علاقة القيادة التحويلية بالولاء التنظيمي لدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة صنعاء

‫ب‬ ‫ع‬‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬‫م‬‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬‫ل‬
‫ا ر ر ا د را ي ا ري‬
‫المركر الديمقراطي العربي‬

Democratic Arabic Center
‫ الماييا‬- ‫برلين‬
Berlin – Germany
‫م‬‫لينظي‬ ‫ت‬‫ل‬
‫ي‬ ‫علاقة القيادة ا حويلية يالو ا‬
‫لء ا‬ The Relationship Between Transformational
‫لـدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة صنعاء‬

‫عالقـة القيادة التحويلية بالوالء التنظيمي‬
Leadership and Organizational loyalty
‫لدي اعضاء هيية التدري س بحامعة صنعاء‬ Of Teaching Staff members Of Sana'a University
BY
‫تأليف‬ JAMELAH NAJI AHMED ATTAFI
‫جميلة ناجي أحمد عطافي‬ SUPERVISOR

PROF. ABDULLAH MUBARAK AL-GHAITHI
‫اشراف‬ AND
PROF. ABDULJABAR AL - TAYB
‫ عبد الجبار الطيب‬.‫د‬.‫ا‬ ‫ عبد اهلل مبارك الغيثي‬.‫د‬.‫ا‬
‫الطبعة األولى‬
2020 DEMOCRATIC ARABIC CENTER
Germany : Berlin 10315 Gensinger- Str : 112
http://democraticac.de
VR.3383-6411.B :‫رقم التسجيل‬
TEL: 0049-CODE
030-89005468/030-898999419/030-57348845
MOBILTELEFON: 0049174274278717
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫ
። ጼܸ࣍ ‫ ߁ ݎ‬ዖዄ Ž። ጩ ܸ‫ހ‬ቼቴ‫ޟ‬ዖወ ƉƁ߁ ၫſ
ܺ୅ฃܺଏଋſ–ໟ ໃࡨभऋ –ࠥ‫ݸ‬Ƌܺࢦ ޮߗଗ଒ƃƤࠥ‫ࡨ ࢿޡܺ ࢴޡ‬ƃƤࠥ‫ޡ‬බඕ ൹ƃ౯౓ࢴ ଗ଒ƃƆ ܺࢴ ƃƍኅ ᒖᐼ፤ ጑࢕‫ࡨݗ‬ƃ࣮ ࣌ ƃ࢕ߤ೗಻ኅ ተƃഀ೧࢕ଏଋƃƆ ƃƍƃ߃ ࢡ Ɓ
1
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
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ʫŎńŏƨ ńü
Ļ û Ļ ļ Ȝľ
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ŏƸ ńžĿ ŅɩŷůŉĿų
ܺ୅ฃܺଏଋſˏ ໟ ໃࡨभऋˏ ࠥ‫ݸ‬Ƌܺࢦ ޮߗଗ଒ƃƤࠥ‫ࡨ ࢿޡܺ ࢴޡ‬ƃƤࠥ‫ޡ‬බඕ ൹ƃ౯౓ࢴ ଗ଒ƃƆ ܺࢴ ƃƍኅ ᒖᐼ፤ ጑࢕‫ࡨݗ‬ƃ࣮ ࣌ ƃ࢕ߤ೗಻ኅ ተƃഀ೧࢕ଏଋƃƆ ƃƍƃ߃ ࢡ Ɓ
2
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ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
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ŷ÷ ųȜŐ ŅųȧŤľ÷ɦ ɓŅšǫ ŬŅŤ ö
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ʫŶŏƨ ɦĿŭ Ŀ ſʆ ńüŷŲż ňĿɦĿŅɩŅ ľŉŪ÷Ŵ ŅŕňńüŇľŉūɩĿʆſ ŷňń
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3
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
4
‫ݕܸ‪Ż‬‬
‫ݕࠣ ࢟ީ‬
‫ݽܸࡦࣝ‪࣌ ީެࡦƁŻକଐ‬ޟ ࡷ ࣬‪ Žƣ ኃ ቮ‬ݎ ࢢܸ‪ࠤŻ‬ޟޜࠣ‪ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁ‬‬
‫‪ߢࡦƁࠣߕോെၫ‬ޟܸ‪ࣝࠏ ެࡦƁƃƉ‬ݶ࡬ޟࠣ‬
‫‪ዖወ ƉƁ߁ ၫſ‬ޟ‪ቼቴ‬ހܸ ‪ ߁ ዖዄ Ž። ጩ‬ݎ ܸ࣍‪። ጼ‬‬
‫اﻟﻨـ ـﺎﺷ ـﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ /‬ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪Democratic Arabic Center‬‬
‫‪Berlin / Germany‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة إﺻﺪار ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أو أي ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻪ أو ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﺳﺘﻌﺎدة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت أو ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺑﺄي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل‪ ،‬دون إذن ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮق اﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‪ -‬أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
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‫ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ أﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪/‬ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪Berlin10315 Gensingerstr :112‬‬

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‫اﻟﺒ ـﺮﻳﺪ اﻹﻟﻜﺘ ـﺮوﻧــﻲ‬
‫‪ࢴbook@democraticac.de‬ޡࠥ‪Ƌܺࢦ ޮߗଗ଒ƃƤ‬ݸࠥ– ‪ܺ୅ฃܺଏଋſ–ໟ ໃࡨभऋ‬‬
‫‪ࡨƃ࣮ ࣌ ƃ࢕ߤ೗಻ኅ ተƃഀ೧࢕ଏଋƃƆ ƃƍƃ߃ ࢡ Ɓ‬ݗ࢕‪බඕ ൹ƃ౯౓ࢴ ଗ଒ƃƆ ܺࢴ ƃƍኅ ᒖᐼ፤ ጑‬ޡࠥ‪ࢿ ࡨƃƤ‬ޡܺ‬
‫‪5‬‬
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ơ ᚹ ‫࢓ ݎ‬ᚺࢵ Ƌᚹ ࡷ ᚸ‫ێ ݎ‬Ž። ጏ࢓‫ݕ‬

ࡦƁ࣬ ࣊ Ɓ࢓ߢೕಹኃ ቮƁ೾೥࢓଍ଉƁࢧ ფႸƋ
Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁࠣߕോെၫƂ ܸລ๽ࡦƁᄋ ႐Ɓ
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬
ཬདྷ‫ݐޟ‬
ࡦƁƝ Ƌܸަࡴ‫ ٴ‬ƫǊ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ‫ێ‬Žƛ Ɓྯ ႓ſ
‫ࡦ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ƁƋܸަ஋ॅ Ɓ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ‫ێ‬Ž
Ɖᚹ ᚼ ަࡦ௧ ௒ࡱ ᚸࡦᚹ ࢲ ‫ێ‬Ɖࢄ ᚸ‫ߕޟ‬਑ ৼƢࣇ ަ࢝
። ጒᚹ ަ‫ݕ‬
ࢵ ௧ ோ߁ ᚸࡦƁƋ਑ ৶‫ێ‬Ɖ‫ێ‬ŽƆ Ɓ࢓ᚸ߽ ଔଐƁƢবঐࡷ ࢤ ެࡦƁ
VR. 3338-6411 .BƂ ܸລ๽ࡦƁࡠ ‫ ࠓޟ‬మ ఝࡱ ߕƋ
263 Ƅ ܸၾ ߣࢤ ࡦƁƉ߁ ၫ
፜ ፎƢଘଐƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
ަ࣍ ࡦƁ
‫ م‬2020 ‫أوت‬
6
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ŻƁ߁ ᚻ ᚼ ᚼ ࠤଔଐƁ
‫ێێێ‬ƃƉ ܸ‫ݶ‬༜་ƁƋ߁ ࢤ ‫ ݎ ࣌ ࡱࡴ ࡹރ‬ŽƢ…ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ፜ ፎࣝ‫ߖ ࢢ ࡠࡴ ࡹރ‬Ž፜ ፎſ‫ێێێ‬ƃƉܸࢽ ࡦƁবঐ‫ ݎ‬ƌƢ‫ێێێ‬ƃƉܸߢࡦƁ౭ౄၬ ፜ ፎſ
ŨƠ ܸమ చଔଐƁࡹ ‫ࡦ ࣌ ࣰࣴ ݎ‬Ɓ݇ ߖƋƢ‫ێێ‬Ơ ܸީ‫ ࣊ࡷޜ‬କଐƁƢࡹ ࡴଘଐƁƓ ƋƌƢŨƠ Ɓ౭ౄஇॅ Ɓ߀ ߢ‫ ୶ ࢵ߁ێێߖܻހ‬୧Ƣࡠ ‫ࡦޟ‬Ɖࡱ ࣌ ‫ ݎ‬ŽƢŨ਑ ৬ܸߕ౭ౄၬ Ơ ᇱᇊ ߖ
‫ێێێ‬Ꭵ᎙ ƞ ࣝࢲ ༜་Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ ፜ ፎƁƢ ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƞ ࣝࢲ ༜་Ɓ ፜ ፎſŨர பஆॅ Ɓƛ ྯ ႓Ɓ፜ ፎſ‫ێێ‬Ơ ᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁࠣࡷެ‫ ݎ‬Żܸ࢝ ŽƢ
‫ ࢲ ࡐީࠟߖ ࢽޟ ߭ ࠂީܸރࠟێ‬ƁƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓࠟዖዄ Ƌƃ࢓ࠤܸ࣍ ࡦƁ። ፎܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ‫ ݧ‬ფަஇॅ ƁƤ ኃ ቮƁƢƇ ƢƋ፜ ፎſ
ࠟ࣌ ߣ߾ ௧ ோኃ ቮƁ୴ ‫ ݧ ݎ‬ფަஇॅ ƁƤ ኃ ቮƢ፜ ፎſŨܸࠤܸၫƋƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓܸࠦ࣌ ߣ߾ ࠣ‫ݐܸࡦޟ‬
ࡦƁ። ጕኃ ቮƁƢŨܸᐮᐜ‫ ݎ‬። ፎܸ‫ݐ‬
ఱ చƁ‫࡬ ݚ‬ዖှီࡹ ࡴ፜ ፎſ
‫ێ‬ơܸၫƋƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ
౭ౄࢽ ࡴࢄ ‫ ࢝ ݚ ࣊࢓ݶ‬౭౑ၫƁཬཏࡦƁƄ ܸߕࣝ‫ݕ‬ ༩೛ Ƣ። ጒܸߢߖƁƋࡹ ࡴཬཏ߽ ŽƢ። ጤ Ž፜ ፎſ
଍ଉƁࡱ ݉ Ƌࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁቼቴ࢟ Ɓࣝࡴૄ સၫ። ጒܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ࡷܸێ‬ᐮ᏶ྯ ႐ܻ‫ݽ‬
ܸዖዔ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ŽƢܸዖዔܸၫƋƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓܸࡷࠦ࣌ ߣ߾ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
࢝ Ɓࣝެ଍ଉƁࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁơ߀ ࠤƉƁ߁ ၫſ
ࠟީࡐ ࢲ ƁƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓࠟዖዄ Ƌ። ጼܸ࣍ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁསག༥࿸ Ƌࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁࠟ‫ރ‬Ƌࣝࣀ ೕೀ። ጒ਑ ৹ܸࢲ Ƥ ኂ ቮƁŨ። ፎƥܸၬ Žࠣ‫ݽ‬
ܸޯೕೀƠ ᇱᆚ ࡹ ࡴƇ ƢƋ፜ ፎſ
‫ߖ ࢽޟ ߭ ࠂީܸރࠟێ‬
௧ ோኂ ቮƁƟƁಏ౴ᚸࡦƁ። ጕਐ ৼܸࢲ Ž፜ ፎſ‫ێ‬Ɵܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࢄ ߾ ࠟ‫ݽ‬
ƟܸߕƢቸቴዖኵ ። ጼ࢚ ࡬ၬ ܸߖࠣࡴଘଐƁ። ጼƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ፜ ፎࣝ‫ࡴ ࡹރ‬ᇬ ᆚ ፜ ፎſ
‫ݕࠣێ‬
࢝ Ɓࣝެ଍ଉƁࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁơ߀ ࠤƉƁ߁ ၫſŻ୍ܸงŽƂ Ɓࣝࢤ ࡦƁࢄ ‫ࡦޟ ࡠࡦ ࣍࢓ݶ‬ኃ ቮƁࡱ ‫ݕ‬
ƪ‫ހ‬። ፎƁࣝ‫ހ‬ᇱᆚ
ࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬። ጏܸ༩࿸ ଔଐƁƞ ࣝࠏ ެࡦƁࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ࡠ ၱ Žࡹ ࡴࡱ ࠦ߾ ƁƢƋܻ‫ݽ‬
Ɓࣝ༥༡ ௧ ோኂ ቮƁࠣࡴƁಏ౴ᚸࡦƁƢƃ࢑‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƢࠣ‫࢓ݶ‬இॅ ƁŻƁ߁ ᐰ႓፜ ፎſ
ƃܸ‫ޟ‬இॅ Ɓ። ጼૄ સޯࡴࠣ‫ݶ‬
ܸၦƢቼቮܸࢲ Ƌ‫ ܸ࢟ ߾ ݧ‬ᇬ ᆚ ፜ ፎᓕƢŨफंƁ౭ోߖࡹ ࡴྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ɖܸஇॅ ƁƃƋࣝ‫ކ‬ŻƁ߁ ᐰ႓Ũࠣୃกܸమ చଔଐƁቼቮƁ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
‫ރ ࢢ ࠏޟࠣێ‬Ƣ߁ ࠦࠂ ᇬ ᇊ ‫ݽ‬
ܸࠦߢ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬ത ୥మ ఐ
Ũ‫ ݧ‬ფަஇॅ Ɓࡹ ৡ৅঴Ɓ። ጼࡹ ࡴଘଐƁƢƟോെࢽ ࡦƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬ത ୥మ ఐࡹ ࡴᇬ ᆚ ፜ ፎᓕƢŨ
ƥܸ‫ܸހ‬మ చᓕƢƥܸ࢝ ƋŽ‫ ݧ‬ფަஇॅ Ɓཬཌ࣊ Ƣ፜ ፎſ
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ྯݶ‬႐Ƅ କଐࣝ༥စ ƅ Ɓ߁ ၭ ſ߁ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ ‫ے‬
ܸࠤƌܸ༩ဂ ſƋܸ࣌ ୐กƁƞ ܸ࣊ ཬཏࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁơ߀ ࠤƉƁ߁ ၫſ። ጼ݇ ࢝ Ɓࣝެ଍ଉƁƤ ߁ ࠦࠂ Ƥ ߁ ࠤ Ž
Ơ ŽƢཬཌࡴܸࠦ࡬ަߢ୐෷Ơ Žࡠ ၱ Ƣ୴ ‫ ٴ ݎ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓࡹ ࡴསཌೕೆŽཬཏࡦƁƢŨƟܸࢽ ࠂ ƅ Ɓ߁ ၭ Žࡹ ࡴܸࠦߢߖƁƋܸࡴƢŨ። ጏ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ୃ෾༜་ƁƄ ƁƋࣝޯࡦ
‫ࡦޟࠟێ‬ſ። ፋ Ɓኃ ቮƁŻܸၫኃ ቮ‫ޟ ݧ‬സലമƁࡱ ‫ݕ‬
‫ހ‬Ƣ፜ ፎࣝ଍ଉƁࡱ ‫ݕ‬
‫ހࠟހ‬ſ። ጕܸީࢽ ߾ Ơ Ɓ౫ౄࡴ። ጼܸࠦ࡬‫ݕ‬
༩࿸
ࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁ
7
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
࢓ᚸ‫ݶ‬
߁ ᚼ ᚼ ߢ‫ރ‬Ƣ࢓ᚼ ᚼ ࡐ ࢵ
ᑑ ᐽ፥ ጒƎūƨƄ౰ేၯ ƀƥƨଘଓƥƀಒ౷ࣃ ࡩƄƥ߄ ସନଣ Ƅቻቱūࠢ൞൙ၮƥƤܻ‫ݑ ࣐ܻݹ‬Ƣഃ೨ ࡼ ࡷƤƌܻީ‫઻ ેݑ‬ၮࠦެଐଌƄƥࠦࡺ‫ࡩެݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩ ࢧܻ ࠁ ݪ‬፥ ገܻ୐ชƥƧ ಒ౷ࢸ ƀਔ ৹ƀ
ࡴ ࠁ Ǝƀܻ‫ݹ‬Ơ ƌܻީ‫ࡩݘ‬౰ేࢧ ެࡩƄƥ໠ ໄ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ‫ރݘ‬ƥ፟ ፑ࣠ଐଌƄࡴ ‫ރ ࠯ރݘ‬Ƃū྽ Ⴉ ༟༎Ƅ߄ ‫ ߄ހݘ‬ସନଣ Ƅᑑ ᐽƥū‫ ݝ‬ყࢠƎƄƍƂ߄ ସନଣ Ƅᑑ ᐽƥ྽ Ⴉ मऒཀྵདྷࠁ ߄ ସନଣ Ƅ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄዙ዇ Ƅ༟༎Ƅ
ƞ ࢖ᚽࣃ ଐଌƄ཯ཕ‫ݓޢ‬
ࡩƄƠ Ǝܻީࡷ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬Ǝ࣠ࣀ ߙ౰౎ࡩƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄ፟ ፑƂƣ ܻߙ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଘଓƄƥमअ߄ ᚽߥޯࡩƄƥ࢖ᚽࡓ ࣃ ࡩƄᇯ ᇍ ‫ހ‬Ƣ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƀƥ
ቻቱܻ‫ݓ‬
ఴ ఝƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝࠢ൞൙ၮ࢛ ‫ߙޢ‬ƥƤ߄ ࠩࠅ ƥࠢޯߘƥࡼ ࡷ፥ ጕܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧે ઻ၮƞ Ƅྲ ႖ଗଓƄࡣ ީߘƧ ኅ ቱƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧે ઻ၮࢪ ყႻ༟༎Ƅ
Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƞ ྲ ႡଐଌƄ‫ࡩ ࣐ޢ ݪ‬ƄƎܻީஎै Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬Ǝ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƠ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƍܻޯࢵ ൑ᑉᐽƣ ܻߙ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଘଓƄƥ मअ߄ ߥޯࡩƄƥಒ౷ࣃ ࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ƣ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūቻቱܻዙኸ ƀƆ౰౗ࡁ ƥ
Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƞ ྲ ႡଐଌƄࠢޯߦࢧ ‫ހ‬፥ ፑƆ߄ ၮܻࣀ ଐଌƄƇ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠ޯࡩƄƥūᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽƨܻࣀ ყႻƎࠢޯߦࢧ ‫ހ‬Ƈ ൎ൉‫ޢ‬ᐳ႞ჴࡩƄᇯ ᆝ ፥ ፑƢ߄ ߘƧ ኅ ቱƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧે ઻ၮ
‫ۑ‬ቻቱܻዙኸ ƀƆ౰౗ࡁ ƥቻቱܻ‫ݓ‬
ఴ ఝƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝቿቱܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮ
Ƥ߃ ࠧࠦࣃ ߘܻެଐଌ࢖ߦࣀ ࡩƄžܻެ‫ ࣃࡺࠢݑ‬༬ဈ ે ઻ၮƉ ܻஊै Ƅ߄ ‫ ߄ ࢵݘޢ‬ዙಟಝƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƠ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƍܻޯࢵ ൑ᑉᐽƣ ܻߙ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥमअ߄ ߥޯࡩƄƥಒ౷ࣃ ࡩƄᇯ ᇍ ‫ހ‬Ƣ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƀƥ
ࡣ ީߘƧ ኅ ቱƄƎܻႅ ެࡩƄ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬Ǝ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄ፟ ፑƂƧ मअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥƧ ಒ౷ఴ చƢ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƀƥūኆ ቷީࡩƄܻᐱᏳ࢖೘೉཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩ ࢧݘ࣠ހ‬Ƅࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝ࢔‫ܻࡷݘࠦކݘ‬ၴ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࣐ࠦ ࠀ ࡣ ‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬ƥ໠ ໄࣀ ࠒ ޯࡩࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄƇ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠ޯࡩܻ‫઻ ેࡷޯܻހݘࠦހ‬ၮƑ ܻၴ ୹ ‫઻ ્ݑ‬ၮƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ᒗᐽमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥಒ౷ࢸ ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠦࣃ ߘܻެࡷ
Ƥ߃ ࠧƆƄƌƀžܻ୐ก߄ ެ‫ެܻ ࢵީࠦݑ‬ଐଌƄࠢ‫ܻކ‬ᐱᐕࠅ ࣠‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ࢔‫ܻࡷݘࠦކݘ‬ၴ ࡼ ࡷƧ ƥܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ‫ߘޢ ݪ‬༟༎Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬Ǝ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƍܻޯࢵ ൑ᑉᐽƣ ܻߙ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥमअ߄ ߥޯࡩƄƥಒ౷ࣃ ࡩƄƥ
‫ۑ‬Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄ࣊ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄᄎ ႞ߘ፥ ጿ፥ ጘਓ ৿ܻࢵ ƀ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ मअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ಒ౷ࢸ ƥūƦ ༇໩ ƀว คƄ࣠ࠅ ፥ ጿƥܻࠩࡺ‫ ࡓޢ‬༨ဈ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࡼ ‫ ࡴݑ‬ᐱᐢ᠊ܻၴ Ƃ፥ ጿƄॅळၮܻߦ୓෺Ꭸ፻ƥƀƄॅळၮܻߦ‫ކ‬ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡴ ࠧƥቿ ቱܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿƨܻީხࢵ Ƅ࣠‫ރ‬ᇴᆝ ࡼ ࡷ྽ ྜྈƀࡼ ࡩƥ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƆƄƌƀ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ ൎ൉‫ޢ‬ᐳ႞ჴࡩƄ፥ ጿƣ ƥܻ‫ࡷ ࡼކݘ‬፥ ፑƄ࣠ࡷ߄ ߘܻࡷે ઻ၮܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ१ ॐ࣌ ࣠ࡷƥࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝƆƌܻዙኸ १ ॐ࣌ ࣠ଐଌमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥಒ౷ࢸ ƥ
ࡴ ᐱᐟࡷഃ೨ኅ ቱƄ࢝ ࠀ Ƅƥƣ ƥܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƥƧ ƀ༟༎ƄƥƆƎ࣠ࣃ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ɔ߄ ၮܻࣀ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲፥ ፑƄ࣠‫ރ‬ᇴᆝ ࡼ ࡷƆƎƄƌଗଓƄᄎ ႞ߘ፥ ጿƇ ൎ൉‫ࡷޢ‬༝༎Ƅƥžൎ൉ࡷ༝༎Ƅ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ ƥūࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄ
݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ƥūࠦႁ ‫ހ࣠ ࢸޢ‬ƀቻᒗᐽƄ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥū࿃ Ⴐ ‫ࡩߥ࡯ޢ‬Ƅཀྵཅ༨࿻ ƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥūƧ ࢖࣐ ଐଌƄƢൎ൉ࣀ ࡩƄ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥūƇ ƥಒ౷ᅚଌƄ߄ ዙ዇ ƀƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ݓ‬
ࡩ཯ཌ‫ ࢧݘ‬ଐଌƄኆ ቱܻၯ ƍܻޯࢵ ൑ᑉᐽमअ߄ߥ‫ކ‬ƥಒ౷ࢸ ƥūࠦ୆ก୹ ‫ݓࠦݑ‬
ࡩᄎ ႞ߘƅ ƄƌଜଓƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝࠦީࠧࠦ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠ߙƆƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄ‫ ࠀ ݝ‬൑ᑉᐽमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥಒ౷ࢸ ƥūžൎ൉ࡷ༝༎Ƅ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬౮ే࡯༬စ Ƃ
፥ ፎ ܻସବଣ Ƅ߄ ዙಟಝƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥūࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƢܻၮमअ߄ ࡷযওࠧƄमऌƂਔ ৯ƄƎƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄࡴ ᐳ႓ƀƎે ઻ၮƥūࠦ‫ޯެࡺޢ‬ᑃᐽࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠‫ࡷ࣓ ࢵ ࣀࠦކ‬፥ ጿƆ࣠ࠀ ൑ᑉᐽमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥಒ౷ࢸ ƥ
‫࣓ ࢵ ࣀࠦێ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƣ ſ࢖ߥࡩƄࣉ ‫ࡩ ࣃߦޢ ݊ࡩޯ ࠒߦޢ‬ƄƖ ƥྲ Ⴁࡷमअ߄ ࡷ
8
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫اﻟﻤـﺤﺘــﻮﻳـﺎت‬
ࠣᚼ ࠏ ߣࢤ ࡦƁ ‫ࣝع‬ᚺᚼ ࢝ ࣝ଍ଉƁ
01 ቼቴࡷࢽ ძࡦƁ
03 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
ଙଐƁ
07 ŻƁ߁ ࠤଔଐƁ
08 फं߁ ߢ‫ރ‬Ƣಏ౴ࢵ
09 Ƅ ܸ‫ެࣝݶ‬ഴലമƁࠣೕಶܸߕ
15 ƞ ƢƁ߁ ஋ॅ Ɓࠣೕಶܸߕ
18 ƞ ᇱᇊ ࢵ ଘଐƁࠣೕಶܸߕ
18 ࢄ ߾ ോെ଍ଉƁࠣೕಶܸߕ
19 ࠣୃ෾࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ݐ‬
ᑀᐺܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ࢚ ࠎ ࡬ࡴ
21 ࠣ‫ޟ‬ძީࠂ ଘଐƁࠣ‫ݐ‬
ᑀᐺܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ࢚ ࠎ ࡬ࡴ
24 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ᒔᐺƟܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƋܸ࣊ ଔଐƁƞ ƢଘଐƁࡠ ࢤ ߣࡦƁ
25 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣࡴ߁ ߢࡴ
28 ܸᐮᐟ࡬‫ ࢲޜ‬ŽƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ࡴ
28 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ
29 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽ
30 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƉƢ߁ ၭ
30 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ ܸၾ ࡬࣍ ࢤ ࡴ
32 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ‫ ࠓޟ‬ᐮᐜࡴ
32 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƋƉܸࢤ ࡴ
33 ࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƢࠣᚸ‫࢓ݶ‬ᚺ࣌ ީࡦƁࠣᚺ‫࡬ߣޟ‬ஆॅ Ɓ። ጒܸޯࡦƁࡠ ࢤ ߣࡦƁ
34 ܸᐮ᏶ܸ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬ƢƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ƢଘଐƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
9
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
34 ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƃܻఱ చƋࣝࠦࣉ ƥକଐƢŽ

34 ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƃƋƁƉଔଐƁ
35 ࠣ‫ ࣊ޟ‬Ɓ࢓ߕƢ౭ౄަࡦƁ
35 ࠣୃกܸమ చଔଐƁƄ ܸߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
36 ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓߋ ‫ݕ࢓ݶ‬
‫ރ‬ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
37 ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓྯ Ⴈ ܸީ‫ ݎ‬ƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
38 ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
39 ƃƋƁƉଔଐƁƢƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
39 น ෷߁ இॅ ƁƤ ƋƁƉଔଐƁಏ౴ߣࡦƁ። ጼƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬ƥܸࢲ Ɖܸࢲ
39 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
߁ ‫ࡦެߢ࡬ޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ݶ‬ƁƥକଐƢŽ
40 বঐ࣌ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࡠ ၱ ༜་Ɓࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬
40 Ƅ ܸࡷࢽ ࡦƁࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬
41 ࠣ‫ू ࠾ޟ‬रࢽ ࡦƁࠣ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ɓƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
41 ࠣ‫ࣝߕߣޟ‬଍ଉƁࠣ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ɓƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
42 ƍ Ƣž࢓଍ଉƁƢ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࡠ ၫܸߣެࡦƁࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬ƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
42 ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƉܸަެࡦƁࠣ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ɓƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
43 ࠣ‫ࡴޟ‬ോെࢲ ଔଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƥܸࢲ Ɖܸࢲ
44 ƃŽ࢓଍ଉƁƃƉܸ‫ߕޟ‬ƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸࢲ
46 ࠣᚻ ‫ࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ᚻ ࠏ ެࡦƁƃƉᚹ ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬። ጒܸޯࡦƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
46 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƥକଐƢŽ
46 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƋࣝࠦࣉ
46 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓߋ ‫ݕ࢓ݶ‬
‫ރ‬
48 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ࣝ߾ ऩऌ౭ౄ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋ
49 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ࣝ߾ ƍ ܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋ
10
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
49 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽ
50 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Ž
52 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƑ ܸೕೃŽ
54 ‫ێ‬૊સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ࢚ ‫߽ ࢤܸݳ‬
55 ‫ێ‬૊સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƄ ܸࡴƁ౫౑ࡦƁ
56 ‫ێ‬૊સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁߋ ‫ ࣉܸݳ‬Ƣ
59 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƀ Ɖܸަࡴ
60 ‫ێ‬Ɵോെࢲ ଔଐƁ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
64 ‫ێ‬Ɯ ോെၬ ଘଐƁऩं࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƋƢƉ
65 ‫ێ‬Ƅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ࢘ ‫ݕ‬
୊෾ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫ
65 ‫ ࣬ێ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ କଐƁƉƁ߁ ၫଔଐƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
65 ‫ێ‬౭ౄ‫ݐޟ‬
ެࡦƁƃƋƁƉᓕƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
66 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟࠦࠂ Ɓࣝࡴ። ጼܸࠤƋƢƉƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠟၱ Ɓࣝ‫ރ‬Ƅ ܸަߢ‫ ݎ‬ƢƄ ܸ‫ݶ‬
߁ ༥စ
70 ‫ݕޟࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
70 ‫(ێ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ ። ፎܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƄ ܸࢽ ࢲ ࣐ࡴ࢚ ‫߽ ࢤܸݳ‬
71 ‫ ྯێ‬Ⴆ ܸஇॅ Ɓ‫ࡦࣝߕ ݚ‬Ɓ። ጼƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓૄ સၫƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
72 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƄ ƁƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸየዙ Ƣ࢚ ‫߽ ࢤܸݳ‬
72 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽ
73 ‫ێ‬പ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧ
74 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݎ‬
74 ‫ޟࠣێ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƃƉܸ‫ߢޟ‬ᑀᐺࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ଘଐƁ
75 ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟܸᐮᚎƢƋƁƢƉŽ
76 ‫ୃࠣێ‬෾ܸ༩࿸ ଔଐƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
77 ‫ޟࠣێ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƄ ƁƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠟၱ Ɓࣝ‫ཬރ‬ཏࡦƁƄ ܸ‫ݶ‬
߁ ၾ ެࡦƁ
11
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
79 ‫ێ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ݇ ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
79 ‫ێ‬ƃܻࣀ ხࡦƁƢࠣߣࢽ ࡬ߣࡦƁ
80 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ
81 ‫ێ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ ። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁ
81 ࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁᄋ ႛߢࡦƁߋ ‫ݕ࢓ݶ‬
‫ރ‬
82 ࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁᄋ ႛߢࡦƁƟܸᐮᚎ
82 ‫ێ‬ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žơܸ༩စ ࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁᄋ ႛߢࡦƁࢧ ფႸƋƄ ܸࢲ ƋܸየዧƢƄ ܸަࠂ ƁƢ
83 പ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬ƋƁƢƉŽƢƟܸᐮᚎ
84 ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬Ƅ ܸࢲ ƋܸየዧƢƄ ܸߣ࢟
86 ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
86 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴ
88 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽ
89 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ࢚ ‫߽ ࢤܸݳ‬
89 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Ž
90 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ƅ ܸࠤܸ༩စ ƁƢࡠ ၬ Ɓ߁ ࡴ
91 ‫ێ‬ŻକଐࣝࡦƁƓ Ɓࣝ‫ހ‬Ž
92 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƄ Ɓ౫ౄየዧ
93 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƋࣝ࣍ ‫ ࡠރ‬ၭ Ɓ୶ ୧
93 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ Ɔ Ɗܸೕೃ
97 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࣝೕೃ። ጼƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
100 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁफऒŽ
101 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁऩं࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ Ɓ
103 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁߋ ‫ݕ‬
࢝ ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ࡴƢƂ ܸަࢲ Ž
104 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸၾ ࡬࣍ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ࢘ ‫ݕ‬
୊෾࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣߕോെၫ
12
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
106 ‫ێ‬ơ਑ ৬ƁࣝߖƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࢧ ფႻܸߢࡴ

106 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁ። ጼ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƍ ܸ‫ߕޟ‬਑ ৬Ɓࣝߖ
107 ‫ࡦ ࢽީࠣێ‬ƁƢƠ ż࢓ߢࡦƁ። ጼŻକଐࣝࡦƁƆ ƊࣝೕೃŽ
109 ‫ێ‬ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬
‫ݽ‬࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣߕോെၫ
111 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫƍ Ɖܸࢽ ࡦƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
114 ࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ݇ ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
114 ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ݽܸࡦߢޟ‬
ர ப‫ݕ‬
୐෿ཬཏࡦƁࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƞ ƢଘଐƁƋࣝഴലമƁ
127 ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ர ப‫ݕ‬
୐෿ཬཏࡦƁࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƋࣝഴലമƁ
139 Żକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬Ɓ ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ ர ப‫ݕ‬
୐෿ ཬཏࡦƁ ࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁ Ƅ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ ‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓ ƋࣝഴലമƁ
‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬Ɓ
147 ‫ݽߢࠣێ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁૄ સၫ‫ݕߢޟ ݧ‬
ެࡦƁ
150 ܸࠦᚺᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ‫ރ‬ƁŻƁ࢓ᚻ ࠂ ᓕƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣᚻ ‫ ࠓޟ‬ᐮᐜࡴ‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓࡠ ᚺࢤ ߣࡦƁ
151 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣᚺ‫ ࠓޟ‬ᐮᐜࡴ
152 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁ݇ ᚻ ࡷެ༩஽
153 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ݎޟ‬
156 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ
157 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉŽ
159 ‫ێ‬ƃƁƉଘଐƁƜ ߁ ࢟
161 ‫ێ‬።ጅܸީަࡦƁƜ ߁ ࢤ ࡦƁ
162 ‫ێ‬ƃƁƉଘଐƁƄ ܸ୊ง
163 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ ƁŻƁ༄໫ ſ
164 ‫ ࣬ێ‬ᚸ‫ݳ‬ᚹ ࢤ ߾ ଔଐƁࡠ ᚸ‫࡬ޟ‬ၾ ެࡦƁ
166 ܸᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ࢓ᚸ‫ݽ ݇ ݎ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓࡠ ᚺࢤ ߣࡦƁ
167 ܸᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ࢓ᚸ‫ݎ‬
13
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
168 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢƞ ƢଘଐƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬

185 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
190 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢ‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
206 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢ݇ ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
216 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
220 Ƅ ܸၭ ౭౑ߢ଍ଉƁƢƄ ܸ‫ࡦެࣝ ࢟ޟ‬ƁƢƄ ܸၱ ܸެީჱࢲ କଐƁƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ࢟ ോെၬ ࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓࡠ ᚺࢤ ߣࡦƁ
221 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ࢟ ോെၬ -ƥକଐƢŽ

223 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸၱ ܸެީჱࢲ କଐƁƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
225 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ࡦެࣝ ࢟ޟ‬Ɓƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
225 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸၭ ౭౑ߢ଍ଉƁƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
227 ݇ ᚼ ࠂ Ɓ࢓ᚻ ଍ଉƁ
228 ‫ࠣێ‬ᚺୃ෾࢓ᚸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ࠂ Ɓ࢓଍ଉƁƥକଐƢŽ
237 ‫ݶࠣێ‬౫ౄ࡬༩ဂ ଔଐƁ݇ ࠂ Ɓ࢓଍ଉƁƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
14
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƞ ƢƁ߁ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ஋ॅ Ɓࠣᚺೕಶܸߕ
ࡱ ߕƋ
ࠣᚼ ࠏ ߣࢤ ࡦƁ ƞ Ƣ߁ ᚺ஋ॅ ƁƠ Ɓࣝᚸᚼ ީ‫ݎ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ஋ॅ Ɓ
55 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸࡴƁ౫౑ࡦƁࡹ ࡴܸࠦ࡬‫ݽ‬
ܸߢ‫ݶ‬
ܸࡴƢ૊ સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƄ ܸࡷࢽ ࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 1
80 ‫ێ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 2
101 ‫ێ‬ŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢࣇ ަࢢ ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ କଐ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 3
152 ‫ ࢲࠣێ‬ƁƋኃ ᒔᐺ݇ ࡷެࠓ ዖኡ Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 4
154 ‫ێ‬። ጒƁ߁ ‫ޟ‬଍ଉƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࣍ަޟ‬Ɓࡠ ަߕࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ݶ ݇ ݎޟ‬ƌࣝ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 5
155 ߁ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ݇ ‫ݶ‬ƌࣝ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 6
‫ێ‬። ጒƁ߁ ‫ޟ‬଍ଉƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࣍ަޟ‬Ɓ
157 ࠣ‫ࡦޯܸހࣝݶ‬Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ݇ ‫ݶ‬ƌࣝ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 7
158 ‫ێ‬বঐࡐ ၾ ެᑀᐺࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁܸᐮᐟ‫ݐ‬
‫ ࢟ޟ‬። ጼࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉŽƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖ݇ ‫ݶ‬ƌࣝ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 8
160 ‫ୃࠣێ‬෴ܸᐮᐜࡦƁƢࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁܸᐮᐟ‫ݐ‬
‫ ࢟ޟ‬። ጼࠟ‫ަޟܸހ‬ჱࢲ କଐƁƄ କଐܸ༩஽ ݇ ‫ݶ‬ƌࣝ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 9
161 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮ᏶Ɓ࢓ߢߖ݇ ‫ޟ‬ዖወ Ƣࠟ‫ަޟܸހ‬ჱࢲ କଐƁƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖƑ ܸ୊คƋƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 10
162 ‫ێ‬ƈ ܸ୊กƢഀ೥ ܸߣࡦƁƄ ܸަޯࡦƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 11
167 ‫ୃࠣێ‬෾ܸࢽ இॅ ƁƄ ܸ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁƄ ܸ‫ߢޟߢޟࠣࡦߣޜ‬இॅ ƁƉƢ߁ ॳ८२࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 12
168 ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸസലമࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁƄ ܸߖƁ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁƢࠣୃ෾ܸࢽ இॅ ƁƄ ܸ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެ൛ᒎᐺ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 13
‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬Ɓ
171 ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓƞ ܸസലമࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
‫ێ‬። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ
175 ࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁƞ ܸസലമࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
‫ܸࡴޟࠣێ‬ಘಔଔଐƁ
178 ƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁƞ ܸസലമࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
‫ݶࠣێ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁ
15
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡱ ߕƋ
ƞ Ƣ߁ ஋ॅ Ɓ
180 ࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁƞ ܸസലമࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
‫ݶࠣێ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁ
183 ‫ێ‬ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓƞ ܸസലമࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
186 ŻକଐࣝࡦƁƞ ܸസലമࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
191 ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ። ጼƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉ T Ƌܸަެ߽ Ɓၓ࿌ ܸެީࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 20
‫ ࢧێ‬ხ஋ॅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸ༩஽
192 ࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ። ጼƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƤ Ɖܸၭ ଘଐƁ௧ ோܸަެࡦƁࡠ ‫࡬ޟ‬༥စ ၓ࿌ ܸެީࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 21
‫ޟࠣێ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸസലമࠣࢲ Ƌܸࡷ଍ଉƁ
195 ƞ ܸസലമࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ። ጼƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁơܸ༩စ Ɓࠣߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉ LSD Ƌܸަެ߽ Žၓ࿌ ܸ୐ก 22
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
196 ࠣࢲ Ƌܸࡷ଍ଉƁࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ። ጼƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉ T Ƌܸަެ߽ ſၓ࿌ ܸެީࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 23
‫ࡦެ ࠎ ࢤ ࢚ێ‬Ɓ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸസലമ
‫ێ‬ơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁƃƉܸᐰ႓ૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸസലമ
201 ࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ። ጼƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƤ Ɖܸၭ ଘଐƁ௧ ோܸަެࡦƁࡠ ‫࡬ޟ‬༥စ ၓ࿌ ܸެީࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 25
‫ێ‬ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸസലമࠣࢲ Ƌܸࡷ଍ଉƁ
‫ܸࡦޟࠣێ‬இॅ Ɓࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸസലമ
‫ࠣࡴ ࢽެࣝى‬ၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ። ጼƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉ௧ ோܸަެࡦƁࡠ ‫࡬ޟ‬༥စ ၓ࿌ ܸެީࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 27
207
‫ ࢧێ‬ხ஋ॅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
16
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡱ ߕƋ
ƞ Ƣ߁ ஋ॅ Ɓ
208
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ። ጼƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉ T Ƌܸަެ߽ ſၓ࿌ ܸެީࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 29
209
‫ࡦެ ࠎ ࢤ ࢚ێ‬Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
211
‫ێ‬ơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁƃƉܸᐰ႓ૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
212
‫ێ‬ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
213
‫ܸࡦޟࠣێ‬இॅ Ɓࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁቼቮକଐƉ࢚ ࠏ ߣࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ 33
216
17
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƞ ᚹ ࡐ ࢵ ଘଐƁࠣೕಶܸߕ
ࠣᚼ ࠏ ߣࢤ ࡦƁ ᇬ ᇊ ࣀ ࡦƁƠ Ɓࣝᚸᚼ ީ‫ݎ‬ ࡱ ߕƋ
ᇬ ᇊ ࣀ ࡦƁ
42 ‫࡬ޟࠣێ‬ၫܸߣެࡦƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Žໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࡠ ၫܸߣެࡦƁࠣ‫ݕࡷ࡬ޟ‬
ࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ 1
84 ‫ێ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬Ɵܸࠦ଍ଉ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ 2
95 ‫ێ‬። ይूरࢽ ࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢ। ्ߕࣝ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ። ጼƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ 3
99 ‫ێ‬Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ࡴܸހ‬ƢƎ ƋܸࡴƆ Ɗࣝৡ৏঴ŻକଐࣝࡦƁ௧ ோࣝࡐ ‫ࡴ ࡠރ‬Ɓࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ 4
100 ‫ܸރࠟێ‬ၱ ࢓༤஽ Ƣࠟ‫ߖޟ‬ƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁໝ ແ୊෷࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ 5
108 ‫ێ‬Żକଐूरࡦ። ጶോെࢲ ଔଐƁƆ Ɗࣝࡷީᑀᐺ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ 6
113 ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ ࠏ ࣬ࡦ ࣍ަޟ‬ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ 7
ࢄ ᚺᚼ ߾ ോെ଍ଉƁࠣೕಶܸߕ
ࠣᚼ ࠏ ߣࢤ ࡦƁ ࢄ ᚺࠏ ࡬଍ଉƁƠ Ɓࣝᚸᚼ ީ‫ݎ‬ ࡱ ߕƋ
ࢄ ࠏ ࡬଍ଉƁ
242 ‫ࡦޟࠣێ‬ƢଘଐƁܸᐮ᏶Ƌࣝ࢟ ። ጼবঐࡐ ၾ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ Ž 1
252 ‫ێ‬ໝ ແዖ኏ ഴലമƁƃƉܸࢽ ࡦƁŻܸየዙ ܻ‫ݽ‬
ߋ ࣀ ࠾ 2
255 ‫ୃࠣێ‬෴ܸᐮᐜࡦƁܸᐮ᏶Ƌࣝ࢟ ። ጼবঐࡐ ၾ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ Ž 3
18
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ࢚ ᚼ ࠎ ࡬ࡴ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ
ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬191)ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ߘ ߄ހ‬ƥ
ၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬౰౎‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࠦஎै ܻ‫ࡷݘ‬Ꭸ᎙ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ ƆƄƌᇷᆝ ƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅሯሡሁ ū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ
ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ߦࢵ ƀ߄ ߘƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ƀࡼ ‫ܻހࠦݑ‬ၴ ଗଓƄࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷ SPSS)ࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƢƏ༟༎Ƅ
፥ ጘܾ‫ܻݹ‬ዙኸ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ -
ơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒžܻၴ ƥ 3.44 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹࢖ߙƄ࣠୓ขžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ƥ 3.57 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ
ࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ܻࡺެყჅ 3.44 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ޲ࡩܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ žܻၴ ƥ 3.56)
፥ ጿƆ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƠ ॅळࢵ ơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ޯࠁ ƀƥ (3.43 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ހݘ‬Ƅ༟༎Ƅ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄ
‫ۑ‬3.11 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ
࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬งžଘଓƥ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ -
‫ۑ‬3.88 ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄžଘଓॅळࡩƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ݅ ࡯‫ݟހ‬Ƭ ‫ ࡴ ࠁޢ‬ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ፥ ፑܻၮ
(0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ
Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄū፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄƖ ࣠ެࡩƄ ࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ
፥ ጘܾ‫ࡷܻݹ‬žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ܻࡩޢࠦ ހ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै Ƅ
ࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ࠦݑ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƠ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ܻࡷޢࠦކݘ‬ಛಗଗଓƄ
ƣ ƀƥūࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ݹࠦކݘ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ ơ ࣠ࠁ
Ɔƌܻᐳ႖ે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧ
19
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀƥū཯ཌެࠅ ƀኆ ቷ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁƌƆƌܻᐳ႖ે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄ
žܻࢵ ƁƎᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬Ƣܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
(0.05 ቿ ቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄū፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄƖ ࣠ެࡩƄ ࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬Ƅ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌ ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ žܻࢵ ƁƎ Ʀ ኆ ቱ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ ࠦၴ Ǝƌ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃ ቿቱƄƌ Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬ଘଓ -
ơ ܻ༬ீ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ࣠ ࠅީࠦހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬.049 ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
Ƅ ܸ‫ࡦެࣝ ࢟ޟ‬ƁƌफउŽ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ხႾƎਔ ৿Ƈ ƄƎƥƌ߄ ߥ‫ݑ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥमअ࣐࣠ ୓กƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ -
मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿƎƥƌܻಛಗƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ࡺଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀે ઻ၮƨܻ‫ܻހ‬༬࿻ Ƃᑑ ᐽƍࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺ܻያዪࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎ߄ ߘƥࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎܻᐱᚑ
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅबअ࢔‫ࡩޯݘ‬ധ ୨ ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࡴ ᐱᏹƄƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଛଓƄƥၖᆆ Ƅ౰౎ࡩƄࠦࡷܻߘƂ -
ࢇ ‫཯ކݘޢ‬དྷࡩƄƆ࣠ࠖ ߦࡩƄƢƌ༟༎ᑑ ᐽƍƧ ƌ࣓‫ܻݹ‬ያዪūࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ ଗଓࡴ ᐱᐟყჅ
‫ࡩީݘ ࢛ۑ‬Ƅࡴ ᐳႮ ‫ߙࠩࡺࠩ ࡴࡩީݘ‬
20
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Abstract
The Study aimed to indicate the relationship between the practice of
Academic Departments Heads at the University of Sana'a to the behavior of
transformational leadership and the level of significance organizational loyalty
among the faculty members of the university from the point of view of the study
sample.
The study sample was (191) member included faculty at the University of Sana'a,
the researcher used descriptive analytical method the researcher also used the
questionnaire as a tool to collect data of the study was the data processing program
of statistical packages in the social sciences (SPSS) in order to answer the
questions of The study the results of the study were as the following:
1. Heads of academic departed at Sana'a university Practice Transformational
Leadership behavior at an average (3.44) on scale and ranked practice fields
are as follows: got the field of ideal effect on first grade with an average
(3.57) and got the field of enabling ranked second grade with an average
(3.56) and was the field of individual legal in the third place average (3.44)
while the field of inspirational motivation got the fourth grade with an average
(3.43) and occupies the field of intellectual stimulation the last in practice an
average rank (3:11).
2. The results of the study showed that faculty members in the faculties of Sana'a
University enjoy by High Level of organizational loyalty toward their
university where the overall average of organizational loyalty (3.88).
3. There is no correlation statistically significant between the degree of
transformational leadership for the heads of academic departments at the
21
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
University of Sana'a, and the degree of organizational loyalty among university

faculty members no statistically significant relationship exist between heads
of academic department of Transformational Leadership style and the Level
of focally members Organizational Loyalty at Sana'a university. with the
exception of the of the ideal effect.
4. There are no statistically significant differences are between the study sample
estimates at the level of (0.05) on the degree of heads of academic
departments at the University of Sana'a to the behavior of transformational
leadership, according to the following variables: (gender, degree, specialty,
country to get a doctorate, years of experience, current job) except for the
following:
5. There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05)
on the degree of inspirational motivation behavior due to the variable
scientific degree" in favor of associate professor and professor as there are
significant differences about the degree of individual legal behavior due to
the variable Specialization for the Humanities Science and that there are
significant differences on the degree of exercise behavior enabling due to the
variable country to get the doctorate certificate in favor of obtaining a
doctorate degree in a foreign country and the results proved the existence of
significant differences and on the practice of Transformational Leadership
degree in general due to the variable current Position in favor of the heads of
academic departments.
6. There are no statistically significant differences between the study sample
estimates at the level of (0.05) on the determination of the level of significance
22
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
organizational loyalty among faculty members at the University of Sana'a,

attributed to the following variables (gender, degree country to get a doctorate
years of experience)
7. There are statistically differences significant at the level of significance (0.05)
on the determination of the level of significance organizational loyalty due to
the variable specialization in favor of the humanities Science and due to the
variable Current Position in favor of the faculty members.
The recommendations:
Interest in the development and the development of leadership skills and
academic at the University of Sana'a, by holding training courses in the field of
manufacturing university leadership, and various areas in which it is possible to
have a role in the development of their skills and abilities which will reflect
positively on their performance within the university.
The establishment of various programs and activities of faculty members
and their leadership academy which seeks to strengthen the relationship between
them to find solutions to the problems of the university at the level of each college
leading to bridge the gap that hinder their understanding of each other.
23
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
û Ļ
:ŬŻ ʆſ ńŭřǥ ȋ ń
ļ
ńŐ ŏƷŮŰ Ņšǳ ńŐ ŅŜ ſʆüń
ŷŔ
24
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣࡴ߁ ߢࡴ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƆƎƄƌ ଗଓƄžܻ൞൙ၮƥ ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጘܾ‫ ࠁߥࠦݹ‬ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡩƄƥƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄྲ Ⴐ ‫ ࣌ ࡣݑ‬፥ ጿ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦߥࠁ ൎᑉᐽƄƥࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄࠦެࡷƏଛଓƄ୹ ୪ે ઻ၮƇ ܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬഻വറƄ፥ ጿƆ౰ేީࡁࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷࡣ ޯ༨ဈ Ɔƌܻ‫ߙܻࡩߥޢ‬ūܻᐱᐢ᠍ᇴᇍ ೘ೃࢇ ‫ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƨܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄ
Ƭ
Ɔƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߙݘࠩ ࡴࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ਔ ৲ƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄે ઻ၮƤमकƀƈ ߄ ༨࿻Ƭ ፥ ደॅळࢵ ࡣ ၮܻߦ‫࡯ޢࠦކ‬ዙኸ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ކݘ‬
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅܻᐱᐟࡷƥࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄܻᐳ႓ƀƎે ઻ၮƥūࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅƥࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ
ƎƌƄ࣠ࡓ ᚻࡩƄžܻ୐ก፥ ጿƢܻᐱᚑࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ހ‬Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ܻކ‬ଐଌƨƄ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ūࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࡴ ࣏ ެࡩƄ፥ ጿƨܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀƨƄƎ࣠༨ீ Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅᇯ ᇍ ఴ ఠƥ
ū࿃ ႓ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬ƄƥūƧ ƌܻࢧ ޯߘଘଓƄƥū፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢ‬ƄƔ ܻࣃ ჱࡩƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽቿቷ࣓ࠧଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩߦެޢ‬Ƅ
ߎ ࡯ޯ੆੅ਰƇ ܻ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ፥ ጿ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใၖᆆ Ƅमऌƥ࣊ ࣐ ࠀ ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งܻࠩߥ‫ܻކ‬ၮે ઻ၮ݊ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥ
Ƣ࢖ಛಗƄࠦዙኼࡣ ޲೘೉࣯ ࠩߙūƤƎ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥࠢ‫ߘޢ‬Ǝࠦၴ Ǝƌบ คᇴᆝ ܻࡺᐱᚑ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿƨܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀƥƨƄ౰ేީࡁ ƨƄƎƥƌܻᐱᏹܻࢧ ࢧ ༧ဈ ƥܻᐱᏹൎ൉ປ຀ఴ ఠ
ƨܻ‫ࡷ࣠ߘݘ‬ᇯ ᇍ ఴ ఠ ܻᐱ᏶ଛଓźࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅ፥ ጿƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƥƧ ƌܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄࠦީࠁ ܻࢢ ࢇ ༨ဂ ߄ ‫ކݘ‬ƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ࠢ‫ߘ࣠ࡷޢܻކ‬ƥࠢߦ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ࣠࣍ ƥࠢ‫ߙޟܻކ‬ᇯ ᇍ ‫ހ‬౰౎ࡁ ଛଓƄ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƞ Ƅ୹ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥ߄ ‫ކߥܻࡩޢ‬ƥƇ ܻߦࢢ ƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࡴ ࣏ ‫ߙޢࠢࡷݘ‬ơ ౮౔༧ဈ ƨܻ‫ࡷ޲ܻࡩޢ‬
(1 ،2012ūƧ ࢖ࡺࣃ ࡩƄ Ƈ ౰౗ࡁ ƥƇ ƌ߄ ‫ࡺܻކݘ‬ᐱᚑ
ū໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖൞ᒑᐽ‫ޯ ࠖޢ ݪ‬ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡷ ࡼࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬༇໩ ſƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƧ ଛଓƥƀ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽࠦᄹட ܻެࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ
ƨܻࡷ߄ ߥࡷƨƄƌ࢖ߙଘଓƂܻ࣠ࠧࡷᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƣ ƀƥūƨܻ‫ެޢ‬ᐱᚑƥƨܻ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮ௪ ௎౮ేያዪƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓ขƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄᑻ ᑧ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀƠ Ǝਔ ৿ܻᐱ᏶ଛଓ
࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄࠢ‫ݶ‬
Ƅƌƀƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎ࣠༨စ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅบ คᇴᆝ ܻެࠧࡼ ࡷƥūžܻߦࡁ ƀ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
ਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩƨܻ‫ࡷ ࢥࡺ࣠ރ‬ƨܻߥ࡯࣐ ެࡷƥܻᐱᐢࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻݹ‬ၩࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƊ ܻႅ ެࡩƨƄ߄ ‫ ࡁޢ‬ƀƨܻࢵ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬
ࠦஎै ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄƇ Ƅ࣐࣠ உै Ƅƥơ ॅळஊै ƄƊ Ƅ౰౔ߘƄᎨ᎜ࠢ‫ߙޢ‬ᒋ ᑧஉै Ƅࡼ ࡷᇴᇍ ࡷƣ ܻ‫ޢ‬ხޯࡩࠦ‫ࡷ࣠ࢠ࣠ݑޢ‬Ɔ߄ ၮܻߘƥžƄƌଛଓƄᑑ ᐽƍࠦ‫࣍ީޢݘ‬
‫ۑ‬17 ،2005,፥ ፑ࣠ஊै Ƅ žƄƌଛଓƄᑑ ᐽƍ፥ ጿƎ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩƄࠢၴ ƥƀ
ƣ ƀƥūࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƃࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ƣ ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬໠ ໄၰ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƢܻࡺޯࠧƀ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƉ ܻޯ༨࿻ ƥ
ሯሡሁ ūࡴ ࠩߘ࣠ߥࠁ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᐟ‫ߙ ݊ݑ‬Ƅਔ ৲ƣ ƀࡴ ࠩࡺࣀ ߘࢪ ყႻƎࡼ ࡷƣ ƥਔ ৲मअƥūࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƃƣ ࣠ࠅ ܻޯ༨࿻ ଘଓܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƨƄƎƄ༇໪ ƄƄ࣠ߥ୍෺
‫ة‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹܻީ࡯࣐ ޯࡷƥࠦ‫ࠩެޢ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻၰ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƣ ƏƄ࣠ޯࡩƄે ઻ၮ௪ ௎ƎƌܻߘƄ࣠ߥ୍෺ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀ
ūžܻ๻๬เଘଓ‫ا‬ƥūƞ Ƅ౰౔ၮଘଓƄƥūƏܻ༬စ ଗଓƄƥūࢪ ߦެࡩƄƢƄ౰౔ၰ ܻ‫ހ‬Ɛ ܻࣀ ࠁ ്ᑉᐽᑑ ᐽƍƥźࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻၴ ܻஊै Ƅ཯ཌ࡯‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ
ࡴ ࠧ࢔ߦ༨࿻ ܻࡷ፟ ፑƂƣ ƥ߄ ޯᐱᐕࢵ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ܺߙƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬ଘଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࠦ‫ކ࡯ީޢ‬Ꭸ᎙Ƅƍܺߙūࠦ୆งƄኅ ቱƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै ܻ‫ހ‬అ௷ ႁ ޯࡩƄƥ
(78,77,2006ū݅ ެ৤ৈষ ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ɩ ܻ‫ރ ࢧޢ‬ଘଓƄે ઻ၮ
25
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƨܻެࡷ࣓ࡷࠢޯެࠩଐଌƨܻީ༨ீ ūၒᅢ ܻެࡩƄƐ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬

ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥযওߥ‫઻ ેހ‬ඳඣ ൭ƣ ƀࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ƣ ƀሯሡሁ
࢖ࠑ ߦࡩƄƥ‫ ݪ‬ஊै Ƅࡣ ዙ၁ဤūܻࠩ࡯ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷžܻ࣐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬ᑃᐽƨƄ߄‫ࡷ ࣀޯݘ‬ūܻᐱᐕࡩƂ࣯ ࡺޯჱႾ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄቿቱܻࢵ Ǝƥࠢޯࡩܻࢵ मऌ
ƨƄƌ࣠ࢧ ߥࡷƨܻ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƨƄ߄ ࠩࠅ ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺Ƅኅ ቱūƨൎ൉ᐳ႓ࢪ ყࡩ߄ ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄࣷࣳ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƇ ܻߦࢧ ࡩƄƥযওߥࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ޲ࡷࢇ ‫ކݘࡺޢ‬ƥūܻᐱᏳƏƄ౮౔ၮଘଓƄƥ
( ‫ ۑ‬ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ᑑ ᐽƍࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ܻᐱᐟࡷƥࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ
ࠦߙܻߥୖกƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযওܻࠧߦ೘ೃ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ࣊ ୍งमअƥ
߄ߘƥūƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƧ ྲ ႡხࡩƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ƥଛଓƄƢܻߥଐଌƄ፥ ጿƎ߄ ߥ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄযওܻࠧߦࡷࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
ܻᐱᏳܻૻ૓ƥ ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ཯ཕࠁ ܻ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄ݊ ࠅ मअ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧે ઻ၮƆƎ࣐࣠ ޯଐଌƄơ ƥኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࡺޯࠧƄ‫ރ ࢧ ݪ‬Ƅ
ܻ୐งܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ፥ ፑ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓܻࡺެყჅūܻಛಗܻዙኸ Ʀ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƖ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ƎƄ፟ ፑƂࠦ୆คܻ‫ࡩޢܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ౮ే೘೉ƥƟ ࣠ߦ‫ކ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ރ‬ƥ࢖ଐଌƄơ ਔ ৹Ƨ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬ƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƥ࣊ ࡯ࣀ ჴࡩƄܻࠩࡺᐱᏬܻࡷƎ߄ ߥ‫ހ‬Ƨ ྲ ႡხࡩƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬98 ،2010ūᎨᎌ ƥƎ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ݹߦߥ ߄ࠧ ࡴ ࠁ ݪ‬ƥơ ܻࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࢖ߦ୐෺ܻያዪơ ܻዙኸ ଛଓƄƏܻ༬စ Ƃ፥ ጿƣ ƥܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥ
ࠦ‫ݓ‬
ࡩܻ‫ޢࠦހ‬ዙ዗ƀࡼ ࡷቜ቎ᚻ࡯ޯ೘೉ܻଐଌܻࠧमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩƄƥܻᐱᏳ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢܻࡺޯܻࠧ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࣏ ࣩރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬༨ဈ ƥ
ቧሼ࣓‫ࡷެ ࣐ߥޢࠦކ‬Ƈ ܻࡷ߄ ߥࡷ݊ ‫ހ‬Ǝƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷܻࠩዙ዗ƀƥƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ፥ ጿ
ƌƥ࣠޲‫ ྲࡩޢ‬Ⴉ ܻஊै Ƅྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿܻᐱᐕߙਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƋ ܻެ೘ೃܻࠩ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄƦ ߄ ࡷƆቧሼ࣓ࡷƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿܻᐱᐢ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ ‫أ‬
፥ ፕ ƥ Leithwood,1994, 490)
Ƨ ƌ࣓‫ܻݹ‬೘ೃࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ໠ ໄ‫ྟ ྲܻࠧހ‬ྈƥࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄबअ࢔‫୓ ࢥࡺ ࡼކݘ‬ขࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƣ ƀ -1
‫ۑ‬ƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ ଗଓƅ ॅळ࣐ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿܻࢠଗଓƄ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅơ ਓ ৹፟ ፑƂ
ᚻžܻ‫ ࢸޢ‬ଛଓƄࡣ ࡺ‫ހݘ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬Ƭ
‫ࡷެޯ ࣏ࡺࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ౮ే೘೉ે ઻ၮ౮ేࡁ ౰౔ࡩƄ -2
‫ܻࠧۑ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬ƣ ƥƌે ઻ၮƀࠦ‫ߙݘܻࡩޢ‬ƥƆžܻߦࡓ ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᏳƢܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƆƌܻޯ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ
ࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌࠦ༧೛ Ƅ༟༎Ƅࠦߙܻߥ޲ࡩƄƥযওߥࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƌࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓ข཯དྷࡩƄࠦࡺ࣏ ޯެଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƣ Ƃ -3
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ ࠅޢ‬ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࢇ ߥඳඣ ൺƣ ƀ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƆƎܻࠩଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄ཯ཏࠩଐଌƄƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓƄ -4
ū໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ࠩଐଌƄƎƥኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮƆƎƄƌଗଓƄࣷࣳၮ፥ ጿƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬ƥ
Ƈ Ƅƍࠦީࠅ ࣠ࡷƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ 2007 Ƨ Ǝ߄ உै Ƅƥ 2010 ཯ཏࣀ ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ౰ేఴ ఠ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
(Otto,1993)ቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬ƥūƆƎƄƌ്ᑉᐽƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄࡼ ‫ࢠܻݑ‬༟༎Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃቿቱଘଓƌ
26
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ቿቱ‫ ࡴހݘ ߄ا‬ᐳ႓ܻࣀ ࠁ ᓘƥ໠ ໄߦ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄžଘଓƥࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥमअ߄ ൞ᒑᐽ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀࠦࠩࠅ ࡼ ࡷƇ ൎ൉ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄ
ࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄߎ ࡯඲ඣ ൴ࡣ ޲๻๬ึܻ೘ೆƂ፥ ጒ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿߎ ࡯ႀ ޯࡩƄ࢖ܻ࣏ࠧ ࡷࡴ ࠧƀƣ ƀ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ʀ मअƥ
যও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ዙኽūࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿƨƄž࣠ࢵ ƌƄƌबअ୹ ୪ଛଓƄƣ ƀƤƌܻߦࡷƌܻߥޯ‫ݑ‬Ƅ݊ ‫ޢ‬ఴ ఓƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅܻᐱᐢࡷ߄ ߥࡷ፥ ጿƥ
ࠦ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅࡣ ߘƀܻࠧ߄ ༬စ ࠢ‫ ߄ݹܻކ‬༨ဈ ƥྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƄ߃ ࠧƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷࡼ ࡷܻᐱᏹܻ‫ ݌ ࡴࡷ ࡼࡷݘܻރ‬༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮƥࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅƥ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
፥ ጿ፥ ጘܾ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƥƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ݹ‬ơ Ƅबअଘଓ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ߙܻࡩޯݘ‬ūमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄܻ‫ހߥ ࢥܻݹ‬ƨƄमकܾ‫ކ‬ƥ
(5,6 ،2012,ƅ ࣠ީಛಗƄ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ܻ‫ ݌ޢ‬ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƌƄƎƂƅ ܻ‫ܻ ݌ޢ‬ᐱᐢࡷ߄ ߥࡷ
ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ߦࢵ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƎƥኆ ቱƎ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝހݘ‬ƥ
Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ ߘޢ‬ว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩ ፥ ፑܻஊै Ƅ Ƣܻ࣏ ެࡩƄ ፥ ጿ ߎ ‫ ࢠݘ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ ࡼ ‫ ݑ‬250،245،244،2009 ū१ ॐ࡯‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
ܻᐱᐢࢵ ƄƎƌơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƄƥƌƀ፥ ጿƢƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀ፥ ጿžƄ࣠ࢵ ࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ƣ ߄ ၮƥžܻ‫཯ ࢢެݘ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ࢛ ‫ࡩޯߦ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ࣊ ೘ೆƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 2001ū݊ ߙܻ‫ ހܻރ‬Ƈ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ
ࡼ ࡷ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ƅ࣠ࣀ ყࡩࡴ ࠩࡺࣀ ߘžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƌܻߥޯ‫ݑ‬Ƅ‫ ݪ‬ხఱ చࠦ୆ค߄ ޯࡷࠦީఱ ఝે ઻ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ
‫ࡩެ ࢥ ߴۑ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ ࡁީࠦࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ࣠ࡷ౰ేၩ‫ࡩ ݝ‬ƄƏܻࡷࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 2012ūƅ ࣠ީಛಗƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌቧሼ࣓‫ކ‬ƥ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ ߄ݹ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀޢܻ ࢵޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ࣠ޯࡩƄࢪ ߦ‫ܻރ‬ᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡼ ࡺ‫ޢ‬ᐱᏹƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄơ ƄबऒଘଓƍƂūƨܻ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၰ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ
ࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ެޢࠦކ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ƀƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙ࣀ ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƎ࣠‫މ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƅ ܻީࣃ ࡩࡣ ၮܻߙƧ ƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƎƎƥƌࡼ ࡷ‫ ݌ ࡴࡷܻߘ߄ࡷ ݝ‬Ǝ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƇ ܻ‫࢖ ࠅݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƌ࣠ዙዋ Ƈ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏमऌƀƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦީࡁ Ƅ࣠ࡷࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ɔ༅໮ ܻၮܻࠩ࡯‫ݘ‬༬ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ ߄ݹࠦۑ‬Ƅ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଛଓƄࠦެࡺ‫ࠧޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂƎܻߥޯߙଘଓƄƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƌƄƎƂƅ ܻ‫ ݌ޢ‬ƥ
Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɔ࣠ࠖ ߦࡩƄࢇ ዙኸ ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คે ઻ၮࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƖ ൎ൉࣍ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
žƄƌƀƧ ౰౔‫ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƎ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩܻ‫޲ ࡣހ‬๻๬ใቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ࡷƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥūܻᐱᐕߙᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅܻᐱᐢࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጿࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࠢၴ ࣠‫ކ‬፟ ፎ ߄ ޯࢵ Ƅܻያዪࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
27
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܸᐮᐟ࡬‫ ࢲޜ‬ŽƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ࡴ -

ū࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻީ࡯࣐ ޯࡷਔ ৲Ƅबऒƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅܻࠩࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦߥࠁ ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࡣ ࣌ ፥ ጿ
ቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ࡷƣ ܺߙūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ǝ࣠ࢧ ߘ Ʀ ߄ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࡼ ࡷƌƎƥܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄࢪ ყႻ༟༎Ƅơ Ƅ࣓ࣀ ࡩƄࡼ ‫ܻހࠦݑ‬ၴ ଗଓܻ‫޲ ࡣހ‬๻๬ใࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
Żܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣୃ෴ܸࢤ ߾ ſቼቮକଐƉƄ ƁƊࠣ‫ܸ ࣊ޟ‬୊คƋƁࠣߕോെၫƝ ܸީࠤࡠ ࠤ -
Źࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴƢŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ Ɵܸࢽ ߕŽ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬Ƅቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ଛଓƄࢪ ყႻ༟༎Ƅơ Ƅ࣓ࣀ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࢖ߦ୓෺ƥ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌܻࡷ -1‫س‬
żࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖أ‬ƥࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷܻࡷ -2‫س‬
żࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ࠧ ࡣކ‬-3‫س‬
ūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦކ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎ
ż ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ࠧ ࡣކ‬-4‫س‬
ūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
ż ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ࠧ ࡣކ‬5‫س‬
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
żࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ-
ࠣୃคଙଐƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤଘଐƁࢄ ‫ܸࡦޟࠣࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬இॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƛ ߁ ᐮ᏶
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ࢖ߙ࣠‫ކ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ -1
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
28
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ -2
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ
ūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅࠦ୆งଜଓƄࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩƥƀቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ -3
ࠦၴ Ǝƌमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ቿቱ
Ƅƌ౰ేၩƥƀቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ -4
मअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ -5
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽ-
žଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހݘ‬ଐଌƄܻࠩ‫ޢࠦࡷ࣠ࢠ࣠ݑ‬ዙ዗ƀƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ࣠ݹ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࢇ ޲ީჱ჋
ܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄƥ Ƣ࣠‫ࡩޢ‬Ƅ Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷ ፥ ጿ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄ Ǝƥኆ ቱƄ ž࣠ࢠ ે ઻ၮƥ ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅܻᐱᐢ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ಛಗƣ ܺߙƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ހܻ ࠁޯޢ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔଘଐƁ -1
ࠢࡷ߄ ߥ‫ܻކ‬ଐଌᑑ ᐽƍƥūࠦୖ෺߄ ၰ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡁެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄࠦީޯࡓ ൞ᒑᐽžƄमकƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ޲೘೉
ࡣ ࡺ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬Ƣܻᐳ႓ଗଓƄƥƆ࣠ߥࡩƄƔ ܻߥ‫ݘ࢖ߙࠦރ‬ଐଌࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄว คܻၴ ፟ ፑƂ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƆਔ ৲߄ ၴ ࠦߙܻࢠƂࡼ ࡷ
፥ ጿƢܻᐳ႓ଗଓƄƥߎ ‫ࡩ ࢥݘ‬ƄƔ ܻߥ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ ࡼރ‬ᚻࡩƄƥūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮܻࠩߦ‫ކ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƥƨܻ‫ܻࠧࡷݘ࢖ߙޢ‬मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥܻࠧबअ࢔‫઻ ેކݘ‬ၮ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐢஎै ܻ‫ࡷݘ‬
ࠣ‫ݕࡷ࡬ޟ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔଘଐƁ -2
ࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄžƄƌƀࡣ ‫ކߦݘޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡴ ᐳྜƬྋƞ ࣠ࢵ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƥಒ౷ߙ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃमकƀࡼ ࡷܻಛಗܻଐଌᑑ ᐽƍƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƢ߄ ߥ‫ޢ ࡣކ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿ౰౎ࡁ ƀࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࡴ ᐱᏹܻߘܻ࣍ ࡣ ‫ࡩޯߦݘޢ‬፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠢၴ ࣠‫ ࡴކ‬ಛಗƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߙޢ‬ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค ࡴ ᐳྜྋƣ ƀࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡣ ࡷܾ‫ކ‬ƥūƦ ༇໩ ଘଓƄƇ Ƅžܻ๻๬เଘଓƄࡼ ࡷ࢝ ࡯ႀ ޯࡩƄƥܻܻࠩࠧ༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᏩܻߙƥƥࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥ
29
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ǝ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࡣ ‫ކߦݘޢ‬፥ ጿܻᐱᏹܻ‫ކ࣠ ࢢޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᏹƄƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५žଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƉƢ߁ ၭ -
። ጕଙଐƁ። ጼࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬இॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƉ߁ ධච ൷
ࠣ‫ࡴࣝ ࢝ࣝ ݎޟ‬ƉƢ߁ ၭ -1
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ƥܻᐱᏹܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ơ ܻ༬ீ
‫ހࠢۑ‬ள ஭‫୓ݘ‬෺ܻࡷᇯ ᆝƥƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄƥযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࠦۑ‬ያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ހܾࡷܻރ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄྲ Ⴐ ޯߥ‫ୃࠣ ކ‬กᇱᇊ ࡴƉƢ߁ ၭ -2
ࠣ‫ྂྜ ྯݶ‬ƉƢ߁ ၭ -3
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ ፥ ጿቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄྲ Ⴐ ޯߥ‫ކ‬
ūƠ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀūƍܻޯࢵ ƀū୍ࠦงमऌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀે ઻ၮƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
߄ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ
‫ۑ‬2014 ،2013 Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ߃ ߦƬ‫ୃࠣރ‬กܸࡴƌƉƢ߁ ၭ -4
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ ܸၾ ࡬࣍ ࢤ ࡴ -
:The LeadershipƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ -
Ɩ ࣠ެޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ‫ ݪ‬ხఱ చƥūܻᐱᐢ‫ޟ‬ყჅƖ ࣠୐งƥܻᐱᏹܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޟ࣠ࡩޢ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢܻᐱᚑࡣ ࡺఴ ఓܻ೘ೃ݊ ࢵ ƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ౰౎ޯ‫ݹݘ‬
ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅƥơ ഻ܻവറƄƄ߃ ಛಗ໠ ໄࢵ ƎƄኆ ቱƄ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄযওܻࠧߦࡷƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ހ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ‫୐࣠ݑ ݝ‬งƥƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅ
‫ࡷݘޢެࠦۑ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ࠧ࢔ߦࠁ ƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄܻᐱ᏶ƀƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ކݘ‬ƥ‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏹܻ‫ޟ‬ყჅ
ࠦެ‫ ࡷݘޢ‬ƞ ߄ ࠧƀ ࢇ ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦ ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ଐଌƄ ፥ ጿ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ Ơ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮ मक࣓‫ ݹ‬ƣ ƀ ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ ࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩƄ ࣠ࠧ ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƥ
‫(ێ‬133 ،2010ūƎ࣠ᐳႡࡷ
ࡴ ᐱᏳ݊ ߙኆ ቱƄƥࠢ‫઻ ેކܻހݘޢ‬ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƨƆƎ߄ߘ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƂ཯ཏ‫ܻކݘ‬ᐱ᏶ܾ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ƂƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ކݘ‬ƥ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ ࡴࡷ ࡼ ࠅࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ᐱᏬኆ ቱܻࡷ྽ Ⴐ ߘƀƄ࣠ࡩ߃ ީ‫ࡩޢ‬
:Transformational Leadershipࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
30
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ Burnz,1978,20 Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅߎ ‫ ކݘ࢖ݹ‬285،2009ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ƌƎ࣠‫ݹ‬

ࡴ ᐱᏳơ ࣠ࢢ ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄযওߥࡩƄƥܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬ƄযওߥࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࣠༨စ ࡴ ࣐ࠩ ‫ ࣃޢ‬ჱ჋ƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ݊ ߙƌ
Ƈ ܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄࡴ ࣌ ܻ‫ކݘ‬ƥ݊ ‫઻ ેކ࣠ ࢵޢ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅܻᐱ᏶ƀ Bass, 1994 Ʀ ኆ ቱ཯ཏ‫ކݘ‬ƥ‫ۑ‬ƆƌܻߥࡩƄ୍ࠦง୹ ୪፟ ፑƂ
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࡣ ၴ Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƀܻ࣠ࠧࡷ፟ ፑƂࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻၰ ƥ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ݊ ߙƌࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀે ઻ၮቧሼ ƀࠢߦ‫ކݘ࢖ݹ‬፥ ጿ (Burnzबए౰ే‫ ހ‬ƣ ƀ߄ ༬စ ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻߦ‫ࡩޯݘ࢖ݹ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ཀྵདྷࠁ ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄᑑ ᐽቦሼƥܻࠩࡓ ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƥযওߥࡩƄƤबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖൞ᒑᐽ
ે઻ၮमक࣓ޯࡩധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀે ઻ၮቧሼ ƀ߄ ߥߙ BassƐ ܻ‫ ހ‬ᚻࡩࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ࡷܻހ‬ƀūƆƌܻߥࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌࡴ ᐱᏳࡣ ࢧ ‫ݹ‬
፟ ፑƂࠦ୆งƄኅ ቱƄࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡴ ࠩஊै ܻࢧ ࡷࡼ ‫ ࡴݑ‬ᐱᏳƨƄƏƥܻႅ ޯࡷūࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌƄࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄࢪ ߦ‫ރ‬ၒল ࣠‫ܻݹ‬ዙ዗ൎᇩᇍ ߙ໠ ໄࡷ࣠ࠩߦଐଌƄ፥ ጿƅ Ǝܻߥ‫୓ ࢥ ߰ކ‬෺ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƥū݊ ‫ॱॺࡺޢ‬५ࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌƄ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ܻᐱ᏶ƀƨܻ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ Ƃࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƥ
ࢪ ߙܻެޯࡩƄƊ ƥƎƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ Ƅƥࡴ ᐱᚑܻಛಗƂࢇ ‫ݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌܻ‫ߙ ݊ހ‬ኆ ቱƄƥ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ޯܾމ‬ᑃᐽžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
बअ࢔‫ࡷެࠢࡩޯݘ‬ƨܻ‫ ࢵݘޢ‬ūࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ࣐ࠦ ࡯ࢵ ࡴ ࠩࠒ ެ೘಼ūࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻ‫ހܻ ࠁޯޢ‬ƨܻࡺޯᐱᚑūࡴ ᐱᐟყჅƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƥ
ࡴ ಛಗࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ߰ ‫ކ࣠ࢠޢ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙƎƥžƄƌଛଓƄ
ቿቱܻࢵ Ǝࢇ ‫ࡷࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƏൎᑉᐽƄƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏩܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬ᓘƥࡴ ࠧƄƁƎƥࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙƀƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻࠩߥ‫ࠧ ࡴࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬౮ేߦ༨ဈ ƥ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄযওߥࡩƄबअ࢔‫઻ ેކݘ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
:Organizational loyalty ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
‫ࡩ࣠ ࢵޢ ࣊ۑ‬Ƅࡴ ࠖ ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ‫ۑ‬1057 ،1960ūࢪ ყ჈ƀ ࠦީഷവറƄƥūƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ߄ ࠩ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠ࠧࠣ‫ݐ‬
ࡦŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
݊ ࡷࠢࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƥūܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀ݊ ࡷࠢߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƢܻႅ ఱ ఝƄƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƞ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
(308 ،2006ūƧ ߄ ዙ዇ ଛଓƄ ܻࠩߙƄ߄ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄơ ߃ީࡩࠢ‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৲ܻࡷ࣠ࠧƥūܻࠩࡺ‫ߘޢ‬
Ƥžܻߙƥ ‫ܻࡷݘޯࠢو‬எै ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ƒ ൎ൉ၯ ᓘƥࠦީ༨ீ Ʀ ߄ ࡷࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰౎‫ރࠢݹݘ‬ƀƨܻ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ Ƃžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƞ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
ࠢޯࠒ ࡯ࢧ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƨܻࡷ߄ߥࡷܻࠩ࡯ၴ ଛଓࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬Ƅƥܻࠩࡁ मऒƢ߄ ၮƥūܻᐱᐕߙžܻߥީࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƤƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥūܻಛಗ
፥ ጿƨƄ౮ే೘೉ƥƨܻ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥƨܻ‫ࡷݘ࢖ߙޢ‬ƥƨܻ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎਔ ৿Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᏳžܻߥ‫ކ‬Ǝൎᑉᐽഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩƄƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌࠢޯყ჋ƄƍƨƄƏƥܻႅ ޯࡷƥ
‫ ߄ࡷࠦۑ‬ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƆƄƌଛଓƄࠢࣀ ყߥ‫ކ‬ሯሡሁ ūƇ ܻߘ࣠‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ࡩƄบ คᇴᆝ ܻࡺᐱᚑܻᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ
:( Head Of Academic Department)ᄋ ႛߢࡦƁࢧ ფႸƋ
31
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ਔ ৯ܻߘ࣠ࠧƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƥơ ൎ൉ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬

‫ࠦݹ‬୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄว คƄ࣠ࠅ ࡼ ࡷว คܻၴ ፥ ጿ࢝ ޯ༧ீ Ꭸ፻ܻၮ࣠ࠧ
ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใે ઻ၮƒ ࢖༨࿻ ūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷƆ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࢢ ࠦၮܻዙዋ ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ ࣍ޢ‬Ƅ࢖ߥ೘಼ƌࠦߥ‫ݹݘࡺ ࡣހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ
(13 ،2005ū፥ ፑ࣠ஊै Ƅ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࡴ ᐱᐢ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƂƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə݊ ࡷᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽ
ܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ߄ ࠧ ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯެߦޢ ߃ݹࠦࡩߥܻރ‬Ƅࠦ༨࿸ ൎᑉᐽƨܻߥߙƥƨܻ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ Ƃ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƞ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
፟ ፑ࣠୓෺ࢪ ყႻƎ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀᄎ ႞ߘᇯ ᇍ ࡩƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ܾ‫཯ކߦޢ ߄ހ‬དྷࡩƄ 45 ࡴ ߘƎƆƌܻଐଌƄƢ 2005Ƣܻ‫ࠧ࡯ޢࠦࡩݘ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥ
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࢪ ࡯༬ீ ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࢪ ࡯༬ீ ƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ࡯༬ீ Ƈ ƄƎƄ࢖ߘ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥ ࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠢ‫ ࢸޟ࣠ރ‬ƆƎƄƌƂ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࢪ ࡯༬ீ ፟ ፑƂᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄžƄƌƀࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƨܻ‫ ࢵެ࣠ݹ‬ƨƄमअ࢖ߥ‫ކ‬Ƣ ߄ ߥ‫ݹ‬ƥ
:(Teaching Staff Members)ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ž
࿃ ႓ܻࢵ ଛଓƄቻቷዙኸ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ࡷ ࡼݹ‬ᇯ ᆝ ે ઻ၮƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࡷ ࣀࡺ ࣩݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ள ஭࣐ ‫ݹ‬
(168,2008ūᎨ፻ܻၮƥƣ ܻࡷƌƎ ƨܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ƥƀƨܻ୆෷༅໮ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿቻቷዙኸ ƣ ᇴᆝ ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅƥƀᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ݹݘ‬ᇯ ᆝ ࣠ࠧࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݹߥ ࢧ ߄ހݘ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ƥ
‫ ߄ۑ‬ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀūƠ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀūƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ୍ࠦงƎࡣ ዙ၁ဤƥƨܻ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀƨܻ޲༨ဂ Ƣƀƨܻఱ ఓƎਔ ৿
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ‫ ࠓޟ‬ᐮᐜࡴ
ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ ƞ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬ƥ ࣯ ࣍ ୍ܻงƎଗଓƄū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ ࠢ୆กॅळࢵ ܾ‫ހ‬१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅܻᐱᐢࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጿࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯఱ ఠ
ܻᐱᐟ‫ݑ‬Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥࢇ ‫ݶ‬
ܻߥஊै Ƅ݊ ዙዋ ƥࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ ƀƥƀ࢖ࠧƄ࣠࣌ ߎ ࢢ ƥ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏬƧ ኅ ቱƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠢ‫ހܾރ‬१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ
ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀഭ ୣީჱႾܻࡷमअ࢖ߥ୓กযঠᐱᏬሯሡሁ ū݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ሯሡሁ ܻᐱᐢࡩܻၰ मअ࢖ߥ‫ކ‬ƥܻᐱᏳࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ࡩƄߎ ࢢ ƥƥ
ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢܻࣀ ߘƀࡼ ࡷƥࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬౰ే‫ࡷݘܻݹ‬ƥযওߘž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿᑑ ᐽƍƥū‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬ƄܻಛಗƥܻެჴႾ཯དྷࡩƄƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ ଛଓƄƥƀ࢖ࠧƄ࣏࣠ ࡩƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ
ࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀƥƀ௪ ௎౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ࣃ ࡓ ᚻࡩƞ ߄ ᐱᏹ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢ‬งƎƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌƥūࠦ‫࡯ޢ࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ
(34,35,2008ūࢪ ዙኸ ƌ ࠢ‫ߘ࣠ކ‬ƥƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄƖ ࣠‫ࠁޢ ݟރ‬
ܸᐮ᏶ƁƢƉŽƢ ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƋƉܸࢤ ࡴ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፥ ጿܻᐱᏹƄƥƌƀƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƎƌܻࢧ ࡷࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯଐଌƄࢪ ყࡷƄ࣠ߥࡩƄƥࡴ ࠅ ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ -1
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ୍ง࢖ଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ଛଓƄƥࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥኆ ቱƄƥ‫ ࡓޯ ݪ‬ᚻࡩƄ -2
‫ޢࠦۑ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଛଓƄƥࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅ -3
32
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ɋĻĽ Ļ
:ɦĿŅŉŮńŭřǥ ȋ ń
ļ ļ ĻĻ ļ Ļ ĻƓ
ņ ŅŔ ńŐ ŏƫńŻ ŷňőĿ ǋǟ Ůń
ŷŉĿťȗ ō ń
ļļ
ŷťȃľŅŕŮń
33
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
LeadershipƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ :ƞ ƢଘଐƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
Ɔƌܻ‫ܻߘޢ‬ಛಗƥଘଓƂࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝƧ ƀ߄ ༬စ ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄࠢ‫ࡷެ߃ ࠁޢܻކ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƞ ୹ ‫ݑ‬

Ɔƌܻ‫ߙܻࡩߥޢ‬ūܻᐱᐢ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥܻࠧमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜཾܻࡷᇯ ᆝ ࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬Ƅƥܻᐱᏹൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷࡣ ၰ ፥ ጿࠦዙ዗ܻࣀ ൞ᒑᐽܻᐱᐕࡩƂܾႅ ࡯‫ކ‬ƥܻࠩࡁ ࢖༨ဈ
ܻᐱᏹƎܻࡺ‫ޢߦࠢ ހݘ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ކ‬ƥƓ ƎଛଓƄ፥ ጿࠢߙൎ൉ႀ ޯࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻߘॅळശവറƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩે ઻ၮ ౮ే೘೉Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƆܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬፥ ጿࡣ ၮܻߙࡣ ࡷܻၮ
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᏹܻީ࡯࣐ ޯ೘ೃƢܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƥƓ ƎଛଓƄે ઻ၮࠢߙൎ൉ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƊ ܻ༬စ ࢇ ߥඳඣ ൭ƥūࡣ ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ࿃ Ⴉ मअܻ೘ೃ
‫ܻࠧۑ‬ƎƄ࢖ߥޯࢵ Ƅે ઻ၮ࣏ࠦ ߙܻഷവറƄƥܻᐱᚑ߄ߥ‫ކ‬ƥƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅžܻ୐ก፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜƬཾܻࡷᇯ ᆝ ࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬Ƅ
࿃ Ⴉ ܻଐଌƄࡴ ࠩߙܻ‫ރ‬ƌƎƀƄƍܺߙƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƎƄ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮƆƎܻࢥ ஊै Ƅߎ ‫ކݘ࢖ݹ‬፥ ጿƨܻࡷܻࠧƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ‫ ࢢީ ࠒ ݝ‬ƀ߄ ߘƥ
ƣ ƥ࢖࣏ ୐෺ƒ ܻ༧ೞ ଛଓƄƣ ƀ࣠ࠧ१ ॏ࣐ ެࡷܻ࣠ࠧࡷƎ߄ ߥ‫ހ‬Ƥܻީჴ჈ൎᑉᐽ౰ే޲ଐଌƄƥūၑ࿒ ƎܻޯࡩƄƄ࣠ᆿᇍ ࢸ ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƐ Ǝਔ ৼƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻
߰ ୆งܻߦࡷܻᐱᏹܻ‫ ࣍ޢ‬፥ ጿ ࡣ ዙ၁ေƆƌܻߥࡩƄžଘଓ࣓ࠧࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎƥūࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƈ ߄ ༨࿻ ߄ ߘܻࡷƄ࣠ߦࣃ ჴࣀ ყࡩ໠ ໄ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄ፟ ፑƂ
ࢪ ყࡩūࡣ ࢥ ߙƀࠦࣃ ყ‫ࡷݘ‬፥ ጿࡣ ࡷƀે ઻ၮ߄ ‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽࡴ ᐱᐢ᠃ƁƎƥƆƌܻߥࡩƄžଘଓ࣓ࠧ፟ ፑƂƣ ƥ࢖࣏ ୐෺ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓܻߙƄ߃ ಛಗƥūࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄ
(57 ،2008ūࢇ ‫ࡷࠦ ކ࣠ߙޢ‬ƌܻߥࡩƄơ ܻ‫ ࠅޢ‬൑ᑉᐽƥࡴ ᐱᏩܻ୐กଛଓࡣ ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ଛଓ
ࠢ‫ހ‬Ƈ ୹ ୪཯དྷࡩƄ࣯ ༧࿻ ƎܻޯࡩƄ݊ ީჴޯᑃᐽƎܻࢧ ޯࠀ ܻ‫ހ‬Ɵ ࢖࣐ ୓คܻᐱᏹܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƥܻࠧྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ݑ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥƆƌ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
:( Leadership ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴᚸƥକଐƢŽ
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƃܻఱ చƢƋࣝࠦࣉ -1
ࡦƁƃƋƁƉଔଐƁ -
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷƎ࣏࣠ࠩ ࡩƆಒ౷ީଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƓ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ఱ ఠƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ
Ƭ
ūࠦၮܻެࢧ ࡩƄƣ Ƅ߄ ‫ࡷޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄ ᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ଐଌơ ॅळஊै Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎቧሼ Ƣ࣠ࠩߦଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ࡣ ޲೘೉
‫ޢࠦۑ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓܻ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހ‬ଐଌƄ ࢖࡯‫ݹ ࠯ކܻݹ‬Ǝƌ࢖ߙ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡷƥ
ࡣ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅƥƀ፥ ጿࠦၮܻެࢧ ࡩƄƣ Ƅ߄ ‫ࡷޢ‬፥ ጿƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ཯དྷࡩƄƆಒ౷ީଐଌƄযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄơ ƥƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬Ƭ
‫ࠁޢ ݟ‬
‫ݓ ݝ‬
ީ࣐ ࢢ Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄࠢ‫ܻܻࠧކ‬༬ဈ Ƅƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦߦࣀ ࡯ߦࡩƨܻࢵ ᇴᇍ ‫ރݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄࠦߦࣀ ࡯ߙ‫ߘܻࡷ ݝ‬ƥū௪ ௎ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄ
࠯ ‫ݹ‬Ǝƌ࢖ߙ ƣ ᇴᆝƥ ࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଘଓƄቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ࡷ ፥ ፎ ܻެࢧ ࡩƄ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷࠦஎै ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌܻࠩߦ‫ކ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ꭸ᎙ƃ ƌܻީࡷƥࢪ ࢵ ƀે ઻ၮ
34
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡼ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߃ ‫ࡩޯެߦޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࢠ࣠ࡷƧ ƌܻࢧ ޯߘଘଓƄࡣ ၴ ༟༎ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ݊ ࢠƥƄ࣠ࡩƥܻၰ ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ƄƥଛଓƄࡼ ࡷ ࢖࡯‫ކܻݹ‬
(12،13 ،2009ū࿃ ႞ყߥࡩƄ ࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଘଓƄ݊ ߙ༟༎Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫࡯ ݪ‬ၩƀบ คᇴᆝ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Əે ઻ၮഁ೨ƎƧ ኅ ቱƄ Ǝॅळ‫ޢࠦ ކܻݹ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄቿቷၰ ୹ ୪ࡣ ޲ࡷ߄ ߘƥ
ࠦ‫ܻࢠޢ‬ଐଌƄࠢ‫ކ‬౰౎ၯ ે ઻ၮƥྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄơ ࣠‫ ࣀޟ‬൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮযঠ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝކ‬Ƅᑑ ᐽƍཀྵདྷࠁ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄ
߄ߘƥūƆƌƥ߄ഷവറƄ‫ܻ ࢢࠦو‬உै Ƅࠢޯߙ࢖‫ݹݘޯࡺ ߄ࡷݘ‬मअ߄ ଐଌƄƣ ᇴᆝ ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧે ઻ၮƥࡣ ࡺ‫୍ ࣐ࠦހܻࡩݘ‬ง࢖ଐଌƄᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ଐଌƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ
ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƀࠦࡺࠩଐଌƄƇ Ƅ࣐࣠ ࠀ ࡼ ࡷƆ࣐࣠ ࠀ ᇯ ᆝ Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƆƌ߄ ༨ீ ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ƀ݊ ࢠƥƥūᑑ ᐽƍᇯ ᆝ Ǝॅळ‫ކܻݹ‬౰ేၩ
(26،2010ū࣯ ༬စ Ǝᇴᆝ ࡣ ዙኸ ᇯ ᆝ Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƌ߄ ഷവറƄ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓƄࢇ ࣐ ެଐଌƄࢇ ߙƥࡣ ࢥ ߙଛଓƄžƄƌଛଓƄࠦߥ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ Ǝॅळ‫ ކܻݹ‬ƢܻࡺޯࠧƄࡣ ޲೘೉ƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࢢ žƄ༅໮ ƀ፟ ፑƂƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦߦ‫ ࣌ޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ݶ‬
࢔༬ဈ -
‫ ྲۑ‬Ⴐ ެ‫ݑ‬ᇯ ᇍ ࡩƢƏൎᑉᐽƄ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬ƄƐ ܻ‫ ߘޢ‬-
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ ࣀࡺޢ‬எै Ƅ໠ ໄޯ‫ࡩެܻ ࠁޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷܻࠧྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ݑ‬ƥơ ܻዙኸ ଛଓƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ -
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕ࡯ၮƅ Ǝਔ ৲ƣ ƀƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫୐ܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ง཯དྷࡩƄࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣐࢖ݹ‬Ƅƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƎܻޯ༧࿻ ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ -
ྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ݑ‬ᇯ ᆝ žƄƌƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩƄ౰ేၩƇ ᇴᆝ࢖ஊै Ƅžܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ޯ࣠ߘݘࠦހ‬ଐଌƄࠢޯ‫ޢ‬ዙኤƥࡣ ࢥ ߙଛଓƄžƄƌ൑ᑉᐽࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥ౰ే‫ࡷݘܻݹ‬ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ -
(13 ،2009ū࿃ ႞ყߥࡩƄ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴉ በሼ༇໪ ᇯ ᇍ ࡩ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ݊ ࡷ
ࠣ‫ ࣊ޟ‬Ɓ࢓ߕƢ౭ౄަࡦƁ -
ࠢ‫ ࣌ ߎߙޢ‬ƥƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ࡩ ݝކ‬ƥܻၰ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ ܻࡺ‫ࡩޯߥ ࣀޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄበሼ༇໪ ‫ݑߥީ ݝ‬ƀ
ܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄƇ ഁ೨ƎƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƨܻ‫ޢࠦࡷݘ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄࢪ ࢵ ƀƥƃ ƌܻީଐଌƥࠦ‫ ࣍ޢ‬Ƅ࢖ߘƥ౰ేީࡩƄƇ ܻያዜ ƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै ƨൎ൉ࡷᇴᆝ ƨܻߦ‫ކ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬
ࠦߥ‫ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡷƨଘଓਔ ৹ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଛଓƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅว คܻஎै Ƅે ઻ၮ
ūࠦࢸ Ǝ࣠ࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩߦެޢࠦࡩݘ‬Ƅว คƄ࣠எै Ƅƥે ઻޲ଐଌƄžƄƌଛଓƄࠦߥ‫ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƇ ܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƇ Əƥܻ༬ဈ ߄ ߥߙūžƄƌଛଓƄ
(14 ،2009ū࿃ ႞ყߥࡩƄ ࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉ၮࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ܻᐱᐢ࣐ ఴ ఝଛଓࡣ ޲ࡷଛଓƄžƄƌଛଓƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ፟ ፑƂ
ࠣୃกܸమ చଔଐƁƄ ܸߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁቝሹ༄໧ -
‫ࡷܻݹ࣠ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ƣ ࣠ޯ࡯‫ݹ‬Ƃ ਔ ৲ે ઻ၮࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ࡷƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ 1920 Ƈ ܻ୐෺ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ༇໩ Ƅƥƀ፥ ጿƥ
ƅ ܻީࢵ ƄƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂࡣ ࢢ ࣠ޯࡩƄᎨ᎙ƥƇ ൎ൉ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝે ઻ၮࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə‫ ݪ‬ხࢵ ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌܻࠧƄ༇໮ Ƅࠦ‫࢖ހ‬භඣ ൴Ƣܻߘ
Ǝܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥūࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅቿቷࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ޯ ݊ހܻࡩ ࣃݘ‬৤৕ষƄūࡴ ࠩ‫ࡷݘ‬ƣ ॅळࡺ‫ݹݘ‬௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄƐ ܻެࡩƄ‫࣠ ࢵࠦࡷ޲ ࡣ ࠁ ݪ‬൞൙ࡷ౰ేၩƦ ༇໩ Ƅ
35
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƢܻࡺޯࠧଛଓƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ Ƅ߄ ߘƥūࢪ ყࢵ ܻၰ ƀƥ୹ ‫ ࡴࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ಛಗྲ Ⴁხࡁ ࡴ ࠩ‫ࡩޯݘܻࡷ ࡣࡷݘ‬Ƅࡣ ‫ࡷܻ ࡁެࠦހ‬ƥƀቿቱſƄ࣠ࣀ ყࡩƐ ܻެࡩƄƣ ƀ
(27،2010ū࣯ ༬စ Ǝᇴᆝ ྲ Ⴉ ܻஊै Ƅܻެࡷ࣠‫ݹ‬፟ ፑƂ࣠৤৒ষܻ‫ހ‬Ƨ ྲ ႡხࡩƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬
،2009ū࿃ ႞ყߥࡩƄ ܻࠧƏܻ༬࿻ Ƃࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ܻಛಗࠦࡷܻၮ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ౰౎ޯ‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበሼ༇໪ Ɠ ౰౔ߦ‫ކ‬ƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፥ ጿ 20
‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢࠦۑ‬ଘଓƄࠢޯߘܻ࣐ ࡩƨܻ‫୍ݘ‬งܻ೘ೆᓘƥࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣀޢ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬Ƅࠢޯߘܻ࣍ ž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿƌ߄ ༨ဈ ଘଓࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄܻᐱᏬƌ࣓‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙኤ ƣ ƀ -
Ƨ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƣ ƀƥƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƨܻࡷܻࠧƨƄƎƥƌ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै ƄƧ ƌ࣓‫ ކ‬-
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏹܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅƥܻᐱᏹܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥࠦၮܻସବଣ ƄƎᇴᇍ ߙƀࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰ేީ‫ކݘ‬ଘଓƂܻ࣠ࠧࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ
Ơ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ ે ઻ၮ፥ ፑܻޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƥƆƎƄƌଗଓܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫઻ ે ࣍ީޢݘ‬ၮƥū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮमकƀ࣯ ያዜ ༟༎Ƅ౰ేၩযও࣏ ެޯᑃᐽ -
፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡴ ࠩߦࢢ ࣠‫ܻހ‬೘ೆᓘƥƨƄƌƄ࢖ߙƂܻᐱᐢࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƣ ࣠ᐱᏳܻ༬࿻ ଘଓࡴ ࠩࡁ ॅळࢵ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀƥܻ෬ැᛂ ଘଓƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬ၮܻዙዋ
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓߋ ‫ݕ࢓ݶ‬
‫ ރ‬କଐƢŽ
ࡴ ࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƖ ࣠ެޯࡩƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓƄƥƖ ࣠ެޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥƨܻߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ ƥƨܻၮ࣠ެޯࡷ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬
ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƥūƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƢƀࠦ‫ ࢵޢܻ ࢵޢ‬Ƣƀࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬Ƅบ คᇴᆝ žƄ࣠ࢵ ࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ޟ‬ყჅƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅƥ
‫ܻۑ‬ၰ ൎ൉࣐ ࢢ ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷᎨᎌ߄ ߥ୓กࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥ ቿቱଘଓƌࡼ ࡷቻቱܻଐଌƧ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽƄƢ࣠ࠩߦଐଌƄે ઻ၮƨଘଓƥƀƞ ࢖‫୓ݘ‬คƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ
፥ ጛൎ൉޲ࡩƄࡣ ‫ࡩߦݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦߥޯࣃ ࡷܻᐱ᏶ܾ‫( ހ‬101،1973 ࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݓ‬ Ƭ‫ކ‬ƥࠣ‫ݐ‬
ᑃᐽƄ݊ ࡺ഻വറƨܻߥߙƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬ ࡦƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
Ɵ ࣠ࣀ ࡩƄ ࢛ ‫ ރߥޢ‬ƌ࣠ߥࡩƄ ƥ ƌ࣠ߘ ߰ ީࢧ ޯࡩƥƄ࣠ࡩƄƞ ༇໪ ࣠ࠧƎ࣠ࡁ߃ ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ࡩߦݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿߎ ࡩଛଓƄƞ ༇໪ ࡣ ࢢ ƀƥ ƌܻߘ
߄ ࢸ ࢖ଐଌƄƥƆƥ߄ ߥࡩƄƥࡣ ‫ࡩޢ‬ኆ ቱᇴᆝࠦࡷ߄ ߥଐଌƄ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ᇴᇍ ዙኽࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƥܻࠩߦ࡯ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻࠩߘ࣠ఱ ఓƥܻᐱᚑܻࡷƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ހ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƌ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ơ ܻߥ‫ݹ‬
ܻࡷƥżƌƄ࢖ߙ൑ᑉᐽࠢ‫ކ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƅ ॅळࢵ ƀࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬ƥżƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬௪ ௎ƀਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ᇴᇍ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪƥ (40, 2012,ว ෺ኆ ቱƄ "
࣠ࠧƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƥቿቱƄ߄ ‫୓ݘܻࡷ ࡣࡷݘࠩ ࡴހݘ‬෺ƥࡴ ࠧ߄ ࢸ मअƥࠢ‫ࠢކܻހݘޢ‬ၴ ࣠‫ߥ ߄ࡷࠦݹ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠢ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙżƤƌ࣠ࠅ ƥࡼ ࡷƞ ߄ ಛಗƄ
‫ۑ‬Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬ƆƎƌܻީଐଌƄ፥ ጿࡴ ಛಗƆƥ߄ ߥࡩƄ
ƥܸၭ ോെ࣍ ࢟ ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ୆กƌƀે ઻ၮ݊ ࡯࣐ ଐଌܻߙࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮࢇ ߙƄ࣠ޯࡷࢪ ყࡩ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱƊ ൎ൉࣐ ࢢ ଘଓƄ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬
ࡼ ࡷƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅযওܻࠧߦࡷࡼ ࡷƨܻࢥ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހݘ‬ƄƌƎ࣠ޯࢵ ƥū໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅযওܻࠧߦࡷ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ༨༤ Ƅƥܻߙൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅ߄ ༬࿻
36
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
যওܻࠧߦࡷྲ Ⴐ ࠁ ፥ ጿࢪ ყࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƥƆ౰ే޲ࡁ ࣯ ࠩߙܻࠧྲ Ⴐ ࠁ ‫ݟݹ ࢧݘ ݪ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ީ ࡣހݘ‬ƭߘ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
(40,2003,ƣ Ƅਔ ৲࣠ࣀ ࡩƄ ƛ ߁ ಘಔƁࣝ༥ဂ ƍ ܸީࡦƁࠬ ‫࢓ݶ‬༥စ ࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ዖኵ ፥ ፕ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ -
Ɛ ƥܻࠧ Ơ ౰౔ࣃ ࡷƞ ߄ࠧࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፥ ጿƌ࢖ߙमक࣓‫ܻݹ‬ಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ፥ ፕ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ކݘ‬ሯሡሁ -
( 20،2006,
(148,2009, ࿃ ႞ყߥࡩƄ ‫ࠦۑ‬ၮܻସବଣ ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓ࣐ࠦ ୍ง࢖ଐଌƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଛଓƄ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢࠦކ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ዙኸ ܻᐱ᏶ܾ‫ހ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ކݘ‬ƥ -
ࡦ௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁૄ સၫƥƁƉࣝࢤ ߢࡴƥƁ౭ౄ‫ ࢚ࡴܸރܻކ‬༤೛ ܸಘಔോെၬ ࡹ ࡴƍ Ƌܸೕಹࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ዖኵ ܻᐱ᏶ܾ‫ހ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ކݘ‬ሯሡሁ -
Ũࡱ ࠤƉܸࢵ ƋſƐ ࢓‫ݐ‬
ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ࠣ‫ݐޟ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸࡴࠣࡷ࣌ ީࡴ። ጼƢŽƉƁ࢓ߖଘଐƁࡹ ࡴƄ ܸၫࣝዖಠಚໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
Ƅ ܸߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƢࠣ࣍ ఱ చଘଐƁࡠ ‫ޟ‬ᐰྙྈƢবঐ࣌ ୍คƢŽ
‫ۑ‬29,2009, ፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫƃŻܸߣࡐ ‫ݽ‬
ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁ
࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩƄ࣠ࠧਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙūࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ࠧ࢔ߦࠁ ƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅે઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ፥ ፕ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ -
ࠦެ‫ ࡷݘޢ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ ࢇ ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦ ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ଐଌƄ ፥ ጿ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ Ơ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮ मक࣓‫ ݹ‬ƣ ƀ ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ
‫ۑ‬133,2010Ǝ࣠ᐳႡࡷ
ࡹ ࡴࠟީࡐ ೕಹܸࡴࠣ࣍ ࡬ࢽ ࡦƁƢƃŻܸߣࡐ ᚸࡦƁƢƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƢƃƋܸࠦ଍ଉƁࡹ ࡴᑸ ᑤެೕಹƤ ኂ ቮƁ࢚ ࠎ ࣀ ࡦƁᑎ ᐺƊ ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬ƥ -
ᅳॅ ܸࢤ ଍ଉƁƢࠣࡴࣝࢲ ࢓଍ଉƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤଘଐƁࢄ ߢ༥࿸ ܸࡴ፜ ፎſ࢓࣊ ܸஆॅ Ɓ‫ ࣊ޟ ݧ‬Ƣࠣަ݉ ༜་ƁƢƓ ܸީߕଔଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ࡱ ᐮ᏶Ɖܸ‫ߕޟ‬ƢŨ௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁ݇ ‫ރ ࣍ࣝݶ‬
‫ۑ‬27,2008, Ƒ ࣐࣠ ࣃ ࣍ "ቼቮࣝࡴܻ଍ଉƁ
ે઻ၮࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߘਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄ཯ཏ‫ކݘ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
Ƣܻ‫ކ‬྽ Ⴉ Ǝƥࠦၮܻެߥ‫ހ‬ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲୷ ୪Ƅ࣠ࡩ߃୍෺ƣ ܾ‫ߘެܻݑࠩ ࡴހ‬ᓘƥ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ
Ɩ ܻެߘଗଓƄƥ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƀ߄ ୍งƥū߄ ၰ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݹ‬ƄƊ ƥमऌࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƧ ƌܻࡷࡣ ‫ࡷߥܻހ‬Ƨ ଛଓƎܻ࣏ ୓คଘଓƄƣ ƥƌࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷࡼ ‫ݑ‬
ƣ ƀࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙū໠ ໄߙ࢖࣐ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ᇴᇍ ‫ࡁݘࡺ࡯ޢࠦކ‬Ɔƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ᑃᐽơ ࣠ࢢ ࣠ࡩƄƞ ߄ ᐱᏳū໠ ໄ‫཯ހܻࡩޯܻހݘ‬᝵ᐢჱ჋ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷ
Ꭸ፻ƥūࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮमकଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ࡺޯࡓ ‫ࡷ ݊ކܻހݘޢࠢࡩޢ‬ቻቷࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬ƥቜሼॅळࢵ ፥ ጿƒ ൎ൉ၯ ଗଓƄƨൎ൉޲ࡺޯࡷūࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪Ɩ ܻެߘƂ፥ ጿ໠ ໎ߦ୓෺
‫ݓܻݹܻتۑ‬
ࡩƄƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄᑻ ᑧ‫ݘޢࠢࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ ࢇކ‬ఱ చࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪ࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ᇴᆝ ƄƍƂଘଓƂमकଛଓƄࢇ ߥඳඣ ൭
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓྯ Ⴈ ܸީ‫ ݎ‬ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
ܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ Ƣ࣠ߥ‫཯ ކ‬དྷࡩƄ ࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄ ܻࠧྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫୓ ࢥ ߰ ࡩެܻ ݑ‬ข Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ যওܻࠧߦଐଌ ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅ Ɠ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥ 30,2009, ፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ
37
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ࠦۑ‬ၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄ໠ ໄ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐕ࡯ၮࢇ ߦޯࡷƥበሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -

‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ ࡴࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ᐱᏹƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠‫ࡩޯެߦޢ ߃ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ރ‬ƥܻ‫ޯݘ‬ଐଌƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ƥ౮ే೘೉ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ƄƎܻᐱᚑƥƇ ܻߦࢧ ‫୓ ࢧ ߎހ‬෺ū௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄે ઻ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƆƎ߄ ߥ‫ޯ ݊ހ‬๻๬ึਔ ৯ܻߘƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƤ࢖࣏ࠩ ‫ݹ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅߎ ߘ࣠ଐଌƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ࣠ࠧƥƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƄ༇໩ ſƨƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡷ ࡼݹ ࢥޢ ߎݑ‬໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷƥ -
(85,2003ūƅ ࣠ࠖ ༨ீ ܻᐱᏳƢ࣠ߥ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƎƄƥƌଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥơ ܻࡺޯࡁ ܻ‫ހ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ߥ ࢇݑ‬ඳඣ ൺƥ
્઻‫ࡷܻݹ‬፥ ፕ ƥ
‫ ࡣࡷݘܻࠩۑ‬ၮܻߦ୓෺ƣ ƀࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƥܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀ࣠༨စ ࠢޯ‫࣠ݑ‬ዙಣಝࠢ‫ࠧ࣠ކ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƎƥƌ -
‫ݶ࡯ܻࠩۑ‬
ܻࢵ ƥƥܻᐱᏩƄƌƀࠦߥ‫ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿमक࣓ࡷƎƥƌࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީᑃᐽ -
‫ࡩޯݘܻࡷ ࡣࡷݘܻࠩۑ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠢީ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ‬ƀƥቻቷ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫࡯ޢࠢކ‬ၮƥ ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ܻ‫ހ‬Ɔ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷߎ ߘƄ࣠ࡷࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ݹ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ -
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄߎ ‫ݶ‬
ܻ࣌ ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ያዧ Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ᇴᇍ ‫ߘࠦކ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧ -
ᇯ ᆝ ܻᐱᏳ࢝ ޯ༧࿻ ཯དྷࡩƄƎƄƥƌଛଓƄơ ܻࡺޯࡁ ܻ‫ހ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ ࡣݑ‬ၮܻߦ‫ޢࠦކ‬ዙ዗ƀƦ ߄ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƥūƆƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᚑ߄ ߥ୓෺ƥࠦၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄࠢၴ ࣠‫ݹ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙūࠢ‫ހ‬Ɣ ࣠ެଐଌƄƤƎƥƌࢇ ߥ༨࿻ ྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ݑ‬
मक࣓ࡷƥ ƏƎܻ‫ހ‬Ǝƥƌࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީᑃᐽƥūࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ܻݹ‬ၩࡼ ࡷž༅໮ ፥ ፕ ཯དྷࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷƇ ܻ‫ܻݹ‬ၩࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷƣ ॅळࡺඳඣ ൭
፥ ጿ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽ౮ే৤৕ষƄࢇ ߥ༨࿻ ࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄߎ ‫ݶ‬
ܻ࣌ ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ያዧ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢߥܻࠩۑ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄቿቱܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
ࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄबंᇴᆝ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷƆƌܻ‫ߙܻࡩߥޢ‬ū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƊ ܻ༬စ ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࠧ ࡴݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷ፥ ፕ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀࠢ‫ ࢸ ࠯ߙޢ‬ଘଓܻያዪ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࣀ ߙܻެଐଌƄࡣ ࣌ ፥ ጿžܻެީࡩƄƥ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄࢪ ߙܻެޯࡩƄે ઻ၮܻᐱᏹƎ߄ ߘबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷƧ ƀƎ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥƊ ܻႅ ެࡩ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፥ ጿ 42,2003,ƣ Ƅਔ ৲࣠ࣀ ࡩƄ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩ ࢥݘޢ ߎۑ‬ƄƧ ࣠ߥࡩƄᇯ ᆝ ܾ‫ݹ‬ൎ൉ߙơ ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻߥ‫ݹ‬ƥƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅว ง౰౔‫ކ‬ཀྵདྷࠁ Ɔܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅ፥ ጿܻᐱᐟࡷਔ ৹ଘଓƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ -1
ࡼ ࡺࢥ ‫ݹ‬ūࢇ ࢵ ܻެޯࡷƅ ॅळࢵ ܾ‫ ྲݹࠦހ‬ႡხࡩƄƇ ܻߘܻ࣐ ࡩƄࠢ‫୓ ߄ߙ ࢇࡩޯ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ข཯དྷࡩƄƆ࣠ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄࡣ ࢢ ࣠ࡩƄࠦߥ࡯ၰ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ -2
‫ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄܻᐱᏹƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ࣊ ࣐ ࠀ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ዙኸ
‫ࡩ ࣀߦޢެࠦۑ‬Ƅƣ ܻ‫ހ‬Ǝࠦ‫޲ܻހ‬೘ೃਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙƇ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ީޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࡣ ‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƥ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄযও‫ݑ‬ਔ ৿ -3
38
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫࡯ܻࠩۑ‬ஊै ࠦࡷƏൎᑉᐽƄ࣊ ࣐ உै Ƅᄎ ႓Ǝƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷે ઻ၮƆ࢖࣐ ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅ -4

‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࠦࡷ߄ உै ܻࠩߦ‫ކ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƥ࣐ࠦ ‫ޢ‬ഷവറƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄࠦީࡁ Ƅ࣠ࡷ -5
‫ۑ‬Ƣܻࢵ ƞ ߄ ࠧ࣠༨စ Ɔ࢔ߦ༨ீ ࠯ ‫࢖ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ፥ ጿƆ߄ ࢸ ƄƎࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƅ݊ ࢠƥ -6
‫ۑ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƖ Ǝƥว ෺Ǝਔ ৿ƥ ࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใ -7
‫ۑ‬Ɔܻ‫ॱॶޢ‬५ƣ ƏƄ࣠ޯࡩƄƆƌܻၮƂ -8
ƃƋƁƉଔଐƁƢƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀƓ Ƅ౰౔ߙܻ‫ހ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ࢖ߦࡩƄ मऒ࣠ࡁ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬39,2008,ࢇ ‫ ކ࣠ߙޢ‬ƌƎƥƀ
፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠଗଓܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥū્ ઻ީߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ేࡓ ߦޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓ขቿቱܻ‫ࡩߦݘ‬Ƅ
ܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠଗଓܻ‫ހ‬ū࿃ ႞ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƨƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ౰౗ࡁ ƀᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓ขƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ū໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ކߦ࣠ݹ‬
ž࿃ ႡߙƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅܻࡷƀ‫ۑ‬అ௷ ႁ ޯࡩƄƥযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄƥƇ ܻ‫ރ‬ƏƄ࣠ଐଌƄƌƄ߄ၮᓘƥ࣊ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅūƞ Ƅྲ ႖ଗଓƄࡣ ޲ࡷƆƌ߄ ༨ீ Ƣܻᐱᚑ࣠༨စ ࠦࠩࠅ ࣠ࡷ
፥ ፕ ࠦࣀ ყႻƎƇ ܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƈ ൎ൉‫୓ ࢥࡺ ࡼމ‬ข࣯ ࠩߙƆƎƄƌଗଓƄࡼ ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ீ
‫ۑ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦၮܻެࢧ ‫ܻ ࢢࠦހ‬உै ƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ౰ేߙ࣠‫ݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ ࢇކ‬Ƥܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄࡣ ປ຀ఴ ఠ -1
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷ࢛ ‫ࡩޯߦ࣠ݹ‬Ƅƥơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄߎ ‫ݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ ࢇކ ࡓ޲ޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄযও࣏ ୐ง -2
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ݊ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ‬ჴࡩƄƥ‫ࡩީܻݑ ݟ‬Ƅள ஭ၯ ࢇ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ ݊ݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ჴࡩƄƥ౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƄ -3
ܻࠧഃ೨ƍ཯དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑᑻ ᑧޯ೘಼߄ ߘƥūਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƠ ॅळࢵ Ƨ ߃ ‫ࡩޯެߦޢ‬Ƅमअ߄ ଐଌƄᑻ ᑧఱ ఓƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ࡺଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥܻࠧ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งࠦ‫ࡷޯܻހݘ‬ƥ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓƄƥ࣊ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅƥƞ Ƅྲ ႖ଗଓƄ፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ใ཯དྷࡩƄƥቻቱƆƌ߄ ഷവറƄƢܻࠩଐଌƄว คܻၴ ፟ ፑƂमऒ࣠ࡁ
‫ࡺ࣠ݑޯࠢۑ‬഻വറƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘƨƄमअ߄ ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߙޢ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƃ ƌܻީࡷ
น ෷߁ இॅ ƁƤ ƋƁƉଔଐƁಏ౴ߣࡦƁ። ጼƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬ᚸƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
ūࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆଛଓƄࡣ ࢥ ߙƀࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࡴ ᐱᏹܻࢵ ƄƎƌƥࡴ ᐱᏼܻ༨ဂ ܾ‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƣ ƥಒ౷ߦଐଌƄƥƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࠢ༬ဈ Ƅ
ūƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽƊ ܻ༬စ ƥžƄƌଛଓƆ࣠ߘƎ߄ ࢧ ࡷ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ፥ ጕܻఱ ఝଗଓƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ ࡴހܻࡩݘ‬ᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ƥ
ƞ ߄ ಛಗƄࡣ ޲೘೉߄ ߘƥūܻᐱᐕ޲ࠁ ܻ‫ހ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƖ ࣠ެޯࡩࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƥƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଛଓƄƤ߃ ಛಗࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥ
ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƥƆƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬ᐱᐕࠅ ࣠ޯࡩƄ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଛଓƄࡣ ࢥ ߙƀࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፥ ጿࢪ ყႻ༟༎Ƅ
‫ܻࠧۑ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩ࣌ ፥ ጿ‫ࡺ ݝ‬ᐳ႓ƀ཯དྷࡩƄܻࠧƎƥ߃ ၴ ࡼ ࡷ࢛ ‫઻ ેހݘ‬ၮƞ ࢖‫୓ݘ‬คƣ ƀܻެ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ɔܾఴ ఝ
ࠣ‫ݶ‬
߁ ‫ࡦެߢ࡬ޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ɓ -ƥକଐƢŽ

39
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
বঐ࣌ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࡠ ၱ ༜་Ɓࠣ‫ ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬-1
ଘଓƥƣ ƥኆ ቱ࣠‫ݹ‬ƆƌܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀܻ࣠ࠧࠧƄ࣠ޯ༨ீ ƣ ᇴᆝƥ ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩ޲ܻࡷ ࡼݑ‬Ƅƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿܻ‫ހ‬ƥƎƥƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌
ū౰ేࡷƀࠢ୐กƄኆ ቱ࣠‫ݹ‬౰ేࡷଛଓܻߙūࠦީࣀ ჴࡓ ࡷ‫ ࣀ ݝ‬ყࡩƥࠦ‫މ‬ƥƎ࣠ࡷƇ ܻያዜ ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै ƄƥƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄƣ Ƅƥūƣ ࣠‫ݹ ࢧެݘ‬
ƣ ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ൞൙ၮƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮƢ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ଘଓܻᐱ᏶ଛଓ߄ ߥެᑃᐽ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹࠦކݘ࢖ࢠ ݝ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡓ ᚻࡩƥūƄቦ቎ࠧƥᑻ ᑧࡷ௪ ௕Ƅኆ ቱ࣠‫ݹ‬ᑻ ᑧଐଌƄƥ
Ƈ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࡴ ࠧƀܻࡷƀūࠦߘƌƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮ౰౗ࡁ ƀƦ ༇໩ ƀƇ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬፟ ፑƂƟ ൎ൉࣐ ‫ރ‬ൎᑉᐽƐ ܻࢵ ଛଓƄܻࠧƥ౰౎ޯ‫ݑ‬ƄƥܻࠧॅळࡺᐱᏬᎨ፻žܻ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
፥ ፕ ƥƄਔ ৯ܻߘƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࠦ୆คᇴᇍ ࡷƂࠦ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ࡓܻࠩݹ‬ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼ࡼ ࡷ཯དྷࡩƄƥ -ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ያዧ -ƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄܻࠧ߄ ࡺޯ‫ݑ‬Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄ
‫ޢ࣠ݹࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅƥࠦߘܻ࣐ ࡩƄūƅ ܻީࣃ ࡩƄƊ ƥƎū࢖࣏ࠩ ଐଌƄūࠦࡷܻߥࡩƄॅळၮࡣ ޲ࡷࠦ୆ค߄ ީࡩƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ‫ۑ‬1
‫ۑ‬Ɛ ܻସନଣ Ƅƥūࢪ ߦެࡩܻ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހ‬Ƅƥūߎ ‫ࡩޯ ࡓޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄƥūžᇴᆝኅ ቱƄࡣ ޲ࡷࠦ‫ࠧެޢ‬ኅ ቱƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ‫ۑ‬2
‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢࠦۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄūƆƎƄƌଗଓƄūƣ ƥܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅࡣ ޲ࡷࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ‫ۑ‬3
‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦࠦۑ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ፥ ጾ౰౔ࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦީ‫ ݌‬༟༎ƄƥūƆƎƌܻީଐଌƄƥūܻಛಗ࣠ީߘƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ݪ‬ƥūƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄࡣ ޲ࡷࠦ‫ࠩެޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ‫ۑ‬4
ơ ܻ‫ࡩߦݘ‬Ƅ ၒᅢ ܻެࡩƄ ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ Ƈ ܻያዜ ࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ ݑ‬Ƅ ፥ ጿ ߰ භච ൺ Ꭸ፻ ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅ Ƥ߃ ࠧ ƣ Ƅ ે઻ၮ ƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ ݊ ዙ၅ဤ ࡼ ࡓ ᚻࡩƥ
(30 ،2008ūƑ ࣐࣠ ࣃ ࣍ १ ॏ‫ߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
:Trait TheoryƄ ܸࡷࢽ ࡦƁࠣ‫ ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬-2
Ƈ ܻެ‫ހݘޢ‬ƎଛଓƄ ‫ݓ࢖ߘ ݝ‬
ޯࢵ Ƅ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ Ɔಒ౷ީଐଌƄ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ፟ ፑƂ ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅ Ƥ߃ ࠧ ࣯ ࡺޯჱ჋
ࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓ขƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥƣ ࣠‫ ࢧެݘ‬Ƭ‫ݹ‬ଘଓƥƣ ƥኆ ቱ࣠‫ݹ‬ƆƌܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀƓ ౰౔ߦ‫ކ‬፥ ፕ ƥū௪ ௎ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷƇ ܻެყࣀ ସଧଣ Ƅƥ
፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƢܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ƥū໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƆƌܻߥࡩƄ౮ే೘೉ࠦ‫މ‬ƥƎ࣠ࡷƇ ܻያዜ ƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ
Ƈ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ߘ ߄ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠢࣀ ߦ‫ ࢪހܻࡩݘࡺ ࡣރ‬ყࡩƥࡣ ࡺ‫اࡩݘ‬
ે ઻ၮƟ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄ݊ ࣐ ޯఱ ఠᎨ፻Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀଘଓƂūܻࠧ౰ేၩƥࢪ ߦެࡩܻ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހ‬ƄƥƆƀƌܻީଐଌƄƥžᇴᆝኅ ቱƄࡣ ޲ࡷࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬61 ،2009ū१ ॐ࡯‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄᄹட ܻެࡩƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄ౮ే‫ޢ‬೘೉፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ
ࡼ ࡷƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ࢖࣏ ެᑃᐽƆਔ ৲߄ ၮƇ Ƅ౮ేያዪƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀଘଓƂƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ܻރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ᐱᐢࠩࠅ Ƅƥ཯དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅƌܻߥ୓คଘଓƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
፥ ፕ ƥ 53،2006ūƐ ƥܻࠧ ܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ
ƣ ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƣ ƥ౮ేያዪƐ ܻ‫ރ‬ƀƆƌܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀ߄ ‫཯ކߦޢ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݶݘ‬
ܻࣃ ࡩƄƆಒ౷ߦࡩƄ݊ ࡷƊ ࣠ࢠ࣠‫ߙ ࢇހ‬Ƅ࣠୓ขܻᐱ᏶ଛଓƨܻ‫ࠧޢ‬ਔ ৹ቿቱ࣠ީߥࡷࠦ‫ܻރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ᐱ᏶ƀ -1
‫ۑ‬Ƣ࣠ࠩߦଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧƐ ܻࢵ ƀࠦ༨༦ ‫ީ ݝ‬ჷ჆཯དྷࡩƄƈ ࣠ࠒ ީࡩƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƣ ƥƌ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ƥƆƎƄ߄ ࢧ ࡩƄ፥ ጿƆƌܻၮ
40
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ ࢪࡷݘޢ‬ყႾܻߥࡷࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ߘ ߄ߘ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽƨܻߥ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ ƨܻࡺࠩߙ࢖ߙ࣠‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹࠦކ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ -2
‫ܻ ࢢࠦۑ‬உै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹܻߦࢢ Ꭸᎌ ࣠ߥ‫ܻࡷ ࡼކ‬ᐱᏩ࣠ࢠ፥ ጿƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࡼ ࡓ ೘೉
Ƈ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩܻߙūƤ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ƥ౮ే೘೉ Ƈ ܻያዜ ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬ჴࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ଛଓƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౮ేଐଌƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ݊ ࡷࠢ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐢ‫ߘެܻݑ‬ƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƢƄ౰౔ၰ Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ‫ࡓ ࣀ ݪ‬Ƭ‫ކ‬Ɔ౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄ
ᑻ ᑧޯ೘಼ƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘบ คᇴᆝࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷƧ ƀ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄࡣ ީߥ୓෺ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ƄƎ߄ ߘƥƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑࡼ ࡷ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ƄƎܻᐱᚑƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬ƥƟ ൎ൉ၯ ƀƆƌܻ‫࡯ߥޢࠦߙܻࡩߥޢ‬Ƭၯ Ƈ ܻߦࢢ ƥƇ ܻያዜ ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƅ ܻ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ƄƎܻᐱᚑ
౰ేॵॱ५ࡴ ࡷଛଓƄƆƌܻߘƄ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƣ ܾ‫ ྲހ‬ႡხࡩƄᇯ ᆝ ໠ ໄ‫ࡩݘ ࢧࡺࠦࡷ ࡼހ‬Ƅžܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ଛଓƄࢇ ࠒ ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ߘƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄƦ ኆ ቱቿቱ࣠ީߥࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬
ž༅໮ ፥ ፕ Ƈ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄܻ೘ೆᓘƥūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࡣ ࢥ ߙଛଓƄƥƎ߄ ߘଛଓƄቻቷ‫ݘ‬༬ဈ ଘଓƆ౮ేࡺଐଌƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ࢛ ‫ ࢝ࡷܻހݘ‬Ʃ ༧ೞ Ơ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄƥ
‫ۑ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙ൑ᑉᐽࠢ‫ކ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡴ ‫ݑ‬ਔ ৿཯དྷࡩƄƇ ƄƎƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷ
Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀଘଓƂ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽƇ ܻߦࢧ ࡩƄƥƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ܻރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ᐱᐢხࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
࣠ࠧƥƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƨƄ༇໩ ſƨƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ހ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޢࠢރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƃ‫ܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ଐଌƨƄƎ࣠ࢧ ߘƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƦ मअࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬ਔ৯ܻߥᑃᐽƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ހ‬
:Behavior Throryࠣ‫ू ࠾ޟ‬रࢽ ࡦƁࠣ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ɓƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
Ǝ࣐࣠ ‫ࠧ࣠ކ‬ƥࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄܻᐱᐟࡷƥƆਔ ৲߄ ၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ǝ࣏࣠ࠩ ࡩࠦߘൎ൉࣐ ‫ރ‬ƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡷ޲࡯ ݝރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƔ ܻఴ ఝ፥ ጿ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ౮ే೘೉཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎƌࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄơ ࣠ඳඣ ൴Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿūƕ ࣠ࠒ ࡯ࡷ
‫୓ܻ ࠅࠩ ࡴۑ‬คᓘƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮमक࣓‫ ࢵޢ‬ƤƎƥਔ ৹Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƥቜሼॅळࢵ ƥ
ū࣠‫ܻࠧݹ‬ƥƀơ ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ ፥ ፕ ƥࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ ࠦ‫޲ޢ‬༨ဂ ƞ Ƅ࢖࣍ ƀࠦ‫މ‬ൎ൉޲ࡩࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Ơ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ߄ ߘƥ
ƆƌܻߥࡩƄቻቷ‫઻ ેࡷܻݹߦݘ‬ၮࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧഁ೨मऒƥ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄበ቎ީࣃ ࡩƄơ ࣠ࠁ ƣ ࣠‫ࡷ࣠ކ‬ƥ࠯ ‫ࡷܻߘ߄ࡷࠢހ࡯ޢ‬ƥūƣ ܻ‫ݓ‬
ࣃ ჴ‫ܻࡷݘࠦࡷޢ‬ၴ ƥ
‫ࡩߥޢܻدة‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎƌࡼ ࡷƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ކ࣠ ࢵ ݊ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ፟ ፑƂƆƌܻߥࡩƄƇ ܻያዜ ࡼ ࡷơ ܻߥ୓คଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƥūƣ ࣠ߙྲ Ⴐ ୓෺ߎ ‫ ࡁޢ‬ƥ
‫ۑ‬59 ،2006ūƐ ƥܻࠧ ࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ ƞ ƥ࢖࣌ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ ƆƌܻߥࡩƄơ ܻ‫ߙݘ‬ƀࡣ ࡺࣃ ჴࡩ
ࠢ‫ޯ࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ܻଐଌ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƇ Ƅƌܻߥ୓คƄࡼ ࡷࣷࣳఱ ఠᎨ፻ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂܻᐱᐢߥ‫ॅ ࡁޢࠦݑ ࡼ ࢵܻހ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅࠢ‫ހ‬Ƈ ౮ే೘೉ܻࡷࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿƆƌܻߥࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩࠦ‫ߙޢ‬ᇴᆝ ౰ేၩƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƣ ƀ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ ߄ ߥޯ‫ݹݘ‬Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƎ࣠ࢧ ߘࡼ ࡷ
‫࣠ߘ ߎۑ‬ଐଌƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ࠧ࣠ހ‬ƥ༇໩ ſƨƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫࡯ ݝހ‬ዙ዗ƀܻᐱ᏶ƀƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬
:Contingency Theory ࠣ‫ࣝߕߣޟ‬଍ଉƁࠣ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ɓ :ƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬

41
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƣ ࣠ࢵ ƎƄኆ ቱƄƥžܻ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢ༬ဈ Ƅࡣ ‫ހ‬ū‫ ࣀ ݪ‬ஊ஀ ƆƌܻߥࡩƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄߎ ߘ࣠୓෺Ꭸ፻
ƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧࡼ ‫୓ ߴݑ‬คƥ ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଛଓƄ౰౗ࡁ ƀ፟ ፑƂơ ࣠ࢢ ॅळࡩࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ፟ ፑƂ
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡁ ࢖࣏ࠩ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓਔ ৯ܻߘƧ ƀƣ ƀƓ ౰౔ߦ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƥ (Contingency theory) ࠦ‫࣠ߘߦޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƎ࣠ࠩ࣌
ଘଓƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ɛ ܻࢵ ƀƣ ƀƥࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƎܻᐱᚑࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌࠦ୆งƄ࣠ࡷƞ ƥ࢖࣌ ࣐ࠦ ‫ޢ‬ഷവറƄࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄ፥ ጿቻቱƇ ܾ‫ࠧޢ‬ƄƍƂଘଓƂ
ܻᐱᐢ೘ಹൎ൉ࡷƦ ߄ ೘ೃ࣊ ୍งमअƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƊ ܻႅ ެߙ໠ ໄ‫ࡷݘ‬Ƨ ƌܻ‫࣠ߘ ߎߘޢ‬೘ೃ࣊ ୍งमऒܻ೘ೆᓘƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ხఱ ఝ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥƇ ܻࡺఱ చ࣊ ୍งमऒ
‫ۑ‬134 ،2009ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ࠢ‫ߙޢ‬Ƣ߄ ႀ ޯఱ ఠƧ ኅ ቱƄߎ ߘ࣠൞ᒑᐽ
໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƣ ƀଘଓƂƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦ‫࣠ߘߦޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅࠢޯࡷ߄ ߘƧ ኅ ቱƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
Ƈ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƈ ƏमऌƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƥžƄƎଜଓƄƌ߄‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙࡴ ࠩߙƥਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩ१ ॐࡓ ‫ݹ‬ଘଓᑑ ᐽƍƣ ƀƣ ƥमअ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƥࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ᐱᐟࡷƥࠦ‫މ‬Ƅ߄ ၰ ౰౗ࡁ ƀƦ ༇໩ ƀ
ƍ Ƣž࢓଍ଉƁƢ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࡠ ၫܸߣެࡦƁࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬ƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
ƆƌܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࡣހ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩƄે ઻ၮಐ౷‫ކ‬मऒࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ܻᐱ᏶ƀે ઻ၮƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ߙࠩ ࣯ކ‬ū༇໩ ſƨƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹࠦހ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧཀྵཏީჴ჆
ūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ഷവറƄ࣐ࠦ ߥެࡩƄ፥ ፕ Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƥƆƌܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬ဈ ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƥ
໠ ໄ‫ ߄ހ‬ၴ ࣠‫ܻކ‬೘ೃƎ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻߙൎ ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓƄ፟ ፑƂ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƎܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀࠢၴ ࣠‫ކ‬፥ ፕ ƥūƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࡣހ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩƄࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬౰౎ޯ‫ކݘ‬ƥ
‫ۑ‬161,2006ūƐ ƥܻࠧ ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀ໠ ໄ୍෺Ƨ ኅ ቱƄᇯ ᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƅ‫୍ܻݑࠩ ࡴۑ‬งƀƥƆƌܻߥࡩƄ
(1 ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ
¨®œॻɿƃ¦®œ
ŶǺ¢
ŴǺœ
ʯƃ¦ ʗőœ
ƀƃ¦
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
(161, 2006 Ũƍ Ƣܸࠤ ࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫܸߣެࡦƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬

‫ݽ‬Žໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࡠ ၫܸߣެࡦƁࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ዖኵ
:(Transactional Leadership)ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƉܸަެࡦƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫࡯ ݪ‬ၩƀƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌ୍ܻงƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅ࢖ܻ࣏ࠧ ࡷ‫࡯ ݪ‬ၩܾߙūƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅơ ƌ୍ܻงƥƎƄƥƌଛଓƄơ ƌܻީჴჅࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅᄎ ႞ჴ჆
્ ઻ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿƐ ܻެࡩƄࡴ ࣏ ‫ࡷݘ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ơ ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄᄎ ႓ܻߥࡩƄƥū௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥ࠯ ެყჅƣ ƥܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ߄ ࡺޯ‫ܻކݘ‬ᐱᐜ‫ ݌‬मऒ཯དྷࡩƄ
42
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƆƌܻߥࡩƄ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƈ ߄ ༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࢥ ‫ߥܻݹ‬ଐଌƄƥƀơ ƌܻީޯࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ે ઻ၮቧሼ࣓‫ࡩޢࠦކ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥūቿቱƌܻީࡷƥƀࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌ୍ܻงࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࣠ࠧ

ƅ ॅळ࣐ ࡷܻ࣠ࠧࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ݊ ࡷਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࠦࣃ ߘܻެࡷે ઻ၮƨܻࢵ ܻࢵ ƀᎨᎉܻߘơ ƌܻީޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƥūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžൎ൉ࡷƏƥ
Ɣ ƥྲ Ⴁᑃᐽƨܻߥߙƥࡴ ᐱᐟࡷƅ ॅळ࣐ ࡷܻ࣠ࠧࡷƏܻ༬စ ܺᄣࡴ ᐱᚑܻ‫ݑެ ߄ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ॶॱ५Ɔƌ߄ഷവറƄƔ ƥྲ ႡࡩƄ፥ ፕ ܻࡷƥࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ
Ƈ ܻၴ ܻஊै Ƅᑻ ᑧ‫ކ‬Ɩ ܻީࢸ Ƃࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬፥ ጿࡴ ಛಗ߰ ‫ࡩޯ࣠ࢠޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ ࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖൞ᒑᐽܻ೘ೃƞ ౰౔‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ᐱᏳ࣠ࠧƥūࡴ ᐱᐟყჅƆƌ߄ ഷവറƄ
‫ۑ‬257,258,2009ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ݊ ߘ࣠ޯଐଌƄžƄƌଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ ࡴࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ ࢇࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬ᐱᐟࡷƅ ॅळ࣐ ଐଌƄƌ഻࣠ࠩവറܻ‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠ࡷ࣠ߥ‫ݑެ ߄ࡷܻݹ‬
࢖ࡺޯఱ ఠଘଓܻࡷƬܻީࡩܻၩƥࠦ୓กܻ‫މ‬౰ేၩࠦߘൎ൉ၮ፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫ެߦݘ‬ଐଌƄơ ƌ୍ܻงે ઻ၮ߄ ࡺޯ‫ߘࠦކݘ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩޢࠦހݘ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥ
፥ ፕ 6 ،2001ū፥ ፑൎ൉ಛಗƄ Ɣ ܻ೘ೆƀƆ߄ ၮơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧơ ƥܻ୐งᎨ᎙߄ ߘƥūƨൎ൉‫࣍࣠ݹ‬
Opininon Leadership‫ۑ‬Ƨ ƀ༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮ߄ ࡺޯ‫ކݘ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ ߘޢ‬-1
Group Leadership‫ࠦۑ‬ၮܻସବଣ ƄƆƌܻ‫ ߘޢ‬-2
Party Leadership ‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก࢔ஊै ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ -3
Legislative Leadership‫ ྲݹݘޢࠦۑ‬ႡჴࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ -4
Executive Leadership‫ࡩޯެߦޢ ߃ݹࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ -5
Ɵോെࢲ ଔଐƁ። ጼƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƥܸࢲ Ɖܸࢲ
ࡼ ࡷܻዙኽūƓ ƎଛଓƄ፥ ጿƆƎܻࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥžܻެީࡩƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఓƧ ኅ ቱƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥે ઻ၮƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬
፥ ጿ཯ཏ‫ކݘ‬Ƣൎ ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥūࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡴ ࠧ߄ ၰ ƀƄƥ୹ ୪࣓‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮƥଘଓƂ࢖ߦ‫މࠦރ‬ൎ൉‫ࡷ ࡓ࣠ރࠦࡷ ࡼމ‬บ คᇴᆝ ƣ ᓘƥࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ
Ɔਔ ৯ܻߘܻᐱᐢყჅ፥ ጿƆƀ࢖ଐଌƄƥūਔ ৯ܻߘ౰ేࡷଛଓƄƥūਔ ৯ܻߘƢܻࡷଗଓܻߙūࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ൞൙ࣀ ଐଌƄ୹ ୪ƀࡼ ࡷܻ‫ޟ‬ყࢸ ፟ ፑ࣠୓෺ࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝ ܻᐱᐢ࡯ዙዋ
ࠦ࣍ ྲ ႡࡩƄƥࢭ ყஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߘƥūࠢ‫ ྲކ‬႓ଛଓਔ ৯ܻߘƆྲ ႓ଛଓƄƅ Ǝƥūࠦީޯࡓ ࡷƥࠢ‫ކ‬ƎƄƌƂ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߘƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄƥūܻᐱᏹྲ ႓ଛଓ
ࢇ ࠁ ܻܻࠧၮमअƥƒ ൎ൉ၯ ᓘƥࠦ‫ܻހܾࡷܻރ‬ᐱᏳƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀܻࠩ࡯ዙ၁ဤࡼ ࡷે ઻ၮ‫཯ކ࣠ ࠅ ݪ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌƄܻެࠧƆƌܻ‫ߙܻࡩߥޢ‬ūᅵै Ƃ‫ۑۑۑ‬ਔ ৯ܻߘ
Ƒ ࣐࣠ ࣃ ࣍ )ܻᐱᐕࡩƂ ơ ࣠ࢢ ॅळࡩ ߰ ࡺ࣐ ‫཯ ކ‬དྷࡩƄ ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄ ፟ ፑƂ ܻᐱ᏶ܾࢸ ፟ ፑ࣠୓෺ ཯དྷࡩƄ ࠦၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄ Ƥ߃ ᐱᏳƨଘଓ࣠ࢢ ƥ ūܻᐱᐢ᠃ܻၮƎ
‫ۑ‬145,2008,
Ɔܻ‫ܻن ࠁޢ‬ఱ ఝ്ᑉᐽƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ܾ‫ ୹ހ‬୪ܾ‫ٷݹ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƣ ƀ߄ ༬စ Ꭸᎌ ಒ౷ᚻࡩƄƣ ſ࢖ߥࡩƄƢᇴᇍ ၰ ƀƥƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƇ ܻ୆กƌƀơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ūžܻࣀ ჱࡩƄ ƞ ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
Ɓࣝዖ኏ ༥စ Ơ Ɓƍ ܸީࡦƁໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
বঝዖ኏ ၭ ƁƊᓕƢ፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘ ቿቱƌܻၮࠦߘƌܻࢢ Ɔƌܻ‫ ࣌ ࡣߘޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ೘಼ഃ೨ࠦީ‫࣍ޢ‬
ࠦၮܻ࣍ ܺᄣ፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ୹ ୪ƀ߄ ߘƥūࠦࡷܻၮƐ ܻެࡩƄƥࠦࢢ ܻၯ ໠ ໄ൞൙ࣀ ൞ᒑᐽࠦ೘಼ಒ౷ᚻࡩƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅࢇ ߥඳඣ ൺቿቱƌܻၮƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ީߙ (58
43
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
፥ ጿࠦၮܻ࣐ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ࡣ ‫ٷހ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡷݘ ࢧޢ‬፥ ጿࠦၮܻ࣐ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƣ ƀે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ୹ ୪ଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬ƞ ƥ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬
ƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓƄࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ၮᓘƥࠢ‫ࡷߥܻކ࡯ޢ‬ƥƤƌ࣠ެ༬ဂ ࠦ‫ܻݹ‬ၮ༟༎ƄƥƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩݘެܻݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ‫ ࠅ ݪ‬ƥƀ߄ ߘƥ
౰౎‫ ࡴކݘ‬ᐱᏩܻࢵ ƁƎƥࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻߘƤܻ༬ဈ ࠦࡺᐱᚑƥƩࠦࢵ ߄ ߥࡷƇ ܻީࠅ Ƅƥࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ ࠅ ݪ‬ƥƀࠢ‫ރ‬Ƅሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ว คƄ࣠ࠅ ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࡼ ࡷযও࡯ࣀ ࡩƄ
ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐢყჅमऒƥࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ކܾࠧޢ‬ƥࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱࢥ ଐଌƄƌ࣠ࠩஎै Ƅơ ߃ ୍෺Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩƄƄ߃ ಛಗमअ߄ ߥޯࡩƄƥƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଘଓƄƦ ߄ ࡷࡼ ‫ݑ‬
ƞ ƥ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፥ ጿࠦၮܻ࣐ ࡩƄƥ݊ ࡺࣀ ࡩƄ ܻᐱᐟࡷ Ƈ ܻީࠅ ƄƥƥƟ ࣠ߥࠁ ࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮว งƎ߄ ߥߙƄኅ ቱܻ୆คਔ ৹ƥܻ‫ࠦރߦ ࣀޢ‬ႁ ‫ࡩ ࢧ ࠒޢ‬Ƅࠦࡺ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ܻᐱᐟࡷƥ ،ࠢ‫ߙޢ‬ƒ ൎ൉ၯ ଗଓƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ܻߥ‫ކ‬ƂūƐ ࣠ߦެࡩƄ፥ ጿષગ੤ኆ ቱƄƖ ƏƄ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใūƆƥ߄ ߥࡩƄūࠦߥ޲ࡩƄūࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅ્ ઻‫ܻݹ‬೘ೃࡣ ޲๻๬ึƥ
(261,257,2008, Ƒ ࣐࣠ ࣃ ࣍ ƌܻࢸ ƎଗଓƄƥ߰ ࢧ ެࡩƄƥū߄ ୆෺ܾޯࡩƄƥƆྲ Ⴋ ܻެଐଌƄ
ƃŽ࢓଍ଉƁƃƉܸ‫ߕޟ‬ƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸࢲ
ᑑ ᐽƍࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƀ፟ ፑƂܻᐱᐕࡩƂƣ ƥ࢖࣏ ୐෺ࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄƣ Ƃࡣ ‫ޯࡺ ݊ހ‬഻വറƄߎ ࢧ ‫ܻރ‬ᐱ᏶ƀે ઻ၮƆƀ࢖ଐଌƄ፟ ፑƂƣ ࣠൞൙ࣀ ଐଌƄ࢖࣏ ୐෺
Ɔƌ߄ ༨ீ ‫ ࣀ ݝ‬ყࡩƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥūࠢ‫ߙޢ‬Ɔƀ࢖ଐଌƄƊ ൎ൉ࢧ ‫ހ‬౰ేީࡁ ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ࣊ ୍ง୹ ୪݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƊ ൎ൉ࢧ ߙūቻᇝᆝ ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄܻᐱ᏶ƀે ઻ၮ
በ቎ᚻ࡯ଐଌƄƏƥमऌơ ܻ޲ࡷ౰౎ࡁ ƀƥቿቷၮܻߙƥࠦᄹட ܻ‫ރ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ ࡁߥޢ‬ၑ࿒ ƎܻޯࡩƄ፥ ጿƣ Əमऌžܻఱ ఝƠ ܻެࠧࡣ ‫ ࡣހ‬ၴ ༟༎Ƅࢪ ჱၴ ࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩ
ᚭ ᚭ
ƥࠣƨ‫ݕ‬
ƪ࣊ ܸƨߕ‫ݚ‬Ʃ ީƩ࠾ ܸƨࡴƤ ƪ୶ ୧Žƫ።ƪጼ።ƪጒࣝƩެƬߖŽƁƩवƨरƨ଍ଉƁܸᐮƩᏩŽܼƨᄙ‫ݚ‬Ƭƨࡦܸƨߕ ፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ቻቱ࣠ߥ‫ހ‬Ꭸᎌ ಒ౷ᚻࡩƄƣ ſ࢖ߥࡩƄܻࠧഃ೨ƍ཯དྷࡩƄ ࡼ ৤ৈষƄࢪ ყߥ࡯‫ހ‬
ᚭ
‫ې‬
‫ۑ‬32ūࡣ ৤৒ষƄ Ơƪ ƢƩ߁ƨᐰƬྜƨྈསƫཏƨ߾ ƥƁ୶ ୧ƬŽ
፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƐ Ǝܻ৤৕ষ ܻᐱᐟࡷƆƌܻߦޯࢵ ଘଓƄƆƀ࢖ଐଌƄ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻߦࢧ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ౰ేఴ ఠƥ
žܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬ᓘƥ࢛ ‫ࡩޯߦ࣠ݹ‬Ƅūžܻࣀ ჱࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ ࡴ ࠩߦ‫ކ‬ūƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄūߎ ࣍ ܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄūበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄ፥ ጘଜଓܻ‫ހ‬Ɔƀ࢖ଐଌƄƇ ౮ే೘೉‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūܻಛಗࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄžƄ࣠ࠅ ଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬113,111, 210,2003,ƣ Ƅਔ ৲࣠ࣀ ࡩƄ Ƈ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄū࢖࣏ ެࡩƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬Ƭ‫ހ‬ūƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄ
Ƈ ܻያዜ ūơ ܻၴ ༟༎Ƅ፥ ጿܻࠧ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬౰౗ࡁ ƀƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చžܻࣀ ჱࡩƄ፥ ጿ߄ ၴ ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै ƄƥƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƥ
࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै ƄƥƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƥࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦߙܻࢥ ଐଌƄࠦࡺ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄᎨ፻ܻၮਔ ৲߄ எै ƄᎨ፻ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻީ࡯࣐ ޯࡷࢇ ߙƄ࣠‫ކ‬ƥमअܻఱ ఠ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥ 100,2008,ūƏ౰౔୆ก
‫ۑ‬ơ ܻၴ ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀቿቱ࣠ᐳྜ྅ࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ᓘƥ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝᇴᇍ ୓กƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌžܻࣀ ჱࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ -
‫ۑ‬ơ ܻၴ ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀࡼ ᐱᏳ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄࠦߥ‫މ‬Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࠦ࣍ ࢖ߦଐଌƄࠦ‫ ࣀܻ ࢵޢ‬ஊै Ƅƥ፥ ጘƄኅ ቱƄƢ࢖‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄƥযওࡺࢧ ޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬žܻࣀ ჱࡩƄƢܻఱ ఠƄ -
౰౗ࡁ ƀƧ बअ࢖‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄƐ ߄ ஊै Ƅે ઻ၮ౰౗ࡁ ƀᇯ ᇍ ఴ చžܻࣀ ჱࡩƄ߄ ࡺޯ‫ކݘ‬ሯሡሁ ū௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄƞ ƥ࢖࣌ ƨƄ߄ ‫୓ߦࠩ ࡴ ࠅޢ‬ขƥžܻࣀ ჱࡩƄƎ߄ ߥ‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬ơ ܻၴ ༟༎Ƅࡣ ‫ܻݹߦݘ‬ያዪ
44
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬ƍ࣠ߦެࡩƄƥ࣐ࠦ ࡯ࣀ ࡩƄƥƆ࣠ߥࡩƄે ઻ၮഁ೨मऒଘଓƥࡴ ࠧमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄžƄमकƂે ઻ၮഭ ୨ ‫ ࣍ީޢ‬ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చžܻࣀ ჱࡩƄഁ೨मऒ -
ࠣ࢟ ോെஆॅ Ɓ -
ࠦ‫ކߥ࡯ޢ ߄ݹ‬ūࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩ࣌ ፟ ፑƂƇ ƌƀƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺
‫ࡺ ݝ‬ᐳ႓ƀࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀࠦެީᆿᆝ Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ƣ ᇴᆝ ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƥūযও࣏ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ၴ ༟༎Ƅࠦ‫ܻރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ᐱᐟࡷࠦୖ෺߄ ၰ ƥ
ࡴ ಛಗܻ‫ߙݘ‬ƀƥƆƌܻߥࡩƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ मअ࣐࣠ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƄྲ ႓ƀࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦߘൎ൉࣐ ‫ރ‬ƄƥūƆਔ ৲߄ ၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬žܻ୐ก፥ ጿ
ܻᐳႩ Ƅ౰౔ߙƄƥūࠢࣀ ߦ‫ ࢪހܻࡩݘࡺ ࡣރ‬ყࡩƥቻቷዙኸ ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧે ઻ၮƅ ܻ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬ƣ ᇴᆝ Ƅƍᓘƥūࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ࡷ ݊ކܻހݘ‬
ƥ࣊ ߥߙ ࠦ‫މ‬ƄƎ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬፥ ጘܾ‫ކ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀે ઻ၮ߄ ‫ࡩޯܾ ࡁޢ‬Ƅƥ ūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƅ ܻࣀ ჴࡁ ƄƦ ƥ߄ ၴ Ƣ߄ ‫ހݘ‬
मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީᑃᐽƅ ܻީࡩƄܻࠩࠒ ޯߦ‫ހ‬Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅಒ౷ߦࡩƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄ‫ ݝ‬ᆿᇍ ࢸ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂūܻᐱᏳܻࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓ
‫ۑ‬Ƨ ࣠‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄƄ߃ ࠧ
Ƈ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩ࣌ ፟ ፑƂƦ ƌƀܻያዪਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƞ ྲ Ⴐ ‫ކ‬ƥƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩƄ፟ ፑƂ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƈ ܻ༨ဂ ƀƇ Ǝ࣐࣠ ‫ߘ ߄ކ‬ƥ
ࠦ‫މ‬Ƅ߄ ၰ ౰౗ࡁ ƄƇ ܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩ࣌ ᑑ ᐽƍ߄ ‫୍ݘܻࠩހݘ‬งƥūࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩƄƥࠦ‫࣠ߘߦޢ‬ଐଌƄᑑ ᐽቦሼƥࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ ƥࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷ
ࡼ ࡷƨܻީხࢵ ࡣ ࣏ ‫ࠢކ‬ၮ୍ܻงƀƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯݘܻࡷ ࡣހ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌ୍ܻงࠦ‫ߘ ࢥޢ‬ƣ ƀે ઻ၮቧሼ࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ ƥƨƄƎ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥ
Ɣ ƥྲ ႡࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ଘଓƂ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄࢇ ߥඳඣ ൺଘଓ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱܻࠩߦ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥƀࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƆ࣠ߘƅ ܻީࢵ ƀ
ࠦ࣍ ƥྲ ႡଐଌƄƆܾߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅƌ‫ࢠݘߦ ݝ‬Ɣ ƥྲ ႡࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߥඳඣ ൺᎨ፻Ƅƍܺߙࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߙࠦހ‬ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ
Ƣܻࡺޯࠧƀ፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄबअ࢔‫ࡷ ࡣކݘ‬Ƅ࣠‫ܻࡷ ࡣࡷ ࡼݑ‬ၮ፥ ፕ ƥ໠ ໄ‫ޯܻހݘ‬ᑃᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿܻᐱᚑܻᐳ႓Ƃ፥ ጿࡼ ዙኒ ‫ކ‬
‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ࠦެࣀ ࡩƄƥƅ ܻຨ຀ࡩƄž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥūƐ ܻެࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ơ ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࡷܻߘܺᄣࠦ‫୍࣠ݹ‬คƇ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬Ɔ౮ేࡁ ഃ೨Ɔƌܻ‫ހܻࡩߥޢ‬Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ
ࡴ ᐳ႞ყႻƎࠦၮܻ࣐ ‫ހ‬໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƢ౮౔࡯‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀƥࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƞ ܻࢧ ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄƥơ ߄ ‫୓ ࢧ ߎހܻࡩݘ‬ขƣ ƀƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ
፥ ጿƧ ƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƎƎƥƌƆƀ࢖൞ᒑᐽƥ‫ܻࡷݘ ࢧޢࠦۑ‬ᐱᐕߙƇ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠‫୐ߦޢ ߃ކ‬งࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƨƄ߄ ‫ހݘޢ‬ƞ ƥ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፥ ጿࠦၮܻ࣐ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀે ઻ၮ
ܻᐱᐟࡷƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝƀߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ፥ ጿበሼ Ƅྲ ႡࡩƄࢇ ࠁ ܻಛಗࡣ ၴ ༟༎Ƅܻࠩߥ‫ߙࠩ ࣯ ࡁ ࣃߥޢ‬ū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬፥ ጿƢܻᐳ႓ଗଓƄ
‫ۑ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
45
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Transformational Leadership ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬:። ጒܸޯࡦƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
݊ ‫ހ‬༟༎Ƅ፥ ጿƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଛଓƄƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮƇ ഁ೨Ǝ཯དྷࡩƄࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݘ ߄ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬
౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ፥ ጿƏƎܻ‫ހ‬Ǝƥƌࡼ ࡷܻಛಗܻଐଌ௪ ௎ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƧ ƌܻஊै Ƅƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ݹ‬Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄƌƄ߄ ޯࡷƄ௪ ௎ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄ ࡼ ࡷ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ
ƆƌܻߥࡩƄ Ʀ ኆ ቱ ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄ ว คܻஎै Ƅ बअ࢔‫ ކݘ‬፥ ጿ ࡣ ၮܻߙ Ǝƥƌ ࡼ ࡷ ܻಛಗ ܻଐଌƥ ūผ ෺߄ ஊै Ƅ ྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ Ƈ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡷƥ
ࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƆ౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦࡩƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿᑑ ᐽቦሼ ࡣ ၮܻߙƎƥƌࡼ ࡷܻಛಗܻଐଌƥūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƥ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ƥ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƥକଐƢŽ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƋࣝࠦࣉ ᚸ1
ࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै ƄƇ ܻႁ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ (Transformational Leadership ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ߰ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ࡷ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬
Ꭸ፻ܻၮ࣐ࠦ ࢵ Ƅ࣠‫ ހ‬1978 Ƣܻၮ፥ ጿƆ୹ ୪ơ ƥଛଓ߰ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧ࢖ࠩ࣌ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƨܻୖ෺߄ ၰ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ཯དྷࡩƄ
ࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƈ ഁ೨मऒ߄ߘƥ Leadership Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ేᐳႡࡩƄࠢ‫ૻܻހ‬૓፥ ጿ Burnz)࿃ ႓ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅഭ ഑ ‫ ୹ݹ‬୪ଛଓƄࠦࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅƥၑ࿒ ƎܻޯࡩƄ
ࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƂ౰౗ࡁ ƀ߰ ީࢧ ‫ކ‬፥ ደ ܻࠩ࡯‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ƥƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ߥެࡩࠢ‫ॅހ‬ळ࣐ ଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ೘ೆơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ बए౰ే‫ހ‬
(2 ،2001ū፥ ፑൎ൉ಛಗƄ ࠦ‫މ‬Ƅ߄ ஊै Ƅ߄ ‫ࡷܻހݘ‬Ɔ౰౔ߦࡩࠦ‫ॅހ‬ळ࣐ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ ྲݹ‬Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓ขƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ࠁ ƥ
ơ ܻዙኸ ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ ܻࡷܻᐳ႓ᓘƥƇ ܻߙܻࢠᇳᆝࠦ‫ݹ‬मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƒ ࣠ࢧ ެࡩƄƥযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄ‫ࡩ ݝ‬Ƅ࣠‫ߘ ߄ކ‬ƥ
ࠢ୓෺࢖࣏ ‫ ރ‬Bass)Ƣ߄ ߘ 1985 Ƣܻၮ፥ ጿƥūžܻ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ໠ ໄࢵ ƎƄኆ ቱƄƥ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷƌ߄ၮࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷ (Burnz)
Ơ ॅळఱ చ࣊ ୍งमऒ཯དྷࡩƄƥࠦ‫ެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫࣠ࠧ࢖ݹ‬எै Ƅࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ܻ ࢢࠦހܻࡩݘ‬உै Ƅࢪ ყႾܻߥଐଌƄᑑ ᐽቦሼƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƆƎ࣠ᐳႡଐଌƄ
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏩൎ൉ࡷƏࡼ ࡷƌ߄ ၮƥ Bass & Avolio)ࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷܻᐱᏹƄƥƌƀƥࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ᑑ ᐽƍൎ൉‫ކ‬ƥūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
The Full Range Of Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ࡩƄƦ ߄ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ƞ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƎ࣐࣠ ଐଌƄƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼࣠ߥޯࡩƄƈ ࣠ࠒ ީࡩƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࣯ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬೘಼࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿ၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬मऌƥ Leadership development)
ƥƀࠦ‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦ ࢢެܻݑޢ‬༧ீ Ƈ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷƥƇ ܻၮܻ࣐ ߘࡼ ࡷƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷƞ ଘଓଜଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޟ‬ଐଌၖᆆ Ƅमऌᇯ ᇍ ࢸ ે ઻ၮ‫߄ࡷ ݝ‬Ƭߘࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬286 ،2009ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ࠦࢢ ܻၯ Ƣƀࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢ‬ၰ บ คᇴᆝ žƄ࣠ࢵ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬༨༦ ƥ ƀࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓߋ ‫ݕ࢓ݶ‬
‫ރ‬ᚸ2
46
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ᑃᐽƄཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ :ࠣᚸᚼ ‫ݐ‬

፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ƥū߰ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ଐଌƄߎ ެޯࡓ ‫ݹ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄࢪ ხᑃᐽƄ߰ ‫ކ࣠ࢠޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌƅ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱƧ ࣠‫ݓ‬ ࡦ
‫ل‬Ʈ࣠ࠁ ƣ ƀ 225 .1995,Ǝ࣏࣠ ެࡷ௪ ௕Ƅ ƌƎ࣠‫ݟ ݹ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ū፥ ጨ ൎ൉࣐ ࢢ ଘଓƄཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƨܻެყީࡷƥƨܻ༨༤ ࣠ࡷƧ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽƄཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ
໠ ໄ‫ݘެޢ‬೘ೃƨଘଓ࣠ࠁ ơ ࣠༨࿻ ࠢࣀ ߦ‫ރ‬ž࿃ ႡࡩƄơ ܻၰ ƥū݊ ࢠ࣠ࡷ፟ ፑƂ݊ ࢠ࣠ࡷࡼ ࡷơ Ʈ࣠༨ဈ ƥūƎ࣠ࡷଛଓƄࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ Ƨ ƀƥƄ࣠ࡩƄਔ ৲߄ ࣃ ჴჅ
‫ۑ‬
ƨଘଓ࣠༨ဈ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƥƨƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬
ūमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬ Ƭ‫ܸ ݹ‬ၭ ോെ࣍ ࢟ Ɓ
ޯࡩƄƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ Ƃે ઻ၮơ ਔ ৿཯དྷࡩƄࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै ƄযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ߄ ‫ݘ‬
ࡣ ࡷܻၮ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᏼܻ༨ဂ ƀƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƖ ࣠ެޯࡩᑑ ᐽƍƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄߎ ࡯ޯࠀ Ƅ߄ ߙƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅযওܻࠧߦࡷࡼ ࡷƨܻࢥ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހݘ‬Ƅഃ೨ਓ ৿ᑑ ᐽƍž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥūܻᐱᐕߙƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƢ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄơ ഻ܻവറƄƥࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌ‫ا‬Ƈ ܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄƥƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅ݊ ߙƎƥ݊ ‫઻ ેކ࣠ ࢵޢ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅܻᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ކ‬
ࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮ౰ే‫ހܻࡩޯܾމ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥūࠦၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƀܻ࣠ࠧࡷ፟ ፑƂ
‫ۑ‬Bass,1990,21 ࠦ‫ࡩݘܻ ࣍ߦޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ކ࡯ީޢ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
߄ ‫ࡷܻހݘ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࡴ ࠩߙơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠢၮ୍ܻงƀ࢔ߦ༨࿻Ƭ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƅ ॅळࢵ ƀܻᐱ᏶ܾ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬༨ဈ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ކݘ‬ƥ 
ࡼ ࡷ ƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଗଓƄƥ ƅ ܻᅎഌ ଗଓƄƥ ࠦߥ޲ࡩܻ‫ ހ‬Ɛ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ƃ ƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ ƆƌܻߥࡩƄ ள ஭༧࿻ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ū࣊ ‫ޢ‬ఱ చ ƅ ܻߥ‫ݑ‬ƥ Ɔबंܻၴ
‫ۑ‬Bass & Avolio,1994 ࡴ ࠩ‫୍ܻݑ‬งƀ
౰ే‫ݘܻݹ‬ଐଌƄƥƟ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƥযওߥࡩƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ፥ ጿƆ߃ ၯ ſūƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄơ ࣠༨ဈ ƥ౰ే‫ݓ‬
‫࡯ޢࠦކ‬ዙኸ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ 
‫ۑ‬21, 2004,፥ ጕƄ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ Ʀ ߄ ଐଌƄƆ߄ ‫ހݘޢ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƥ
ࡴ ࣏ ‫ݑ‬ƀƐ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ƃ‫ ࡓ ࣀ ݪ‬ᚻࡩ໠ ໄࡷ߄ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƆƎ߄ ߘܻᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƥ 
ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ ࡴ ᐱᐢყ჈ᇴᇍ ࡷƂ ࣠༨စ ࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ ࡩޯܻހݘ‬፥ ጘƄኅ ቱƄ ໠ ໄࣀ ࠒ ޯᑃᐽ ƣ ܻၴ ƥमअ ‫ࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬୆งƄኅ ቱƄ ࠦ‫࣠ݹ‬ಛಗƄƥ ƢܻಛಗଗଓƄ ࡼ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬Boonyarit, et, al, 2010)ે ઻ၮଛଓƄ
௪ ௎मअ߄ ଐଌƄơ ܻዙኸ ܾ‫ހ‬ቿቷࢧ ޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ፥ ጿ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƆƌܻၮƂે ઻ၮ߄ ၮܻఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅܻᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƥ 
߄ၮƄ࣠ߥࡩƄžܻ୐กƥࡴ ࣏ ެࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ࠧޢ‬Ɔƌܻၮଗଓധ ୨ఱ ఠƥūࡴ ᐱᚑƄ౮౔ࡩƄਔ ৲߄ ༬ဈ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ކݘ‬ƥūࡴ ࠧƎƄƥƌƀƥࡴ ᐱᚑܻᐱᚑƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ
ࡼ ࡓ ያዪ‫ߘ ݝ‬ƥྲ Ⴐ ߘܾ‫ߙ ࢥ ࡣހ‬ƀ݊ ࢠƥ፟ ፑƂࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ހ‬žܻߥ‫ކ‬ƎଘଓƄƥƆƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬8 ،2008ū྽ ႞ყၮ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࠦެࡓ ያዪƇ ܻ‫ߘ ࡣ ࢵ࡯ީޢ‬ƀƥ
47
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻၮܻެߘƥ໠ ໄ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄܻࢠƎࠦၴ Ǝƌ݊ ߙƎࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷƧ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࠢࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼Ƨ ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƅ ॅळࢵ ƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ 
ܻࠧƏܻ༬စ Ƃƅ ॅळ࣐ ଐଌƄƢܻࠩଐଌƄ཯ཏხޯࡩࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝƌࢇ ‫ކݘࡺޢ‬ƥƌܻஎै Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࡴ ࠧ౮ేߦ༨ဈ ƥࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥƥ
‫ۑ‬5،,2010߰ ެޯࡩƀū१ ॐ‫ ྲݹ‬ႡࡩƄ
્઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙū፥ ፑܻ޲ࡷƠ ॅळࢵ ƥࠦ‫ࡷ޲ܻࡩޢ‬Ƈ Ƅ౮ేࡷࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ޯ࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ܻ೘ೃᑑ ᐽƍƥƆमक࣓ଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 
Jandaghi, ࡴ ࠩஊै ܻࢧ ࡷ௪ ௎Əƥܻႅ ޯࡷࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ଐଌƄࢇ ‫ ࡴࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ᐱᐢዙ዗ܻࣀ ೘ೃࡴ ಛಗ࢖ࠑ ߦࡩƄƥƞ ྲ Ⴁࡩܻ‫ࠢހ‬ၮ୍ܻงƀࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ݹ‬
(et, al,2009,359
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƇ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩƄƥƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใે ઻ၮᎨᎉܻߥࡩƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ॅळࢵ ଛଓƄܻᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ሯሡሁ 
ࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ౮ే৤৕ষƄƥߎ Ʈ‫ࡩޯ ࡓޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ߙࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƌܻಛಗƄࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƇ ƄƎܻࡺ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
(17,2013ū߰ ‫ߙ ࣐ޢ‬ơ ſ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽ
ūࠦߙƌܻࠧࠦ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙūࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻߘƥ ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ƁƎ໠ ໄ‫ ݊ހ‬ዙ၅ေ཯དྷࡩƄࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ݊ ࢠ࣠‫ހ‬ū໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷযঠ‫ݹ‬
ࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࠢ‫ܻߙޢ‬ଐଌࡴ ࠧಒ౷ߙƨƄ౰ే޲ჴࣀ ࡷūࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ ࠦ‫ࠧެޢ‬ƍࠦߥ‫ ࢵޢࠢހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƨƄ࢔ߦ༨ீ ū፥ ጾƄƎ፥ ፑܻ޲ࡷƠ ॅळఱ చࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ
Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƇ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄ Ƈ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄࠢ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ߰ ެ೘಼ūࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎܻᐱᚑमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫઻ ેކ࡯ީޢ‬ၮƨܻࢧ ‫ݹ‬༇໪ ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
‫ߙܻࠩۑ‬Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƥࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެଐଌžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƊ ƥƎࡴ ᐱᐕߙƨƄƏ࢔‫ ࡴࡷݘ‬ᐱᐟࡷࠦ‫ॅހ‬ळ࣐ ଐଌƄƢܻࠩ൞ᒑᐽƏܻ༬စ ଗଓƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ࣝ߾ ऩऌ౭ౄ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋ -3
ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄƔ ࣐࣠ உै Ƅ݊ ࢠƥࡼ ࡷơ ƥƀ࣠ࠩߙ बए౰ే‫ ހ‬ᚻࡩƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄࠦዙኼƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࡣ ޲೘೉
बए౰ే‫ݹࠦ ހ‬ƁƎƢ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ƥ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ౰ేᐳႡࡩƄࠢ‫ૻܻހ‬૓፥ ጿܻࠧƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀၒল ƥƥūࢇ ࡺ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎơ ƥܻ୐ง‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
߄‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮഁ೨मऒ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅ౰౗ࡁ ƀ፥ ፕ ƥū໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƥƆƌܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘޢࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࢠƄ౰౔ߙଘଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝે ઻ၮ
बए౰ే‫ހ‬ቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƇ ܻၴ ܻஊै ƄƢ࢖ࠧࡼ ‫ॅ ݑ‬ळࢵ ܻࡷ ࡣ ዙኸ ࡼ ࡷࠢ୓෺࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬बए౰ే‫࡯ ࢝ހ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ߘƥūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄ
Ǝƥƌƣ ƀƦ मअƥūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƆƥ߄ ߘࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ݘ‬༬ဈ Ɔ౮ేࡺޯࡷযওߘƥƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ Ƈ ܻ‫ ࡼࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬ያዧ Ƅॅळࡺ‫ݹݘ‬ƣ ƀƆƌܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮƣ ܾ‫ހ‬
፥ ጿƨƄƎƥƌ‫ݹ࡯ݘ ݪ‬ƣ ƀƥūࡴ ࠩࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƥƐ ܻެࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ ࠦࡺ࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫઻ ્ހ‬ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄƖ Ƅྲ Ⴐ ࡩƄƥमऒ࣠ޯࡩƄƎܻࡺ޲ჴࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ึਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ
(21،2004ū፥ ጕƄ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ހ࣠ݑ‬Ɠ ࣠ᐱᐟࡩƄ
‫اء‬ƌଛଓƄે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᐥࠁ ƥࠢၮ୍ܻงƀࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓܻࡺެ‫ ࠁޢ‬ƨܻ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀ बए౰ే‫ ހ‬Ʀ मअƥ
࣠༨စ Ƣ߄ ߥޯࡩƄܻࡷࠦၮܻዙዋ ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఠܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ߙߥ ࣊ݑ‬ƈ ߄ ༨ဈ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀƥūƆƌܻၮࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ݊ ߘ࣠ޯࡷܻ࣠ࠧያዪࡣ ࢥ ߙଛଓƄ
48
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ܻوز‬༬ဈ ƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ፟ ፑƂ बए౰ే‫ ހ‬౰ేఴ ఓƥ ،્ ઻‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ਔ ৯ܻߘࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮ ࢖࡯ޯࠧ ᚻࡩ࢖࣏ ୐෺ଘଓƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫࢖ ݌࣠ހ‬ଐଌƄƇ ƄƏܻ༬စ ଗଓƄ
ܻᐱ᏶ƀƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮ౰ేܻࠧସବଣ Ƅƅ Ƅ߃ ޯࠅ Ƅે ઻ၮ߄ ࡺޯ‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ Ƅƥ ،Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬
Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ Ơ ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽ ࠦࡷܻၮ ࠦ‫ࢠ ݊ ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƥ ፥ ጿ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀ Ƨ ƀ ܻᐱᐕ࣐ ‫ ݹݘ‬ଘଓ Ꭸ᎜ ࡼ ࡷƥ ܻಛಗ Ɛ ܻࢵ ƀ ଘଓ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƥ Ɔƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬
(9 ،2001ū፥ ፑൎ൉ಛಗƄ
:ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ࣝ߾ ƍ ܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋ -4
ūƅ ܻᅎഌ ଗଓƄƥūࠦߥ޲ࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓƖ ୍ܻงଘଓܻߙūƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄ፥ ጿƣ ƥमक࣓‫ݹ‬࿃ ႓ܻࢵ ƀᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌ ܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀ Ɛ ܻ‫ ހ‬Ʀ मअ
ƣ ƀਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ūƨܻ୆෷߄ ީࡷࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ݊ ߘ࣠ޯଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀࡣ ዙኸ Əܻ༬စ ଗଓࡴ ࠧ౮ేߦ༨ဈ যঠ‫ݹ‬ƥūਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƤܻ༬ဈ ƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଘଓƄƥūžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄ፥ ጿࡣ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅƈ ߄ ༨࿻Ƭ
‫ࠩࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀƤܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ݑ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə -
‫ࡩߦ࢖ݹ ࢇۑ‬Ƅƥƀࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡴ ࠩஊै ܻࢧ ࡷƏƥܻභඣ ൴ࡴ ࠩ‫ߘެܻݑ‬Ƃ -
(25 ،2004ū፥ ጕƄ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻၰ ࣊ ‫ ࣃޢ‬ჱ჋ -
،ƀ࣠ࢵ ଛଓƄƥƀࡣ ࢥ ߙଛଓƄܻᐱ᏶ƀƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮܻࡷž࿃ Ⴁࡩࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƥƀ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƌ߄ ༨࿻ Ꭸ፻ Ɛ ܻ‫ ހ‬ƣ ƀሯሡሁ
ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƨ୍ܻคܻၴ ƣ ƀ Ɛ ܻ‫ ހ‬Ʀ मअሯሡሁ ūबए౰ే‫ݹࠦހ‬ƁƎࢪ ࡓ ၮƨܻ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘ ࢖࡯ޯࠧ ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ Ɛ ܻ‫୐ ࣏࢖ ހ‬෺ƥ
࠯ ‫࢖ݹ‬༨ဈ ƥࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮ౰ే‫ޯܾމ‬ᑃᐽቿቷ‫ݶࠦࡁ࣠ ࢵޢ‬
Ǝܻ࣐ ࡩƄƇ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࡣ ޲ࡷūƨƄ߄ ‫ࡷߦޢ‬ƥƨܻ‫ॅހ‬ळ࣐ ࡷơ Ƅबअଘଓࠦ‫ࡩޯݘܻࡷ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
࿃ ႓ܻࢵ ଘଓƄƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓƄഁ೨౰౔‫(ݹ‬बए౰ే‫ ࠁܻࠩ ހ‬౰౔ߘƄ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦߙܻࢠƂ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬ž࿃ ႡࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƥūžƄƌଛଓƄ߰ ‫ކ ࢧ ࠒޢ‬ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠‫ހ‬ƞ ౰౔‫ ݹݘ‬बए౰ే‫ ހ‬ᚻߙū౰ేܻࠧࡺॺॱ५ࠦ‫ހ‬ƍܻஎै ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅᇯ ᇍ ఴ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄว คƄ࣠எै Ƅơ ࣠ࠁ ƣ ܾࣃ ࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿ
཯དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻያዜ ࡼ ࡷࠦࡺࣀ ࡩƄᑻ ᑧ‫ ࣀ ݝކ‬ყࡩܻᐱ᏶ƀቧሼ࣓‫ ࡓެࠢݹ‬ᚻࡩߎ ߘƄ࣠ଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬፥ ጿƆ߄ ‫ࡷߦޢ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ܻކ‬ᐱ᏶ƀƦ मअሯሡሁ
‫ أو‬ƅ Ƅ࣠ࢢ ે ઻ၮ߄ ࡺޯ‫ݹݘ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ࣌ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƊ ܻ༬စ Ƨ ƀƣ ଛଓᑑ ᐽƍƥūܻࠧमअ࣐࣠ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ރݘ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻
Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƅ ߃ ༬ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀƦ ౰ేߙ Ɛ ܻ‫ݹࠦ ހ‬ƁƎܻࡷƀūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƨൎ൉‫ݹ‬ਔ ৹߄ ‫ކݘ‬ଘଓ࣯ ࠩߙᎨ᎜ࡼ ࡷƥūਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄܾ࣐ ࠀ
ܻᐱᐢࡺ‫ࡷ ࡼߘޢ‬ᒋ ᑧߥ‫ݹ‬ଘଓܻࠧमअ࣐࣠ ‫ ࢢݘ࣠ހࠦކ‬ƥƀܻࠧƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƆƎਔ ৼƣ ƀƥūࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄ౰ేީࡁ ƨƄƎ߄ߘƆƌܻߥࡩƄ࣯ ࣐ ‫ކݘ‬ƥ
(9 ،2001ū፥ ፑൎ൉ಛಗƄ Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƆƌܻߥᑃᐽࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽ-ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
ūว ෺ኆ ቱƄ ƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥ௪ ௎ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄࠦ‫ܻݹ‬ᐱ᏶߃ ެࡷ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢܻࡺޯܻࠧ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࣩ ࣏ ༨ဈ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፟ ፑƂ ‫ ۑ‬
49
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀޢܻ ࢵޢ‬ƄƆ߄ ‫ ࢢݘ‬ଛଓƄᇯ ᆝ ે ઻ၮࠦߥࠁ ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄƇ ƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄ݊ ࡷ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾܻ೘ೃƨܻ೘ಹƄƌࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ Ƃ (1
‫ࡩ޲ߥܻߙޢࠦۑ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻࢧ ޯߘଘଓƄƥ
ƥƀࠦ‫ ࣀ ݝ ࠀޢܻࡩޢ‬ყࡩܻࠧྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ݑ‬ƥܻࠩ࣍ ƥྲ ႖ƣ ଛଓࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƥƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿܻࠩߥ‫ ࡓ ࡼކ ࣐ީޢ‬೘಼ (2
‫ࡺࠦۑ‬ᐱᐜࡷƥƀࠦ‫ݹ‬౮ేႅ ‫ކݘ‬
ࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄ፥ ጿܻᐱᐢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀ߄ ߘƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅƈ ߄ ၰ ƀ߄ ‫ܻކݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀ (3
‫ ྲۑ‬Ⴋ ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄᎨ፻ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ƥƌࡼ ࡷƆ౰ే޲ࡁ Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿࢇ ީ࣐ ‫ ࢢީ ࠒ ݝކ‬ƀཀྵདྷࠁ
Ƈ ܻၴ ܻၰ Ƈ ܻީ࡯ߥ‫ކ‬ƥƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƋ ܻެࡷ፥ ጿࡣ ၮܻߙᇯ ᇍ ఴ చƈ ߄ ༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄƥƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ݊ ࡷ྽ ႖ܻ๻๬ใܻᐱ᏶ƀ (4
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏹܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ޢ ߰ۑ‬༨༦ ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ೘಼߄ߥࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ƄƊ ܻࢥ ‫ݹ‬Ƃƥƀūࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓൞ᒑᐽࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎ݊ ࢠƥ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ߄ၮܻఱ ఠ (5
‫࣓ ࢵ ࣀࠦۑ‬൞ᒑᐽࡴ ࠧžܻ๻๬เƄƥƆƌܻ‫ހܻࡩߥޢ‬ƥࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌܻ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐢߥ‫މ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ݹ‬Əƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉ ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫( ކݘ‬6
ܻࠧमकƀơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷƥࠦࡺ‫ܻߘޢ‬ᐱᐕ࣐ ‫ ࠅ࣠ࠧ࢖ݹݘ‬ᑻ ᑧޯ೘೉ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ࠦߘƌ ܻࢢ ƥࠦႁ ‫ޢ‬༨༦ Ƈ Ƅ࣐࣠ ༧ဂ ࠦ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࡣހ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄ
ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࡣ ࢥ ߙƀ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻߘƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜƬྋ
बअ࢔‫ݑ ࡼކݘ‬ቿቱƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻߘƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ଐଌƨଘଓ࣠༨ဈ ƣ ᇴᆝ ơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƈ ߄ ၰ Ƅƍܺߙ
‫ܻݑޢࠦۑ‬ସବଣ Ƅࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ƨ ࣠ࠀ ଛଓƄƥ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄࢪ ߙܻެޯࡩƄ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Žᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡷܻᐳ႓Ƃ߄ ၰ ƀᎨᎌ߄ ߥ୓ก Bass,& Avolio,1994 ࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝ Ƣܻߘ࿃ Ⴉ ܻଐଌƄƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ ࣀݘޢ‬ჴࡩƄ፥ ጿ
ࠢࡺ‫ކ ࢧࡺޢ‬Ꭸ᎙߄ ߘƥ Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire)ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄƌ߄‫ࡷޯݘ‬Ɛ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬मअ࣐࣠ ୓กᑑ ᐽƍƥ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƆƌܻߥᑃᐽࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ Ɛ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬
:Idealized Influence (II) ࠣୃ෾Ɗܸ஋ॅ Ɓ ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ -1
Ƥƥ߃ ၰ Ƅƥ߃ ༨࿻ ፥ ደࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽƨܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ƨଘଓܻ޲ࡷƅ ྲ Ⴎ ‫ ࡁ࣠ރࠢݹ‬፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ึƧ ኅ ቱƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƠ ॅळࢵ ߄ ‫ࡩީݘ‬ƄƄ߃ ࠧࡣ ࡺఴ ఓ
ƨܻߥࢵ ܻ୐งƥƨܻࡷܻႅ ఱ ఝƄƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄ࢖࣏ࠩƬ‫ݹ‬ƥūܻࠧྲ Ⴋ ܻ୐෺ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄܻܻࠧެީჴႾ཯དྷࡩƄযওߥࡩƄơ ܻ޲ଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧࢪ ࡓ ‫ݹݘ‬ƍƂƤ࣠‫ީݘ‬ჴႾƥ
௪ ௎༇໩ ൒ᑉᐽƨଘଓܻ޲ࡷƥࠦஊै ܻࢢ Ɔƥ߄ ߘƄ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ഭ ഑ ᚻࡩܻᐱᏳƄ࣠ެࡷ࣓‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄ፥ ጕܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥযওߥࡩƄƥ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƥࡴ ࠩࡁ ॅळࢵ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
50
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅ߄ ߥޯ‫ࡷݘ‬ƥቻቱƄ࣠ߘƀ݊ ࡷਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄơ ܻ‫ߙݘ‬ƀࢇ ‫୓ ࣐ܻހ‬ก໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƖ ܻެߘƂ፥ ጿᑑ ᐽƍࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓ߄ ޯ೘೉ࡣ ‫ހ‬ūࡴ ࠧƥ߃ ၰ ƣ ƥ߃ ޯ༨࿻
(293,2009, ፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ࠦߥ޲ࡩƄžܻ୐ก፥ ጿƨܻ࣍ ྲ ႖߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥ
Ʀ ኆ ቱܻࡷƄ౰౔ၰ Ƅ‫ و‬ƨܻ‫ܻރ‬೘಼ᓘƥ
ƨƄ࢖உ஀ Ɛ ࢖‫ݓ‬
‫ݹ‬ƥūࠦࡺࠩଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ɛ ܻࣀ ࠁ ᓘƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓमऌࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƌƥबअሯሡሁ
‫(ۑ‬Zakaria,2011,67)ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄቿቱܻࢵ Ǝƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࠢၮ୍ܻงƀࡴ ࠩ࡯Ƭ‫ݹ‬ƥ౰ేୖ෺ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪
:Inspirational Motivationࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ -2
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄᑻ ᑧ‫ކ‬ƥūƧ ߄ ႁ ޯࡩƄ‫ ࠁ ݪ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ౰ేୖข཯དྷࡩƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƥƇ ܻߙྲ Ⴐ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ߄ ‫ࡩީݘ‬ƄƄ߃ ࠧഁ೨मअ
ࢇ ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݹ‬ƄƊ ƥƎƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ Ƅƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧ൑ᑉᐽƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƅ ॅळࢵ ƀߎ ࢧ ‫ކ‬ƥū໠ ໄ‫ޯܻހݘ‬ᑃᐽƇ ܻ‫ࡩޯ࣠ߘݘ‬ƄƊ ܻࢥ ‫ݹ‬Ƃે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ކݘ‬
(6,2006,཯ཌყޯ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫޲ܻࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦࢵ ܻସନଣ Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
ཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄਔ ৲ƥ ౮౔‫ހ‬Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ކ‬ƥ࢔ߦ༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄƭƟ ࢖࣐ ࡩƄ፥ ጿƞ ྲ Ⴐ ୓෺‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠢ ࠁޢ‬ၮ୍ܻงଛଓƉ ƍ࣠ࡺެࡁ ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡣ ‫ݹߦݘ‬ƥ
(Zakaria,2011,67)ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ܻ‫ހ‬ቿቷࢧ ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƥ
ࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪যওߘે ઻ၮࡴ ࠧ౮ేࡁ मऒơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀƏܻ༬စ ଗଓࡴ ࠩ‫୍ܻݑ‬งƀƣ ࣠ࡺࠩ࡯‫ݹ‬ƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ
(Givens,2008,4 ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄযওߥ‫ހ‬যওߥࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ࣊ ‫ހ‬Ǝƥ
:Intellectual Stimulationࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ -3
ࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹Ƃࠦߥ‫ހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬ᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ଐଌƄࡣ ၰ ݊ ‫ ࠖޢ‬ఴ ఠƥūƆਔ ৲߄ எै ƄƎᇴᇍ ߙଛଓƄࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ݹݘ‬
(1197,2012,ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖࣝ‫ݽ‬
ŽƢƉܸߕ༜་Ɓ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄžƄƌଛଓࠦߘൎ൉உै ƄƥƆਔ ৲߄ எै ƄƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƌƥū໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷ
ቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬ƥūƆਔ ৲߄ எै ƄƭƟ ࢖࣐ ࡩƄ ፥ ጿƌܻߥޯ‫ݑ‬ൎᑉᐽࠦީ‫ࡩ ࢧݘ‬ƄƆਔ ৲߄ எै ƄƎᇴᇍ ߙଛଓƄࢇ ߙ߄ ୓กࠢၮ୍ܻงƀ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ࢔ߦ༨࿻ ƥ
‫(ێ‬Zakaria,2011,67)ቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࡣ ஊै ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߃ ၯ ƀࡣ ީߘ౰ేࡓ ߦޯࡩƄơ ܻࡺ‫ހܻ ࢵޯݘ‬ቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࡣ ၰ
:Individualized ConsiderationƤ Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƋܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ -4
ƅ Ǝ߄ ዙኤ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࢇ ‫࣠ݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬৤৒ষƄƥƏܻ༬စ ്ᑉᐽƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƇ ܻၴ ܻ༨ဂ ƨܻࢢ ܻၯ ƨܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄযঠᐱᏬ
ƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬ሯሡሁ ūƇ ܻ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷଗଓƄࡼ ࡷે ઻ၮƀƇ ܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬፟ ፑƂžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใযঠ‫ݹ‬ƥū໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖൞ᒑᐽ߄ ࢸ ୹ ୪ƥ
ࣷࣳ‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽƆਔ ৲߄ ၴ ƒ ࢖ߙள ஭ၯ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ୹ ‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ƆܻၮƄ୹ ୪ે ઻ၮƣ ॅळࡺ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ൒ᑉᐽ௪ ௎߄‫ ࠅޢ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࣀޯࡺݘ‬
ūࡴ ᐱᏹܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻၰ ƆܻၮƄ୹ ୪ƥžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƞ Ƅ౰౔ၮଘଓƄযঠ‫ݹ‬ሯሡሁ ūࣷࣳ‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƄƌƋ ܻެࡷ౰ేߙ࣠‫ࡷ ݊ކ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ൎ൉ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄ፟ ፑƂƉ ܻޯ༨࿻ ༇໩ ଜଓƄ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅƥ݊ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ‬ჴࡩƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ॡ ॏ࡯୓෺ơ ܻ޲ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ે ઻‫ߙݘ‬
(81،69 ،2003,ƍ Ƣफउ
51
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࣷࣳ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƣ ࣠‫ހ‬ƥ߄ ެଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ކݘޢ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪যও࡯‫ކݘ‬ƥว ෺Ǝ߄ ୓ก્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ƥ
‫(ێ‬Zakaria,2011,67)ƌ࢖ߦࡁ ݊ ‫ކܻހ‬ᇯ ᆝࠦஎै ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƆ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄƇ ܻߥ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƌƥबअƥࠦ‫ހܻࡩޯ ࠖ࢖ހ‬
:Empowerment Of Followers ໝ ແࢲ Ƣž࢓଍ଉƁໝ ແࡐ ೕೆ -5
ࡴ ಛಗƣ ƥ࢖ߙ࣠‫ݑެ ߄ࡷܻݹ‬ƥūƍ࣠ߦެࡩƄ࢛ ‫ ࡴހݘ‬ᐱ᏶࣠ࠒ ެ೘಼ܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄƆ࣠ߘࡼ ࡷƣ ƥਔ ৲बअƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄ
ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦߥ޲ࡩƄƥƆžܻߦࡓ ᚻࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐕߙƣ ƥƏ࢔‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄ߃ ၯ ƀƥƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ଘଓƄࠦ‫ݹ‬༇໪ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦ୆คᇴᇍ ࡷƂ
ࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࡣ ޲೘೉ࡴ ᐱᏹਔ ৼܻࣀ ࡷƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄࠦ‫ކߥ࣠ݹ‬ƣ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࡴ ಛಗܻ‫ރࠦހܾߙݘ‬౰౔ߥଐଌƄࠦ‫ ࣀޟ࣠ࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ዙ၁ေࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƣ ƥƏ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬
Ũ౭౎ࢲ ࣝ‫ ݽ‬ƍ ƌࣝ࠾ ƆƎƌܻީଐଌƄ߃ ၯ ƀƥࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬༨ဂ ƞ ྲ Ⴐ ޯࡩƄે ઻ၮ௪ ௎ƎƌܻߘƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࡣ ‫ ࠅݘ‬Ƨ ƀūƆƌܻߘ፟ ፑƂ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ
.(355,353,2005
ƣ ƀƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ ߄ݹ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ܻࠧݑ‬౮ే೘೉ࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ ƌܻ‫ހܾހݘ‬Ƈ ౮ే೘೉ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦࡷଛଓܻߙūƆਔ ৲߄ எै ƄƇ ƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄࡣ ࣌ ፥ ጿƊ ܻႅ ެࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮƆƎƌܻߘ߄ ‫ކݘ‬Ꭸ፻ࠦ‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ ߄ݹ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
žƄ࣠ޯࠁ Ƅે ઻ၮܻᐱᏹƎ߄ ߥ೘ೃƥܻᐱᏳ࣐ࠦ ‫ޢ‬ഷവറƄƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ࡩƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄᑻ ᑧࣀ ࡷᑻ ᑧఱ ఠƣ ଛଓധ ୨ఱ ఠƆ߃ ߙƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬
፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠƂࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄܻࠧƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷबअ࢔‫઻ ેކݘ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ
ƆܻၮƄ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࠦߥ‫މ‬ᇯ ᇍ ‫ࠦހ‬ያዜ ܻஊै ƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿࡴ ࠩࡁ Ƅྲ ႖ᓘƥƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄžܻ࣐ ‫ܺݑ‬ᄣ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ހ‬
‫୓ܻ ࠅޢࠦۑ‬คଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƏƥžƄƌଛଓƄે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍࢪ ࡓ ‫ߙޢެݘ‬ū݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ Ƅ࿃ Ⴉ मऒቿቱƄ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƅ ܻߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥƅ Ƅ࣠޲ࡩƄƀ߄ ީࡷࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ
ūࡴ ࠩ‫୍ܻݑ‬งଛଓ౰ే‫ݘܻݹ‬ଐଌƄƥযওߥࡩƄ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒƄƥ߄ ‫ݹݘޢ‬ƣ ƀે ઻ၮ௪ ௎Ǝƌܻߘࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ެީჴႾ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƥ
Ƥ߃ ࠧƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƇ ܻ‫ࡷܻހݘ ߄ކ࣠ߘݘ‬žƄƌ്ᑉᐽƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƄƥ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓƥࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯᑃᐽƣ ࣠ࠅ ƥ౰ేߙ
‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅࢪ ߦ‫ރ‬፥ ጿ‫و‬ūƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄƥࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄযওߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࠦߘ࣠ݹ‬ၮ࣠ዙಣಝࡣ ସନଣ ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄ߄ ၮܻఱ ఠࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄ
(Zakaria,2011,67,69)ࡴ ࠩ‫୍ܻݑ‬งƀࡼ ࡷሪ ሡሁ ଛଓƄࠦ୆คᇴᇍ ࡷଗଓƄमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩࡴ ࠧ߄ ၮܻఱ ఠ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƑ ܸೕೃŽᚸƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
ƨƄಒ౷ߙࠦ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ࠦࡺࣀ ࡁ ܻࠩߦࢧ ‫ކ‬Ɣ ܻ೘ೆƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƥūܻࠧ߃඲ඣ ൭ƣ ƀਔ ৯ܻߘƧ ଛଓࡼ ࡓ ೘಼Ɣƨ ܻ೘ೆƀƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ᇯ ᇍ ࡩ
Ɣ ܻ೘ೆƀƆ߄ ‫ޯ ݊ހݘ‬๻๬ใࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƣ ƀ (13,2001,። ፎോെಘಔƁ ፥ ጿ (Burnz,1978)Ʀ मअƥƨൎ൉ዙኸ ƥ
፥ ፕ ƥ
:Intellectual Leadershipࠣୃกോെߢ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ Ž
52
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ơ ƥܻެჴႾࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬যওߘƥƞ Ǝܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƥƎᇴᇍ ߙƀ཯ཏხ჋Ʀ ߄ ࡷ፟ ፑƂ (Intellectual ፥ ጕൎ൉ߥ‫ࡷ ࢧ ࣐࡯ ߰ݑ‬౰ేఴƬఓ

Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩܻߙᑑ ᐽƍž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥūࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬႞ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻၴ ܻஊै ƄƏƥܻභඣ ൺƇ ܻ‫ܻݹ‬ၩƥƨܻߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƥƨܻࡺ‫ߘޢ‬Ƨ ߄ ߥ‫ރ‬ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ
߄‫ݹࠦݹݘ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƎᇴᇍ ߙଛଓƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƥ Theorist)ƨƄ࢖࣏
ެࡷ߄ ‫࡯ޢ࡯ޢࠦݹݘ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬ƄƥƎᇴᇍ ߙଛଓƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺
Ǝᇴᇍ ߙଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡷ ݊ރ࣠ݑޢ‬ቻቷࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻࡺᐱᐕᆿᆝ ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩƄƣ ᇴᆝ ƄƍƂܻࡷƀ Moralist)ƨܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀƨܻ൞൙‫ࡷݘ‬
ƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱ࢖ߙ࣠୓ขࡼ ࡷ࣠ࠧ፥ ጕൎ൉ߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƥū፥ ጕൎ൉ߥ‫ ࢝ݑ‬༧ೞ ࣠ࠩߙࡴ ࣏ ެࡷƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐟყჅ߄ ‫ހܻࡩޯ࣠ ࠁޢ‬Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɔਔ ৲߄ ၴ ƨƄƎᇴᇍ ߙƀᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ
፥ ጿƎᇴᇍ ߙଛଓƄƥࠦߦࣀ ࡯ߦࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫઻ ેކ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ܻކݘ‬ᐱ᏶ଛଓᑑ ᐽƍࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀ߄ ၰ ƀࠦ୆คൎ൉ߥ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ
‫(ۑ‬79,2009,। ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ƀƎܻ࣍ Ƃ
:Reform Leadershipࠣ‫ ߾ޟ‬ോെ࢟ ଔଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ Ƃ
যওߘƥƃ ƌܻީࡷે઻ၮࠦ೘ಹܻߘ፥ ፕ ƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿƤƌܻࣀ ߙƂᎨ᎙ܻࡷࡣ ‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬ƥƊ ൎ൉ࢢ ƂƆƌܻ‫ ࠁޢࠦߘޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ܻެ޲༨ဂ Ƅƍᓘƥ ūƣ ᇴᇍ ࡷƥƣ ܻࡷƏᇯ ᆝ ፥ ጿƆƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡷࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƥ ū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄबअ࢔‫޲઻ ેࡩޯݘ‬Ƭࡷ
ūƢൎ൉ࣀ ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮžܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ଛଓƄ፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ึᑑ ᐽƍܻ‫ ߄ރ‬ၴ ࣠ࡩƌܻࣀ ߦࡩƄࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬༬ீ Ɗ ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓധ ୨ࢵ ࡼ ያዪƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡣ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅƥƀࡼ ‫ݑ‬
ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ކ࣠ ࠁޢ‬፟ ፑƂࡴ ᐱᚑ࣠ߥࡩࡴ ᐱᏹ࣠‫ݑ‬ƌࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ݶ‬
ܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ƀƞ ߄ ࠧ፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅߎ ࢢ ࣠ࡩ࿃ ႓ܻࢵ ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ࡩ ࣐ܻހ‬Ƅƣ ᇴᆝ ‫ࠁޢ ݟ‬
‫ "إن‬፥ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ߥ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ࠧƎܻ‫ݘ‬ఴ చࡴ ᐳႮ ‫ࡩޯݘܻࡷ઻ ્ࡷ ݊ހݘ‬Ƅƥ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƌܻࣀ ߦࡩƄࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬༬ீ Ɗ ൎ൉ࢢ Ƃે ઻ၮ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬࿃ ႓ܻࢵ ଛଓƄƎܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƥ (87ŨƉࣝࠤƃƋࣝࢲ ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ݽܸٲٳ‬
କଐſ। ौ‫ࡴܸރࣝߖޟ‬Ƣ‫ݕ ݚ‬
࣍ ެࢲ ƁܸࡴƇ ോെ࢟ ଔଐƁକଐſ਑ ৯ƋŽ
౰ేၩ໠ ໄႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࢪ ყࡩƥ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅࢪ ߦ‫ރ‬፥ ጿƣ ࣠ࠒ ࡯ࢧ ࡷƥƣ ࣠ஊै ܻࢢ ƆƌܻߥࡩƄžଘଓ࣓ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧଛଓࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄ
፥ ጿƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀࡼ ࡓ ‫ݹ‬Ꭸ፻ƄƍƂࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƊ ܻႅ ެࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ቻቱࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƄ౰ేၩ߰ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌܻߙū໠ ໄஊै ܻࢢ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ (13,2001,። ፎോെಘಔƁ ܻࠧഃ೨ƍƔ ܻߥ‫ރ‬Ɔ߄ ၮ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡣ ࣃ ߙે ઻ၮఅ௷ ༨࿻Ƭ ƥūࠢ‫ކ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬
ᑑ ᐽƍƣ ܺߙܾ࣐ ࠀ ࡴ ࠩ‫୍ܻݑ‬งƀƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ ƣ ࣠‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡴ ࠩߙƄƍܺߙƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ ౰ేࣀ ߦ‫ކ‬ƥࡴ ࠩߙž࣠ࢵ 
ž࣠ࢵ ፟ ፑƂࡴ ࠩߦࡩƄž࣠ࢵ Ƨ ƌ࣓‫ ࠁޢ ݟߘ ߄ݹ‬ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ࡴ ࠩ‫୍ܻݑ‬งଛଓƆƌܻߥࡩƄƖ ܻެߘƂࡣ ࣃ ߙ፟ ፑƂƧ ƌ࣓‫ݹ‬
‫୍ܻݑࠩ ࡴۑ‬งƀ߰ ࡺ࣐ ‫ ࡓ ࢪࡷܻݹ‬ၮƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩߦݘ ࡣݹݘ‬Ƅƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
߄ߘ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūܻࠩ࡯ၰ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫࣠ࠧ࢖ݹ‬எै Ƅܻ‫ࡩߥ ࢥܻݹ‬Ƅࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡷે ઻ၮ࿃ ႓ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅƥ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄžܻެީࡩƄ݊ ࠖ ఴ ఓଘଓ߄ ߘ 
໠ ໄ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡣ ީߥ‫ ݪކ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿᑑ ᐽƍࡼ ዙኒ ‫ݹ‬ƥƕ ࣠ࠒ ࡯ࡷ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬ƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ ƂƆƌܻߥࡩƄ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓଘଓ
ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƣ ࣠‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƌƄƎƀƄƍƂᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūቻቱൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƣ ॅळࡺ‫ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ࿃ ႓ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅƥ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄžܻެީᑃᐽ
53
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬࿃ ႓ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅƥ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄžܻެީࡩƄƖ ܻࢥ ࠀ Ƃࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯‫ܻߙݘ‬ಛಗƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻၰ ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄ
ധ ୨ఱ ఠଘଓƥܻᐱᐟყࣀ ༨ဈ ƥƆƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ଐଌƄࡴ ࣏ ެࡩƄࡣ ‫ࡩޯݘ ߄ݹ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢖ࠧ࣠ࠅ ƥ ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬
ƨܻ‫ ࠅ࣠ࠧ࢖ݹ‬ƨƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ܻࠧކ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩ
‫ۑ‬Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƞ ߄ ಛಗܻ‫ހ‬Ɛ ܻࣀ ࠁ ଗଓƄƅ ܻ‫ ݌ޢ‬
:Revolutionary Leadershipࠣ‫ݶ‬ƋࣝޯࡦƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ Ɔ
ƨܻၰ ൎ൉ࢢ ƂƦ मऒܻࡺ޲‫ ࠁޢ‬ƥūƨܻ‫ݹ‬Ǝ߃ ၴ ƨൎ൉ࡷܻࢸ ƨƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬Ʀ मऒƆƎ࣠‫މ‬Ʀ मऒܻࡺ޲‫ޢ‬ஊ஀ ūƊ ൎ൉ࢢ ଗଓƄࢪ ࡓ ၮ፥ ፕ ƆƎ࣠޲ࡩƄ
ūƨƄƎƌܻ‫ރ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ࡷܻݹ‬ƨܻީࡩܻၩࡣ ࡷܻࣃ ࡩƄơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧࡣ ޲ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡷ (Burnz)Ǝ߃ ༨࿻ ƥ‫ۑ‬
ƨܻ୆෷༅໮ ƨƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬Ʀ मऒ
ࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝܻಛಗ࢖ߙƄ࣠୓ขƣ ƀਔ ৹ଘଓ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƊ ܻ༬စ ࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƥūƆƎਔ ৼ౰౗ࡁ ƀƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ࡷܻކ‬ƨܻީࡩܻၩࠦᄹட ܻެࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ
ܻᐱᐟࡷ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै Ƅࡼ ࡷ
Ɔ࢖࣍ ܻശവറƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄྲ ႡჱࡩƆ߄ ‫ࡷ ࣀޯݘ‬ƥūƞ ߄ ಛಗƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƨܻࡷܻ೘೉ࠦࢵ ಒ౷ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻၰ ƥ౰ేܻࠧସବଣ ƄƇ ܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝ‫ܻ ࣍ ݪ‬༧ဈ ࠦ‫ࡁޢ‬ƍƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƨ ƀࡣ ޲ࡷܻࠩ࡯޲ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥū‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅƥ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅơ ਓ ৹ƥ
ࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ƥơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻࠩࡓ ‫࢖ݹ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ƥࠦެࡷᇴᇍ ࡩƄࡴ ࠩ‫ߙݘ‬ƄƥƌƠ ࢖༨ဈ ࠦߦ࣍ ܻ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬౮ే๻๬ใࠦ‫ݓ‬
ࡩūࡴ ࠧ୹ ‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻၰ ࣠ࡺ࣍ ƥ
፥ ጿƖ Ƅྲ Ⴐ ࡩƄƣ ƀଘଓƂƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƨ ƀࡣ ޲ࡷܻࠩ࡯޲ࡷƖ Ƅྲ Ⴐ ࡩƄƆƎ࣠޲ࡩƄ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬ขƥūࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀޢܻ ࢵޢ‬Ƅƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ ଛଓƄƥࠦ‫ܻݹ‬ၮኆ ቱƄƥƢൎ൉ၮଗଓƄ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓ขƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ƥ༇໩ ſƧ ƌܻ‫ ࣊ߘޢ‬೘ೆƧ ƀ፥ ጿƖ Ƅྲ Ⴋ Ƨ ƀࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ‫઻ ેހ‬ၮƀƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹࠦކ‬Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫(ۑ‬14,2001,። ፎോെಘಔƁ Ɩ ୍ܻงƀƥƀƆƌܻߘƨܻ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬Ƅƥƀܻ‫ ࢵޢܻ ࢵޢ‬౰ేܻࠧସବଣ ƄƦ ኆ ቱ፥ ፎ ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙƎ
૊ સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ࢚ ‫ ߽ ࢤܸݳ‬ᚸƥܸࢲ Ɖܸࢲ
፥ ፕ ƥ (Yukl ،2004,252)Ƥ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥƇ Ƅ౮ేࡺ೘ೃ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ౮ే๻๬ึ
: ፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ
‫ۑ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷ ࠦ‫ހ‬Ƅ߃ ၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎ݊ ࢥ ‫ރࠢݹ‬ƀ 1)
‫ݹࠦۑ‬Ɓ࢖ᑃᐽࠢ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬Ɔ౰౎‫ݘ‬Ƭࡷơ ᇴᇍ ࢸ ƀࡣ ࡺ‫ޯݘ‬ఱ ఓ 2)
‫ݹࠦۑ‬Ɓ༟༎ƄƏܻ༬စ Ƃࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷࠦ୆งƄኅ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬ƄƢ߄ߥ‫ݹ‬ƥƎܻ࣐ ࠀ ଛଓƄࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ ݹ‬3)
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ၮƇ ܻ‫୍࡯ ݅ކ࣠ߘݘ‬෺ 4)
‫ۑ‬Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓܻ‫࣏ࠩ࢖މߥޯࠢހ‬Ƭ‫ ݹ‬5)
‫ݹࠦۑ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ݊ ࡷቜሼॅळࢵ ࢇ ‫୓ ࣐ܻހ‬෺ 6)
54
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƇ ܻၮܻީ࣐ ‫ރ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷࠦߥߙƄ࣠ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƇ ܻၮܻީ࣐ ‫ރ‬Ƅ 7)

‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧ ƀƥƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ཯ཏީჴႾ 8)
‫ۑ‬Ɩ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄ݊ ࠖ ఴƬఓ 9)
ܻ࣠ࠧࡷƟ ࣠ߦ‫ކ‬ƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƂࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፟ ፑƂࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ࢖೘ೃơ ࣠ࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ፟ ፑƂ્઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄധ ୨ఱ ఓ 10)
‫ۑ‬6,2010 Ũ࿀ ႓ܸ‫ݽ‬
ƌƋܸ‫ެ ࣏ࡺ ࣯ݽ‬ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ݊ ߘ࣠ޯࡷ
‫ެܻߙ ࣀࠦۑ‬ଐଌ‫ا‬Ƈ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩƄƥƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄžܻ୐กƞ ߄ ᐱᐢఱ ఓƨܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ߄ ࡷƥƨܻ൞൙‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ࡷݘ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ‫ ࡁ ݪ‬Ƅ࣠‫ ݹ‬11)
‫ۑ‬፥ፎ ܻସବଣ Ƅࣷࣳ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ࢖ߙƥ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄࣷࣳ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅࡴ ‫ݑ‬ਔ ৲ 12)
ޯᑃᐽƆਔ ৼܻࣀ ଐଌƄࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦߙܻߥ޲ࡩƄžܻ୐กƞ ߄ ᐱᐢఱ ఓ 13)
‫(ۑ‬19،2013,߭ ‫ߖ ࣍ޟ‬ƞ ż "ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝᇴᇍ ୓กଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƇ ܻ‫ݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ᑃᐽ࢔ߦഷവറƄ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄžܻ୐ก 14)
૊ સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƄ ܸࡴƁ౫౑ࡦƁᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸࢲ
(2005Ũ౭౎ࢲ ࣝ‫ ݽ‬ƍ ƌࣝ࠾ ܻࠧഃ೨ƍܻᐱᏬƌ࣓‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦݹ‬Ƅࠢ‫ࡺܻކ‬ఱ చ࣐ࠦ ୍ง୹ ୪Ƈ ܻࡷƄ౮౔ࡩƄ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፕ ƥ
(1 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
Ƅ ܸࡷࢽ ࡦƁơ߀ ࠤࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉࢄ ߢ༥စ ཬཏࡦƁƄ ܸࡴƁ౫౑ࡦକଐƁࡹ ࡴቸቴ‫ݽ‬
ܸߢ‫ݶ‬
ܸࡴƢ૊ સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƄ ܸࡷࢽ ࡦ߭ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬
૊સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƄ ܸࡴƁ౫౑ࡦƁ ૊સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁࠣየዙ ‫م‬
‫ࠟێ‬ၫܸ୊คŽƟܸࡴŽ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁࠣ‫ ࢤޟ‬༤೛ Ƅ ƁƋ߁ ߕƋܸࠦࣉ ſ -1
૊ સዖኵ Ɔ ƊࣝೕೃŽᎥᎉ߁ ߢ‫ރ‬
ƣ ኃ ቮቝሹ౭౑ࣀ ଍ଉƁবঐߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ቸቮܸ‫ݕ‬
ߖŽࣇ ‫ݽ‬
Ƌࢄ ‫ ݎ ࡹ ࣊࢓ݶ‬ƃƢ߁ ߕ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƠ ࣝࡐ ‫ݶ‬
Ơ Ž-2 1
‫ێ‬ŻƁƉൎᑆᐺപ ୥ߕƁƢƢ
‫ێ‬ໝ ແ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸެࡦƁ
‫ݕ ࣌ޟࡷࠣێ‬
ࡦƁƢƃ࢑ߣഴലമƁƄ ܸୃกᇱᇊ ࡴଔଐƁࡠƩ‫ޟ‬දච ൪ࡠ ަߢެࢽ ൛ᒎᐺࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ݇ ࢢ ‫ݶ‬
Ơ Ž-1 ࠣ‫ݶ‬ž༜་Ɓૄ સၫ‫ݜ‬இ
Ʃ ॅƁ
2
‫ێ‬ቝሹ౭౑ࣀ ࡴƄ ܸၭ ࣝࡷ࣊ ࠣၦܸ‫ݽ ࢤޟ‬
௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁ݇ ࡴ ቝሹ౭౑ࣀ ࡴࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋர பၬ -2 ‫ێ‬ቝሹ౭౑ࣀ ଍ଉƁ
ࣝৡ৏঴ƁƢ౭ౄ‫ݐޟ‬
ެᑀᐺƃಏ౴ެަࡴƜ ࢓࣊ Ɖܸ༩࿸ ſࢄ ‫ ݎ ࡹ ࣊࢓ݶ‬Ə ࢓ߣࡦƁ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ࢚ ީެߢ‫ݶ‬
Ơ Ž-1
‫ێ‬ໝ ແࢽ ࠏ ެࡦƁƢ
‫ێ‬Ƥ ߁ ၾ ެࡦƁ 3
‫ ࢲ ݧ‬ᇱᇊ ൛ᒎᐺᎥᎆƁኃ ቮƁ߁ ‫ࡦެࣝࡦޟ‬Ɓƞ ോെၬ ࡹ ࡴƃ࢓࣊ ܸളലമƁƢࠣ‫ݽ‬
࢓ࠓ ެࡦƁ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƐ ࣝ༤࿸ Ơ Ž-2
‫ێ‬Żܸ࣍ ߽ ଘଐƁࡹ ࡴࣰࣴ ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƢƃ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ࢤ ࡦƁ
55
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽƃƋܸ‫ܷކ‬ᄠᑎ ᐺƊƢƠ Ƣܸ‫ݕ‬

ެࡦƁࡹ ࡴƥܸၭ ƢƋࠟ‫ݕޟ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸ‫ރ‬ƣ ኃ ቮ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ߁ ၱ ࣝ‫ݶ‬
Ơ Ž-1
‫ࡦޯߢࠣێ‬ƁŻ୍ܸ෾Ƣࠣ‫ܸ ݎޟ‬ዖወ ࡹ ࡴ௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁໝ ແࡐ ೕೆ
4
ࠣ‫ݶ‬༄໧ ࡱ ᐮᏦܸ࣍ ‫ ݎ‬ᓕƢࠣ࣍ ࡬ࢽ ࡦƁ። ጼࡱ ᐮᐟ࠾ Ƌܸࣀ ೕೀ௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ࢑ߣ༥࿸Ʃ Ơ Ž-2 ƛ ྯ Ⴍ ެࡦƁ
‫ێ‬ƛ ྯ Ⴍ ެࡦƁ
‫ݕޟࠟێ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸެࡦࠟࡷ‫ރߢޟޟ‬Ƣơफं߁ ߢ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬Ƣໝ ແ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸެࡦƁƄ ܸࡴܸᐰ႐ܷᄠ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁƛ ౭౑‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬Ơ Ž-1
Ƥ ࣝީ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ݇ ‫ ࣀ ࠓޟ‬ჱࡦƁ
Ɖܸ༥စ କଐƁƇ ƢƋர பၬ ࢄ ‫ ݎ ࡹ ࣊࢓ݶ‬Ƅ ƁƋܸࢤ ୐กକଐƁƢবঐߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁࡠ ߣެ༥࿸ Ơ Ž-2 5
౫ౄߣࠏ ެࡦƁ
‫ݕޟࠟێ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸ‫ރ‬ƣ ኃ ቮ
(43,44,2004Ũ౭౎ࢲ ࣝ‫ݽ‬
ƍ ƌࣝ࠾ ᚸࡦƤ ߁༥စ ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƂ ܸ૸ૐࡹ ࡴ࢚ ࡬ၽ ެࢽ ࡴࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁƉƁ߁ ၫſࡹ ࡴ
૊ સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁߋ ‫ ࣉܸݳ‬Ƣᚸƥܸީࡴܸ‫ކ‬

Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅߎ ‫ݶ‬
ܻ࣌ ƥࡼ ࡷƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ܻࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ᐱᏳƢ࣠ߥ‫ݶ ߎކ‬
ܻ࣌ ƥƥƢܻࠩ೘ೃܻᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƨ ƀ݊ ޯ๻๬ใ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥ (41, 2005)Ƨ ƎƄ࣠ಛಗƄƥ (167,165,2008)፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿ ‫ ࣀࡺޢ ݟ‬ჱႾƎ ߄ ެ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦݑ‬Ƅ
:౭ౄ‫ݐޟ‬
ެᑀᐺࠣၱ ܸஇॅ ƁƝ ƁƋƉſ -1
ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ޯ ݊ހ‬๻๬ึܻࡷࢇ ‫ݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯᑃᐽࠦၴ ܻஊै ƄƦ ߄೘ೃࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪Ɩ ܻެߘƂᎨ᎜౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯᑃᐽࠦၴ ܻஊै ƄƦ ߄ ࡷࡼ ࡷࢇ ߥࠒ ޯࡩƄ
Ɩ ܻީࢸ ƂƦ ߄ ‫୓ݘ‬෺ܻࡷ፟ ፑƂࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻၰ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃ፥ ጾ༟༎Ƅƥࡴ ಛಗ࣠ߥ‫ݑ‬ƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ Ƅે ઻ၮࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘƥࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗƄƇ ƄƎ߄ ߘƥࠦ୆กƍܻၴ
‫ۑ‬ƣ ܻࡷଛଓƄ፟ ፑƂࠦၴ ܻஊै Ƅƥƀࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣀޢ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƇ ܻၴ ܻஊै Ƅ
:ࠣ‫ࡴ ࢽެߢަ࡬ޟ‬ቼቮܸࢲ ƋƢࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋᎥᎉ߁ ߢ‫ ރ‬-2
ቿቱƥܻ༨ீ Ƨ ƀƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢖ࠧ࣠ࠅ ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ܻߙūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅࠦၩܻ‫ ࢢޢ‬፥ ጿࡼ ዙኒ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ݹ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ࠧ ࡴݑ‬ƀƣ Ƃ
‫୐ߦޢ ߃ܻࠧۑ‬งࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬ƥƆਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ്ᑉᐽࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓमऌƀ߄ ୍งƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬
:౭ౄ‫ݐޟ‬
ެᑀᐺ‫ީܸ ࢲ ݧ‬଍ଉƁƆ ƊࣝೕೃଘଐƁƋܸ‫ ߽ެޟ‬Ɓ -3
཯དྷࡩƄࠦၰ ܻޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽᎨᎉൎ൉ࡷ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀƎܻޯ༧࿻ ƣ ƀ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮ
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥū્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄܻᐱᐕߙࢭ ყ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ᑃᐽࠦ೘ಹൎ൉ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀƥūࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ƞ ƥ࢖࣌ ‫ ݝ‬༨ဈ ܻᐱᐢ‫ ݝߙݘܻࡩޢ‬ხ჎
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐟࡷᇯ ᆝ Ƈ ܻ‫ܻݹ‬ᐱ᏶ƥƇ ܻ‫ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৹ƥƇ ܻ‫ࡩ࣠ݹ‬ƥƀƌ߄ ༨࿻ ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄᑑ ᐽܻࣀ ࡷƥƀƇ ƄƎܻࣀ ࡷƎܻޯ༧࿻ Ɖ ƍ࣠৤৒ষƄƄ߃ ಛಗƤƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅ
:ƃ਑ ৯߁ ၱ ࠣ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ Ɓ௧ ோࣝࡐ ‫ ރ‬-4
56
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ūࠦ‫ة ࡷ ࡼރܻ ࠁޢ‬ਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅܻᐱ᏶ܻީࣀ ࠁ ፥ ጿ߃ ၯ ܾ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƆਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄ௪ ௎࣠ࡓ ୓ก્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄযঠᐱᏬ
‫ࡩ ࢥݘ ߎۑ‬ƄƥƆ࣠ߥࡩƄƔ ܻߥ‫ރ‬ƥūࠦ‫ޯ࣠ߘݘ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅਔ ৲߄ ᐱᐢࡩƄƥࠦၰ ܻޯଐଌƄƒ ࢖ߦࡩƄ፥ ጿࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄ፥ ፎ ܻ‫ހ‬༟༎Ƅ࣯ භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƥ
ࠣ‫୍ ࣌ޟࡷޟ‬คࠣߖܸߢ‫ކ‬ƞ ോെၬ ࡹ ࡴƟƁ౫౑ࡦକଐƁƍ ୶ ݉ -5
যওߥࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠢߙƄ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƐ ࢖‫ݓ‬
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀƧ ƀ
बअ࢔‫ ࡩޯݘ‬Ƈ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄƥ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬ūࠢၰ ܻ༬စ ፥ ጿࠦዙ዗ܻࣀ ଐଌƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ܾ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻၮܻެߥࡩƄƥ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ơ ࣠ࠁ ƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄ
:ࠣ‫୐ߢܸࡦޟ‬กକଐƁƃ౭౑ߣࡦƁƃƋƁƉſ -6
߃‫୐ߦޢ‬ง፟ ፑƂᎨᎌ߄ ߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷƎ࢖ࠒ ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷƨžƄ߄ ୓กƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄܻᐳႡყ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫୓ߥܻࡩޢ‬คଘଓƄƆ౰౔ߦࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ހ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄযঠᐱᏬ
ࠦࡷƥܻߥࡷࡣ ‫ކߥ࡯ޢ‬ƥ݊ ߙኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ߘबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƎܻᐱᚑƥࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƎ߄ߘƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅે ઻ၮਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūܻࠩࠁ ܻ༬စ ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ
‫ێ‬41,2005ŨƤ ƋƁࣝಘಔƁ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ
፥ ጿ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫཯ކݘޢ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫މࠢݹ‬Ƅ߄ ၰ ᓘƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ᐱᐢࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ
౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯᑃᐽ໠ ໄࢥ ߙƄ༟༎ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ࢢ ƀ߄ ၮܻࢧ ୓ขܻᐱᐕߙƣ ଛଓƆ౰౔ߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ ƆƎ࣐࣠ உै ƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄ
ࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥūƨܻ‫ޟ‬ყࢸ ࠢެ‫ݑ‬ƣ ࣠൞൙‫ݹݘ‬ଘଓƧ ኅ ቱƄơ ഻࣠ࠩവറƄࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄߦ‫ݶ‬
ܻஉै Ƅƥūࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ଐଌƄƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀࡼ ࡷ
ƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄܻࠩࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄƢܻࠩଐଌƄ‫ ࢢݘ ݪ‬ƀ፥ ፕ ࠦࡺࠩଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧƥū౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦߘܻၮƂ፥ ጿ߄ ၮܻఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫(ۑ‬33 ,2008Ũྺ ႛფၫ
ࢧ ߖܸީެࡦƁƃƋƁƉſ -7
݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝܾ‫ޯݘ࡯ߥࠦހ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƎƄƌƂે ઻ၮƨƄƎƌܻߘ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯެܻߙ ࣀޢ‬ƄƆ౮ేଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬༝༎ܻᐱᚑƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ
‫ ࢸܻࡷ ࡣۑ‬ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦዙኒ ഷവറƄƊ ܻႅ ެࡩƄ౰ే‫ࢠ ݊ࡷݘܻݹ‬ƥ -
‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢࠦۑ‬งƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ࡷݘ‬Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬ƥࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ࡷݘ‬Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ࢠ ݊ރ‬ƥ -
‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪۑ‬ଐଌƄ࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ᑃᐽ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ଐଌƄ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ކ࣠ ࢢޢ‬Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ࢠ ݊ރ‬ƥ -
߁ ‫ݕߢޟ‬
ެࡦƁƃƋƁƉſ -8
౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬Ɔ߄ ၰ Ƅƥࠦ‫ߙݘ‬ƌƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƆ౰౗ࡁ ݊ ࡷ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬กᑑ ᐽƍƥ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƇ Ƅ࣐࣠ உै Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƥ
57
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬ƞ ࢖࣍ ᇯ ᆝ ݊ ࡷƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ܻࡷ౮ే‫ޢ‬೘೉ࢇ ‫ݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬Ƈ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƌƂ -
‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪۑ‬ଐଌƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ ଘଓƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ࢝ ߥ‫ރ‬ቿቱܻၰ ፥ ጿࢪ ყࢵ ܻၰ ଛଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ -
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐟ᠃୍ܻงƣ ᇴᆝ ܻࡺᐱᚑᅶै ܻࢧ ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ࢖࣍ ƀ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƣ ƏƄ࣠ޯࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ቿቱƥܻ༨ீ -
࣬ ଍ଉܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠟၱ ࣝެࡦƁ݇ ࡴࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁߋ ‫ ރ ࡐޟޟ‬-9
ᑑ ᐽƍࢇ ߥඳඣ ൭‫ ࣯و‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢၴ ࣠ޯࡩƄ݊ ࡷ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾܻ೘ೃࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ‫઻ ે ࠅݘ‬ၮ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ݹݘ‬
્ ઻‫ܻݹ‬೘ೃࠢࡷܻ‫ߘޢ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹܻކࠢۑ‬ᇯ ᇍ ‫ ࣯ހ‬ଐଌܻၮࠢၴ ࣠‫ކ‬Ƈ Ƅƍࠦ‫ݹࠦࡷ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬ƁƎ݊ ࢠƥ -
‫ ࣯ۑ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢၴ ࣠ޯࡩƄࢪ ࡓ ‫ޢ ݟކݘ‬༨ဂ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄቿቱܻࢵ Ǝਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ -
‫ ࣯ۑ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢၴ ࣠ޯࡩƄ݊ ࡷƢžൎ൉ޯޯࡩƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƥƇ ܻၮܻެߥࡩƄƥযওߥࡩƄࢇ ఱ ఝ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬-
ࠣ‫ޟ‬଍ଉܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƜ ࢓ߣࡦƁƃƋƁƉſ - 10
ࠦߙᇴᆝ ࡣ ޲೘೉‫ޢ ݟ‬༨ဂ ƅ ॅळ࣐ ଐଌƄ࣯ ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮƆƎƌܻߘࠦ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻၮࡣ ዙኸ Ɵ ࢖ߙࡣ ປ຀ࣃ ჴჅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬
ࠦ‫ݓ࣠ݹ‬
ᑃᐽƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄ࢖ߙ࣠‫ކ‬ƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠଗଓܻ‫ݹࠦހ‬Ǝܻࢥ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ‫࡯ߦޢ‬உै Ƅƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ ܻ‫ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƥƇ ܻࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ݊ ࡷࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬Ɗ ܻ༬စ ଗଓࠦࡷƏൎᑉᐽƄ
Ƅ ܼၱ ܸߣ଍ଉƁƃƋƁƉŽ- 11
Ƈ ܿၴ ܻߦଐଌƄࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩݘߥ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၮܻެߘमअ࣐࣠ ୓ก્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬
Ɩ ܻࢠƥଛଓƄ፥ ጿࠦࢢ ܻஉै ƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ ଘଓƆƎಒ౷ޯଐଌƄƇ ܿၴ ܻߦଐଌƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƎ߄ ߘࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥūƆ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡩƄƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ࢖ߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ేၩ
࢓ࡷެࢽ ଍ଉƁฤ ෷Ƌ߁ ެࡦƁƢবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƃƋƁƉſ -12
Ƈ ܿၴ ܻߦଐଌƄƆ౰౗ࡓ ᚻࡩࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ކݘ࡯ޢ‬ષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬ƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃ፟ ፑƂ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄധ ୨ఱ ఓ
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮƆƎܻᐱᚑƥƆƎ߄ ߘ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬ข཯དྷࡩƄƥƆƌ߄ ႅ ޯଐଌƄƥࠦߥࠁ ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Ƈ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƥ
‫(ۑ‬167,165,2008Ũ። ጒܸ࣍ ࠏ ߢࡦƁ ܻࠩ‫ޯݘܻࡷ ࡣࡷݘ‬ᑃᐽ
፥ ጘܾ‫ ࡷܻݹ‬Bass)ܻࠧഃ೨ƍࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬งߎ ‫ݶ‬
ܻ࣌ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƥ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐢ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คᓘƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄžƄƌƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙमऒܻᐱ᏶ƀ 1
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ፥ ፑܻၮܻࢠƎࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ 2
58
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(194,2009Ũ࿀ ႛფߢࡦƁ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖൞ᒑᐽžܻ๻๬เƄƥžଘଓƥે ઻ၮƀࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ 3

Ɔžܻߦࡁ ݊ ߙƎ፥ ጿ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽࡣ ၮܻߦࡩƄƎƥኆ ቱƄ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄߎ ‫ݶ‬
ܻ࣌ ƥơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ݹ‬Əƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄܻࢠƎࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦߥࠁ ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ࣠ࡷࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌܻࠧƌƄ߄ ၮᓘƥܻࠧमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄžƄƌƀ
Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦࡷ ࡼހ‬൞ᒑᐽ౮ే৤৕ষƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜཾܻ೘ೃࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎܻᐱᚑࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱžܻ๻๬เଘଓƄƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƀ Ɖܸަࡴᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ܸ‫ރ‬
& ،Koehler)ࡼ ࡷ ᇯƪ ᆝ ܻࠧഃ೨ƍܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮཀྵཏხ჋཯དྷࡩƄƃ ƌܻީଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ࡺੋ੅ਰࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ݊ ޯ๻๬ใ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ (22,23,2011ŨƤ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ ܻࠧƌƎƥƀ (Pankowski , 1997
Ɵܸ࣌ ީ࠾ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ൛ᒎᐺ࢓࣌ ީࡦƁ -1
ūƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ƈ ൎ൉ၮܻߦޯࡩƄƥū࣐ࠦ ‫ހ‬Ƅ౰౔ଐଌƄྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƌ߄ ၮƧ ࣠ޯ༨࿻ Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦރ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬
ࡴ ࣏ ‫ރ‬मअ࣐࣠ ‫཯ކ‬ཏხ჋፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ᐱᏬ ƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ે ઻ၮ‫୐ ࢧ ݪ‬෺ƤƎƥƌƣ ƀƠ Ǝਔ ৲ܻެ્ࠧ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƥ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ ࡣۑ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦ༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄमंܻࣀ உै Ƅࡼ ࡷᒋ ᑧߥ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ቻቱൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥቿቱܻ‫ݹࠦߙݘ‬ƎƄƌƂ
௧ ோ༄໦ ൏ᑆᐺܸࠦ݉ ോെ‫ݽ‬
ſƢࠣࡷ࣌ ީ൛ᒎᐺࠣ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ ƁƉܸ༩࿸ ſ -2
ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࡼ ࡷࢇ ޲ީჱ჋ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƃ࣐ࠦ ࠀ ƌƄ߄ ၮܺᄣ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬
ƨžܻ୐กযওߥࡩƄƥƃ
ƌܻީଐଌƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱީࡷࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽቿቱܻࢵ Ǝƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎƌܻ༬࿻ ܺᄣࠢ‫ކܻހݘޢ‬ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ᑑ ᐽƍž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥūƆƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄ
ࡣ ࢧ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଗଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƥū‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ଐଌƄơ ൎ൉‫ݓ‬ ޯࢵ ଘଓƄࠦ‫ ྲݹ‬ႡხࡩƄ ƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄơ ൎ൉‫ݓ‬ ޯࢵ Ƅࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬ၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬ƥūƨܻ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ง
ܻࠧ߃ ‫ެߦޢ‬ჴჅ໠ ໄ‫ݘެޢ‬ଐଌƄƥ໠ ໄ‫ޯܻހݘ‬ᑃᐽܻࠩࠒ ‫ކ࣠ࢠޢ‬যঠ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀƥūࢇ ߥඳඣ ൺࡼ ࡯ߙƨƄྲ ႓‫ހߥޢ ݝ‬ƄƍᓘƥƨƄྲ ႓ॡ ॏ୍งଘଓƣ ƀƥ໠ ໄ‫ݘެޢ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ
‫ࡷެ ࣏ࡺޯࠢۑ‬፥ ጿܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ƄƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦࠦݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ᐱᏳ ƥܻࠩߥ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬Ǝ࣠ެࡩƄ߄ ႅ ޯࡩ
ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ൛ᒎᐺᎥᎆോെࡴƤ ƋƁƉſ Ɵܸ࣌ ‫ ࢧހ‬ფࢲ ܻ‫ ރ‬-3
ƣ ƀે ઻ၮƨƄ߄ ၰ Ƅƥƨܻࡷܻ࣏ ‫ܻࠧރ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦހܻݑ‬൞ᒑᐽᎨᎉൎ൉ଐଌƄƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄƅ ॅळࢵ ଛଓƄƌܻ༬࿻ ܺᄣ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬
‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଛଓƄƌܻ‫ީݘ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ݊ ࡷūྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݓ‬
ࡩ݊ ࡷ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾܻଐଌƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽߎ ߘ࣠ଐଌƄࠦ‫މ‬Ƅ߄ ஊै ࠦୖ෺߄ ၰ ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬൞ᒑᐽ݊ ߦ‫ރ‬Ƅƍ߄ ‫ކݘ‬Ꭸ፻཯དྷࡩƄƆਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ
ࡱ ᐮᐙ᠀Ƌ਑ ৼƢࠣ‫ݶ‬ƋƁƉଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕࡷ࡬ޟ‬
ࡦƁ። ጼໝ ແ࠾ Ƌܸࣀ ଍ଉƁƢໝ ແዖዔܸࢽ ଍ଉƁᇬ ᆚ फंࣝ࣍ ‫ ރ‬-4
59
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
मअ࣐࣠ ‫ݑ ࡼކ‬ƣ ࣠ࡩƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷࡴ ࠩ‫ࡺޢݘ‬எ஀ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄᇯ ᇍ ࡩષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿ၖᆆƪ ܻ‫ރ‬मऌ݊ ࢠ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ހ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࡁ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥࠦ‫ހߦݘܻࡩޢ‬žƄƌଛଓƄ໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƢܻᐳ႓ଗଓƄƣ ࣠‫ޯ ࣐ޢݘ‬ఱ ఓᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƥžܻߥ‫ކ‬Ǝൎᑉᐽࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ƥžƄƌଛଓƄ
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƢ߄ ༧࿻ ܻ೘ೃࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎܻᐱᚑमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠢ‫ކܻހݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻၮܻެߘƥƎᇴᇍ ߙƀࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƆƎ߄ ߘ፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ึࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏳƔ ࣠ެଐଌƄࡴ ࠧƎƥਔ ৹ࡴ ᐳ႓ܻࣀ ࠁ ଗଓࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌ໠ ໄࣀ ࡺࠒ ޯࡷƆƌܻߘࡴ ᐱᐟࡷࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻያዪūƨƄྲ Ⴉ ܻၰ ƥƨൎ൉ީߥޯࣀ ࡷ
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƜ ࢓ߖƢƉƁ࢓ߖଘଐƁໝ ແࡐ ೕೆ -5
ࡴ ࠧƎ࣠‫ݘ ࡣ ࢸݘ‬༬ဈ ƥ໠ ໄ‫ޯܻހݘ‬ᑃᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋࠦ‫ ࢵݘ‬Ƅ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅžܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬Ƃƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍ
ƣ ƥ߄ ߥޯ‫ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄžƄ༇໮ ଗଓƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ଘଓࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄƎ߄ ߘࠢ‫ެ ߰ކܻހݘޢ‬೘಼્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙūࡴ ᐱᏹƄਓ ৹ƥࡴ ᐱᚑܻᐱᚑƏܻ༬စ ܺᄣƧ ࣠ߘ
Ƨ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮƞ ྲ Ⴐ ޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ᇴᆝ žƄ࣠ࢵ Ɔ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ࡷࠦߦࢧ ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐟყࣀ ༨ဈ ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩ‫ރࠢࡷެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ƀ
‫߄ۑ‬ၰ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݹ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƢƀ
ࠣ‫ݶ‬ƋƁƉଔଐƁƄ ܸ‫ݕࡷ࡬ޟ‬
ࡦƁবঐ‫ ރߢޟ‬-6
ள ஭༧ဈ ፥ ፕ ƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƏܻ༬စ ᓘƥƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ‫ ࢪࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ყႻƎࡼ ࡷܻࢠࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅযও‫ݘ ߄ކߥޢ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬
ࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿƤƎƥƌযও‫ࡩޯߥޢ‬ƄƄ߃ ಛಗƥ཯ཏࠩଐଌƄƥƀƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ܻߥ‫ކ‬ᓘƥƒ ൎ൉ၯ ଗଓƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ
Ƈ Ƅྲ ႖࣓ࡷે ઻ၮ౮ేࡁ ౰౔ࡩƄƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƥ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଛଓƄƥƇ ൎ൉ၯ ߄ƬଐଌƄযও‫ކߥޢ‬፥ ጿযও‫ࡩޯߥޢ‬ƄƄ߃ ࠧࡣ ޲๻๬ึƥࡴ ಛಗ࣠ࠁ ࡼ ࡷƥ໠ ໄ‫ޯܻހݘ‬ᑃᐽ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏳቿቷࡷܻࣃ ࡩƄࠦ࣍ ܻၰ ଗଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽࡣ ߦࡓ ‫ݹࠦކ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦࡺᐱᚑƔ ܻߥ‫ݑ ࡼރ‬Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ዙዋ ƥūƆƌ࣠எै Ƅ
࢓ࡷެࢽ ଍ଉƁໝ ແࢽ ࠏ ެࡦƁૄ સၫƃܻߖᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁƢफं߁ ߢެࡦƁ -7
Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ౰ేၩƥƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅƥࠦၮܻެߘƥಒ౷ߙે ઻ၮƒ ܻஉै Ƅܻࡺࠩ‫ߘݘ‬ƥܻࡺಛಗमअ߄ ߥޯࡩƄƥƆܾߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄ
ƣ ƥ୹ ୪ܻ‫ݓ‬
‫ݹ‬ƥ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅƥ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅƣ ࣠ࡩ߃ ୍෺ࡼ ೘ೃযঠᐱᏬ ƥƇ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄƥमअ߄ ߥޯᑃᐽơ ܻ‫ߙݘ‬Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬ƌܻ༬࿻ ଗଓ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄധ ୨ఱ ఓƥ
‫ࡩݘܻࡷࠦۑ‬Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌƄࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷ
࢓ࡷެࢽ ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ݐޟ‬
ެࡦƁƇ ƢƋน ෾ -8
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ᇴᆝ ƄƍƂଘଓƂᑑ ᐽƍযঠ‫ࡩ ࡼݹ‬ƥūࠢ‫ߘެܻݑࠩ ࡴހ‬ᓘƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴎ ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƖ ܻެߘଗଓ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄധ ୨ఱ ఓ
ơ ܻ‫ࡩߦݘ‬ƄƤƎƥਔ ৹ࠢ൞൙ၮơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥܻࠧƏ࢔‫ݹݘ‬ƥƇ ƄƏܻ༬စ ଗଓƄે ઻ၮ१ ॏީƬ‫ ࣀޯࡺ࢖ࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƥ໠ ໄࣀ ࠒ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓƨᇴᆝƎ߄ ࡷ
ࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƞ ߄ ᐱᏬƧ ኅ ቱƄ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯᑃᐽഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩƄƥࠢ‫ހ‬ƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ፥ ጿࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄߙ࢖࣐ ࡩƄൎᇩƭᆝ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ɵോെࢲ ଔଐƁ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁᚸƥƁྯ ႓ܸၫ
60
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
݊ ࡷྲ ႡხࡩƄƟ ࣠ߥࠁ ƨܻެყީࡷūž࿃ ႖ࠢࢧ ߥ୐෺ଘଓƨൎ൉ࡷܻࢸ ƥƨൎ൉ࡷᇴᆝ Ɵ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƢƎᇴᇍ ଐଌƨܻࡺࡺޯࡷƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄžܻၴ
ਔ ৯ܻߘƥūƢ࣠ࡓ ༨ீ ƥᎨ፫ ܻၰ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ࢖ߙൎ൉ߙžƄ࣠ࣀ ࡩƄે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƥƆƌܻߥᑃᐽࠢ৤ৈষܻ‫୓ݘ‬กƨܻࠩࠅ ࣠ࡷū໠ ໄ‫ކܻހݘ‬ƥƆƌܻߘ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅࡴ ᐳႮ ‫ހݘ‬
Ƈ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬ƣ ſ࢖ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿƌƎƥܻ೘ೃࡣ ޲๻๬ึ१ ॏ‫ ࠁߥޢ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿܻಛಗࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƥūƦ ࣠ߥޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ଘଓƂ݊ ‫ކܻހ‬ƥ
ơ ࣠ࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ፕ ƥܻಛಗࠢ‫ޢ‬ხࢸ ଘଓࠦ‫ݹࠦࡷ޲ܻࡩޢ‬ƁƎžƄƎƥഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩƄƥƇ ܻஊै ܻࢧ ࡩƄࡣ ዙኸ ፥ ጿ‫ ݌ޢ ݪ‬౰౔ࡩƄે ઻ၮƇ ࣠ޯࠁ Ƅࠦ୆คܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ
Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓܻߙūƢൎ൉ࣀ ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮžܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ଛଓܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄߥࠒ ޯ࡯ࡷžƄ߄ ᐳႡࡩƄƥ໠ ໄߥ‫ࡩ ࢧ ߄ݹ‬ƄଘଓƂܻᐱᐕࡩƂࡣ ࢧ ‫ݹ‬ଘଓ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫઻ ે ࠁޢ‬ၮଛଓƄƐ ƥƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽ
ƆƄƥܻࣀ ଐଌƄƥቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄว คƄ࣠எै Ƅࠦ‫ݑ࣠ࡩ ࣃࡺ࣠ࡩޢ‬ਔ ৲ࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ޯࡷƢܻ࣏ ‫઻ ેރ‬ၮƧ ࣠ޯ༨ဈ ࠦ୆คܻ‫ހ‬Ǝቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ
Ɵࣝ‫ࡦޟ‬Ɓ ፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ࠢ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ࠦެࢵ ƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƅ ܻૻ૓যওࡓ ඳඣ ൴যওߘƈ ࣠ࡩܻ૾૓ (Burnz ܻࠧƌƎƥƀ཯དྷࡩƄ
(3ƃ਑ ৬ܸ଍ଉƁ ܸƫ୍‫ې‬
෷ƪƉ ƨƟƨോെƬ
ࢲ ଔƬ‫۔‬ଐƁƩᚵ Ʃ௴ ƨᚸࡦ‫ݚ‬Ʃ ფƪ࢝ ƨƋ Ƣཬཏࡷ‫ݕ‬
‫ހ‬ం௴ ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫ‫ࡷ ݚ‬ೕೆŽƢం௴ ୍෷Ɖం௴ ᚸࡦ‫ ݚ‬ሡሞᇾ Ž
߄ ࠧƄ࣠ࣃ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄƌƎƥ߄ ߘƥūƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƆ࣠‫ݑ‬ƌ፥ ጿƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅಒ౷ߦࡩƄ‫ ࢢ࡯ ݪ‬፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ
ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -߄ ዙಟಝે ઻ၮơ बएƧ ኅ ቱƄƧ ƥܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ௪ ௎ኆ ቱƄƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓܻ‫ރߥ ࢧ ߄ހ‬ଘଓƥūࠦ‫ࡩެީ࣠ݹ‬Ƅࠦެࣀ ࡩƄƥࠦ୆คſ࢖ߥࡩƄቿቱƌଛଓƄƥ
žܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈൑ᑉᐽƥܻެࡩ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬ƄƤܻࢥ ‫ކ‬ƎƄƧ ኅ ቱƄƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ߄ ࢧ ߥ‫ހ ࡣރ‬ūƤ߄ ၰ ƥܻ୆คኆ ቱƄ࢖ዙኸ ࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫࢖ݹ‬༬༊ ƨܻࡷܻၮ 1445 ࡣ ީߘ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥ
߃ ެࡷƢൎ൉ࣀ ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮžܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ଛଓƄ࢝ ࢧ ߘ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡷީ޲࣠މ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƣ ܺߙūࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅࡴ ࡷଛଓƄƥƢൎ൉ࣀ ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮ
ผ กƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƆಒ౷ߙमअ࢖ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿƤ౰ేၩƥ बए౰ే‫ߘ ߄ ࢵީ ࢇ ހ‬ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߙޢ‬Ƣൎ൉ࣀ ࡩƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƢƌſ
ࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄቿቷ޲ࡷଛଓƄƥƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄƥ žܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ଛଓƄࡼ ࡷƏࠢࢸ ܻၮƨܻ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮƨܻ‫ߘݘޢ‬Ƅƥܻࠧ߄ ࣀ ࠅ ࠢ‫ރ‬Ƃࡣ ‫ݶࠢހ‬
ܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈ƀࠦެࣀ ࡩƀે ઻ၮܻࠩࡺ‫ࡷߦܻࠧޢ‬
(50,2011ŨܸၦଘଐƁ ள ஭உै Ƅžਔ ৹ࡼ ࡷྲ ႡხᑃᐽƄॅळࢵ Ǝ ƀ‫ە‬௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄ໠ ໄ࡯ࢵ ࢖ଐଌƄƥžܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈൑ᑉᐽࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ
ࡼ ࡷ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ࠢࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ƣ ᇴᆝ ܻࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƌƎ࣠‫ࡷܻ ࢵީ ࢇކ‬ž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥࠢ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ߄ ၮƀƥࠢၮ୍ܻงƀ፥ ጿܻࠧमकƀบ ช߄ ၰ ƀ
ࠣީࢽ இॅ ƁƃƢ߁ ߢࡦƁ Ƥ ࣝަީࡦƁ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ - 1
݊ ࡷƓ Ǝܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺ଘଓ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀܻࡷޢ‬ƄযওߥࡩƄƥࠦ‫޲ܻࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄ፟ ፑƂ࣠‫ݑ‬ਔ ৿Ɔྲƭ႓ſࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥࠢ‫ݹߥ ࢧ ߄ހ‬ƥ
(31,2011ŨܸၦଘଐƁ ࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƇ ܻ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡჴࡩƄƥƇ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷƆ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄƤ߄ ࢢ ܻߥࡷƥƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƊ ƥƎ
Ʀ ߃ ޯ༨࿻Ƭ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆ൑ᑉᐽƨଘଓܻ޲ࡷƣ ᇴᆝ ƥቻቷࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬ƥቜሼॅळࢵ
፥ ጿƨܻ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ƣ ᇴᆝƥ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻያዜ ƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ༧ဂ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે઻ࢢ -౮ే೘೉ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࢧ ߄ݹ‬Ƅƥƀƥ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷቻቷࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀūࠢ‫ހ‬
ࠢޯ޲‫ߘީ ࡣހݘ‬ཀྵདྷࠁ ࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ߘޢ‬Ƅ߄ ࢧ ଐଌƄࡣ ޲ࡺޯߙūࠢၮ୍ܻงƀࡣ ީߘࠢ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ߄ ၮƀƆƌܻᐳྟ྅žܻࡺ࣏ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡴ ࣏ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ଛଓࠢޯ࡯ࠧƀ
ࠢޯ޲‫ހݘ ߄ހݘ‬ཀྵདྷࠁ ࠢ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐢߥ޲ࡩࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ࡷܻރ‬ƀƣ ࣠‫ݑ‬ƌ࣠‫ݹ‬ƥūࠢዙኒ ༨ဂ ƣ ࣠ࢠमअࠢ‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠ߥୖ෺ࠢޯ޲‫ߘީ ࡣހݘ‬ƤžƄ߄ ၮƀƣ ᇴᆝƥūቿቱܻࢵ ༟༎ܻ‫ހ‬
61
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫ ྲݹ‬ႡხࡩƄၑ࿒ Ǝܻ‫ކ‬፥ ጿቻቷ޲ࡷƈ ߄ ༨࿻ Ꭸ፻ƨܻ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻၮƨଘଓ࣠༨ဈ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ƈ ߄ ၰ ƀ߄ ߘƥūቻቱࡴ ᐱᐜ᠃ቦ቎‫ކ‬ƥ
ቜሼॅळࢵ ፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ ࢢ ߎ اٵٶ‬ƥ߄ ߘƥūƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ௪ ௎ਔ ৹ƨܻ୐෺߄ ࡷūƤ߄ ၰ ƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬ƨƄ߄ ၰ ࣠ࡷ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ჎ॅळࡩƨƄਔ ৹ܻၮࡼ ࡷ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄơ ࣠༨ဈ
ࡱ ᐮᐜ‫ߖܸ ݎ ߋ ݎ‬ᑎ ᐺࣝ߾ ࡹ ࡴƁࣝࢢ ߣ‫ހ‬କଐ‫ࡦߢ࡬ ݧ‬Ɓࣆ ‫࡬ޟ‬ၦƨܸ࣌ ߖ‫ࡦࣝ ࠾ީ ݚ‬Ƣቻቱ࣠ߥ‫ࠢހ‬ၮ୍ܻงƄ݊ ࡷ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -
(159Ơ Ɓ࢓ዖኵ ƞ ż ໝ ແᆼᆚࣝެƩᅗƬଉƁ‫ݧ‬Ʃ ƪ༥࿸Ʃ ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƠƫ‫ے‬
ſ‫ ۔ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓૄ સၫᇬ ᆚࣝެߖ‫ ݎ୴ࡴ ݚ‬ƁƊܷߖ୶ ୧ଘଐƁ። ጼࡱ ࠤƋƢܸࢵ Ƣࡱ ಘಔ࢓ߣ‫ݐ‬
ެࢲ ƁƢ
ƃƋࣝࢲ ༄໦ ଙଐƁƟࣝ‫ࡦޟ‬ƁƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƁࣝࠂ फंƠ ᇱᆚ ࡹ ଍ଉࠣީࢽ ߾ ƃࣝࢲ Ž‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓƞ ࣝࢲ Ƌ። ጼ ᚵƬƩ௴ ƨᚸࡦƨƠ ᇱƨᆚ ߁Ƭ ᚺƨߢƨᚸࡦ፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘ
(21,Ƃ Ɓ༂໧ ଘଐƁ
௪ ௕Ɔƥ୹ ‫ݑ‬ᄈ ཾ࢖ߘ‫ ࢵ࡯ ݝ‬Ǝƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūቻቱࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀࠦީ༨ீ ࢇ ࡺ‫ ހݘ‬-ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ƤžƄ߄ ၮƀ߄ ᐳ႖߄ ߘƥ
ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ ࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀƣ ᇴᆝ ߎ ‫ ࡁޢ‬Ʀ ƀ࢖ߙ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -཯ཌެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ޢ‬ხႾ߄ ஊै Ƅ߰ ࡯ࢢ ፥ ጿ१ ॐߥ޲ࡩƄƌ࣠‫ࡷ ࣀݘ‬
ࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀ፟ ፑƂƆƥ୹ ‫ߙ࢖ ࠅ ݊ݑ‬ūࠢ‫ݶ‬
࣠ࢠƥે ઻ၮƣ ॅळޯޯߥ‫ݹ‬Ƅƥƌᇴᆝ ܾࢠ࣠‫ކ‬ƄƍᓘƥƤ୹ ୪ƀƄƥƎ߄ ୓กƄࡴ ࠧ୹ ୪ƀƄƍƂ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ቻቱ࣠ࠁ ࣷࣳࢵ ƥ
ƨᇴᇍ ࡯ࡷบ ෺ƀƎܻࡷ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƥū࿃ ႖ܻႅ ެࡩƄƥƦ ྲ ႞ࡁ ƥྲ Ⴐ ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƇ ߄ ߙƥƥƠ ॅळଐଌƄે ઻ၮƇ ߄ ߙƥ߄ ߥࡩ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬ƄƥƢ࣠ߘƧ ƀơ ܻߥߙ
(329,1997,Ơ ܸަࢢ ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ ƨƄ߄
ዙಟಝƩ߄ ዙಟಝƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀࡴ ࣏ ‫ݹݘ‬ሯሡሁࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀࠢࡺ࣏ ‫ݹݘ‬
:(౫ౄߣࠏ ެࡦƁ ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ -2
ᑻ ᑧၰ ƀ፥ ጿࡴ ࠧƥࡴ ᐱᐕߙơ ƁܻߦޯࡩƄƥࡣ ࡷ൑ᑉᐽƨܻၮƎƄƏࡴ ಛಗƨƄ࢔ߦ༨ீ ࠢၮ୍ܻงଛଓƨܻࡺࠩ࡯ࡷ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ƣ ᇴᆝ
-ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ࠢެ‫ݑ‬Ʀ ƥमƬअƥࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࡴ ᐱᐢࡩܻࢵ Ǝࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ଐଌƇ ƨƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬ƥƦ ƁƎࡴ ಛಗ݊ ࢥ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ᇴᆝƥūƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ࡩƄ
߄ ࠩ‫ ࡴݑ‬ᐱᐟყჅƥ ࠢެყჅࢪ ყࡩƨƎܻࢧ ‫ރ‬ଛଓƄࡴ ᐱᐟყჅࡼ ࡷƥቿቷߘࡴ ࠧƥƎਔ ৹Ɔƥ୷ ‫ ݌‬፥ ጿࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬Ƅ࣠ࠅ ༇໩ ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄ߄ ެஎै ƄƎܻࣃ ჴࢵ ƀܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬
ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࢵ ༟༎ࠢެ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ࿃ Ⴉ Ǝƍܻ‫ࡷݘ‬௪ ௕߄ ‫ ࢵݘ‬ƌƎƣ ᇴᇍ ߙūƆƎ࣠ެଐଌƄࠦ୐෺߄ ଐଌƄƉ Ǝܻၯ ơ ܻޯߥࡩƄે ઻ၮ
݊ ࡺࣀ ࡩƄે ઻ၮܻެߥ୆ชƄ࣠ࡷƥܻ‫ރ‬ƌ࣠ࠩ‫ݑ‬ᑑ ᐽƍે ઻ၮƠ ܻެ‫ݑ ࣐ޢ‬ƀƥūࢇ ஊै Ƅ࣠ࠧࠢ‫ࡷܻ ࠅޟ ݝހ‬ƣ ƀܻ‫ ߄ރ‬ᐳ႖ƥƠ ܻެߘ߄ ࢢ ƥ࠯ ‫ࡷެܻހ‬ſ߄ ߥࡩ
࢖ࠒ ީࡩƄƄ߃ ܻࠧ୐ก‫ ࢵޯݘ࢖ࢠ ݝ‬Ƅ࣠ࡩࢇ ஊै ܻ‫ހݘ޲ ࠯ހ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ࣠ߙ࠯ ‫ߙެ ࠒ ࡼࡷݘ‬Ƈ ƌƎƀܻଐଌ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ‫ࠦߙܻࡷ ࢛ݹ‬ၮܻ࣐ ࡩƄƥ
Ɵ ߄ ࢢ ūƅ ࢖ஊै Ƅ፥ ጿ౰౎ࢧ ࡩܻ‫ރ‬Ƃܻ‫ރ‬ƥ߄ ၮܻ୐กॡ ॏ࡯‫ކ‬ƣ ƀƤಒ౷‫ࡷܻރ‬ƥ߄ၰ Ƅƥࡣ ၴ Ǝܻެࡷߎ ࡯༧ဈ ܻࡷ࠯ ‫ࡷݘ‬Ƥܻެࢥ உै ࠢޯࢥ உ஀
ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝྲ ႞ߙū‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅበሼमऌે ઻ၮܻ୐กྲ ႞ߙū࠯ ެ‫ݹ ࠯ࡷެܻࡷܻކߥ࢖ހࠢݑޢ‬मअ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࡣ ‫ࡩݘ‬ūžܻߥᑃᐽƄ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬
࢓࣌ ‫ހ‬ŽƠ ଙଐƁ። ጒᇴᇊ ࡦ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƢŨໝ ແެߣ‫ࡦ ܸ࣍ݳ‬Ɓƣ ߁ ၭ ſ። ጒ߁ ၫƢ߁ ߕ፜ ፎܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ ٴރ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƠ ܷߖƁƢྯ ྜྂƁƢƁƢ౭ౄࢲ :ơ ܻߘᎨ᎜߄ ‫ ࢵݘ‬ơ ࣠ߥ‫ހ‬
‫(ۑ‬270,1997ŨƠ ܸަࢢ ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ " ƟࣝߢࡦƁƓ Ƌܸࢤ ࡴ
:ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ -3
62
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ʀ ࣠ޯഷവറƄࠦߥ‫ߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅ፥ ጿ፥ ፕ ࠢ‫ࡩ࣠ݹܻކ‬ƥƀƥࡣ ߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ປ຀ఴ ఠƆƌܻၮᓘƥযওߥࡩƄƣ Ƅ౮ేࡷࡣ ‫୓ݘ ߄ݹ‬กள ஭‫ޯݘ‬ଐଌƄƧ ಒ౷ߦࡩƄमअ࣠ެޯࡩƄƣ Ƃ
ࡼ ࡷࠦၮܻެߥ‫ހ‬ƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄ݊ ެޯߘƄƄƍܺߙƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄಒ౷ߦࡩƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࡼ ࡷƣ ଛଓūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ࠧଛଓƄ߄ ࢧ ߥଐଌƄƥ౰౎ࡁ ଛଓƄ
ࡼ ࠖ ࣀ ࡩܻߙūࠢޯ‫ߘެܻݑ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍ߄ ‫ހݘ‬Ƭ߄ ၰ ƀ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓࡼ ࡩࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ᓘƥࠦ‫ޢ‬༧࿻ Ǝܻ‫ކ‬ƥࠦ୆งܻ‫ࠧ ߄ ࠁޢ‬Ƅ࣠ఴ చቻቷߥ‫ܻࠧݑ‬Ə୷ ‫ݑ‬ቻቷၯ Ƅƌ
Ƅƍܻࡷࠢެ༬೛ ߄ެ‫ݑ‬ơ ࣠ߥ‫ٷݹ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࠢዙ዇ Ǝࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๟ใ௪ ௕ƣ ƀଘଓƂࡴ ࠧಒ౷ߙࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ɛ ܻެࡩƄ཯ཏ޲ࡩࠦ൞൙࣏ ࡩƄܻᐱᚑ߄ႀ ޯఱ ఓ཯དྷࡩƄ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଘଓƄࡼ ࡷ
࣐ࠦ ୍ง୹ ୪Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ‫މ‬ଗଓƄƆಒ౷ߦߙࠦၰ ܻ‫཯ ࢵޢ‬ཅߦ‫ރ‬ƥūƆƌܻᐳ႖્ ઻ޯߘƥūƆॅळၯ ཯ཏࠖ ࣀ ߙū፥ ጒ፥ ገƄ߄ ၮƀࡣ ‫ݹߦݘ‬
‫(ۑ‬47,2011ŨܸၦଘଐƁ)ߎ ެ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬ଘଓࢇ ߙ༟༎Ƅƥࠦዙኒ ஊै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬ၮܻެߥࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬Ɔಒ౷ߙ࣠ࠧƥ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ƥଛଓƄ߄ ‫ހܻࡩީݘ‬
݊ ࢠƥƥࡴ ᐱᏹƎƥܻࣃ ࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߙƅ ࢖ஊै ƄƎ࣠ࡷƀ፥ ጿࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀ౰ే޲ჴఱ ఓ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ƣ ᇴᆝƥ
ƣ ᇴᆝ ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥūࡴ ࠩࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ൞ᒑᐽơ ॅळၰ ࡼ ‫ީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ᐱᚑܻࡷƀ໠ ໄ൞൙ࣀ ଐଌƄࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄ
ଘଓƂ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ܻࠧƥ࢔‫ݓ‬ ‫ݹ‬Ɔƥ୷ ‫ܻࡷ ࡼ ݌‬ዙኽūƆ౰ేެࡩƄƤƎᇴᇍ ߙܾ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻያዜ ࡣ ዙ၁ဤࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀࡼ ࡷƏ౰౎‫ݹ‬
ᚭ
ƪ
ƨ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƠƫ‫ې‬ſ‫ ٴ۔‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁૄƨસƨၫƬᇬ ƫᆚ‫ې‬
ࣝƨެƨߖ‫ݚ‬ƨ ࡴƬ୴ƨ
ƨ ‫ ݎ‬ƁƨƊ ܷƨ‫ߖ۔‬ƪ୶ ୧ƬଘଐƁ።ƪጼƬࡱƩࠤƬƋƪƢܸƨࢵ َ ‫و‬፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘū୹ ୪ଛଓƄ፥ ጿࡴ ࠧƎܻࣃ ჴࢵ Ƅƥࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀ݊ ዙዋ ƥ
‫ێ‬159ŨƠ Ɓ࢓ዖኵ ƞ ż ໝ ແƪᆼƪƫᆚƨࣝƨެƩᅗƬଉƁ‫ݧ‬Ʃ ƪ༥࿸Ʃ
ơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝƣ ƀ -ࠢެ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ࿃ Ⴉ Ǝ -ࡣ ީࠅ ௪ ௕ƍܻ‫ݑ ࡼࡷݘ‬Ƨ ࣠ީެࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ፥ ጿ౰ేࡓ ߦޯࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ Ƅࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ଘଓƌࡼ ࡷƥ
ܻ೘ೃ࿃ Ⴎ ߘƀơ ܻߥߙūžܻࢥ ߥࡩƄᑑ ᐽƓ ୹Ƭ‫ݑ‬ƣ Ƃ݊ ެࢧ ‫ ࡁޢ ߎކ‬ơ ܻߥߙࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፟ ፑƂࠢޯ޲‫ހݘ‬໠ ໄၰ ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ
Ꭸ፻ƣ ܺߙơ ܻߘ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝࠦެࣀ ხߙơ ܻߘ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƅ ܻૻ૓፥ ጿࡼ ࡓ ‫ݹ‬Ꭸ፻ƣ ܺߙơ ܻߘū‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƅ ܻૻ૓፥ ጿ
ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝƅ ྲ Ⴎ ߙơ ܻߘū፥ ጋƀमऌ߄ ᐱᐢࠅ ƀơ ܻߘ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝࠦެࢵ ፥ ጿࡼ ࡓ ‫ݹ‬
Ũฤ ෷ኃ ቮƁ) ߄ ዙ዇ ƀƤƄƥƎ ቻቱ࣠ࢵ Ǝƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ࿃ Ⴉ मअܻଐଌ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝƫơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝࢇ ߙƥƧ ኅ ቱƄ ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ ߄ٵٶ‬ସନଣ Ƅơ ܻߘᎨ᎜Ƨ Ǝ߄ ࢢ ࣷࣳࢵ ƥ
‫(ۑ‬59, 2012
ƉƁ࢓ߖଘଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ƟܸࡷެࠤକଐƁ ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ -4
፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂƇ ܻ൞൙࣏ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠩࠅ ࢖ࠑ ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƥƌܻީ‫ࠦࡩݘ‬ዙ዇ Ǝࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ ƨƄ߄ ዙಟಝ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࡣ ࢵ Ǝƀ
ƨܻࡺ‫ ࠁޢ‬Ǝƨܻߙ࣐࣠ ‫ݑ‬ƣ ᇴᆝ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ (106ŨŻܸ‫ޟ‬ძჅଘଐƁƃƋࣝࢲ ໝ ແ଍ଉܸ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺࠣዖዄ ƋକଐſƝ ܸީ࡬ࢲ ƋŽܸࡴƢ
ໝ ແީࡴ࣐଍ଉܸ‫ݽ‬
ం௴ ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫ ࢚ ‫ݶ‬༄໧ বঝީ‫࡬ޟࠟࡴܸ ݎ‬ၫऩं୴ ‫ ݎ‬፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ࣠ߥ‫ ࡴݹ‬ᐱ᏶Ƅ༅໪ ƀƥࡴ ࠩࠁ Ƅ࢖ߙƀࡴ ࠩࡁ Ǝܻఴ ఓࡴ ᐱᏳƨܻࡺޯᐱᚑūࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ܾ‫ހ‬
ࡴ ܻࠧ୆คƌ፥ ጿࡴ ࠩ‫୐ߦݘ‬෺ܻଐଌƨܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ߄ࡷƥƨܻ൞൙‫ ࡴࡷݘ‬ಛಗƣ ᇴᆝ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ (128Ũࠣ‫ݽ‬
ࣝެࡦƁ "বঐ߾ Ƌƛ ƢŻƋ
Ʀ ༇໩ ƀƇ ܻ‫ݓ‬
ࡩࣷࣳ‫ ࠅࠩࠩ ࡴࡩޯݘ‬ƥࠢ‫ރ‬ƀūࠢ‫ܻހ‬༨༦ ƀžƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ୓ก -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે઻ࢢ -ࠢࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄቿቷ޲ࡷƀࡼ ࡷƥūࡴ ࠧƄ༇໩ ƀƥ
63
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ୐෺߄ ଐଌƄ፟ ፑ‫ إ‬Ɔ࢖ࠖ ಛಗƄ߄ ‫ހݘ‬Ɗ ൎ൉ࣀ ࡩƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄ࣠൞൙‫ ࡼࡩޢޯݘ‬৤ৈষƄ፟ ፑƂࡴ ࠩ࡯ࢵ Ǝƀƥūࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽƄ౰ేၩ
‫ۑ‬ƆƎ࣠ެଐଌƄ
Ƈ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࣩ ያዜ ଛଓƄࡴ ࠩߦࡩƄƥࡴ ࠩߙƥ࢖࣌ ƥƐ ܻެࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ ƆܻၮƄ୹ ୪፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƥ
ࡼ ࡷ࢖ᐳႰ ެ‫ߙޢ‬ūࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻၰ ࡼ ࡷƥūࠢެࡷž༅໮ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷƣ ƀ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓƣ ƀ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓƣ ƀūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ
(48,2011ŨܸၦଘଐƁ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ހܾࡷܻރ‬Ƣܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥūࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻၰ ƆܻၮƄ୹ ୪໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƅ Ǝܻࢥ ‫ ߄ކ‬ၴ ࣠‫ݹ‬ଘଓƥūܻࠩ࡯ၴ ƀ
ƛ ോെၽ ެࢲ କଐƁ ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ -5
ơ ܻߘū፥ ፕ Ƅ࣠‫ݑ ࡼރ‬Ƅƥ߄ ‫୓ݘ‬กƄƥƤ୹ ୪Ƅƥܾ‫ހ‬Ƅॅळ޲೘೉ƄƍƂƓ ƎଛଓƄ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᐟࡓ ೘಼ƣ ܾ‫ހ‬໠ ໄެࡷ࣓ଐଌƄƤƌܻީ‫ݑ‬፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ၮƥ
ᚭ
Ƭࡱ ƪࠦƪ࡬Ƭަƨߕࡹ ƪࡴƨ௧ ோƪኂƫƪቮƁߋ ƨƨ࡬ƬၽƨެƬ ॅ ܸࢤƫ‫ࡦې‬ƁƁूरƪዖƨኵƨƢ ƬᚵƩ௴ ީƪࡴƁࣝƩީƨࡴżƨ௧ ோኂƫቮƁƩ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓƨ߁ƨၫƨƢ ፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬
ࢲ Ɓሬƨሞᇾƨ ƪƐ ƋƬଘଐƁ።ƪጼƬࡱƩᐮƪƫᐜƨߣƪ࡬ƬၽƨެƬࢽƨფƨࡦƄƪ ƨܸஇƪ
ᚭ
ƋࣝީࡦƁ ܸƪƫ‫ޜ‬Ƭფࢵƨ ። ጏƨƠ ࣝƩ࠾ ƪྯƬྜƩཻ କଐ઴ ƪઔƨ੫ƢƩ߁ƩަƬ‫ݕ‬ ƨ‫ݶ‬ܸƪƫީƬࡴŽƬࡱ ƪࠦƪߖƬ߽ࣝƨ ƪ߁ Ƭ‫ݕ‬
ƨ‫ݽ‬ࡹƬ ƫࡴࡱƩᐮƪƫᐜƨࡦƫƪ߁ƨަƩ‫ޟ‬ƨࡦƨƢ ƬࡱƩಘƨಔྺ ƨႫƨ‫ރ‬ƬƋƁƤ ƪኂƫƪቮƁƩࡱƩᐮƨᐜ᠀ƪƉ ƬࡱƩಘƨಔໝƫ‫ې‬
ƨ໋ƫࡐ Ʃৡƨ৅঴ƨƢ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ƣ ſ࢖ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƌƎƥሯሡሁ (55:
߰ ‫ ࡓࠩ ߎ ࡁޯ࣠ࢠޢ‬ᚻࡩƄƆƎ࣠ࢵ ፥ ጿ ໠ ໄ‫ࡩߥ࢖ރ‬Ƅƥƍࡼ ‫ ࡣݑ‬ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƈ ߄ ༨ဈ Ƭ
୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅơ ܻߘ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ܻ ࠁޢ‬ᐱᏹƎܻ‫ݹ‬बऌƢܻߘ཯དྷࡩƄࢇ ࣍ ܻެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƐ ܻެࡩƄƆܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬፥ ጿơ ࣠༨ဈ ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬ƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ Ƃࡼ ࡷࠢެࡓ ࡷܻࡷࡼ ‫ݑ‬
‫ێ‬84Ũߋ ࠦࡐ ᚸࡦƁƃƋࣝࢲ ܸަძࢲ Ż࿀ ႓ᇬ ᆚ ࡹ ࡴơܸީფ჈żƢƐ ƋଘଐƁ። ጼቸቮܸຢ๽ࡴܸ‫ހ‬ſ ࡣ ၴ ƥ
Ɯ ോെၬ ଘଐƁऩं࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƋƢƉᚸྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ɖܸၭ
ቻቱ࣠ߥ‫ݑ࣠ކࠢހ‬ƌ፥ ጿ໠ ໄީଐଌƄƉ ܻᐱᐟଐଌƄƥūࠢޯ޲‫ࡷ ࡼހݘ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄࠦ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄžܻ‫ޢ‬ხ჈൑ᑉᐽᎨ᎙ܻၯ ཯ཌެࡁ Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄơ ࣠ࢵ Ǝƌ߄ ၰ
ၑ࿒ Ǝܻ‫ ކ‬፥ ጿܻࠧƄ࢖༬ீ ‫཯ ࠀ ࣐ ݝ‬དྷࡩƄቿቱܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅƣ ᇷᆝƥ "Ɵ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƢƎᇴᇍ ࡷࡴ ೘೉ଛଓ‫ݘ޲ ݝ‬
Ƭ‫ܻހ‬೘ೆƂ :-ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -
ūࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ݶ‬
ܻࢥ ߙযও‫ݑ‬ਔ ৿ࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀ߄ ࣃ ჱ჋ଘଓūܻಛಗ࣠ࠁ Ɛ ܻެࡩƄ݊ ዙዋ ƥܻࠩ‫ࡷ ߄ ࢸݘܻݑ‬፥ ጿƨƄ౰ేީࡁ ƨƄ߄ ࠩࠅ ܻᐱᐜࠁ ܻࢢ ơ ਓ ৹ƥūƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬9,1999ū፥ ፑƄ࢔‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄ Ɔ౰ేࢧ ‫઻ ેހ‬ၮܻᐱᐕࡩƂƄ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓཀྵདྷࠁ ūࡴ ᐱᐟ‫ݑޢ‬ƀƢܻࡷƀơ ሯሡሓ ᚻࡩƄƟ ܻߙſƆƎܻ‫މ‬ᓘƥ
፥ ጕܻఱ ఝƂ౰ేያዧ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ࠧ࣠ ࢢܻ ࠁ ݪ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙūযওߥࡩƄƥƟ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓܻ‫ހ‬Ƣ౮౔࡯‫ୖࠦކ‬෺߄ ၰ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦߘޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ
Ƥ౰ేያዧ ūƟ ࣠ߦޯࡩƄ‫ ߄و‬഻വറƄƥƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄ፥ ጾƄ୹ ୪፟ ፑƂࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެ೘ೃƥūࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ࢖೘ೃžܻߥ‫ކ‬ƎଘଓƄ፟ ፑƂƤƌ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬౰ేያዧ ƥū߄ ߥޯࡷ‫ߘ࡯ ݪ‬ƥ፥ ጨ
ࡼ ࡷơ ܻၮƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ፟ ፑƂƄॅळࢢ ƥ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄࡴ ࠧƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƥūžƄ࣠ࠧଛଓƄƥࠢ‫ࡩޯޢ‬ƄžƄ࢖༨༦ ፥ ጿࠢޯ࡯ࢢ ࣠‫ ࣯ࠧ࣠ހ‬ஊै Ƅ
ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ଘଓࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄƥࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄ౰ే‫ݘܻݹ‬ଐଌƄƥū፥ ጿ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄࡴ ࠧ࣠೘ೆ፥ ጿߴ ࢥ ެࡩƄ
્ ઻ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ހ ࡣ ހ‬ūƎܻީࠅ ଗଓܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᏳžܻߥ‫ކ‬ƎଘଓƄযঠ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓ݊ ߙƄƥኆ ቱƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬༨ဂ ܻᐱᐕެხ჋যঠ‫ࢠࠦހ ࡣݹ‬ƥ࢖ߦࡷ
ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄ݊ ‫ ࠖޢ‬ఴ ఠࡼ ࡷਔ ৹ଘଓࡣ ‫ހ‬ū‫ ࡓީ ݝ‬ᚻࡩܻ‫࡯ޢࠢހ‬ၮƌमƬअƣ ƀഭ ୣީჱႾଘଓࠦߥ‫ߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬Ƅƥū१ ॏ‫ߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
64
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ે઻ၮƄƥഁ೨मअƣ ƀഭ ୣީჱႾࡣ ‫ހ‬ūਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽ፥ ጘƄኅ ቱƄžܻࢠƎଗଓƄܻᐱᐟࡷƓ ࢖‫ݓ‬

ࡩƄࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ƥƌ࢖༬ீ Ƅ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƣ ƀഭ ୣީჱႾଘଓƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄ
‫ێ‬29, 2004,። ጒƁ࢓ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ƨܻࢥ ‫ݹ‬ƀࡴ ᐱᐢࠒ ࡯ࢧ ࡷƢ߄ ༧ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄƓ Ƅ୹ ‫ ݌‬ଛଓƄ
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ‫ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ዙኽūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧบ คᇴᆝ ƨܻ‫ݹ‬ƀƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢖ࠧ࣠ࠅ ፥ ፕ Ɵ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ūࠢၮ୍ܻงƀ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄƅ ܻࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅƥࠢޯߦ‫ ࣌ޢ‬ƥƥࠢޯࡺᐱᚑ፥ ጿ߰ භච ൭ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓ
໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄࠦߥ‫މ‬ƥࠦީ༨ீ ࠢީࣀ ࡓ ‫ܻࡩޢࠦކ‬ၮƇ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ܾ‫୓ݘܻࡷ ࡣࡷݘࠩ ࡴހ‬෺ƣ ƀࠢ‫ކܻހݘޢࠢߙݘ࡯ޢ‬žଘଓƥƅ ܻࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƌƄƎƀƄƍᓘƥ
-཯ཌެᑃᐽƨܻࣀ ࡯༬ீ ࡴ ᐱᏳ ࢖ߘƀ࣠ࠧƨܻߘൎ൉ၯ ƀƐ ܻެࡩƄࡼ ࣀ ࠁ ܾߙࡴ ࠧਔ ৯ܻߥࡩࡴ ࠩ࡯ީߥ‫ކ‬ƥƐ ܻެࡩƄࠦީഷവറƨƄƎܻ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ள ஭உै Ƅࡼ ࣀ ஊ஀ ūࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱ
߄ ߘƥūள ஭உै Ƅࡼ ࣀ ࠁ ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƣ ᇴᆝ ܻଐଌƬܻ‫ީݘ‬ჴޯࡷƥࠢޯჱࣀ ࡩƨܻީࣀ ჴެࡷ࣠ࠩߙᑑ ᐽƍࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠‫ ݹ‬-ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ
‫(ۑ‬3Ũࣰࣴ ߢࡦƁƃƋࣝࢲ বঐ࣌ ‫ ݎ‬ர பၬ ૄ સ‫ݕ‬
ࡦࠬ ‫ހ‬ᓕƢቻቱ࣠ߥ‫ހ‬፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࠢߦࢢ ƥ
Ƅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
୊෾ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫᚸྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬። ጒܸ‫ކ‬
ܻᐱᐟࡷࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै ƄƇ ଘଓ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Ƈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กࠦߘൎ൉ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ
࣬ පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ କଐƁƉƁ߁ ၫଔଐƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ -
ܻଐଌࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹࠦࡷ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬Ɓ༟༎ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀƇ Ƅಐ౷‫ ୹ކ‬୪Ʀ ߄ ၰ ƀࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ౰౎ޯ‫ކݘ‬
ࠢၮ୍ܻงƀƖ ܻެߘᓘƥࠢ୓෺ƁƎƗ ൎ൉‫ހ‬Ƃે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩܻ‫ޯ ݊ހ‬๻๬ึƣ ƀਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮƥūࠦ‫ߘݘޢ‬ƄƥƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ƨൎ൉ީߥޯࣀ ࡷࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƣ ࣠ࡓ ޯࢵ
‫ ࢵޢࠢۑ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪በሼƎܻࣃ ೘ೃܻࠧƌƄ߄ ၮܺᄣƢ࣠ߥ‫ޢࠦݹ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥܻᐱᏳ
ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƆƌܻ‫୍ܻ ࣍ࠩࡺܻހܻࡩߥޢ‬งƎƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ‫ ࢵࠦࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ƄƎƌ౰ేఴ ఠƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ࡼ ࡷ ᇯ ᆝ ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ހ‬ൎ൉ၮ Ơ ܻެࠧ ƣ ƀƥ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ࠅ࣠ࠧ࢖ݹࠦ ހ‬ൎ൉ၮ
໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ໠ ໄ୍งƥū௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅƥū࣯ භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄ߃ ‫ࡩޯެߦޢ‬Ƅƥ࣯ භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄ࣊ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆งܻࡷƏƎᇴᇍ ࡩƄ
௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓܻ‫ހ‬ƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ࠅ࣠ࠧ࢖ݹࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡷ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
‫ ێ‬2012,ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢽ ࡦƁࠣୃ෾࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁቝቋᚸ࡬ࡷ଍ଉƁࠣၾ ࢤ ࡦƁƃƋƁƌƢཬཉࢽ ჱީࡴफ़ ौެ࡬ࡴ ࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ
౭ౄ‫ݐޟ‬
ެࡦƁƃƋƁƉᓕƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ -
ƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊ஀ ūܻࠧƎᇴᇍ ‫ރ‬Ƃƥƀܻࠩ࡯ܻࠧ༬ဈ ࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓࠦߥ‫ ࠁߥޢ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ݹ࣓ࡷ ࡼހ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ
ơ ܻ‫ߙݘ‬ƅ ॅळࢵ ܾ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƆƎ߄ ߘƥūࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬ƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮཀྵདྷࠁ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩܻ‫ࡷ࡯ޢޟࠦހ‬
ޯᑃᐽࠢ‫ޢݘܻހ‬ჴࢵ ܻ‫ ࠁߥࠦހ‬ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬
ޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƎƌܻߘƧ ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƅ ॅळࢵ ƀ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ใ (31,2011ŨܸၦଘଐƁ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬༨༤ Ƅƥƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƦ मअࡼ ࡷƠ ܻެࠧƥ
65
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƆƎܻީ‫ࠧ࣠ݑ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄܻࡺެყჅūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅߴ ࢥ ‫ރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷ༝༎Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡩܻ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮቻቱƥ፥ ፎ ܻެߘଗଓƄཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ ࡣݹ‬Ƅ -1
‫ۑ‬༇໩ ſž࿃ ྟ྅ž࿃ ႖ơ Ƅ߄ ީჴࢵ Ƅࡼ ‫ݑ‬
Ƈ ܻၮܻެߥࡩƄࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬ඳඣ ൴ƈ ƌܻஊै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄે ઻ၮว ง౰౔‫ࡷܻݹ‬ଘଓƂƧ ƌܻࡷƥƀ፥ ፑܻࡷƌƥƌ୹ ୪Ƨ ƀࠢ‫ݹߥ ࢧ ߄ހ‬ଘଓࡣ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ -2
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏳࠦၮܻެߥࡩƄƥƆಒ౷ߦࡩƄࢇ ࡺ‫ކݘ‬Ʀ ߄ ೘ೃƎƄ߄ ߥଐଌƄบ กܻ‫މ‬ഭ ୨‫ ࣍ީޢ‬ၖ࿟ ܻ‫ߙࠩ࣠ރ‬
ࠢ‫ީޢ‬ჱ჋ƣ ƥƌƇ ܻၮܻެߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƈ ߄ ༨࿻ ƣ ƀ፥ ፕ ܻಛಗࠢީޯჱႾƣ ƀਔ ৹ଘଓ཯དྷࡩƄว คƄ࣠எै Ƅࡴ ࠧƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ -3
žƄ߄ ၮƀቻቱ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩᇴᆝቻቱࠦࡷƥܻߥࡷଘଓࡣ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅƣ ܺߙࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƥūƆਔ ৲߄ எै ƄࠦၮܻެߥࡩƄࡣ ީߥޯࡩƆƄƌܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ୹ ‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ƥƀơ ࣠‫ࡷޢ‬
ޯࡩƄžƄ༇໮ ࡼ ࡷƆྲ ႖ܻީࡷƆƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ࠩ ࡴހ‬ஊै ܻࢧ ࡷƎྲ Ⴎ ୓ข௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄࡴ ࠧƥ
Ƨ Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƈ ߄༨ဈƬ ཯དྷࡩƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠޲ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ݹ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƨܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦߘ࢖ހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀƅ ࢖ߘƀ -4
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐟࡷƣ ƥƎྲ Ⴎ ޯࡷžƄ߄ ၮƀܻಛಗ࢖࣏ࠩ ‫ߘ ߄ݹ‬ƥ
ƣ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ଛଓƄ ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬፥ ጿƨܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࢸ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߘ ߄ݹ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࡣ ‫ߥܻހ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿūࡣ ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ރࠢކ‬ଛଓࢇ ዙኸ ƀƤमकƀࡣ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ -5
‫ۑ‬ƣ ࣠ࡺࢥ ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬ƣ ƥƌƤ࣠ࠅ ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬
ᎨᎉƄƌƧ ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ơ ॅळࢵ ƥࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺዙኤ ƈ ߄ ༨࿻ ࡣ ‫ހ‬ūࠢ‫ߙޢ‬ƅ ࣠‫ ୹ ݌‬୪౰ేၩ݊ ߘƄƥࡼ ࡷள ஭࣐ ୐෺ƣ ƀ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺ଘଓࡣ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ -6
ቿቱܻၰ ࡼ ࡷள ஭࣐ ୐෺ƣ ƀਔ ৹ଘଓ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƥū્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ፥ ጿƎƄಒ౷ޯࡩƄƥƈ ƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ
ޯࡩƄଘଓƂࡣ ஊै Ƅƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ൎ൉ߙ‫ޢ ݟ‬༨ဂ ܻᐱᏹܻၴ Ǝƌƀ࣠ࢵ ƀ፟ ፑƂƎ࣠ࡷଛଓƄܻᐱᐕߙ ࡣ ࢧ ‫ކ‬
ܻၩଛଓƄ ܻࠧഃ೨ƍ཯དྷࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƣ ƀଘଓƂū໠ ໄ‫ކ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧࢪ ყࡩࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡷ ࡼߘޢ‬ž༅໮ ፥ ፕ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ߙߥޢ‬ū໠ ໄ‫ކ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߥࠦހ‬୆ช࣠ࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߰ ࢥ ୓ข౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ū࢖࣏ ‫ܻރ‬ᐱᐕߙࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࡣ ዙ၁ေଘଓ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀቻቱ࣠ߘƥū્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢܻᐱᚑࡼ ࡷž༅໮ ࣠ࠧ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƥūơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄ
ࡣ ߥ‫ࠦࡩޯ࣠ࢠޢ ߰ ࡁޢߦޢࠦރ‬༨༤ Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁमऌଘଓƂܻࡷ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƊ ܻ༬စ ൎ൉ߙū౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƊ ܻႅ ެࡩƐ ܻࢵ ଛଓƄ࢖ᄽ஛ ࠦ‫޲ܻހ‬೘ೃ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅƣ ƀ
‫ۑ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠦީࢵ ܻެࡷƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬žƄ༇໮ ܺᄣơ ࣠ࡷܾࡷ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
ܸᐮᐟࠦࠂ Ɓࣝࡴ። ጼܸࠤƋƢƉƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠟၱ Ɓࣝ‫ރ‬Ƅ ܸަߢ‫ ݎ‬ƢƄ ܸ‫ݶ‬
߁ ༥စ ᚸྯ ႞‫ކܸࡦݜ ݎ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷƨƄƌ߄ ၮࠦߥࠁ ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƥƇ ଘଓ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄƇ Ə࢖ߙƀ཯ཏߥޯࡩƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƥ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢ߄ ߥޯᑃᐽƨƄ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬
፥ ጘଜଓƄܻࠩዙ዗ƀࡼ ࡷ (39,40,2006Ũ። ጶƌܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࠦୖ෺߄ ၰ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡁߥޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄ
ࠣࢽ ߖܸީ଍ଉƁ -1
66
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠢ‫ކ‬Ə࢖ߙƀܻࡷƏमऌƀ፥ ፕ ƥūࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥࣷࣳ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƄܻᐱᐟࡷƥƆ౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄƇ ܻႅ ޯެଐଌƄࡣ ࢥ ߙƀƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ፥ ፕ

ܻዙኽūผ ෺߄ ஊै Ƅྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ Ƈ ƌƄƏܻ൞ᇅᆝ Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɔ߄ ၰ ƌƄƌबऒࠦࣀ ߙܻެଐଌƄƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ
ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūࠦ‫ݘ‬ያዜ ƥܻၴ ܻ୓คᓘƥƨܻ‫ކ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƨƄ౮ే೘೉ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩે ઻ၮƢ߄ ߥޯࡩƄƥ౮ేࡺޯᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠƥଘଓƂࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷࡼ ࡷ
‫ ࡴێ‬ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷܻࠩࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࢪ ߙܻެޯࡩƄƆ߄ ၰ ે઻ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬
୓ขƣ ƀܻࠩ‫઻ ેࡷ࣠ߘݘ‬ၮࣉ ߙܻႁ ޯࡩࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƨܻࡷƄ༝༎Ǝܻࢢ
ࠣᚸᚼ ଍ଉࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ -2
Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ ݊ ‫ ྲݹ‬႞ࡩƄ ፥ ጬ ࣠ࡩ࣠ެࡓ ޯࡩƄ Ƣ߄ ߥޯࡩƄ ‫ ݪ‬ხఱ చ ߄ ၰ Ƅƥ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࢢ ƣ ܻປ຀ࡩ Ꭸ፻ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ơ ࣠༨ဈ ፥ ፕ
ūࠦࣀ ߙܻެଐଌƄਔ ৲߄ ࢸ Ƌ ܻެࡷ፥ ጿᄈ ཾܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƒ ࢖ߙࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ƣ ƀƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ Ƨ ߄ ႁ ޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƥūƇ ଘଓܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄƥ
ࡣ ߘƀ፥ ጿܻಛಗܻዙኸ ƀžƄƌƀ፥ ጿƖ Ƅྲ ႓ଗଓƄơ ƥܻ༨ဈ ūࠦଐଌ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷܻࠩ࡯ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥū‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅࢪ ߦ‫ރ‬፥ ጿ߰ ޯߦެࡷƥ
ơ Ƅ࣠ࡷଛଓƄƎܻࡺ޲ჴࢵ Ƅƥūߎ ‫ࡩޢ‬ᇴᇍ ޯࡩƄ࢛ ‫ߦޢ‬༧ဈ ƥūܻಛಗࠦၰ ܻޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷଗଓƄࡼ ࡷƆਔ ৯ܻߦࡩƄযও࣏ ‫ܻࡩޯݘ‬ᐱᐕ‫ݘ‬ఱ చࡼ ࡓ ያዪ‫ߘ ݝ‬ƥ
‫ێ‬ቿ ቷ࣐ ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ
ࡠ ޯࡴଘଐƁƟƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ କଐƁƉƋƁࣝ଍ଉƁƟƁ߁ၽ ެࢲ Ɓૄ સၫƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƃƋ߁ ߕ -3
ūࡣ ޲ࡷƀᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦၰ ܻޯଐଌƄƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ଘଓࠦࢵ ܻଐଌƄࠦၴ ܻஊै Ƅ߰ ީࢧ ‫ކ‬ƎƄ࢖ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄƢ߄ ၮƥࠦࣀ ߙܻެଐଌƄƌ࣠ఱ ఠܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬
ƨଘଓॅळၰ ࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬Ƅ‫୓࣠ ࠅ ݪ‬෺ܻެࠧƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ߄ ၰ ƀƄ߃ ࠧ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
ે ઻‫ߙݘ‬ūࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄơ ॅळஊै Ƅࡼ ‫ ݟݑ‬ඳඝ ൭Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƧ ߄ ‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ‬Ƅߴ ᐱᐟࡩƄࢪ ࡓ ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥūܻࠩߥ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ቿቱƥܻഷവറƄƥƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ൞ᒑᐽે ઻޲ࡷ
߄‫ࡩޯܾ ࡁޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷūƎ߄ ࠧƧ ܾ‫ހ‬Ɗ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄƥƀƌƎ࣠ࡷƧ ƀਔ ৲߄ ୍งƢ߄ၮƥū݊ ‫ߙ࢖ ࢢࠦކ ࢥޢ‬Ƨ ƀƠ मऒƢ߄ ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕ࡯ၮ࣏ࠦ ߙܻഷവറƄ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ཯དྷࡩƄƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄ߄ ၰ ᇷᆝ ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ે ઻ၮ
ቼቴࡴܸࣀ ࡦƁƃƉࣝ஋ॅ Ɓ -4
፥ ጿƞ ƥ࢖‫ࠧ࣠ࡷݘ‬ሯሡሁࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ݘ‬ƄƆƌ࣠ࠅ ࠢ‫ݹߥ ࢧ ߄ހ‬ଘଓƥū፥ ጿ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߴ ޯެଐଌƄƆƌ࣠ࠅ ܻެࠧƆƌ࣠எै Ƅ཯ཏ‫ކݘ‬
౮ేࡺޯࡷ߄ ‫ ࠅޢ‬যও࡯‫ކݘ‬Ꭸᎌ߄ ߥ‫ܻࡷݘࠦކ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮƆƌ࣠எै Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓƥūࠦ‫ࡩ ࢧެܻݑޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻႅ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
‫ߙޢࠢۑ‬Ƅ࢖‫ݓ‬
எै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ፥ ጿ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ࠩࠅ ܻ୓คܻ‫ހ‬ƄƥƏƥܻႅ ޯ‫ࡩޢ‬
ࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƎܻࠧƌƏଘଓƄƥ౮ే৤৕ষƄƥƢ߄ ߥޯࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬፥ ፕ ࠦࡷ߄ உै Ƅƥƀࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƆƌ࣠எै Ƅ‫ ࢢީ ࠒ ݝ‬ƀ߄ ߘƥ
ūƇ ܻߥߦࢧ ࡩƄ߄ ߥ‫ݑ‬ƥƇ ܻࢧ ߘܻެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦࢢ ܻၯ ࣯ ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮቿቷࢠܻߦଐଌƄƊ ൎ൉ࢵ Ɔƌ࣠எै Ƅ‫ ࢢީ ࠒ ݝ‬ƀƥūƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
Əƥܻභඣ ൺഭ ഑ ᚻࡩƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄᇯ ᇍ ࡩƨܻߙ߄ ࠧƆƌ࣠எै Ƅ‫ ࢢީ ࠒ ݝ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ކߦܻߘޢ‬ଘଓƄ፟ ፑƂƢܻࡺࢥ ‫ރ‬ൎᑉᐽࠦࢠƥܻߦଐଌƄ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƥ
‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦۑ‬ശവറƄƥबअଗଓƄƆƌܻᐳ႖ે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ॶॱ५ƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƀਔ ৹ܻެࠧࡼ ࡷƥūࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ࢖‫ݓ‬
எै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅܻᐱᏹܻႅ ޯެࡷ
67
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ރ ࡐީࣝࡦࣝ ࠂޟ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݶ‬

߁ ༥စ -5
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ౰౎ࡁ ƀࡼ ࡷࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै ƄƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄܻ‫ކ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬౰౎ޯ‫ކݘ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩޯߥެޢ‬Ƅƥ Ƈ ଘଓଜଓƄᑻ ᑧ‫཯ކ‬ཏხ჋ƥƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ ે ઻ၮƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅᑻ ᑧ‫ކ‬ƆƎ߄ ߘƦ ߄ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌᑑ ᐽƍƥผ ෺߄ ஊै Ƅྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ
ūƆƌ࣠எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Əƥࠦߦᆿᇍ ޯࡩƄ࢛ ‫ߦޢ‬༧ဈ ƥūƇ ܻႅ ޯެଐଌƄƥƉ ܻ୓คଗଓƄमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩܻࠩߦ‫ކ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƥūࡣ ޲ࡷଛଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ଘଓƄܻᐱᚑƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥ
ܻᐱ᏶ଛଓūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ଘଓƄƥžܻߥީࡩƄ߰ ୆งܻߦࡷ߄ ၰ ƀ࣠ࠧ፥ ጬ ࣠ࡩ࣠ެࡓ ޯࡩƄमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƣ ܻ‫ހ‬Ơ Ǝਔ ৿ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ߙܻࡩߥޢ‬
ቿቱܻࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၰ ᓘƥūࠦߦᆿᇍ ޯࡩƄ࢛ ‫ߦޢ‬༧ဈ ƥūƉ ܻ୓ค്ᑉᐽƢƏൎᑉᐽƄ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ ࡁޯ ࠑߦޢ‬ūቿ ቷ‫ݶ‬
ܻಛಗƄƇ Ƅ౮ేࡺଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƨƄƌ߄ ၮࢇ ߥ༨ဈ
ࡼ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ॡ ॏ୍งƥūܻࠧमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩࠦୖ෺߄ ၰ Ǝᇴᇍ ߙƀƎᇴᇍ ୓กܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻႅ ޯެଐଌƄमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥūƆƎܻᐱᚑࡣ ߘଛଓƄࡣ ༨ீ Ɔ࢖ܻࠧଐଌƄ
যও‫ࡩޯߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫઻ેࡷݘܻݹ‬ၮƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƟ ࢖࣍ ƥ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ƀે ઻ၮमक࣓‫ߙࠩ ࣯ކ‬ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࡴ ࠧƀ
ࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮƥࠦ‫ ྲݹ‬ႡხࡩƄƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄƆƎƄƌƂ፥ ጿƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޯީݘ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄે઻ၮƥƇ ܻႅ ޯެଐଌƄƆƎƥƌે ઻ၮƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɩ ƥྲ ႡଐଌƄ
౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡦƁ਑ ৯߁ ࢵ ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴᎥ፸ܸၫ። ጼƄ ƁƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁƊܸ༤စ Ɓ-6
Ƈ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬႓ࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅ፥ ጘܾ‫ ࢸ ߄ކࠢݹ‬ƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦၴ ࣠ࡷࠦၮྲ ႞ࡩ
ࠦ‫ݹࠦࡷ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬ƁƎž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᏹƎ߄ߘે ઻ၮߎ ߘ࣠ޯࡷƧ ߄ ႁ ޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƥūơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄƆƌܻߘƢܻࡷƀƨܻ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬ƨܻ‫ݹ‬
߄ ༨ဈ ܻᐱᐕߙ
Ƨ ߄ ႁ ޯࡩƄƥūࡣ ࢥ ߙƀᇯ ᇍ ఴ చƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡼ ࡓ ೘಼‫ޢ ݟ‬༨ဂ ūࠦ೘ಹൎ൉ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƃࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ſƥࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥ
݊ ࡷƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄࢇ ߙƄ࣠‫ކ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮܻ೘ೆᓘƥ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬ஊ஀ Ƈ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࢪ ყࡩࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢܻࡷƀ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƥቿቱܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ፥ ጿቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽܻࠧ࣠‫ࢠݘ‬ƥ཯དྷࡩƄ࣐ࠦ உै ƄƥƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ࣠‫ކ‬
ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥū࿃ ႓ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৹žܻၴ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
ܻᐱ᏶ƀᑑ ᐽƍūƧ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄơ ഻ܻവറƄܻࠩዙ዗ƀƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ፥ ጿܻࠧƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ Ǝ࣐࣠ ‫ݹࠦކ‬मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱ
ቿቷ޲ࡺޯࡷƆƌܻߥࡩƄܻᐳ႓Ǝܻ೘಼Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷūࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻߘƥ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƥಒ౷ߙƥߴ ᐱ᏶ࡣ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬
‫ۑ‬፥ጾൎ൉ၯ ƀ፥ ፑܻ޲ࡷ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥūࡴ ࠩ࡯ࡷ౮ేߦ༨ဈ ƥū໠ ໄ‫ޯܻހݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߙƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
‫ ࠅࠩࠢࡷ ࡼކ‬Ƅ࣠‫ܻކ‬೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ୍ง୹ ୪ܻᐱᏳƢ࣠ߥ‫ݶ ߎކ‬
ܻ࣌ ƥƥܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮಐ౷‫ކ‬मऒƃ ƌܻީࡷܻಛಗࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀሯሡሁ
௪ ௎ƌƢൎ൉ࢵ ଘଓܻߙ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱࡼ ࣀ ஊै Ƅள ஭ॵॱ५ࠦዙኸ ƄƌƆƌܻ‫ ࡁߥޢ‬Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿ१ ॏ‫ ࠁߥޢ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥܻಛಗƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦߥࠁ ൎ൉ޯࡷ
ܻࠧƎƥਔ ৹཯ དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅ౮ేࡺଐଌƄƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै Ƅࡼ ࡷቿቷዙ၅ါ݊ ޯ๻๬ึƣ ƀ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮƥ ūƟ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƢƎᇴᇍ ࡷƢܻ೘೉Ƃે ઻ၮᎨᎉܻߘ
68
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙƎƥबअ࢔‫઻ ેކݘ‬ၮਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƆƎ߄ ߘࡼ ዙኒ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࠢၮ୍ܻงƀƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿࡴ ܻࠧఱ ఠ
‫ހࠢۑ‬Ʀ ߃ ޯ༨࿻ ƨܻၴ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߙޢ‬ƨൎ൉‫ߙݘ‬ƥƨଘଓ࣠ߘࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࠢࢢ ൎ൉ၯ ᓘƥࠢީࠁ ƥࠢ‫ݶ‬
ଘଓƥƎܻࠩ࣌ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
ܻᐱᐟࡷƥƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƆƌܻߘࡼ ࡷ፥ ፎ ߄ޯఱ ఓᑑ ᐽƍƣ ܺߙࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄܻᐱᏳƇ ౮ే೘೉཯དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅ౮ేࡺଐଌƄࡣ ࣌ ፥ ጿƥ
ܻᐱᐢხࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄƆ౮ేଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥūܻᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ౮ే๻๬฽ƨžƄ߄ ୓กƂࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦࡩƄबअ࢔‫ܻࡩޯݘ‬ᐱᏳࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ‫ކ‬౰౎ޯ‫ކݘ‬፥ ፕ ƥūܻᐱᐢߥީࢵ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢࠦࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ዙኤ Ƅमऒࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ܻᐱᏳܻࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅžܻၴ ܻ೘ೆܺߙࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬
ࠦၮ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷࠦ‫ކ ࣏ ࡣރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƥūܻᐱᐕߙ‫ߘݘ ݝ‬ƥ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ީޢ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ࠦࡩީݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƥƇ ܻ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ƄƤ߃ ಛಗߎ ‫ݶ‬
ܻ࣌ ࣠ࡩƄƥ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଘଓƄ
‫ۑ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ࡷ཯ཕࠒ ީࡩƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄơ ƄƏܻࡷƥ‫ީ ࠒ ݟ‬ᑃᐽ
69
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ :‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
ผ ෺߄ॶॱ५ƥūܻࠩߙƄ߄ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠƥܻᐱ᏶࣠‫ ࢸޟ‬मअਔ ৿Ɔƌܻ‫ܻߘޢ‬ಛಗࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡁࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ߄ ‫ކݘ‬
Ɔमक࣓ଐଌƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ผ ෺߄ ஊै ܻ‫ހ‬ƨଘଓƥƀƟ ࢖࣐ ޯჱࢵ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࡼ ‫ݑ‬
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮܻᐱᐕߙ
Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ ። ፎܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƄ ܸࢽ ࢲ ࣐ࡴ࢚ ‫ ߽ ࢤܸݳ‬ᚸƥକଐƢŽ
ࠦ‫ ߄ࡩޢ‬எै Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƎܻ࣍ ଗଓƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬Ɔ౮ేያዪ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ Ɔ߄ ‫ހݘ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ݊ ޯ๻๬ใ
፥ ጘܾ‫ ࡷܻݹ‬26,24, 2003,ƅ ࣠ࠖ ༨ீ ܻᐱᏹܻ‫ࡷ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƥࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƥܻࠧਔ ৯ܻߘƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ౰ేࡓ ߦޯࡩƄ
࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅƥযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡺࢥ ࡷࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱܻ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀࠦያዜ ƥƍࠢ‫ܻࡷݘࠦހܾރ‬எै ƄƔ ܻఴ ఝƎ࣠༨ீ ᄎ ႞ჴႾ -1
‫ݑޢࠦۑ‬Ƅਔ ৹ƂƆƎƄƌƂ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƥ
ࠦ‫ ྲݹ‬ႡხࡩƄ࢖࣍ ଛଓܻ‫ހ‬Ƥ߄ ೘೉Ƨ ኅ ቱƄܻᐱᐟ࣍ ࣠ࡷࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ࡷᄎ ႓Ǝ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࠁ ࣀܻ ࢵޢ‬౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄ݊ ߘ࣠ଐଌƄ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ -2
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏹܻၴ ࢖༧ீ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄƥƇ Ƅžܻߦࡓ ᚻࡩƄƥ
ūƨܻࢥ ‫ݹ‬ƀ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄܻ೘ೃƎƥ౰ేࢧ ߥࡩƄ߄ ࡷଛଓƄ፥ ጿࠢ༬࿸ ܻ୓ค࢖࣏ࠩ ‫ކ‬ଘଓࡣ ၴ ଛଓƄࡣ ‫ ࣍࣠ݹ‬ƨƄƎܻࡺ޲ჴࢵ Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿƎܻࡺ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ -3
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ƄƎܻࡺ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƇ ƄƌƄमअƂƅ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ſࢇ ߙƥܻᐳ႓ܻ‫ݹ ࢧݘ ݪߘޢ‬ሯሡሁ
ƥƀūƨܻ‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢ‬ၰ ܻࠩ࡯‫࣠ݹ‬೘೉ƣ ᇴᆝ ܻࡷƄƍƂࠦࢢ ܻၯ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƢܻࡺޯࠧƄƎ࣠༨ீ Ƨ Ǝܻႅ ޯࡩƄࠢࡷ࣠ࠩߦ೘ೃၒ࿙ ༟༎Ƅ౰౎ޯ‫ݹݘ‬ଘଓ -4
‫ॱॺܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬५ࠦ‫ ࣀޢ‬ყࢵ ܾޯࡩƄࡣ ၰ Ƅ࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƨܻ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬Ɵ ܻߦ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ၒ࿙ ༟༎Ƅ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏹଘଓƇ ܻࠩࠅ ࡼ ࡷ
ƥƀࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƂƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ፥ ጿƆਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄᑻ ᑧ‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦݑ ࡼކ‬༧ீ ࡣ ዙኸ Ƈ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ܾ‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ᄎ ႞ჴ჆ -5
‫ࡷ ࣏ܻࠧ࢖ܻࠧۑ‬ƥܻᐱᏹܻ‫ࡷݘ ࣐ޢ‬ƥܻᐱᐕ᠍ܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƥܻಛಗ࣠ࢢ ƀ‫ ߄ࡷޢࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ၯ
ࠦၴ ܻஊै Ƅࠦ‫ ࣀܻ ࢵޢ‬ஊै ƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡺࢥ ࡷƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࠩଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦࢢ ܻၯ ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅࠦ‫ ࠁ ࣀܻ ࢵޢ‬-6
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄƥƖ ܻዙዋ ଗଓƄࡼ ࡷ݊ ࢵ ƄƥƎ߄ ߘ፟ ፑƂ
ūܻᐱᏹƎ ƄƌƂƢܻᐱᚑ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࠁ ࣀܻ ࢵޢ‬Ƈ ܻߥ࡯ஊै Ƅ౰౗ࡁ ƀࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐕߙ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅഁ೨ Ƅ࢖೘ೃቿቷ޲ያዪࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩܻ‫ܻࡷݘޢࠦހ‬எै Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ‫ ކݘ‬-7
ࡼ ࡷƆƌܻߦޯࢵ ଘଓƄࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ܻࡷ྽ Ⴐ ߘƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡼ ࡓ ๻๬ใࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ƂžƄ࣠ࠅ ƀள ஭༧ဂ ࠦ‫ࡷݘެޢ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƣ ܺߙ፥ ፑܻޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƥ
‫ܻࠩۑ‬ஊै ܻࢧ ࡷ݊ ࡷྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄ݊ ࣍ ܻߥޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷƎ߃ ஊै ƄƥܻᐱᚑܻᐱᚑƥܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩᑻ ᑧ‫ކ‬౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅഁ೨ Ƅ୹ ୪
ࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ୹ ୪ଛଓƄūƆ࢖ܻࠧ࣌ ܻᐱᏹܻ‫ࡷ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ༟༎Ƅ౰ేၩƇ ܻࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄᎨ፻ܻ‫ݘ ߄ࡷݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬Ɔƌ࢖ߦޯࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƆƎܻࠩ೘ೃܻࠩ‫ࡷݘ‬
70
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ྯ Ⴆ ܸஇॅ Ɓ‫ࡦࣝߕ ݚ‬Ɓ። ጼƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬

ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓૄ સၫƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
ࡼ ࡷƥūྲ Ⴉ ܻஊै Ƅ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬Ɔ߄ ‫ހݘ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡁࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ዙኤࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅमकܾ୓ข
ܻࡺ‫ܻࠧߙޢ‬༇໩ ܾ‫ކ‬ƥƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƢ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋ߄ߘ཯དྷࡩƄ (178,176 ،2009,Ɖࣝዖಜಚ ܻࠧƌƎƥƀሯሡሁ ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧ
፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࡐީࣝࡦࣝ ࠂޟ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƃƋࣝޯࡦƁ -‫أ‬
ܻᐱ᏶Ƃ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū፥ ጕܻఱ ఝଗଓƄ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄว คƄ࣠ࠅ ࠦߙᇴᆝ ે ઻ၮƧ ࣠ߘ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬Ɔྲ Ⴋ ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎ࣠޲ᑃᐽ
ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ᄽ஛ ƣ Ƃ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬፥ ጿ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ࣠৤৒ষƄ፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ౰ేީࡁ ౰ే‫ܻކܾމ‬ಛಗƥܻᐱᏳࣷࣳࣀ ଐଌƄƎ࣠ࡷଛଓƄࡼ ࡷ‫ ࢢީ ࠒ ݝ‬ƀ
ƆƎ࣠‫މ‬ƥࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߦޯࢵ ଘଓƄࠦ୆คᇴᇍ ࡷƂࡴ ࠧଛଓƄƥūྲ Ⴐ ‫ݑ‬Ƨ ƀ፥ ጿܻಛಗࡣ ‫ࡷ޲ޢ‬ଘଓƇ ଘଓ߄ ‫ݘ‬೘ೃਔ ৲Ƅ౮౔‫ݹ‬
౰ే޲ࡁ ે ઻ၮܻᐱᐢࣃ ყ‫ ࣊ࡷݘ‬೘ೆƥܻᐱᐢߙܻߥ޲ࡩࡴ ࡷଛଓƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ Ɠ ࢖ߙ፟ ፑƂƇ ଘଓܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄቿቱ࣠ᐳ႓Ƈ ƌƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬Ƈ ଘଓܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄ
౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ቻቱƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ࢵޢ‬Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƆƎ࣠‫މ‬ƥƇ ଘଓܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄƆƎ࣠‫މ‬໠ ໄ‫ ࡣހ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩܻߙࠦࡷܻၮࠦߦࢧ ‫ހ‬ƥūƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬഻വറƄࡼ ࡷ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄƥūࠦࡷ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƇ ƄƥƌଛଓƄƥūࠦ‫ॅހ‬ळ࣐ ଐଌƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉ၮƥ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄે ઻ၮ
Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙኤƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ Ǝ౰ేၩƢƀࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ƎƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ፥ ጿžƄ࣠ࢵ Ɛ ܻެࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢࠦހ‬ଘଓƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥū፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄ
ે઻ၮࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘƥࠦ‫ ࢧ࣠ ࢢޢ‬உै ܻ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƐ ܻࣀ ࠁ ƂƦ ߄ ࡷƥūࠦެყჅે ઻ၮƌ࢖ߙᇯ ᆝ ࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻያዪƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƢܻࡷƀࠦၰ ƥ࢖࣐ ଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬ơ ࣠ߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅƥ፥ ጿܻߥ޲ࡩƄƥ࢔‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄࠦ‫ߘ ࢥޢ‬ƥūࠦࢢ ܻஉै ƄƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƆमंƄਔ ৹ƕ ܻߦޯࠁ ଘଓƄ
:ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸॷ८२౭ౄަ࠾ ። ፋ ܸࡷެࠂ ƁƋƢƉƌƢफउ -‫ب‬
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻߙūቻቷީߘࡼ ࡷࠦީࡩܻ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄࠦߥ޲ࡩƄᑻ ᑧޯ೘೉཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƆ౮ేࡁ ༟༎Ƅ࣯ ࠩߙ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿƆ౰ేީࡁࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५
ƌܻࢧ ޯߘƄƆ࣠ߘƥƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬༝༎Ƨ ƌ࣓‫ ࡴݹ‬ᐱᏳƖ ܻߦ୓คଘଓƄƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿቿቷࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƎƌƄ࣠ࡓ ᚻࡩƄƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓ౰ేީࡁ ܾႅ ࡯ࡷ݊ ࡺޯࠖ ൞ᒑᐽࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬
፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣍ެޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡷܻރ‬ଛଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌƄƎ߄ ߘે ઻ၮƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿܻᐱᐢ᠍ᇴᇍ ೘ೃ݊ ࡯࣐ ࢥ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūቿቱƥኆ ቱƄ
፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷƥࡴ ᐱᐢ᠍ᇴᇍ ೘ೃƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓ໠ ໄߘƌܻࢢ žܻࢥ ‫ހܾݑ‬ଘଓƂࢇ ߥඳඣ ൭ଘଓƄ߃ ࠧƥū౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄžƄƌଛଓƄƥቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ
‫ޢ ߰ۑ‬༨༦ ࢪ ࡓ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠢ‫ޯࡺݘ‬༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ଐଌƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫཯ކ ࡓ ࣀ ݪ‬དྷࡩƄ፥ ፕ ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ
പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁૄ સၫƞ ܸަߕଔଐƁƃƉܸ‫ݶ‬ƌ -‫ج‬
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƎƥƌƣ ܺߙᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūܻᐱᏳ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦߥ‫މ‬ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ރܻހݘ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ݹ‬༝༎ƄƤ߃ ࠧ
ū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ ࠦࡷ߄ உै ࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄƆƎܻࠩଐଌƄƥ݊ ߙܻެࡩƄࣷࣳ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ॶॱ५ܻᐱᏳƣ ࣠ߥࠒ ޯ࡯‫ݹ‬௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ࣯ ༬࿻ ࢖உै ܻᐱᏳƄ࣠‫ހ‬ƀ߰ ޯߙ
ࠦߙ࢖‫ ݪࢠݘ ߎࡷݘ‬ხఱ చࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࢪ ყࢵ ܾ‫ݹࠦކ‬Ƅਔ ৹፥ ጿߎ ‫ࡩ ࢥݘޢ‬Ƅơ ܻީߘଘଓƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷᑑ ᐽƍ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
71
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƅ߃ ࠧે ઻ၮơ ܻީߘଗଓƄƌƄƏࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓܻ‫ݘ࢖ߙࠦހ‬ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƦ ኆ ቱƇ Ə࢔‫ݑެ ߄ࡷܻކݘ‬ƥūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ܾ‫ޯࡺ ݊ހ‬഻വറƄ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬Ƅࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƅ ƥƁኆ ቱƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƣ ᇴᆝ Ƅ߃ ࠧƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠩଐଌƄযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ
:പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ ƁƢ። ፎܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁࡹ ࡴƃ਑ ৯߁ ၱ Ƒ ܸೕೃŽƋࣝࠦࣉ -‫د‬
Ɗ ࣠ޯߦଐଌƄযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅᑑ ᐽቦሼƥūቿቷࢵ Ƅ࢖ଐଌܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƥ፥ ጹܻ࣏ ެࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ፥ ጿƔ ܻ೘ೆଘଓƄƤ߃ ࠧ ࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥ
ࠦࢢ ܻၯ ƥࠦީ࡯࣐ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩࡣ ᐳ႓ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷƔ ܻ೘ೆଘଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ Ƃūƅ ܻࣀ ჴ჈ଘଓܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƥƀࠦၰ ࣠ޯߦଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƥ
ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅơ ሯሡሁ Ƃ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ߦޯޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦࢢ ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦၰ ܻ‫ކ‬Ƃ፥ ጿ౰ేީࡁ Ǝƥƌቻቱƣ ᇴᆝƥযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƄ߃ ᐱᏳƟ ܻႁ ޯࡩଘଓƄࡼ ࡷƇ ܻީࡩܻ࣐ ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱࠦࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƌƄ߄ ၮƂࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷ࣠ࠧƥࠦࢢ ܻၯ ࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄ߄ ‫ࡩޯߥܻࡩޢ‬Ƅ‫ ݪ‬ხఱ చ
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƄ ƁƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸየዙ Ƣ࢚ ‫ ߽ ࢤܸݳ‬ᚻƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩƢƀƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƢƀƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ࡺ‫ހݘ‬žƄ࣠ࢵ ቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౮ే๻๬ใ
ࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƢƀƨܻఱ ఓƎਔ ৿Ƣƀƨܻၴ ܻ୓คƂžƄ࣠ࢵ Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ެ ࣏ࡺޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ܻࠧݑ‬౮ే೘೉࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ༧ဂ Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ (23 ،2003,Ƃ ࣝࠓ ༥஽ ܻᐱᐟࡷ݊ ࡺޯࠖ ൞ᒑᐽܻᐱᚑ߄ ߥ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࡷ߄ உै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƥƇ ܻၮܻସବଣ ƄƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƠ ॅळࢵ ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƆƎ߄ ߘ -
‫ࡩ ࣀީ ࡣࡩޯ ࠒߥޢߥܻࠩۑ‬Ƅᄎ ႓Ǝƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ -
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คൎ൉ߥ‫ހݘ‬Ƈ ܻࡷƏଛଓƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƆƎ߄ ߘ -
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷࡼ ࡷ፥ ፕ ƥū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿƆ߄ ၮƄƥƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ ߘޢ‬žܻ୐ก ƥࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ᐱᏹે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ -
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏹƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷࠦ‫ ࡁޢ‬༇໪ ࠦ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄࡴ ࠩߙે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ -
‫ୖߥࠦۑ‬กࡴ ᐱᚑܻᐱᚑƏܻ༬စ ܺᄣᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࠦࢢ ܻၯ ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ‫઻ ે ࠁ ݟ‬ၮ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƆƎ߄ ߘ -
‫ࠦۑ‬ႁ ‫ࡩ ࢧ ࠒޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ -
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽ-ƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
ƌƄ߄ ၮƂܻࠩߥ‫ܻކ‬ၮે ઻ၮࡣ ዙ၁ေ཯དྷࡩƄƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅܻᐳ႓ƀƎે ઻ၮƥܻᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷžƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ୓กƇ ܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬഻വറƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ যঠᐱᏹ
፥ ጿ ƆƎܻᐱᚑƥࠦߙܻߥ‫މ‬ቿቷࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦީࠑ ެࡩƄƌƄ߄ ၮƂࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƢܻᐱᚑࡼ ࡷ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ࣠ࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ ྲݹ‬ႡხࡩƄƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄ
ቿቷࡷܻࢸ ࠦࢥ ᐱ᏶ƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ Ƃ፥ ጿƨൎ൉ၮܻߙƨƄƎƥƌࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ƣ ƀ࠯ ࢸ ࡼ ࡷܻࡷƥቿቱƥኆ ᒗᐽ፥ ጿ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄơ ܻଐଌƄƐ ƀमऌࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄቿቱƥኆ ቱƄ
‫ܻࠧۑ‬౮ే೘೉ƥܻᐱᚑ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋơ ƥኆ ᒗᐽ
72
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ቻቱܻଐଌഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧमअ࣐࣠ ‫ ࡣކ‬ၯ Ƅ߄ ࡷࡴ ࠧƀࡼ ࡷഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥ
ധ ୨ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿࡴ ࠩࡁ ॅळࢵ ƥࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙƀࠢ‫ކ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે઻ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᚑƎƥƌࡼ ࡷ
ે઻ၮ ƕ ܻߦஊै Ƅƥ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ໠ ໄ‫ ࡣ ހ‬ၮܻߦޯࡩƄ Ƈ ܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ যও࣏ ୐ง ࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷ ᑑ ᐽቦሼ ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ ፟ ፑ࣠୓෺ƥ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ ܻࠩߥ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬
(3,2012ŨƤ ࢓ࡷࣀ ࡦƁ ࡣ ၮܻߦޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬ዙዋ ܻެࡩƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࡣ ஊै ƆƎƌܻީଐଌƄƥūࡴ ࠩࡓ ࢵ ܻ೘೉
പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧᚸƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
Ƈ ܻࢵ Ǝܻࡺ೘ೃள ஭‫୓ݘ‬෺ܻࡺ‫ߙޢ‬፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓೘ೃࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬
Ũ። ፎോെಘಔƁ)ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣐ࠦ ࢵ Ƅ࣠‫ ݝހ‬೘೉཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌܻ‫ࠦހ‬೘ಹܻߘਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ꭸ᎙‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿƆƌܻߥࡩƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥ (16,2001
‫ۑ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ -
‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢࠦۑ‬Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƞ ࣠உै Ƅƌܻ‫ީݘ‬ჴࢵ Ƅᚻ
‫ࡩެߦ ࢪۑ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰ేީ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƥበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄ݊ ‫ ࠖޢ‬ఴ ఠᚻ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄযওߥࡩƄƥƇ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩƄે ઻ၮ౮ేࡁ ౰౔ࡩƄ -
‫ޟࠦކݘ࡯ޢࡺޢࠦۑ‬ყჅžܻ୐ก -
‫ ࣀޯࡺ࢖ۑ‬ଐଌƄमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄྲ ྟྈƥबअ࢔‫ ކݘ‬-
‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހܻࡩެߦ ࢪۑ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ൎ൉ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄबअ࢔‫ ކݘ‬-
‫ۑ‬Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƌ -
‫ۑ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ɩ ܻߙኆ ቱƄ -
‫ߥޢߥޢࠦۑ‬ஊै ƄƇ ܻၴ ࢖ശവറƄે ઻ၮ౮ేࡁ ౰౔ࡩƄ -
ࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƇ ܻߘൎ൉ၮƆƌܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƅ ࣠ࠅ ƥ‫ߥ ߄ࡷࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ܾ‫ ࣃ ࠯ހ‬ᑃᐽơ ܻ༬ீ ଘଓƥ
Ƥ࣠ߥީ࣐ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄƥūࡴ ᐱᏹƄྲ Ⴉ ܻ༨ீ ƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻߦࡩ࣓ࡷ፥ ጿࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƃƣ ࣠‫ݑ‬ਔ ৲ƥ୹ ୪ଛଓƄƄ߃ ಛಗƣ ƥ࢖࣏ ୐෺ࡼ ࡷࡴ ܻࠧᐱᐕ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀƣ ଛଓ
Ƅ࣠ࡓ ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼ƣ ƀഭ ୣީჱႾࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅᑑ ᐽਓ ৹Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ࡷ ࡼݹ‬ƣ ܺߙࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓƥūࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩࡣ ީߘƨܻ୆คƄ߄ ‫ࡷޢ‬
ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ౰ేࢵ Ɠ ౰౔‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡷࡼ ࡷƄ࣠ެࡓ ๻๬ึཀྵདྷࠁ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ƄƎ߄ ߘƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌƂƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑ
(61, 62,2009, ‫ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ஆॅ Ɓ)Ƣ࣠‫ހݘ ߄ݹ‬ƨܻࡷ࣠‫ܻݹ‬ᐱᏹ߄ ၰ ਔ ৲Ƅ౮౔‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƥܻಛಗࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ ᓘƥܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬
ޯࡩƄƥ
73
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ ࡁޢߦޢࠦߘޢ‬፥ ጿƨܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀƨƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬

‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪކ‬ขࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀޢܻ ࢵޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƣ ƀƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ʀ मअƥ
Ƈ ܻࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ཯ཏხ჋ƆƎƥྲ Ⴎ ‫ހ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄžܻ൞൙ၮƆƄƌܻެࡷਔ ৲Ƅबऒ݊ ࡷƥūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƥ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ
፥ ጿƥƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬ଐଌƄƦ Ɓ༟༎Ƅƥūࡣ ၴ ଛଓƄቿቷ‫ ࣍࣠ݹ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄƥܻࠧ౮ేࡁ मऒ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻႅ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ
ƣ ƀƥūࠦ༨༤ ƄƥƦ ƁƎƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ɔƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬፟ ፑƂƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƉ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍƣ ܾࢸ ࡼ ዙኽūࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ൞ᒑᐽܻࠩ‫ކ ࣐࡯ݘ‬
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ݊ ࡷࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉‫୍ ࣊ހݘ‬งमऒ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ
‫(ۑ‬82,2009,। ् ࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲୷ ୪ơ ߃ީࡩࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߦݘܻࡩޢ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ࠩࡁ ƄƎƌᓘƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ ݎ‬ᚸܸࢲ Ɖܸࢲ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥūܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ‫ࠧ ݪ‬Ƅ࣠ࡷƏƥमऌž཯᝵Ƭᏹࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬ƥƞ ƥ࢖࣌ Ɔƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƨ ଛଓƣ ƀࠢ‫ ࢸ ࠯ߙޢ‬ଘଓܻያዪ
ܻᐱᐟࡷࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬ƥƞ ƥ࢖࣌ ፥ ጿযঠ‫ކ‬Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡁ Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ ߄ݹࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Ƈ ܻࡷƏܾ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƎƥ୹ ୪ -
‫ߙ ࢥ ࡣۑ‬ଛଓƄ࣠༨စ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ɠ ࣠ᐱᐟᑃᐽࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƥžܻ๻๬เଘଓƄܻᐱᏬኆ ቱƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ࠦ‫ߘݘޢ‬Ƅƥƥࠦ‫ ୹ރ‬୪ܻᐱ᏶ƀƧ ƀūࠦީ‫ࡩ ࢧݘ‬Ƅƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ࡩƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝܻࠧ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ቿቱܻࢵ Ǝƥࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅᑻ ᑧޯ೘೉ƣ ƀ -
‫(ۑ‬62, 2012Ũฤ ෷ኃ ቮƁ ܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƃƉܸ‫ߢޟ‬ᑀᐺࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ଘଐƁᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸࢲ
Ɔƌܻ‫ܻ ࢢࠦހܻࡩߥޢ‬ၯ ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬žƄƎſƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌે ઻ၮࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƖ ൎ൉࣍ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀơ ࣠ࠁ ࡴ ࠩߥߙƄ࣠‫ކ‬፥ ጿƣ ܾࣃ ࡩƄ࣠ࠧሯሡሁ ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƨܻߥߙƄ࣠‫ކ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƇ ߄ၴ ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
যওܻࠧߦଐଌ‫ ࣀޢ ࣐ࠦࡩީݘ ࢛ا‬ხࡩƄƇ ܻߙܻࢠଘଓƄƥƇ ܻߙൎ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓƄ࢛ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ ࡼހݘ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬ūƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે઻ၮ (2009Ũ। ्࡬‫ࡦݕ‬Ɓ ‫( و‬2001 ,። ፎോെಘಔƁ ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮࢇ ߦ‫ކ‬ƀܻࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƌƎ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄƤ߃ಛಗ
:ࠟ‫ ࢲޟ‬Ƣž୶ ୧Ƣപ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ቝሹ౭౑ࣀ ࡴࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋŻ୍ܸ෾ -1
݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɩ ܻዙዋ Ƃƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍƥūܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽƨܻࢵ ܻዙ዇ ౰౗ࡁ ƀƣ ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅƣ ࣠ެީჴႾ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬ဈ ‫ࠁޢ ݟ‬
ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࡣ ࢥ ߙƀ፟ ፑƂơ ࣠ࢢ ॅळࡩžƄƌଛଓƄ፥ ጿ݊ ߘ࣠ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷƆ౰ేީࡁࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹࠯ ࣀ ৤৕ষƄƥܻᐱᏹܻ‫ࡩ࣠ݹ‬ƥƀƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀ
‫(ێ‬2001Ũ። ፎോെಘಔƁ
:പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢᑀᐺ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ -2
74
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƒ ࢖༨࿻ ƨଘଓܻ޲ࡷƥࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƆƥ߄ ߘቻቷ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ࠦ‫ࡩݘܻࡩޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄযওߥࡩƄƥƃ ƌܻީଐଌƄࡣ ޲೘೉Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ Ƃ
ࡴ ࠩࡺ‫ހߥޢ‬žܻߥ‫ކ‬ƎଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆ߄ ၰ ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽࡣ ᐳ ྜཾᑑ ᐽƍƥࠢ‫ކ‬ᇴᆝ ܻੇ੅ਰƥƤ߄ ‫઻ ેކߥ࡯ޢ‬ၮ
(2009Ũ। ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃƥࡴ ࠩߘൎ൉ၯ ƀƥ
:ࠣ‫ݶ‬
ว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࠩެޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬ଘଓܻ‫ހ‬ƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƥƆƌܻߘ፟ ፑƂ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄमअ࣐࣠ ୓กഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬
Ũ। ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ)໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ፥ ፎ Ƅमअƥū཯ཏࠩଐଌƄ࣠ࡺެᑃᐽƆਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅƒ ࢖ߦࡩƄ౰ేߙ࣠‫ކ‬ƥ߰ ࢧ ެࡩƄƥƆƎ࣠ࣃ ଐଌƄƥ
‫ێ‬185,2009
ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ -4
ࡣ ࡺ‫ߦ࢔ࠧ ࡴހܻࡩݘ‬༨࿻ ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ಛಗܻዙኸ ƀƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡷࠦ‫ހ ࡓޢߦޢ‬ள ஭‫୓ݘ‬෺ܻࡺ‫ ࢵޢࠢߙޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪Ǝᇴᇍ ߙƀഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ౰ే޲ჴఱ ఓ
ܻ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࡣ ၯ ƄƌܻᐱᏳƣ ࣠ࡷ࣠ߥ‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄƢܻࠩଐଌƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅƥƀযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ೘ೃ
‫(ۑ‬2009Ũ। ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࡴ ࠩ࡯ީߥޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ࡷƢ߄ ༧࿻ ܻ೘ೃࡴ ಛಗܻዙኸ ƀƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾ
:ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ (5)
௪ ௎Ǝƌܻߘ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻ೘ೃūࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄ߰ ެࡷƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩƄƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄ౰ేߙ࣠‫઻ ેކ‬ၮഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࠁޢ ݟݹݘ‬
‫ێ‬2009Ũ। ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮ
:ࠣ‫ݶ‬
ࣝ‫ݽ‬౭౑ࡦƁࠣࢽ ࢲ ࣐଍ଉƁ። ጼࠣߖܸߢޯࡦƁऩं࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ ރ‬6)
Ɛ ࣠ߥ࣍ ƥƏ࣠ࡷ༟༎ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷū፥ ጿܻߥ޲ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷƇ ܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ſƢ߄ ႀ ޯఱ ఓƣ ƀഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮ
ࠦ‫ࡩ޲ߥܻߙޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ߄ ߥޯ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥযওߥࡩƄƥ౰ే‫ݘܻݹ‬ଐଌƄơ ࣠ࠁ ࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄ፥ ጿܻᐱᐢࡁ Ǝܻࣃ ೘ೃࠦީࡩܻ࣐ ࡷܻެࠧƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥūࠦ‫ࡩ޲ߥܻߙޢ‬ƄযওߥࡩƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰౎‫ކݘ‬
‫(ۑ‬2001Ũ። ፎോെಘಔƁ ࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌƄࡣ ዙ၁ေƥ࣐ࠦ ࡯ࣀ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌࠦߙܻࢠଗଓܻ‫ހ‬
:ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ። ጼቝሹƋܸࣀ ଍ଉƁ (7)
݊ ࠖ ఴ ఠࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ ࣐ࠦߘޢ‬ఴ ఝƀơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻݑޢ‬ዙዋ ࠦ‫ ࣀޟ࣠ࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ޯߙࠦ‫ ࣍ޢ‬Ƅ࢖ߥ೘಼ƌࠦߥ‫ހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬ƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
(2001Ũ። ፎോെಘಔƁ ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ
໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖൞ᒑᐽࠦࢢ ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦၰ ܻ‫ކ‬ଗଓበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƌࠦࡺ࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀžܻ୐กഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮƣ ƀ ƌƥ࣠޲‫ ࡩޢ‬ቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬ƥ
ࡼ ࡷਔ ৲बअƥūܻᐱᐟ‫ߙޢࠦݑ‬ᇴᇍ ࡩƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱ࢖ߙ࣠୓ข཯དྷࡩƄƥࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮमक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄܻ‫ࡩߥ ࢥܻݹ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬
‫(ۑ‬83,2009,। ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷࢇ ߙƄ࣠୓෺ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƣ ƀࡴ ᐱ᏶ܻ೘಼Ƃ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟܸᐮᚎƢƋƁƢƉŽƥܸީࡴܸ‫ކ‬
75
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ે઻ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝƌࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐟࡓ ೘೉ƎƄƥƌƀƥƢܻࠩ೘ೃࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ݊ ޯ๻๬ใ

્ ઻‫ݹ‬ሯሡሁ ፥ ፕ ƥ (45,2001Ũ። ፎോെಘಔƁ ܻᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥܻᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦ ހܻࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ ࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ކܻހݘ‬Ƈ ƄƎ߄ ߘमअ࣐࣠ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎ߄ ߥ‫ހ‬ƆƌܻߥࡩƄࢇ ୖ෺ƣ ƀ -1
‫ޯެߦޢ߃ۑ‬ᑃᐽቿቷ‫ߘܻހ‬ƥƧ ߄ ႁ ޯᑃᐽƆ౰ే޲ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࡣ ‫ކ࣠ ࢢޢ‬ƥžܻ୐กે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ -2
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄᄹட ܻ‫ރ‬ƒ ܻ༧ೞ ƀࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀƓ Ƅ౰౔ߙƄƥ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄƇ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩࠦީࠅ ࣠ଐଌƄƆ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄ -3
‫ހࠢۑ‬ƣ ࣠ࡷ࣠ߥ‫ߙޢࡺܻݹ‬Ɩ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƥ౮ే৤৕ষܻ‫ ࣀ ࠯ހ‬৤৕ষƄ -4
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ೘ೃơ ƁܻߦޯࡩƄ -5
ƨܻߘൎ൉࣐ ‫ރ‬Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ߦܻࠧޢࡺޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄว คƄ࣠எै Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠଗଓܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄว คƄ࣠எै Ƅે ઻ၮ౮ేࡁ ౰౔ࡩƄ -6
‫ۑ‬मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄ፟ ፑƂƧ ƌ࣓‫ݹ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ࣠ࠧƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƣ ƀࡼ ࡷ
ࠣୃ෾ܸ༩࿸ ଔଐƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ܸ‫ރ‬
Ƈ ƄƎܻࠩ೘ೃƄॅळඳඣ ൭ƣ ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ܻ ࡁߥޢ‬ᐱᏹܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ žƄ߄ ዙኸ ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎે ઻ၮഭ ୣީჱႾ
ࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱ࢖ߙ࣠୓෺ଘଓࡴ ࠧƥ‫ެܻ ࢢ ݪ‬ଐଌƄƤ߃ ಛಗƣ ॅळࢧ ‫ ࡴݹ‬ᐱᐟࡷƨƄƌ߄ ၮƣ ƀၒল ࣠‫ߘݘࠩ ࡴݹ‬Ƅƥƣ ƀଘଓƂū໠ ໄᄹட ܻ‫ރ‬Ƅ࣠‫ܻࡩޢࠦࡩޢ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬
ᑑ ᐽƍ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥūว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄߎ ‫ࡩ ࢥݘ‬ūƨƄ߄ ၴ ࠦߦ‫ࡷݘ࢖ߙࠦࢠݘޢ‬ƥƢ࣠ࠩߦ೘ೃଘଓƂࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄ፥ ፕ ܻࡷƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅཀྵཏ‫ࡷݘ‬
ໝ ແࡦŨ݂ ީৡ৅঴ ࠦ‫ ࠅޢ‬ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࢪ ዙ዆ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƎܻያዪƠ ܻެࠧᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƥࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ
፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ሯሡሁ ፥ ፕ ƥ (75,68,2006,ࡠ ެ‫ێࡦޟ‬Ɵſ
:ࠣ‫ݕࡷ࡬ޟ‬
ࡦƁƪ߁ ༥စ -1
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ݊ ࢠƥᎨᎌ ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄࡷྲ Ⴎ ശവറƄžƄ߄ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ‫୓ݘ‬෺ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
žܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ‫ݟأ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠢࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻީߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽƇ ƄƎƌܻީଐଌƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬೘ೃƀ߄ ୍งࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƧ ߄ ༨ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƄƥ߄ ႁ ޯ‫ࡩޢ‬
‫ۑ‬मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƄ߃ಛಗࠦߥ‫ࡷݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻީߥ‫ݑ‬ƥƇ ܻ‫߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌࡴ ᐱᚑܻࣀ ߘƀमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬Ƈ ƄƎƌܻީࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬೘ೃƣ ࣠‫ࡷݘެޢ‬Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
ቝሹ౭౑ࣀ ࡴࠣ‫ݶ‬ž༜་ࡱ ࠦ࡬ࡴ਑ ৬ܸߕᄋ ႛߢࡦƁࢧ ფႸƋ -2
ūࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ƌƥ߄ ၰ ፟ ፑƂܻᐱᏳ࠯ ࣀ ๻๬ึƣ ƀƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎે ઻ၮ
ે ઻ၮࠢၮ୍ܻงƀƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ܻ೘ೆᓘƥūƌ࢖ߦࡁࠢ‫୍ ࣐ࠦހ‬ง୹ ୪ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƣ ƀે ઻ၮ
ƌƄ߄ ၮᓘƥ Ǝܻࢧ ީჴࢵ ଘଓƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƠ ྲ ྟƬཾƣ ƀࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
‫ ࡴ ࢢܻރݘܻ࣠ࠧۑ‬ᐱ᏶ଛଓܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡓ ᚻ࡯೘಼ƍƂࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ƄƤ߃ ࠧ߄ ୆෺ܾ‫ކ‬፟ ፑƂƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƎƌܻީ‫ݹࠦࡩޢ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ
76
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
:ࡠ ‫ݕ‬
ߣࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁໝ ແࡐ ೕೆ -3
ƌƎƄ࣠ࡷ࢖ߙ࣠‫ݹ ࢥࡺ ࡼކ‬ƣ ƀࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮūࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽࠦެ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƌ߄ ༨࿻ ƣ ƀ߄ ‫ހݘ‬
źࣷࣳၰ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƆƎܻީ‫ކ ࣏ ࡣݑ‬ƌƎƄ࣠ࡷƣ ƥਔ ৹ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ܻߙūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐟ‫ ࡓޢ‬೘೉Ꭸ᎙ࡼ ࡷࡣ ‫ݹࠦ ࡩߦݘ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴉ
‫ࡩߦ࢖ݹ ࢇۑ‬Ƅžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƞ ྲ Ⴐ ‫ ݝކ‬༨ဈ ܻࠩ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥƥƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬ਔ ৹ଘଓᑑ ᐽኅ ቱ
: Ɔ ƊࣝೕೃଘଐƁ ƃƢ߁ ߢࡦƁ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ-4
ଘଓƂਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƌ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ൎ൉ߙūࡴ ࠩ‫୍ܻݑ‬งଛଓƆƥ߄ ߘƄ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƣ ƀ߄ ‫ࡩݘࡺޢ‬Ƅƥƀ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎે ઻ၮ
ࡼ ࡷƆƌܻߥᑃᐽƅ ࢖ᐱᚑƠ ܻެࠧࢪ ყ࡯ߙūࡴ ᐱ᏶ƥኆ ቷߥƬ‫ݹ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻߘƠ ॅळࢵ ƣ ࣠ࡷƮ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄࡣ ࣏ ‫ݟ ࢵޢ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࡣ ޲ƬଐଌƄƅ ྲ Ⴎ ‫ހ‬
‫ߙޢ ݊ۑ‬༟༎Ƅ߰ ‫ࡩ ࢧ ࠒޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽƨܻၴ ƍ࣠೘ೆਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ᚻࡩ࢝ ‫ ࠒޢ‬৤৕ষƄƥࠦ୐෺ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ
౫ౄߣࠏ ެࡦƁ Ɠ ܸ୊คଘଐƁ݇ ‫ ࠓޟ‬ఱ ఝ -5
ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ ࢪ ყႻƎƥūࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ݊ ߘ࣠ޯƬଐଌƄƟ ࣠ߙܻࡷࡣ ࡺ‫ޢࠦހݘ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ߙਔ ৲ƣ ƀᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎે ઻ၮ
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬Ɵ ࣠ߙܻࡷ፟ ፑƂƖ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ƎଘଓƄƧ ߄ ༨ဈ ƣ ࣠ࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫ ࢵޢ‬໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ޯࡩƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƣ ܺߙūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ౰ే‫ݑެ ߄ࡷܻݹ ࢥ ݊ࡷݘܻݹ‬
‫ۑ‬Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƄ߄ ‫઻ ે ࢢݘޢ‬ၮࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƄ ƁƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠟၱ Ɓࣝ‫ཬރ‬ཏࡦƁƄ ܸ‫ݶ‬
߁ ၾ ެࡦƁᚸƥƁྯ ႓ܸၫ
ūƦ ༇໩ ଛଓ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢࠦا‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡁࠦ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻၮƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ކ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿܻᐳႩ ୹ ‫ݑ‬Ꭸ᎙཯དྷࡩƄܻࠧഃ೨ƍࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƥ
‫ܻࡷݘޢࠦۑ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅܻࠩࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫ކ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷ
ഁ೨ Ƅ୹ ୪Ǝ࣠ࠩ࣌ ƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ࣠ࢵ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
‫ކ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥኆ ቱƄƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ࡩƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Ƈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ Ʀ ༇໩ ƀƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ Ơ ܻެࠧƥ
߄ ߥߦ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡷ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅƞ ࣠༧ဈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƌƥ߄ ၰ Ɖ Ǝܻၯ ፥ ፎ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƥષઔ੤Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄƥƧ ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƔ ܻࣃ ჱᑃᐽ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄ݊ ެࢢ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƎƥƌࢭ ყࡺᐱᏹƢܻࡷƀܻᐱᐢ‫ࡩޢ‬ൎ൉ߥޯࢵ Ƅ௪ ௎ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƧ ƌܻஊै Ƅƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ
ၖ࿒ ࢖༧ဈ ƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄે ઻ၮ౮ేࡁ ౰౔ࡩƄযঠ‫ݹ‬ūࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌ࣠ࠅ ƥผ ෺߄ႁ ޯࡩƄƥमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄે ઻ၮ߄ ‫ࡩޯܾ ࡁޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƨଘଓਔ ৹
‫ێ‬62, 2009,‫ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ஆॅ Ɓ Ƈ ƄƌܻᐳႡᑃᐽ݊ ‫ࡷ ࣐ܻހ‬ƌ࢖༬ீ Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ᇷᆝƥūࠦީ࡯࣐ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƆ౰ేީࡓ ᚻࡩƄƌƄ߄ ၮଛଓƄ
Ƈ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƄଘଓƂūበሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷࠦࡷܻၮƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፕ ƥ (28, 2007,Ơ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࠾ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ކ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀ
‫ܻࡷݘޢࠦۑ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ƀƥƟ ࢖࣍ ࠦࡷൎ൉ࢵ Ƣ߄ ၮ -1
77
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬Ƨ ƎƄƌଗଓƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿƨܻ‫ ࠁޢܻރ‬ƀ፥ ጕܻఱ ఝଗଓƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬ƬީࡩƄƅ ܻ‫ ݌ޢ‬-2
ƞ ࣠உै Ƅ߰ ީࢧ ‫ݹ‬ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࢇ ዙኸ ፟ ፑƂܻᐱᏹܻ࣍ ܻఴ ఝ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƍܻߦ‫ރ‬ƥࠦ୆กܻߘ༟༎ƄƇ ܻࠩஎै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅਔ ৿ƥƌ߄ ‫ ކݘ‬-3
‫ۑ‬१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷƨଘଓਔ ৹࿃ ႞ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦߙܻߥ‫މ‬ள ஭ߥࡩƄƥ
‫ۑ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄࠦࡷ߄ ၯ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ ፟ ፑƂ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦࡷ߄ ၯ ፥ ጿƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ Ƣ࣠ࠩߦࡷƐ ᇴᇍ ‫ރݘ‬Ƅ -4
ܻያዪžܻ࣐ ࠀ ଛଓƄᇯ ᆝࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷܻࠩ࡯‫ޢ‬ዙ၁ေƥࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƢᇴᇍ ၰ ƀƞ ࢖࣐ ‫ ކ‬-5
‫ۑ‬Ǝᇴᇍ ୓กଘଓƄƥƆ࢖࣍ ܻശവറƄƊ ƥƎࡣ ޯߘ፥ ጿ‫ ݪ‬ხࣀ ჴႾ
݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄƓ ƎƄࡼ ‫ܻݑ‬ಛಗܻࢧ ߦ‫ރ‬Ƅƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ხޯࡓ ᅚଌƄƥࠦ‫ߘޢ‬Ǝ࣠ࡩƄơ ܻዙኸ ଛଓƄƆƎƄƌܺᄣࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ơ ܻ‫ݓ‬
ఴ ఝƄ -6
‫ۑ‬࿃ ႞ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƖ Ƅ߄ ॵॱ५ࠦఱ ఓ࢖ߙܻࠩ‫ߘ࣠ݑ‬ƥƥ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐟ᠃ॅळ‫ކ‬ƥƀࢇ ‫ݶ‬
ܻߥஊै Ƅžܻߦࠀ Ƃે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࢵ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰౎༬ဈ ߄ ߘ཯དྷࡩƄƥƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄߎ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆ࢖ܻࠧ࣌ Ǝܻࣃ ჴ჈Ƅ -7
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƥࡴ ᐱᏳƄ࣠‫ރ‬ƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ࡺ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހݘ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࡺᐱᚑƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺
‫ ࣀ ݪ‬ஊ஀ ܻᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƆƎƄƌƂે ઻ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄžƄƌƀྲ Ⴐ ޯߥ‫ݹ‬ଘଓ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūቿቷᐳ႓‫ ࣀ ݝ‬ყࡩܻᐱᐕߙ
ࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷ௪ ௎߄ ‫ ࣀޯߦޢ‬ଐଌƄƅ ൎ൉࣐ ࡩܻ‫ࡷޯࡺ޲ ࡣހ‬༇໩ ſƞ ࢖࣍ ƆƎƄƌƂ፟ ፑƂࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷƖ ࢖ߦ୓ขܻ೘ೆᓘƥ
࢖࣏ ެࡩƄ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ܻࡷݘޢࠦހ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀߎ ‫઻ ેކ࣠ ࢢޢ‬ၮ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ƀƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ơ ܻ޲ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ࠧ࣠ހ‬ƨƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬౰౗ࡁ ƀ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄࡴ ࠩଐଌƄ߄‫ݘ‬ƬީࡩƄॡ ॏ୍෺ƥūƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐕߙ Ɛ Ǝܻ೘೉཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬
Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറܻߙūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᚑ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ࠧ࣠ހ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀࠦ‫ߥ ࢇހߥޢ‬ඳඣ ൭Ɔƥ߄ߥࡩܻީߙƆƥ߄ ߥࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬मकܾޯࡩƄƥ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƆ࣠ߘ߄ ߥޯߦ‫ݹ‬Ɔƥ߄ ߥࡩƄƉ ƍ࣠৤৒ষ࢖ߥޯߦ‫ݹ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ॅހࠦࡩߥޢ‬ळ࣐ ࡷ፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ᇯ ᇍ ఴ ఠࢪ ዙ዆ ࠦ‫ ࠅޢ‬ƍ࣠೘ೆƀƇ ܻࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƆƌ ܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ
ū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄᄹட ܻ‫ރ‬Ƅ࣠‫ܻࡩޢ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ᐱᏹܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ žƄ߄ ዙኸ ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࡣ ީƭߘࡼ ࡷࢇ ‫ޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ᑃᐽƨܻީ࡯࣍ ߄ ࢸ ƀƥūƐ ܻެࡩƄ
ܻࠧƏ࢖ߙƀ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥ …ࠦଐଌ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦࣀ ߙܻެଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡷࡼ ࡷƄ࣠ެࡓ ࡺޯ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷ ƣ ƀ ሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ơ ܻ༬ீ ܻᐱᐟࡷƥ Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ ߎ ࡯ޯശവറ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ ፥ ጿ ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ
बअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ƂƎƥƌࡼ ࡷᑑ ᐽኅ ቱܻଐଌƨܻ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻᐱᚑƥƨܻ‫ࡷݘ࢖ߙޢ‬ƥƨܻ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦީࡁ Ƅ࣠ࡷܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮযঠ༨ဈ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ޯࡺ ݊ۑ‬഻വറƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷ
78
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Żᚹ ᚼ ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣᚼ ᚼ ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ :݇ ᚺ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓ‫ݜ‬ᚺࠏ ަ଍ଉƁ
যও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻၴ ࢖༧ீ ƅ ܻ‫ޢݘ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓധ ୨ఱ ఠ཯ཏ৤ৈষƄ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡷ࣓ ࢵ ࣀࠦކݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
ƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ Ƃ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜཾƧ ኅ ቱƄ߄ ၮƄ࣠ࡩƄࡣ ‫ޢ‬எै ƄƌƄ߄ ၮƂ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳ႞ჴߙūƇ ܻީࡩܻ࣍ ƥƅ ൎ൉࣍ ࡼ ࡷ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࡼ ‫ ྲݑ‬Ⴐ ޯ༧ீ ߰ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦކ࣠ࢠޢ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ผ ෺߄ ॶॱ५ƥū݊ ࡺޯࠖ ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬ƥቿቷࡷܻࢸ ࠦࢥ ᐱ᏶
໠ ໄ‫ ࣀޢ‬ყႻƎ௪ ௎Ǝ࣠༨ீ ፥ ጿ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƆܾఴ ఝƥࠦߦࣀ ࡯ߙơ ƥܻެჴႾơ ƥଛଓƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ -
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄơ ƥܻެჴႾ፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ -
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ƃܻఱ చƞ ƢଘଐƁƋࣝഴലമƁ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ɔܾఴ ఝࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ɔྲ Ⴐ ޯ༧ீ Ɔ߃ ୍คࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƌƎ࣠‫ކ‬Ǝ࣠ഷവറƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿ
ƃܻࣀ ხࡦƁƢࠣߣࢽ ࡬ߣࡦƁᚸƥକଐƢŽ
ūžܻ‫ࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ 1970)Ƣܻၮ‫ ࡼކܾ ࢵ ࣀ ݝ‬৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢ‬ஊै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፟ ፑƥƀ፥ ፕ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ‫ߙޯޯܻ ࠁܻࠩކ ࢥࡺެ ݝ‬Ƅ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƥ 1970/6/16 ፥ ጿƎ߄ ࢢ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƥ 42 ࡴ ߘƎƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄ‫࣠ ࠅ ݪ‬೘ೃᑑ ᐽƍƥ
፥ ጿƥūƅ ƄƌଜଓƄƥƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƈ ܻࢧ ࢧ ༧ဈ ‫࡯ ݝ‬෬ෝᛅ Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝƥūƣ ࣠‫ࡩߥܻރ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ܻዙ዗໠ ໄޯ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
፥ ጿƥūƅ ƄƌଜଓƄūƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ፥ ፕ ƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ƈ ൎ൉‫މ‬፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ރߥ ࣀࡺ ݝ‬Ƅ 1974/1973 Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
(8, 2007,പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ ƣ ࣠‫ࡩߥܻރ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ࡼ ያዧ ƌܻࢧ ޯߘଘଓƄƥƆƎܻႅ ޯࡩƄࠦީ‫ ࢸݘ‬Ɗ ܻޯޯߙƄᎨ᎙Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࢪ ߦ‫ރ‬
ᄎ Ⴎ ‫ݟކ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥ໠ ໄߥࠒ ޯ࡯ଐଌƄ‫ࡷޯޯܻࡩޢࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƈ ƄƎ࣐࣠ ୓กžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ୹ ୪߄ ߘƥ
࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ഁ೨ Ƅ୹ ୪፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠƂƇ ܻࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄࠦߙᇴᇍ ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢࠦހ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ݊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡩƄƦ ߄ ࡷၒল ࣠‫( ݹ‬2 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ƥūࠦ‫ࡷ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƆƄ࣠‫཯ކݘ ߄ރ‬དྷࡩƄܻᐱᏹܻ‫ݹ‬मअ߄ࡷƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩସବଣ ƄƇ ܻ࣏ ߙܻ༨ீ
ࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
79
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(2 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ܸᐰႛფࢲ ܻ‫ރ‬၎࿏ Ƌܸ‫ރ‬ƢŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦ࣬ ࠏ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࢧ ფࢲ ܻެࡦƁ၎࿏ Ƌܸ‫ރ‬ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ ࢧ ფࢲ ܻެࡦƁ၎࿏ Ƌܸ‫ރ‬ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ ࡱ ߕ༜་Ɓ
‫م‬1985 ‫ࠣێ‬ၫƁƋ༚་Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ -8 ‫م‬1970 ‫ێ‬Ơ ࣝ‫ࡦߢܸހ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ྯݶ‬႞ࡦƁ 1
‫م‬1989 ‫ێ‬ቼቮ߁‫ࡦ ࢤޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ -9 ‫م‬1970 ‫ێ‬Ƃ ƁƉଙଐƁ 2
‫م‬1993 ‫ێ‬ƟോെၫଔଐƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ -10 ‫م‬1970 ‫ێ‬Ɵूर‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ 3
‫م‬1993 ‫ێ‬ท ෷ࣝഴലമƁࠣୃ෾౭౑ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ -11 ‫م‬1974 ‫ୃࠣێ‬෾౭౑ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ 4
‫م‬1994 ‫ ߾ ݧێ‬ƋŽࠣୃ෾౭౑ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ -12 ‫م‬1974 ‫ێ‬ƃƋܸႂ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ 5
‫م‬1999 ‫ێ‬Ɵܸၫ‫ ݚ‬სఱ చŽƠ ܸީࢲ ଘଐƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ -13 ‫م‬1984 ‫ࡦ ࣍ ݧێ‬Ɓࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ 6
‫م‬2008 Ɵूर‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƢƂ ƁƉଙଐƁƢ ࠣୃ෾౭౑ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ -14 ‫م‬1984 ‫ީ ߁ ࢲࠣێ‬ಘಔƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ 7
‫ێ‬Ƃ Ƌܻࡴ
ࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌࣝࠦଵ଩ଠ Ɓ። ጼবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƄ Ɓྯ ႓࣐ࡴƢ 2011,2010)Ɵܸ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺ Żܸࢤ ߾ ଔଐƁ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ܸ‫ݳ‬Ƌࡹ ‫ ݎ‬ƃƋƉܸ࢟ Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ
‫ێ‬2011Ɵܸ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺࣇ ‫ࡦެ ࠎ ࣍ޟ‬Ɓ೾೥୶ ୧ࡹ ࡴƋƉܸࢤ ࡦƁࠣ‫ީޟ‬ৡ৅঴Ɓ
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
ࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࡴ ࠧƀƖ Ə࣠୓ข 1995 Ƣܻၮ፥ ጿƆƎƌܻࢧ ࡩƄࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ࣠‫ߘܻރ‬፟ ፑƂƄƌܻެჴࢵ Ƅ
Ƈ Ƅྲ ႖࣓ࡷ) ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƤ߃ࠧƥū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦࡷ߄ၯ ƥū࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅƥūযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ƈ ൎ൉‫઻ ેމ‬ၮƇ ܻ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ 55,56, 2011,ࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩସବଣ Ƅ፥ ጿযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ
ࠣ‫ݕ࡬ޟࡷޟ‬
‫ރ‬ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ Ž
‫ۑ‬ƌൎ൉ީࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬ଘଓࠦ‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦކ࡯ީޢ‬ശവറƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ௪ ௎ƌܻ‫ࡷޢ‬፥ ጿ ࠦߥࡺ‫ޯݘ‬ଐଌƄ ࠦࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƒ ࢖ߙࠦၰ ܻ‫ކ‬Ƃ -1
‫ࡷࠦۑ‬ƏൎᑉᐽƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƞ Ǝܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƅ ܻࣀ ࡁ Ƃ -2
‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽܻ‫ࡩݘެܻݹࠦހ‬Ƅ -3
࣬ ൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ‫ࡦަ ࠏݜ‬Ɓƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ Ƃ
80
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƨܻ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬ƨܻ‫ߙݘ‬Ƅƌƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ࢝ ༧ဈ ࠦ‫޲ޢ‬༨ဂ ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࡣ ࡺޯఴ ఠ
፥ ጘଜଓƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡷƥūܻࠩߥ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ‫ޢ ݝ‬ჱƬჅ
‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦۑ‬ശവറƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƈ ࣠ࠒ ީࡩƄžƄ༇໮ ܺᄣࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄमअ࣐࣠ ‫ ކ‬-1
‫ ྲۑ‬ႡჱࡩƄƥࠦዙዋ ౰౔ࡩƄƥߎ ‫ࡩޯܾࡩޢ‬Ƅበሼ༇໪ ݊ ‫ ࠖޢ‬ఴ ఠ -2
‫ۑ‬Ƣॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥƣ ࣠ެߦࡩƄƥƅ ƄƌଜଓƄ፥ ጾƬƎ ፥ ጿƢܻᐳ႓ଗଓƄ -3
݇ ࡷެസലമƁࠣࡴ߁ၬ ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ ᚸࠂ
݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࠢ‫ހ‬Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬Ƣܻၮƞ ߄ ࠧ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦࡷ߄ உ஀ ܻࠧ߃ ‫ࡩޯެߦޢ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƢܻᐱᚑࡼ ࡷ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦࡷ߄ ၯ ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬
፥ ጿ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦࡷ߄ ༧ဂ ࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅ౮ేࡷࡼ ࡷƆ౮ేࡷ፥ ፕ ƥࡼ ৤ৈষƄ౰ేၩƥƀࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰౎உै Ƅƥƞ Ǝܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄžܻެީࡩ ơ ƌܻީޯࡩƄƥࡣ ၮܻߦޯࡩƄࡣ ߦࡓ ‫ܻݹ‬೘ೃࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅƥࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ݊ ࡷ࣊ ‫ހ‬ƄƥƎƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃ -1
‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦۑ‬ശവറƄቿቱƥኆ ቱƄƆ࢔ࠩࠅ ଛଓࠦࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ࡩߦެޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻࣃ ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ ކ‬-2
‫ۑ‬ƌƄ߄ၮଗଓƄƥ ࡣ ‫ࡩޯܾࠧޢ‬Ƅၖᆆ Ƅमऌ፥ ጿࠦዙ዗ܻࣀ ଐଌƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᏹܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷƥቿቱƥኆ ቱƄƆ࢔ࠩࠅ ƀ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆžܻߦࡁ ݊ ߙƎ -3
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƋࣝഴലമƁ 
ƨܻ‫ކ࣠ ࢵݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍࡼ ‫୓ ߴݑ‬คܻያዪūࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄƥࠦၮ࣠ެޯଐଌƄܻᐱᏹܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ƌƄ߄ ၮƀ፥ ጿƨܻ‫ކ࣠ ࢵݘ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ߄ ᐳ႖
(29 ે઻ၮƇ ࣠ޯࠁ ƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ 7 ࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƌ߄ ၮ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ހ‬Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄƌƄ߄ ၮƀ፥ ጿƨܻၮ࣠୐งƥ
Ƅ Ɓྯ ႓࣐ࡴ ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀᄎ ႞ߘ 29 ે ઻ၮƇ ࣠ޯࠁ ƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ 7 ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƌ߄ ၮ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ƥū࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀᄎ ႞ߘ
፥ ፕ ƥƤƎƄƥƌƀࡴ ࠧƀƥᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽƨܻߦ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦߙޢࡺܻݹ઻ ્ކݘ࢖ݹ‬ƄƌƎ࣠‫ކ‬ƥ (161,2011Ũࡹ ৡ৅঴Ɓ። ጼবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ
࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁᄋ ႛߢࡦƁߋ ‫ݕ࢓ݶ‬
‫ ރ‬-ƥକଐƢŽ

)࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅ Ƣ࢖ಛಗƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ߄ݹ‬ၮܻߥࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ Ɔ߄ ၰ ࣠ࡩƄࠢ‫ރ‬ƀે ઻ၮ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƞ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬
ࢇ ‫ܻކ‬ၮે ઻ၮ݊ ߥ‫ ࠁޢ ݟݹ‬ūܻࠩࠅ ܻ୓คᓘƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅၒᆆ ൎ൉ࡷਔ ৲߄༨ဈ ፥ ጿቿቷၮܻߦࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄƆ࣠ߥࡩƄ࣠ࠧƥ (26,2003ŨƂ ࣝࠓ ༥஽
ࢇ ‫ܻݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ᐱᐢ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄྲ ྟྈ፥ ጿቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿ౰౎ࡁ ଛଓƄƎƥኆ ቱƄࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࡼ ࡷƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓ข‫ॱॺܻࡷݘࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬५ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƥƄ༝༎Ƅ࢖ᄽ஛ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬ƥū݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ፥ ጿܻࠩߥ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬ƥ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅ
(61, 2010Ũ૊ સ‫ޟ‬ᓆᒱၡ Ɓ ᄎ ႞ߘᇯ ᆝ ƒ ܻࢧ ޯࠀ Ƅ፥ ጿࡣ ၯ ਔ ৿཯དྷࡩƄƌƄ࣠ଐଌƄᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ܻᐱᐟࡷᇯ ᆝ ፟ ፑ࣠୓෺ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
81
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(17 ࡴ ߘƎࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ࣠‫ ࡩߥܻރ‬2007 ࠦެࣀ ࡩ 32 ࡴ ߘƎࠦ‫ࡩޯެߦޢ ߃ݹ‬Ƅࠦ༨࿸ ൎᑉᐽƄ‫ ݝ‬༨༤ ƥ߄ ߘƥ
Ƭ
‫ޢࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅ߄ ၰ ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡁ ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƣ ƀ 28 ƆƌܻଐଌƄ 1995 ࠦެࣀ ࡩ
ߎ ࡩܾ୓෺ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƥūᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ࡯༬ீ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƆƎƄƌଗଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅᇯ ᇍ ‫ޢ‬ಛಗƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓෺
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬Ƅᄎ ႞ߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ƥūƨܻࣀ ყႻƎᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎࡼ ࡷ
࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁᄋ ႛߢࡦƁƟܸᐮᚎ -ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

ƣ ࣠‫ ࡩߥܻރ‬2007 ࠦެࣀ ࡩ 32 ࡴ ߘƎࠦ‫ࡩޯެߦޢ ߃ݹ‬Ƅࠦ༨࿸ ൎᑉᐽƄ፥ ጿƌƎƥሯሡሁ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ꭸ᎙߄ ߘƥ
፥ ጿ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƇ ܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷ ‫ د‬Ɔ࢖ߥߙ 42 ƆƌܻଐଌƄ፥ ጿ (1995 ࠦެࣀ ࡩ 17 ࡴ ߘƎƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
௪ ௎Ǝܻ৤৕ষƄƥƇ Ƅྲ Ⴉ ܻഷവറƄ౰ేࢵ Ƣܻ࣏ ୓คƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢ‫ ࢸޟ࣠ރ‬ƆƎƄƌᓘƥūᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬ง
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ࡯༬ீ Ƈ ƄƎƄ࢖ߘ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ޯࡩƄƇ ܻީࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƐ ƥƎኆ ቱƄƥ
Ƣܻ‫ ࡩݘ‬17 ࡴ ߘƎࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ࣠‫ ࡩߥܻރ‬2007 ࠦެࣀ ࡩ 32 ࡴ ߘƎࠦ‫ࡩޯެߦޢ ߃ݹ‬Ƅࠦ༨࿸ ൎᑉᐽƄƇ ƌ߄ ၰ ሯሡሁ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ࡯༬ீ Ƈ ܻࢢ ܻࢧ ޯࠀ ଘଓ 29 ࡴ ߘƎƆƌܻଐଌƄ፥ ጿ 1995)
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ɠ ࣠ᐱᐟࡩƄࠢ‫ࡷܻࡷ ࡼ ࢸܾރ‬ᇯ ᆝƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࣊ ࣐ ࠀ Ɗ Ƅ౰౔ߘƄ -1
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄܻᐳ႓ƎਔƬ৲཯དྷࡩƄƇ ƄƎ࢖ߥ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖᅛ ܻެଐଌƄ݊ ࢠƥ -2
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝƀࢇ ‫ ࣀޢ‬ჱ჋ƥ݊ ‫ ࠖޢ‬ఴ ఠ -3
‫ۑ‬௪ ௎߄ ၮܻࣀ ଐଌƄᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯݘޢ‬ƄƥƇ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬౰౔ࡩƄ፥ ጿƧ ƀ༟༎ƄžƄਔ ৹Ƃ -4
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩܻ‫ޯݘ࡯ߥࠦހ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅྲ Ⴉ ܻഷവറƄƥƐ ƥƎኆ ቱƄơ ƥ߄ၴ ݊ ࢠƥ -5
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐢࣃ ߘܻެࡷƣ ܻஎै ࡣ ປ຀ఴ ఠƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮ໠ ໄߙྲ ႡଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ކݘޢ‬፥ ጿƧ ƀ༟༎ƄžƄਔ ৹Ƃ -6
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿܻಛಗ࣠ީߘࡼ ࡓ ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄƌƄ߄ၮଛଓƄƥࠦީ࡯࣐ ࡩƄơ ࣠ީߘƔ ƥྲ ႖ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࠦ୆คƄ౮ేࡷƊ Ƅ౰౔ߘƂ -7
ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝܾ‫ޯݘ࡯ߥࠦހ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƉ Ǝܻၯ ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ƄƍƇ ܻ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄƥƇ ܻࠩஎै Ƅƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ ࣊ހ‬Ƅƥ༟༎Ƅࢇ ୆ช࣠‫ ކ‬-8
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƆƌܻዙኸ ౰౎ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢࡷܻᐱᚑƥ
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƥƀࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ ܻᐳႩ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬Ƈ ܻၮ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿƧ ƀ༟༎ƄžƄਔ ৹Ƃ -9
‫ۑ‬ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄၒ࿏ ƄॅळࡩƄƣ ࣠‫ࡩߥܻރ‬Ƅఅ௷ ༨ဂ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ࡯༬ீ Ƈ ܻࢢ ܻࢧ ޯࠀ Ƅࡼ ያዧ ࡣ ၯ ਔ ৿Ʀ ༇໩ ƀƇ ܻၮ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷƧ ƀ -10
ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žơܸ༩စ ࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁᄋ ႛߢࡦƁࢧ ფႸƋƄ ܸࢲ ƋܸየዧƢƄ ܸަࠂ ƁƢ -ƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬

