭about‬‭nurses‬‭often‬‭entails‬‭seeing‬‭them‬‭as‬‭compassionate‬‭caregivers‬‭integral‬‭to‬
‭ .‬ ‭Cultural‬ ‭Dimension:‬ ‭Involves‬ ‭sharing‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭products,‬ ‭values,‬ ‭and‬ ‭norms‬ ‭globally,‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬ ‭cultural‬
1 ‭healthcare, yet may also involve stereotypes regarding gender roles and professional competence.‬
‭blending, uniformity, or resistance to outside influences.‬
‭Example: Miss Universe, Tourism‬ ‭Cross-Cultural Miscommunication‬
‭Six primary sources of cross-cultural miscommunication:‬
‭ .‬ ‭Social‬ ‭Dimension:‬ ‭Focuses‬ ‭on‬ ‭how‬ ‭global‬ ‭communication‬ ‭affects‬ ‭societal‬ ‭structures,‬ ‭identities,‬ ‭and‬
2 ‭1. Assumption of similarities‬
‭connections,‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭emergence‬ ‭of‬ ‭online‬ ‭communities,‬ ‭social‬ ‭movements,‬ ‭and‬ ‭blurred‬‭public-private‬ ‭2. Language differences‬
‭distinctions.‬ ‭3. Nonverbal misinterpretation‬
‭Example: Social Media‬ ‭4. Preconceptions and stereotypes‬
‭5. Tendency to evaluate‬
‭ .‬‭Political‬‭Dimension:‬‭Deals‬‭with‬‭communication's‬‭role‬‭in‬‭shaping‬‭global‬‭politics‬‭and‬‭diplomacy,‬‭including‬‭the‬
3 ‭6. High anxiety‬
‭spread of ideologies, propaganda, and the formation of international advocacy networks.‬ ‭Barna, 1997, in Stringer & Cassiday, 2009‬
‭Example: WHO, ASEAN, OLYMPICS‬

‭ .‬ ‭Economic‬ ‭Dimension:‬ ‭Centers‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭global‬ ‭expansion‬ ‭of‬ ‭media‬ ‭industries‬ ‭and‬ ‭communication‬ ‭markets,‬
4 ‭Register‬
‭dominated by multinational corporations controlling production, distribution, and consumption of media content.‬ ‭Register is the‬‭level of formality‬‭in language as determined by context.‬
‭Example: Jollibee‬ ‭Register is a subset of language as defined by‬‭purpose and setting.‬

‭Impacts‬
‭Formal Register‬ ‭Informal Register‬
‭1.‬ ‭Virtual Interaction like Omegle‬
‭2.‬ ‭Cultural Awareness like “Pop”‬ -‭ Personal emails‬
-‭ Business Letters‬
‭3.‬ ‭Time Differences like Call Center‬ ‭- First Person Point of View‬
‭- Letters of Complaint‬
‭4.‬ ‭Other aspects…‬ ‭- Phone texts‬
‭- Some Essays‬ ‭- Short Notes‬
‭- Reports‬ ‭- Friendly Letters‬
‭Uses of Social Media (Richman)‬
‭- Official Speeches‬ ‭- Most Blogs‬
‭Communication‬
‭- Announcements‬ ‭- Diaries and Journals‬
‭Cause Support (ex. fundraising for cancer patients)‬
‭- Professional Emails‬
‭Competitions‬ ‭ ontractions:‬
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‭Research‬ ‭- Slangs‬
‭ ontractions:‬
C
‭Connection‬ ‭- First Person Point of View‬
‭- Slangs‬ ‭- Avoid to much passive‬
‭Client Service‬
‭- First Person Point of View‬ ‭- idioms, exaggeration, or cliches‬
‭Community Service (ex. HIV Awareness Campaign)‬
‭- Avoid to much passive‬ ‭- abbreviations and acronyms‬
‭- idioms, exaggeration, or cliches‬ ‭- incomplete sentences‬
‭- abbreviations and acronyms‬ ‭- Like, So and But as the first word of your sentence.‬
‭Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings‬ ‭- incomplete sentences‬
‭- Like, So and But as the first word of your sentence.‬
‭Culture‬
‭a‬‭system‬‭of‬‭thinking‬‭and‬‭acting‬‭that‬‭is‬‭taught‬‭by,‬‭and‬‭reinforced‬‭by,‬‭a‬‭group‬‭of‬‭people.‬‭Cultural‬‭groups‬
‭teach their members certain sets of values, with accompanying behaviors and communication preferences.‬
‭Variety‬
‭(Stringer & Cassiday, 2009)‬
‭◆‬ ‭Variety‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭specific‬ ‭set‬ ‭of‬ ‭linguistic‬ ‭items‬ ‭which‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭associated‬ ‭with‬ ‭external‬ ‭factors‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬
‭geographical area or a social group.‬
 ‭Evaluating Messages And/Or Images Of Different Types Of Text Reflecting Different Cultures‬

‭●‬ ‭ ‬ 👍
‭What does this mean?‬

👌
‭●‬ ‭ ‬
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‭●‬ ‭ ‬

‭Linguistic Landscape‬
‭◆ is the displayed language in a particular space, e.g. advertisements, billboards, and other signs.‬
‭Carr, 2019‬

‭Geosemiotics‬‭(the sign in a given place)‬

‭This‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭study‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭social‬ ‭meaning‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭material‬ ‭placement‬ ‭of‬ ‭signs‬ ‭and‬ ‭discourses‬ ‭and‬ ‭our‬
‭actions in the material world.‬

‭Principles of Geosemiotics‬
‭◆ INDEXICALITY- Meaning was given to a sign by a place the sign was put in.‬
‭◆ DIALOGICALITY - signs have double meaning and they correspond with each other.‬
‭◆ SELECTION- one does not see all sign‬

‭Kinds of Signs:‬

‭ .‬‭Regulatory‬‭Signs:‬‭Signs‬‭that‬‭convey‬‭rules,‬‭laws,‬‭or‬‭regulations,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭traffic‬‭signs‬‭indicating‬‭speed‬
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‭limits or parking restrictions.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Infrastructure‬ ‭Signs:‬ ‭Signs‬ ‭that‬ ‭provide‬ ‭information‬ ‭about‬ ‭public‬ ‭amenities,‬ ‭facilities,‬ ‭or‬ ‭services,‬
2
‭such as signs indicating restroom locations, exits, or directions within buildings.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Commercial‬‭Signs:‬‭Signs‬‭used‬‭for‬‭advertising‬‭or‬‭marketing‬‭purposes,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭billboards,‬‭storefront‬
3
‭signs, or banners promoting products or services.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Transgressive‬ ‭Signs:‬ ‭Signs‬ ‭that‬ ‭challenge‬‭or‬‭subvert‬‭societal‬‭norms,‬‭conventions,‬‭or‬‭expectations,‬

4
‭often used in street art or graffiti to convey political, social, or cultural messages.‬

‭ .‬ ‭Online‬ ‭Landscape‬ ‭Signs:‬ ‭Signs‬ ‭and‬ ‭symbols‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭digital‬ ‭communication‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭and‬ ‭social‬
5
‭media,‬ ‭including‬ ‭emojis,‬ ‭hashtags,‬ ‭and‬ ‭icons,‬ ‭which‬‭convey‬‭meaning‬‭or‬‭facilitate‬‭interaction‬‭in‬‭virtual‬
‭environments.‬