AnaTOMy RevisiON

PhysiOlOgy visiON
 Polarity & transport through the epithelium
·

epithelial cells (apical + basolateral membranes) are polar

transport is usually done transcellulary
ex ·
intestinal/kidney reabsorption
paracellular transport :
capillaries
exocrine & endocrine glands formed outside of the epithelium

secrete through secrete directly

ducts into the blood
merocrine glands Secrete small vesicles =
ex .
salivary glands
apocrine glands= small portion of the cell is breaking down and going into the tubular system
·

of the gland ex
. mammary
glands

I
·
nolocrine glands =
cells that totally burst ex ·
sebbaceous glands
origins of the epithelium 1 ectodermal
·
:
.

.
2 endodermal

.
3 mesodermal

C) NERVE TISSUE
afferent (sensory) neuron Interneuron
· ·
efferent (motor) neuron

fe -

↑
El
& I
dendrites multipolar

·
& -- ↓
N ()x
&-
· ↑
-
& ~
17

Wa E
mus

EH
z I F
⑥
Schwann I

, oligodentrocytes
a S
cells

h
Myelin
sneat

a
node ofGanvier,
I ·
anaxonic connects
⑪ ·

multipolar
pseudounipolar bipolar

axon
S microtubules transport of signalling molecules
·

intermediate fillaments = neurofilaments structure

axodendritic)anchored throuates
·

stnapses
axo axonic

action potential depolarizing of the membrane

·
=

caendrites Neurotransmitters =
chemical signalling ion channels open change in the el .
charge
action potential (signal going through the axon)( next of
neuron
rest potential (usually <O) activity
·

no

excitatory neurons

inhibitory neurons

neuvoglia cells tissue

·

=
supporting structure

tissue repair
phagocytosis
provide nutrients to neurons
·

Microglia : clear waste + activate inflammatory responses in the brain

olygodendrocytes :
form Myelin sheat

grey matter =
cell bodies A meninges dura mater

white matter =
axons arachnoid mater

ependymal cells produce cerebrospinalys liquid Dia mater

·
:

* malturation =
development of white matter
·
steroid hormones :
go through the membrane and meet receptors inside the cytosol
·

stimuli :

numoral (altered levels of ions] -

changes blood levels directly

ex . PTH (Cat) ; insulin (glucose) ; aldosteron
·

neural [neural stimulus] -

renal medula norepinephrine +
epinephrine
·

hormonal [caused by another hormone] :

hypotalamus anterior pituitary endocrine
from hypotalamus organs
Hypothalamus
·

communicates

through a nervous

branch with the glands pituitary

secreated hypothalamus
in the ADH & oxytocin :

anterior pituitary growth hormones (ex TSH

&
·
:
.

hormones
8
posterior pituitary releases hormones from the hypothalamus
·
:

TSM (thyroid stimulating hormone) synthesis of Th (thyroid hormone) in the gland

TH affects every cell
: -

TH + Te prevent damage from radiation

-

parathyroid hormone : -

produced by parathyroid glands

targets Kidneys intestine + Skeleton
-

released when cat levels fall

advenal glands / supravenal electrolyte ballance & stress response
adrenal medulla = nervous-like system ; produces epinephrine
a norepinephrine
fight / flight response (= stress
adrenal cortex gland tissue ; produces corticosteroids
=
cholesterol

&
mineralocorticoids (aldosteron) Kidney function :
·

glucocorticoids (Cortisol ,
cortison
, corticosteron not stored , made on

gonadocorticoids the spot

·

pancreas =
endocrine + exocrine gland tissue

acinar cells :
produce digestive juice
·

pancreatic islets =
glands ; produce 2 kinds of hormones glucagen (d cells
insulin (B cells

transport of glucose into cells

G) BLOOD VESSELS & PRESSURE
arteries tunica externa
veins thinner tunica media tunica media

capillaries =exchange vessels tunica intima

smooth muscles get information from sympathetic vascometer nerve fibers

vasodilatation / vasoconstriction
·
arteries elastic =
pressure reservoirs ; deepen the pulsations
muscular =
distributing vessels

arterioles =
resistence vessels

capillary bed-microcirculation
-

[I terminal arteriole 10-20 (joint] post capillary

capillaries venule]
veins bring back blood to the heart

provide resistence need for value system to prevent backflow

·
:

resistence
I
V=
(vessel radius)"

venous backflow helped by :

muscular & respiratory pump , sympathetic venoconstriction