82
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƆƎƄƌƂࡼ ࡷᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡴ ᐱᚑƎƥਔ ৹Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ߙࠩ࣠ݹ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎ
‫م‬ƏൎᑉᐽƄ ƌܻެࢵ ଗଓƄ ࠦ‫޲ܻހ‬೘ೃ ౰౎ޯ‫ ކݘ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌ ƂƨƄƎƥƌƀ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ ࢪ ყႻƎ Ɛ Ǝܻ೘಼ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūƤƎ࣠ࡷƀ ౰ే‫ޢ‬ఱ ఠƥ ࠢࡺࣀ ߘ
ࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƤƎƄƥƌƀƥࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬Ɛ Ǝܻ೘಼Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀࠢ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࡁ࣠ރ‬ቻቷ޲೘಼ܻࡷࡼ ‫ރܻࠧޢ ࠯ݑ‬ūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࢵ Ǝܻࡺ൞ᒑᐽ
‫(ۑ‬87,95, 2004,Ƃ ࣝࠓ ༥஽ ࠢޯީ࡯࣍ ે ઻ၮྲ ႖ܻީࡷᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ
बअ࢔‫ࡩޯݘ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ކܻހݘޢ‬Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƇ ܻࢵ ƎܻያዪƥƇ ܻީࠅ Ƅƥࡼ ࡷƥ
፥ ጘܾ‫( ࡷܻݹ‬79,80,2006Ũ݂ ީৡ৅঴ ࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƇ Ƅኅ ቱƄƢƄ౰౔ၰ Ƅƥžܻ๻๬เଗଓƄƎ࣠‫ࢸݘ‬
‫ۑ‬Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄযওߘቧሼ࣓‫ݹࠦކ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅơ ܻࢧ ‫ݹ‬Ƃ -
‫ݹࠦۑ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƅ ॅळࢵ ƀƎƄ࢖ߘܺᄣƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƠ Ƅྲ ႖Ƃ -
‫ ࠅݘࠦۑ‬Ƅ༟༎Ƅࠦ‫ݓ ߃ݹ‬
ޯࡩƄ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬ง౰౎ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅࢇ ‫ࡷޢࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬Ƅ༟༎ƄƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƌ࣠ࠩஎै ࿃ ႓ܻସନଣ Ƅƥơ ܻ‫ࡩߦݘ‬Ƅࡴ ‫ݑ‬ኆ ቱƄ -
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏹܻၰ ܻ༬စ Ɔܾߙᇴᇍ ࡷƥƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƌ࣠ࠩ༬ဂ ཯ཏ࡯‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƞ Ƅ౰౔ၮଘଓƄ -
‫ࡩޯ࣠ ࠅޢࠢۑ‬ƄƥƆƎ࣠ࣃ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀਔ ৲ƥबऒ -
‫ࠩެޢࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅƥ߄ ެࡩƄƎ࣠ࢥ ࠁ ે ઻ၮࡴ ࠩ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢݘ‬ჴჅūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙƎ -
Ƈ ƄƏܻၴ ଗଓƄࡣ ޲ࡷ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅܻ‫ܻ ࢢࠦހߥ ࢥܻݹ‬உै ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩޯ࣠ ࢢޢ‬ƄᎨᎌ߄ ߥ୓กūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƟ ࣠ߥࠁ ࠦ‫ܻݹ‬ዙ዇ -
‫ࡩީ ࠒ޲ޢࠦۑ‬Ƅ߰ ެଐଌƄƥūࡣ ࣐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ
Ƈ ൎ൉‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ߙޢݘ‬౰౔ࡩƄƥūƇ ܻޯყީჷޯࡩƄƥūƆਔ ৲߄ எै ƄƇ ܻެყ‫ހܻࡩޯݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫୓ ࢥࡺ ࡼކ࣠ ࢢޢ‬෺Ƨ ƎƥƌᎨᎌ ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬žƄ༇໮ Ƃ -
‫ۑ‬ว งƄƥ༟༎Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬ႅ ޯެଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࠩެޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷቿቷࣀ ࡯ࢵ ࠦ‫ܻݹ‬ၮƎ -
പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬ƋƁƢƉŽƢƟܸᐮᚎ -ƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
ū࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ ፥ ፕ ƥࠦࣀ ყႻƎ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝƀࠦ‫ހݘ‬Ǝƀࡼ ࡷᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬Ƣܻᐱᚑƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓ข
Ɔžܻߦࡁ ƥࡴ ᄽ஛ ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ߄ߘƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠƂūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄࠦࡷ߄ ၯ ūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƇ ܻࡷܻᐳ႓ଗଓƄ
ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙƦ ߄ ࡷ໠ ໄީޯࡩ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧቿቷࢧ ༨ீ ࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ୓ขࡼ ࡓ ᚻࡩƥ༇໩ ſ፟ ፑƂƔ ܻఴ ఝࡼ ࡷᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠦݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ዙ዗ܻࣀ ࡷ
ഭ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬Ƣܻᐱᚑ ܻެࡩ໠ ໄ୍෺፥ ፑܻޯࡩƄᇯ ᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬
83
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
( 2 ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ
ƑŶƆœ
ʱƃ¦ʛ Ȃ°ʗʯƃ¦ŗʭʻƋʦʷ ŵ¿œ
ƌƆ
ŗॻʸǻ®œ
Ƃƕ¦¨°¦®Ɨ¦ Ŵʸʯʱʸƃ¦ŗƆʗŤ - ƑʸƄŶƃ¦ʖ ʲॺƃ¦ ʥʸʷ ʯȂÂ:ʤººʻƄºººŶººʯƃ¦
ŗȂʙؒ Žƃ¦©œ
ƆœƌŪ Ɨ¦Â
ŗƆʗŤ - ŗॻƄʸŵ -ŝƌʹʸƃ¦ -
(177, 2008,ŨᎥ፸ܸၫŨƠ ܸࡴƉƋ Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ
ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬Ƅ ܸࢲ ƋܸየዧƢƄ ܸߣ࢟ ƥܸࢽ
ࡴܸၬ
཯དྷࡩƄࡴ ᐱᚑܻࣀ ߘƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࡣ ၯ ƄƌƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࢇ ‫ܻކ‬ၮે ઻ၮƆܻߥ࡯ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥūܻᐱ᏶࣠ࠅ ܻޯ༨࿻ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡣ ީƭߘࡼ ࡷܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƣ ƥਔ ৲मअ‫ ࡴࡷ ࣐ܻࡩ ݪ‬ಛಗܻᐱ᏶ƥमअਔƬ৲
(65,76,77, , ݂ ީৡ৅঴ ࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ܻᐱᏳે ઻ඳඣ ൭ƣ ƀƣ ࣠ެ๻๬ึƇ ܻߦࢧ ‫ހ‬
፥ ጘଜଓƄܻࠩዙ዗ƀ
:ƃŻܸߣࡐ ᚸࡦƁƢࠣ‫ࡴܸހ‬ଘଐƁ
፥ ጿƨܻߘƌܻࢢ ūቻቷዙኸ žƄƌƀ፥ ጿƨܻެ‫ࡷޢ‬ƀƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࠢࡺࣀ ߥ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࡷ ࡼݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬Ɖ ܻޯ༨࿻ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻ࢖ߙ
࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄᑑ ᐽƍࢇ ߥ༨࿻ ࡼ ࡩƥūࠢࡷܻᐱᚑࡼ ࡷᑑ ᐽƍ౰ేၩƥƨܻ‫޲ޢ‬༨ဂ Ƣƀƨܻ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƨžƄ࣠ࢵ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮƆžܻߦࡓ ‫ހ‬ƨܻ‫ࡷޯࡺޯݘ‬ūࠢࡷൎᇩᆝ
࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓଘଓƥūžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄࡼ ࡷࠢၮ୍ܻงƀ݊ ࡷƇ ܻߦࢧ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ޲೘ೃ࣠ࠧࡣ ޲೘೉ƄƍƂଘଓƂᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻഃ೨
‫ۑ‬Ɔƥ߄ ߘᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ࡼ ࡓ ‫ݹ‬Ꭸ፻ƄƍƂࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƆ߄ ၮܻࣀ ࡷƢ߄ ߥƬ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌ
:ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸॷ८२ŻକଐࣝࡦƁૄ સၫ‫ݕݜ‬
୊คࠣႂ ެީࡴࠣ‫ޜ‬ფჂ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓቿቱƌܻၮࡣ ዙኸ ࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎਔ ৲मअ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ࠧžଘଓƥᑑ ᐽਓ ৹Ə࢔‫ࡩޢݘ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
:Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƟƁ౭౑ၭ ƁƢƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ƛ Ɓ౭౑ၫକଐƁ
ū໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄࡣ ީƭߘࡼ ࡷƤƏܻ༬စ ƂᎨ᎙ܻࡷƏܻ༬စ ܺᄣƄ࣠ߙ౰౔‫ݹݘ‬ƣ ଛଓࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎധ ୨ఱ ఓ
Ǝᇴᇍ ߙƀƥžƄƎƀƢƄ౰౔ၰ Ƅƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƣ ܻߥ‫ܺކ‬ᄣࢇ ࠁ ൎᑉᐽƄƏܻ༬စ ଗଓƄƢ߄ ၮે ઻ၮ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓ࣠ࠩߙƤƏܻ༬စ ƂᎨ᎙ܻ೘ೃƞ ౰౔‫ݹݘ‬Ꭸ፻Ƅƍܺߙ
‫ॱॺܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬५࢖ࡺ޲ଐଌƄƏܻ༬စ ଗଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ
84
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
:Ƅ ƁƋܸࠦ଍ଉƁ -
žܻ‫ݓ‬
ࢢ ଗଓƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ƄܻᐱᐟࡷƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬ଘଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߥࠒ ‫ࡩޢ‬Ɔ౮ేࡺޯࡷƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƉ ܻޯ༨࿻
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩެޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࣀ ࠁ Ǝƥਓ ৹Ɩ ƎƏે ઻ၮࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘūƖ ܻެߘଗଓƄƥ ၒᅢ ܻެࡩƄࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑū߄ ‫ࠅޢ‬
ࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘūܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡓ ያዪࠦ‫ߘݘޢ‬Ƅƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ݊ ࢠƥે ઻ၮࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘūƨܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ࡩݘࡺޢ ߄ݑެ ߄ࡷܻݹ‬Ƅࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƌે ઻ၮࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘūࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱ
Ƈ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿƣ ƏƄ࣠ޯࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ūƖ Ƅ߄ ၯ ƣ ƥƌࠦࢢ ܻၯ ࡣ ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬ƥࡼ ‫ࠦࡩݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࡴ ࠧࡼ ࡷƞ ܻࣃ ჴࡁ Ƅે ઻ၮ
‫ێ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƓ ౰౔‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄ
Ƣܻၮ‫ކܾ ࢵ ࣀ ݝ‬ūࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢ‬ၰ ࠦ‫ެޢ‬೘಼ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ơ ƥᇷᆝ ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠢ‫ހ‬Ƈ ୹ ୪Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ࡣ ያዟ Ǝ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ቿᇝᆝ࣠ଐଌƄƢܻࠩଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩƥƀū཯ཕ༨ဂ Ƣƀ࿃ ྜཾƎਔ ৿Ǝ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƣ ᇴᆝ ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ 1970)
ūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƣ ࣠‫ࡩߥܻރ‬ƨܻߥߙƥƆƌ߄ ༨ீ Ƣܻᐱᚑࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘ൑ᑉᐽƣ ƀࣉ ࠁ ൎ൉‫ݹ‬ƥūܻᐱᐕߙࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎે ઻ၮƥ
ࢇ ‫ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ၰ ࣠ଐଌƄ፥ ፎ ܻସବଣ Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬žܻߥ‫ކ‬ƎଗଓƄે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥūܻࢥ ‫ ࡴހݘ‬ᐳႮ ‫ހݘ‬Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᏹܻީࠅ Ƅƥે ઻ၮƄ࣠ߙ࢖‫୓ݘ‬෺ƣ ƀūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ūƌ߄ ༨ீ ƌ࢖ߙƥƀࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷ‫ ࣀ ݝ‬ყࡩƥ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ࡷ፥ ፕ ƥūƨžƄƌƀܻࠧ౮ే೘೉ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ
ƨžਔ
৹ܻᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݘ‬ያዜ ƥ౮ే೘೉ƥƊ ܻ༬စ ે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺ܻያዪࠦ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬ƥࠦީ‫ݘࠦ ࣍ޢ‬ያዜ ܻᐱᐜࣀ ࡓ ‫ܻࠧކ‬౮ే೘೉ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƊ ܻႅ ެߙ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡷܻၮ࢖‫ݓ‬ࢢ ܾ‫ހ‬ƨžܻᐱᐢ᠍ᓘƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࢪ ყႻƎࡼ ࡷ
85
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Organizational Loyalty ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ :ࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
ƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƖ ࣠୐ง‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ū໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠢޯࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጿƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔೘ೃ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࣩ ࣏ ༨࿻
ܻࡷƥ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ୹ ‫઻ ેࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ၮƤ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࡼ ࡷžଘଓॅळࡩܻଐଌᑑ ᐽƍūƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬
ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄ ơ ਓ ৹ƥ߄ ༬ဂ ࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ࠩ‫ߙݘ‬ƌƥࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱžƄƌଛଓƄࡣ ‫ޯ ߴݑެࠢࡷ ࡼކߦݘޢ‬ჱႾ
،ࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄ፥ ጿ౮ే৤৕ষƄƥžƄƌଛଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƣ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ƥƒ ൎ൉ၯ Ƃᇯ ᇍ ‫ݘࡺ ࡣހ‬ᑃᐽƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ݊ ߙਔ ৲žଘଓ࣠ࡩܻߙūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪Ʀ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ܻࡩޯݘ‬ᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ߎ ࡯ޯ੆੅ਰƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄധ ୨ఱ ఠᑑ ᐽኅ ቱ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴᚸƥକଐƢŽ
ࠣ‫ݐ‬
ࡦŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -
ࠦ‫ހ‬Ƅ࢖ߥࡩƄࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƞ ࢖‫ݟ ݹݘ‬Ƭ ‫ࠦ ࠁޢ‬୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽƄ፥ ጿƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡁ Ƨ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࡩƢ ࣠ࠩߦࡷžଘଓॅळࡩ
ྲ ႞ࡓ ᚻࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƭơ ƭƥ ƥū߰ ޯߦࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƫơ ƫƥ ž࿃ ႡࡩƄ፥ ፑƥࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ހܾރ‬ƞ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬ሯሡሁ (110,1960ŨƠ Ƣ༄໦ żƢࢧ ფჅŽ ࠦީഷവറƄƥƆྲ Ⴐ ެࡩƄƥ
ࡴ ᐱᐢ᠃ଘଓƥ ࡼ ࡷఅ௷ ᚻࡩܻࡷ፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ቻቱ࣠ߘ፥ ጿܻࡺᐱᐕᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ƃ ࢖ߘ߄ ߘƥūƣ ܻ࣐ ࡯ࣀ ࡩƄྲ ႞ࡓ ᚻࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƥƆྲ Ⴐ ެࡩƄ߰ ޯߦࡩܻ‫ߘޢ ࡣހ‬ƥūƆྲ Ⴐ ެࡩƄཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬೘ೃ
Ƥଘଓ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūƥ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߄ ࢠ፥ ፑ࣠ࡩƄƥūƆƄƌܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ߄ ࢠƆଘଓƄ࣠ଐଌƄƥ‫ ݪ‬ഷവറƄƥ݊ ‫ࡩޯܻހ‬Ƅƥ౰ేࢧ ެࡩƄƥࢇ ‫ࡩ ࢧ ߄ݹ‬Ƅ࣠ࠧ፥ ፑ࣠ࡩƄƥ ž࿃ ႖ࡼ ࡷ
(287,1990 , Ƌࣝ࣌ ީࡴ௧ ௒Ɓ ࣠‫ރ‬ኆ ቱƄƥƅ ࢖ߥࡩƄ࣠ࠧƥūƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥƤ߃ ༧ဈ Ƅ
:ܸၭ ോെ࣍ ࢟ Ɓ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -
Ɩ ࣠ެޯࡩƄᑑ ᐽƍࡼ ‫୓ ߴݑ‬ค߄ ߘƥ ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿ‫཯ߘ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄƖ ࣠ެޯࡩƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ެჴ჆
ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƌ߄ ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓॅळࡩƌ߄ ༨ீ ߎ ‫ ߄ކݘ࢖ݹ‬ၴ ࣠‫ݹ‬ଘଓƥūܻࠧ߄ ‫ކݘߥޢ‬ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄžଘଓॅळࡩযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄƌ߄ ‫ކݘ‬
߄ၰ ࣠ࡷƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩƥ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱࠦ‫ݘެޢ‬ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅƥūࠢ‫ߙޢ‬मक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƅ ܻީࢵ ൑ᑉᐽ (35, 2011,Ƥ ߁ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ ᑑ ᐽƍ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࢢݘ࣠ހ‬໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ݹ‬Ƅžଘଓॅळࡩ
ࠦ༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƎܻ‫މ‬ଜଓƄƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ƄƥƖ ࣠୐งᑑ ᐽቦሼƥࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬ƥƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƆ߄ ‫ހݘ‬मकܾ୓෺ࠦ‫ ࢵޢ ࡓ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬Ɔ࢖ܻࠧ࣌ ƤƎܻީޯ‫ ހܻݑ‬-
‫ࡩޯࠢۑ‬ƥܻ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƥࠢޯࢵ ƄƎƌࡣ ၯ Ƅ߄ ࡷƥࠢެ‫ݑ‬
‫ޯީ ݊ۑ‬ଐଌ‫ا‬ơ ഻ܻവറƄƥ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯᑃᐽƨܻ‫୍ݘ‬ง࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީᑃᐽ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄܻ‫ݹ‬ƄƥƏƥƇ ܻߥ࡯࣐ ެଐଌƄƌ߄ ‫ ކݘ‬-
‫ۑ‬Ɔ߄ ၮƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮܻᐱᏩƄ࣠ޯࠁ Ƅƥܻᐱᐟ᠃୍ܻงƥࠢެ‫ࡷ ࢥܻࡷޢ‬ƥƤƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀƌ߄ ‫ ކݘ‬-
86
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
፟ ጋƄਔ ৹ƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ޢ‬ჴࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ܻݹ‬ᐱ᏶፥ ጿଘଓƂ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢܻࡺޯܻࠧ‫ ࣉހ‬༨࿻ Ꭸ፻ࠢ‫ރ‬ଛଓūࠢ‫ޯ ࠑ ࢧ ࢧࠦߙޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌƥ߄ ༨ீ -
‫ۑ‬௪ ௎ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ࢖ߥᑃᐽƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩ ࣀީݘޢ‬Ƅ
ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄƖ ࣠୐ง፥ ጘܾ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ݹ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿमक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥ
ƌƎ࣠‫ކ‬ƞ ࣠ࢵ ƥƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥƧ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄơ ഻ܻവറƄƄቦሼƥ፥ ፎ ܻެࢧ ࡩƄࢪ ߦެࡩƄࣷࣳၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ
፥ ፕ ƥযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄƤ߃ ࢛ࠧ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހݘ‬Ƅ
ܸࠦߖƁ߁ ࠤŽ። ጼࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁ݇ ࡴƟܸႂ మ చƁࠟީ‫ެ ߱ ݎ‬ხႻࠟެࡷ࣌ ީࡴơܸ༩စƩ Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁᑸ ᑤ๸๩ำƋࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢵ ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƞ ࢖‫ ݹݘ‬
ƉƢƉ࢓଍ଉƁƋƁ߁ ߢࡴࡹ ‫ࡦީ ࣌࢓ ݎ‬Ɓ࢘ ‫ݐ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸᐮᐟࡴ߁ ၬ ƢŨࠣࡷ࣌ ީ൛ᒎᐺࠣୃ෾ܸ༩࿸ ଔଐƁƃ࢓࣌ ީࡦƁƢŨܸᐮᏰŻܸߢަࡦƁ። ጼࠣަ݉ ༜་ƁƢŨܸࠦࡷ‫ߕޟ‬Ƣ
‫(ۑ‬30, 2012,Ƥ ƌूरࡦƁ "Ƥ Ɖܸ଍ଉƁ
࢘ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Ơ Ž‫ࡴ ࡹ ߾ޟݜ‬Ũࠣ‫ݕࡷ࡬ޟ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ࡦީܸ ߾ޟ‬Ɓࡹ ࡴƛ ࣝ࢟ ࣝ଍ଉƁࡠ ࢢ ߖŽƉ࢓ߣࡦƁƠ ࣝࡐ ‫ݶ‬
Ơ Ž࣠ࠧƌ࢖ߦࡩƄžଘଓƥƞ ࢖‫ ݹݘ‬
(Seema,2010,1) "ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁࡠ ၬ ƁƉ૊ સ‫ݕ‬
ߣࡦƁƢŽƉࣝࢤ ߢ଍ଉƁቤሹ ܻެ଍ଉƁƝ ूरࢽ ࡦƁ‫ ݧ‬ძమ ఝߋ ߕƁࣝ଍ଉƁ
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄܻᐱᏬ߄ ୍෺཯དྷࡩƄࠦީഷവറƄƥƉ ܻࡷਔ ৼଘଓƄƥƒ ൎ൉ၯ ଗଓƄƦ ߄ ࡷ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄཀྵཏ‫޲ ࡣࡷݘ‬๻๬ึƥ 
ࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯଐଌƄ Ƥ߄ ࠩࠅ ƥ ࠦ‫ࡩߥ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ ࠢޯީ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ ࠢ୆คܻߦ‫ކ‬ƥ ܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧଛଓ ቻቷީߥ‫઻ ે ކ‬ၮ ᑑ ᐽƍ ࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺ƥ ūܻᐱᏳ ࡣ ࡺ‫཯ ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄ
‫(ۑ‬101, 2010,Ꭵᎉ ƢƋ ܻࠩࠁ ܻ༬စ ଗଓ
ࡼ ࡷࠢެࡺࢥ ୓ขܻ೘ೃࠢޯࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ፥ ጿࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄ፥ ጕƄ߄ ၴ ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅᑑ ᐽƍ࣯࣠ࠧ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ 
࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥūࠦ‫ߘܻހ‬༟༎Ƅƅ ܻ‫ ݌ޢ‬ቿቱܻၰ ፥ ጿཀྵདྷࠁ ࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࡣ ࡺ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬ƨܻ‫ ࠅ ࡴߙݘ࡯ޢ‬౰౔‫ݹ‬ƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻࡷƥƀࠦ‫ྟ ྲݹ‬྅ྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ݑ‬
ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦީ‫ ݌‬༟༎Ƅ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƥƀࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅƅ ܻ‫ ݌ ࡴ ݌ޢ‬Ǝūࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࠢஊै ܻࢧ ࡷે ઻ၮܻࠧमक࣓‫ݹ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ
ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐕެ༬࿻ ƞ ࣠ࢵ ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ƄƏܻ‫ࡷޯޢ‬ଘଓƄƥ‫ ࢵ ݪ‬ᇴᇍ ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ൞ᒑᐽ߰ ࡺ࣐ ‫ݹ‬༇໩ ଜଓƄ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅƥūࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬
‫(ۑ‬34, 2005,Ɵܸީ݉ ࠢޯࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƤƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ Ƅ
Ƈ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ ƄƆ߄ ‫ހݘ‬Ƣ߄ႀ ޯఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷƣ ƀ(Scholl, 2003,64)ഃ೨ਓ ৲ƥ 
žଘଓƥࠦၴ Ǝƌࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄቿቱܻࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ࣠ݑޢ‬፟ ፑƂ౰ేࣃ ყࡩ߰ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧƢ߄ႀ ޯఱ ఓƣ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ଛଓƄࡴ ࣏ ‫ࡷݘ‬፥ ጿƥūࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ
፥ ፕ ƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƔ ܻ೘ೆƀƈ ൎ൉‫୓ ࢥࡺ ࡼމ‬෺࣠ࠧƥƪơ ܻၮ࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬ง
‫ۑ‬žƄƌଛଓƄࡼ ࡷơ ܻၮƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ݊ ࡷƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƟ ܻߦ‫ކ‬Ƅ -1
‫ۑ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ɛ ܻࣀ ࠁ ଗଓƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƦ ߄ ଐଌƄቿቷ‫ࡩݘ ࢥ࣠ݹࠦ ࣍࣠ݹ‬Ƅ -2
87
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žƄƌƀ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ ે ઻ၮ ƌ࣠‫ ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ ހ‬ƎƄƥƌଛଓƄ žƄƌƀ ࣠༨စ Ơ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ ࡼ ࡷ ơƪ ܻၮ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ -3
‫(ۑ‬31, 2008,ࠣࢢ ‫ ݎࣝݶ‬ƪơ ܻၮ
ྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ܻެ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ࡩ ࢧݘ ݪ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷū࣐ࠦ ‫ހ‬Ƅ౰౔ࡷܻᐱᐟࡓ ᚻࡩࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀƥƍƥūࠦ୆คƄ߄ ၴ ƥቿቱܻၰ :࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ 
ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬Ƥƌܻߥޯ‫ݑ‬ƄƥƤ୹ ‫઻ ેࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ၮƥūࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻߙྲ Ⴐ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ౰ేީࡓ ᚻࡩƄƤ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ቧሼ࣓ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƥūƨƄमकƀƦ ࣠ߘଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬30,31, 2008,Ơ Ɓ߁ ዖዄ ࠢެ‫઻ ્ݑ‬ႀ ޯࡩƄƥƀቻቷዙኸ ፥ ጿƤƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ƄƦ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮƥūࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬
ࡣ ‫ࡩޢ‬ኆ ቱƄ࣠ࠩߙūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࢧޢࠦࡩޯߥ࣠ݹ‬༧ೞ ࠦ‫ކ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬ƥƀƎܻࡺ޲ჴࢵ ƄᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࠦީ‫ ݌‬༟༎Ƅࠢ‫ރ‬ƀžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƞ ࢖‫ ݹݘ‬
ƄƍܺߙūࠦࡷƄ߄ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެࡺޢ‬Ƅƥ࣠৤৒ষƄࢇ ‫ࡷެࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ᇴᇍ ࡩƄƆ࣠ߥࡩƄ࣠ࠧƥūܻᐱᏩൎ൉ዙኸ ࿃ Ⴉ मऒࠦߘ࣠ߦޯࡷࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬Ꭸᎌ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽ
‫ێ‬1,3,1996Ũኃ ቴࣀ ჱႻƁƋ ࣠৤৒ষƄƅ ܻၩžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƅ ܻၩ
‫ه‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހܻݑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ܻߦ‫ކ‬Ƅว คƄ࣠ࠅ Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ࣊ ‫ހ‬मअƧ ኅ ቱƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ‬Ƅƥūܻᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡺ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƞ Ƅ߄ ܾࠧ‫ߘެܻݑޯࠢހ‬ƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ୹ ‫ ࣃܻݑ‬೘ೃ࣊ ୍งमअƎ࣠‫ࢸݘ‬
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࡁݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ౮ే೘೉ƥࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƂƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə፟ ፑƂƧ ƌ࣓‫ކ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦၮܻެߥ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
‫ࡷެ ࣏ࡺޯࠢۑ‬፥ ጿžܻߥީࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ‫ ࠁ ݪ‬ƥକଐƢŽ
ે઻ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱީࡷūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬೘ಹܻߘ
ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ƨ ࣠ߘƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ ƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑކ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫ߥ ߄ࡷࠦ ࡷ ࡼߘީ ࡣߘޢ‬ଐଌƄቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

ࠦ୆งƄኅ ቱƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƨƄ߄ ‫ހݘޢ‬Ɔ࣠ࠅ ࢖ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࠢ‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৿ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦެࡷᇴᆝƆ࣠ߘ࣠ࠧᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƥ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄᅶै ܻࢧ ଐଌƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽᚻƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

ƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍūࠢ‫ࡷެ ࣏ࡺޢ‬Ƣƀࠦ‫ޯࡺݘޢ‬༬ீ Ƣƀࠦ‫ ࣍ެޢ‬ƥžƄ࣠ࢵ Ɔਔ ৯ܻၮਔ ৯Ƅ࣠ߙࡼ ࡷቻቱܻଐଌ ࠦ‫ݓ‬
ࡩܻ‫ޢࠦހ‬ዙ዗ƀ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓॅळࡩ
(246, 2005,። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ ƌƎ࣠‫ݟݹ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄƆܻ‫ޢ‬ஊै ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ ࡣ ࡺఴ ఓ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀƔ ܻߥ‫ރ‬፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀ
Ƈ ܻߘƥଛଓƄ፥ ጿܻ෬ැᛂ ଘଓܻᐱᏳ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ ࣊ހ‬༟༎Ƅ፥ ጿƨܻࡷܻࠧƨܻ࣐ ೘ೆ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡣ ޲೘಼ -1
ࡼ ࡷƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄžଘଓ࣓ಛಗࠦ೘ಹൎ൉ଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै ƄƢ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄܻᐱᐕߙ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఠଘଓ཯དྷࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƄ
ܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀƨܻࡷܻࠧƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮ߄ ‫ܻݹݘ‬ᐱᏳƣ ॅळࡺ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽ௪ ௎मअ߄ ଐଌƄࠦࢢ ܻၯ ƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄžଘଓƥƣ ƀ -2
‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬Ƅࡴ ࠩࡁ मऒƥ ƀࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏩܻߥ୍ก࣓ީჱޯࡩƄ፥ ጿ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ
88
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ީ࣓ހߦݘܻࡩޢ‬ჱޯࡩƄ፥ ጿƨܻࡷܻࠧƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮ౰౎ޯ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄžଘଓƥƣ ƀ -3

፥ ጹ࣠ߥࡩƄƉ ܻ୓คଗଓƄƇ ଘଓ߄ ‫ࡷݘ‬Ɩ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ƎƄƥƧ ƌܻࢧ ޯߘଘଓƄ࣠৤৒ষƄ፥ ጿ݊ ߦ‫࢖ކ‬ଐଌƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƥƍƣ ࣠ߦ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄࡴ ܻࠧఱ ఓ -4
‫ࠧ ࡴۑ‬ƌൎ൉‫ހ‬፥ ጿ
໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ƥƢƄƥኆ ቱƄ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰ేၯ ܾޯࡩƄቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ࡷࡼ ࡷ߄ ஊै Ƅƥƅ ܻ‫ݓޢ‬
ࡩƄ߄ ୐กƓ ܻߦ༧စ Ƅ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓ -5
‫ۑ‬१ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄžƄƌଛଓƄ
Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅƥܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓ݊ ߦ‫࢖ކ‬ଐଌƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ‫࣠ ࣌ ߎ ࢢܻ ࠁ ݪ‬ଐଌƄƣ ƀ -6
‫ࡩݘܻࡷ઻્ۑ‬Ƅ
Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࠦࠩࠅ ࡼ ࡷƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ߙ ࢇހ‬Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƦ ߄ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ ࣀޢࠦࡩߥޢ‬ყႻ༟༎Ƅྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ౰౎ޯ‫ ݹݘ‬-7
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀࠦࠩࠅ ࡼ ࡷ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ࢚ ‫ ߽ ࢤܸݳ‬ᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
፥ ፕ (507, 1995,Ƥ ƢƁƋ࢑஋ॅ ƁƢƠ ࣝࠤ߁ ଍ଉƁ ࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝ ܻࠧƌƎƥƀ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ Ɔ߄ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ౮ే๻๬ึ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ
ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƇ ܻߙྲ Ⴐ ‫ކ‬ƥƠ ॅळࢵ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ݊ ‫୓ܻހ‬ขࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ง࢖ࠧƄ࣠࣌ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮơ ߄ ޯఱ ఓࠦࢵ ࣠൞൙ࡷ౰ేၩቿቱܻၰ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ -
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏩଘଓƥƦ ߄ ࡷ߄ ࣀ ༬ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ʀ ༇໩ ƀࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ง࢖ࠧƄ࣠࣌ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ၮܻߦ‫ކ‬ቿቷ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁ ࢧޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ -
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌ
ࡣ ߘƀƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ࢧ ࡣߙޢࠢކ‬༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀଘଓƂள ஭࣐ ଐଌƄƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ፟ ፑƂࡣ ࢧ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ࡩ ࡼݹ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ -
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ࢖ࠧƄ࣏࣠ ࡩܻ‫ ࢧ ࡣހ‬༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ޢ‬ხఱ ఝ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Žᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥūࠢ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࡣƬ޲೘ƫ೉໠ ໄ୍งƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮơ ਔ ৿Ƈ ܻያዜ ƥƨƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺
फऒ࣐଍ଉƁ । ्࣊ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -‫أ‬
ࡼ ࡷܻࢥ ޯࡩƄ ࢪ ࡓ ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢࠢ ކݘ‬Ƅ Ƈ ܻߘൎ൉‫୍ܻ ࣍ࠢ ހݘ‬งƎƄƥ ࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷ ݊ ࡷ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ Ɖ ܻࡷਔ ৼƄ Ʀ ߄ ೘ೃ Ƅ߃ ࠧ ౰౎‫ݹݘ‬
(47,1999Ũ። ጒܸ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄ
። ጻോെၬ ଘଐƁ Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -‫ب‬
89
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠢࡷ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬எै Ƅࡴ ‫ݑ‬ኆ ቱƄࡣ ‫ࡷߥܻހ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻߥީࡩƄ࣠༨စ ƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƐ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ƃ࣠ࠧ
ūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬ƥƇ ƄžƄ༇໮ ଗଓƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿ࣊ ߥߙࢪ ყࡩ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄơ ƁܻߦޯࡩƄƥበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌܻ‫ ࡴހ‬ಛಗƊ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄƥܻᐱᐕხࣀ ჴެଐଌ
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƠ मऒࡼ ‫ޯެ ݊ݑ‬೘಼ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻያዪūࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅᄎ ႓Ǝƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄ݊ ࢠƥ፥ ጿࠦዙ዗ܻࣀ ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ހ‬
ūܻࠩ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥ፥ ጿƠ Ǝܻࢸ ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଘଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉፥ ጿƨܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀƨܻࡷ౮౔࡯ࡷࠢ‫ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ᚻࡩ
‫(ۑ‬36,2008Ũࠣࢢ ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦ ݎࣝݶ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻߥީࡩƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮযঠ༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦެࠩଐଌƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ܾ‫ࡷࠢހ‬Ƅ౮౔ࡩଘଓƥ
࢓ࡷެࢽ ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -‫ج‬
ࢪ ࢵ ƀે ઻ၮƢ࣠ߥ‫ހ ࡣݹ‬ūࠦ୆คƄ߄ ၴ ࣠ࡩƄ୹ ‫ ࣃܻݑ‬ଐଌƄƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ଘଓƧ ኅ ቱƄƅ ࣠ࣀ ഷവറƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡺ ࣩހ‬ఱ ఓƥ
ƣ ౰౔ߥޯߙࠦ‫ࡷܻࡩޢ‬౰ేၩƥƀࠦ‫ރࠦࡷܻࡩޢ‬౰౔ߥଐଌƄߎ ‫ࡩޢ‬ᇴᇍ ޯࡩƄƥਔ ৯Ƅ࣠‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦࡷܻၮƆƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƠ ƄƎƌƂ፟ ፑƂ݊ ࠅ मअ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫ࡷެ ࣐ߥޢ‬
ࡣ ዙኸ ࠦࢢ ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ߄ ߥޯ‫ݑެ߄ࡷܻݹݘ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƌƄƌबअƥūܻᐱᐕߙžܻߥީࡩƄƥƀࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƠ ౰౔‫ހ‬
(5,2004Ũ߁ ‫ ࢵޟ‬Ƌ ቿቷ‫ݹ‬ਔ ৹
ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ƂƦ ߄ ೘ೃ࣊ ୍ง୹ ୪ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Əžܻߥ‫ހ‬ƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
Ʀ ߄ ೘ೃ࣊ ୍งमअƧ ƌܻࡷƔ ୍ܻงƎƂ࣠ࠧƥūƦ ༇໩ ƀࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿܻࠧ߄ ༬࿻ ଘଓ߄ ߘਔ ৯Ƅ࣠ߙࡼ ࡷ߄‫ ࣀޯߦޢ‬ყࢵ ܻࡷે ઻ၮƨžܻ୐กᑑ ᐽƍƥ
‫ࡷݘެ࣠ݹࠦۑ‬ƥƀࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻࡷ࢔ߙƄ࣠ࠁ ࡼ ࡷƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ƅ ܸࠤܸ༩စ ƁƢࡠ ၬ Ɓ߁ ࡴ ᚸƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
Ƈ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅƥࡣ ၯ Ƅ߄ ࡷ፥ ጿƌ߄ ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂ፥ ደॅळࣀ ࡩƄơ ഻ܻവറƄƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠ࡺޯࠩଐଌƄ౰ేఴ ఓ
ܻዙ዗ ໠ ໄ୓෺ƁƎ ໠ ໄ࡯ၯ ߄ࡷ፟ ፑƂᄎ ႞ߥ୐෺࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƣ ƀે ઻ၮƄ࣠ߥߦ‫ކ‬Ƅ߄ ߘƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
:The Attitudinal ApproachƄ ܸࠤܸ༩စ କଐƁࡠ ၬ ߁ ࡴ -1
ūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷƥߎ ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬፥ ጿࡣ ޲๻๬ึ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƤܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀ࢖࣏ ୐෺
ƞ ࣠ࢵ Ɛ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ܺߙࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄযওߘƥƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ݊ ࡷቿቷ‫ࡷޯࡺܻމ‬ƥࠦߥ‫ߙࠢࡷޯ ࣐ܻހ‬Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƥƐ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄযওߘƇ Ǝܻࢢ Ƅƍܺߙ
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿ༇໩ ſࡣ ዙኸ ࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬Ƅƥƀࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƠ मऒ፥ ጿಒ౷ߦ‫ݹ‬ଘଓƥūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެ೘ೃ፥ ጾ࢖ᑃᐽቻቷዙኸ ፥ ጿ፥ ጿܻࢠƂ߄ ࠩࠅ ơ ߃ ୍෺
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄᅶै ܻࢧ ଐଌƄࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެ೘ೃƌƄ࢖ߙ൑ᑉᐽƨܻ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬ƨܻ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀࡣ ၯ ߄ ଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧƎܻࢧ ‫ރ‬ƀƦ मअƥūƦ ༇໩ ƀ
ࠣࢢ ‫) ݎࣝݶ‬ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹Ƣܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᐜࠅ Ƅƥࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄžଘଓ࣓ࠩߙūࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ࡣ ‫ܻࡷߥܻހ‬ᐱᐕ࡯ၮƄॅळࢧ ༨࿻ ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄ
‫(ۑ‬38, 2009,
90
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷƥƐ ƥ Ɓ࢖ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƥযওߘ໠ ໄ‫ހ ࣊ހ‬मअƧ ኅ ቱƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ‬ƄƦ ߄ ೘ೃ࣊ ୍ง୹ ୪ࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷƤܻ༬ဈ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƤܻ༬ဈ Ƅƥ
፥ ጘଜଓܻ‫ݹ࣠ ࢢ ߎހ‬ƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽ݊ ߦ‫࢖ކ‬ଐଌƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻߙ
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄযওߘƥƞ Ƅ߄ ܾࠧ‫ޢ ࢇހ‬ዙኸ ƣ ܻ೘಼Ƃࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱ -
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿ౰ేީࡓ ᚻࡩƄ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲୷ ୪ơ ߃ ީࡩƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱ -
‫(ۑ‬244،2005,። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿžܻߥީࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦߘƌܻࢧ ࡩƄࠦީ‫ ݌‬༟༎Ƅࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱ -
:The Behavioral Approach። ይूरࢽ ࡦƁࡠ ၬ ߁ ଍ଉƁ-2
ࡣ ࡺ‫ݹݘ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƣ ƀࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ƄƤ߃ ࠧƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀƦ मअƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬໠ ໄࡺޯࠩଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱ ࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ܻ‫ࡺ ࣩ ހ‬ఱ ఓƥ
ࠢ‫ߙܺރ‬Ƅኅ ቱūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄቜሼमऒࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Ƥྲ ႞༧࿻ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƥ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅƥƀūƌ࣠ߥެࡩᇴᆝቻቱࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬Ƨ ƍž࿃ ႖ᇯ ᆝ ે ઻ၮƕ ܻߦॶॱ५Ƥ߄ ࠩࠅ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ܺߙࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƥūࠦࡺ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅžܻ‫ ࢸޢ‬ଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ Ƅቻቱࡼ ࡺࢥ ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻߙྲ Ⴐ ޯࡩƄᇯ ᆝ ે ઻ၮƕ ܻߦஊै Ƅơ ƥܻ༨࿻
Ƥ ƌूरࡦƁ) Ƨ Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄ ྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ ūƧ ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ଘଓƄ ྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ ū፥ ጕƄ߄ ၴ ࣠ࡩƄ ྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ፥ ፕ ྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫މࠦݑ‬ൎ൉‫ ࡷ ࡼ މ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓෺
‫ێ‬28 ،2012,
ŻକଐࣝࡦƁƓ Ɓࣝ‫ހ‬Žᚸƥܸࢲ Ɖܸࢲ
ࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž ơഀ೥Ɗܸࡴࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦ‫ا‬ƉƋࣝ‫ރ‬ƢŻକଐूरࡦƥܸၫƁࣝ‫ހ‬Ž። ፋ ܸࡷެࠂ କଐƁƢ። ይूरࢽ ࡦƁƞ ܸസലമƁ። ጼƠ Ƣ࢓࣌ ީ଍ଉƁƢƠ ࣝޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁഀ೥ਐ ৯
። ጕଙଐƁࣝࠏ ީࡦƁૄ સၫ 40,2005Ũྯ Ⴍ ީࡦƁ
઴ઔ੡ኃ ቮƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -1
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥūࡣ ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ހࠢݑ‬Ǝ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ơ ƏܻެଐଌƄે ઻ၮଛଓ፟ ጾमअƥ१ ॏ‫ކ‬मअࠢީߙūࣷࣳࣀ ଐଌƄƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱƇ Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፟ ጾƎƀ࣠ࠧ
ว งƄ୹ ୪ࡼ ࡷܻࠩߥީࢵ ܻଐଌơ ࣠ࢢ ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƥƌ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌࡣ ߥޯჱႾƣ ƀࣷࣳࣀ ൞ᒑᐽࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ൎ൉ߙơ Əܻެࡷƥƀว งƄ୹ ୪ƈ ൎ൉‫މ‬Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿ
໠ ໄެࡷ࣓൞ᒑᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩ‫ ا‬:ƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
-ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -཯ཌެᑃᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬ūƤ߄ ၰ ƥࡣ ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥକଐƢŽ
፥ ፕ ƥ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࣊ ୍งमअƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠢ୓෺ଘଓ࣠‫ހ‬Ə࣠ߦࡩƄܻ‫ރ‬ƌƎƀƄƍƂࡣ ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ୹ ୪ଛଓơ ܻ޲ޯࡷƄ࣠ࠧƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥū໠ ໄߘƌܻࢧ ࡩƄ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᚑᇴᇍ ၰ ƀƥࠢ‫ݑߥޢ ߄ކ‬ƃ ƌܻީ೘ೃቻቷ޲೘೉Ʀ ߄ ೘ೃƥ ܻᐱᏳࡼ ࡷ࣓‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄࠢ‫ݑߥޢ ߄ކ‬ƥࠢ୐෺ਔ ৹ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƦ ߄ ೘ೃષગ੤ኆ ቱƄ
ཬཌ࣊ ࣝࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -2
ࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄ‫཯ࠧ࣠ ࠁ ݪ‬ཏ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥūࡴ ᐱ᏶ܻ࣍ ƥଛଓ໠ ໄީഷവറƄƥ໠ ໄࢧ ࡯ശവറƄƦ ኆ ቱܻᐱᐢ᠍ᇴᇍ ࡷܻಛಗࠦࡺ‫ࠦݑ ࣏ޢ‬൞ᇅᆝ ࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄ
཯དྷࡩƄƓ Ǝ൑ᑉᐽžܻߙ࣠ࡩƄܻᐱᐟࡷƨଘଓܻ‫ߙݘ‬ƀƥƨƄƎ࣠ࢢ Ɖ ܻޯ༨࿻ ቻቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄ‫ ࠁ ݪ‬ƥūƨžܻያዜ ƥƨܻࢠƎƀࠢ‫ހ‬ƤƌƄ࢖ߙƀƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƥ
࣊ƨ ୍งमअ཯ཏ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūኆ ቱ࣠ࡩƄƥơ ܻଐଌƄƥࢪ ߦެࡩܻ‫ݑެࠢހ‬Ɩ ܻߙኆ ቱƄƥቻቷၴ ƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬Ƅƥūƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮƑ ܻၮ
91
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɠ Ǝଛଓࡣ ‫ ࠅݘ‬Ƥƌܻީ‫ܻކࠢࡩݘ‬ᐱᐕࠅ ࣠‫ކ‬ƥࠢ‫ކݘ࡯ޢࡺܻކ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƣ ƀ፥ ጿ࠯ ࢸ ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ݹ‬ଘଓ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūષગ੤ኆ ቱƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬
žܻߙ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬ƄƥƖ ܻߙኆ ቱƄ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺཯ཏ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥūƆ࣠ߘࡼ ࡷቻቷዙ၁ဤܻࡷᇯ ᇍ ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐟ‫ݑ‬Ɩ ܻߙኆ ቱܻ‫ހ‬Ƥ୹ ୪ƀƥࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƆ࣠ߘે ઻ၮơ ਔ ৿፥ ጕܻ‫ܻࠩࡷݘ‬ᆿᆝƥ
࿀ Ⴍ ࠎ ࣀ ࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -3
‫୍ܻط‬งƎƄࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūܻࠩߥ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఓ཯དྷࡩƄࠢ‫ݶ‬
ƌܻީࡷƥࠢ‫ކ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƌ࢖ߦࡩƄžଘଓƥ࿃ Ⴐ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺ƥ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƀū፥ ጒ࢔ஊै Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧࡣ ၯ ਔ ৲ƥūܻᐱᏳ݊ ެޯߥࡷ࣠ࠧ཯དྷࡩƄࠢޯߙܻߥ‫މ‬ƥࠢߙƄ߄ ܾࠧ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ
‫ࡷࠢۑ‬Ƅ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ཭ཅࢵ ƀ‫ە‬ƄƍƂࠢ‫ ྲކ‬႓ƀ݊ ࡷƌ࢖ߦࡩƄžଘଓƥਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧमक࣓‫ߘ ߄ݹ‬ƥū཯ཌࠧ߃ ଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƀū્ ઻ީߥࡩƄ
ཬཌࠦ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -4
ผ ෺߄ஊै Ƅƥ ܻࠧ मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩࠢ‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৿ܻᐳ႓Ǝܻ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄࠢޯެࠩଐଌࠢީஊ஀ ūࠢޯެᐱᚑƥƀࠢޯߦ‫ހ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎܻ‫ހ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧࡣ ޲๻๬ึƥ
‫ެޯࠢۑ‬ᐱᚑ፥ ጿࠢ‫ࡺ࣠ހ‬ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƥƃ ƌܻީଐଌܻ‫ܻހ‬ಛಗࠢޯࢵ Ǝܻያዪ߄ެ‫ݑ‬ƨൎ൉޲ࡺޯࡷ࢖உ஀ ᇯ ᇍ ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐟ‫ݑ‬
Ƥ ྯ ႐ଘଐƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -5
ᒋ ᑧ඲ඣ ൭߄ ߘƥūܻᐱᐕࡩƂ࣯ ࡺޯჱႾ཯དྷࡩƄࠢ‫ކ‬౰ేࣃ ‫ݑ‬ƥࠢޯ࡯‫ݶ‬
ܻၮƥࠢ‫ ྲކ‬႓ܾ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ܻଐଌơ ࣠ީߥࡷ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄ્ ઻ީߥࡩƄ‫ࡩޯݘ ࢧ ݪ‬Ƅܻᐱᐟࡷƥ ࠢ‫ކ‬౰ేࣃ ‫ހݘ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ࠦީީ༨ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ଘଓ߄ ߘ཯དྷࡩƄƎ࣠ࡷଛଓƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬
‫ޯࡺ ݊ۑ‬഻വറƄƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ ࢵ࡯ީޢ‬ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࡼ ࡷࠢႅ ޯჱႾ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ-6
ࡼ ࡷࡣ ࢧ ༨࿻ ܻଐଌƨžܻߙƥᑑ ᐽƍƥūܻᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡺ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެ೘ೃƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƦ ߄ ࡷၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕߙቻቷዙኸ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƄ Ɓ౫ౄየዧ ᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸࢲ
(38, 2009,ോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ Ɔ߄ ‫ॅ ࡁޢࠦހݘ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ݑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ౮ే๻๬ึ
፥ ጘܾ‫ܻࡷܻݹ‬ᐱᐟࡷ
Ƈ ܻߙྲ Ⴐ ‫ކ‬ƥƠ ॅळࢵ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ݊ ‫୓ܻހ‬ขࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ง࢖ࠧƄ࣏࣠ ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐕ࡯ၮơ ߄ ޯఱ ఓࠦࢵ ࣠൞൙ࡷ౰ేၩቿቱܻၰ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ -
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏩଘଓƥƦ ߄ ࡷ߄ ࣀ ༬ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄƥযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ
ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ހܻࡩݘ‬Ƥमकܾ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪކ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯᑃᐽࡣ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ߘܻހ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ Ƃ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄࠦ‫ܻ ࢢޢ‬ၯ ߄ ߥޯߦ‫ރࠢݹ‬ƀ -
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ
92
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ଘଓࠢެ‫઻ ્ݑ‬ႀ ޯࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽࠦࡷܻ‫ࠦކ‬ၮܻެߘቿቱܻၰ ߄ ࣀ ༬࿻ ࠢ‫ރ‬ଛଓƨൎ൉‫ ࣍࣠ݹ‬ƨܻޯߘƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ Ɵ ࢖‫ݓ‬
ޯఱ ఓ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ࠦࡩޯܾމ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ހ ࡣߘ ߄ݹ‬ūࠦ‫ݶ‬
Ǝܻ࣍ ࠦ‫ࡷ ࡣ ࢵ ࣐ ࠒޢ‬Ƅ࣠‫ݑ‬౰ే‫ࠦࡩޯܾމ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƋࣝ࣍ ‫ ࡠ ރ‬ၭ Ɓ୶ ୧ᚸƥܸީࡴܸ‫ކ‬
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥࠢ୐෺࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋ཯དྷࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣐࣠ ‫ ࡣކ‬ၰ Ƅ୹ ୪໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƌƎ࣠‫ݹ‬
ࠣ‫ݽ‬
࢓ࠓ ެࡦƁቼቴၭ ୶ ୧ -
ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄơ ƥܻ༨࿻ ‫ܻ ࢵެࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ᐱᏹ߄ ࡷƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠖ࢖ހ‬ƄƆ౰౔ߙ፥ ፕ ƥƆྲ ႖ܻީࡷ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯݘޢ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ࡷܻހݘ‬ቿቷၰ ୹ ୪፥ ፕ
ࣷࣳ‫୓ݘ‬෺ƣ ƀơ ƥܻ༨࿻ ࣠ࠩߙūযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷơ ࣠ީߥࡩƄ፥ ጿቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻၰ Ɩ ܻީࢸ ƂƆ౰౔ߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧơ ൎ൉ၯ ƨƄ߄ ܻࠧၴ
‫(ۑ‬194,2001Ũ። ጼോെളലമƁ ࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅ౰౎ၯ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ࢖࣏ࠩ ‫ݹ‬ቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿƥƆਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ݊ ࡷࢭ ߘܻ୐෺ƥ
ƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐƁƢࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬

ࡦƁ ቼቴၭ ୶ ୧ -
߄‫ކܾ ࡁޢ‬፟ ፑƂܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄധ ୨ఱ ఓūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠖ࢖ހ‬Ƅቿቷၰ ୹ ୪્ ઻‫ކ‬ƢƄ࣠‫ݑ‬ƀࠦ‫ހݘ‬Ǝƀƥ໠ ໄࡷܻၮ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧƊ ƥƄ౰౔‫ކ‬
‫(ۑ‬40, 2009,ോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƊ ࣠ࢠƥࠢެࠧƍ፥ ጿƎॅळީჴႾƥƏܻ༬စ ്ᑉᐽࠢࡷ࣠ࠩߦࡷ
বঐ࣌ ީެࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߢޯࡦƁቼቴၭ ୶ ୧ -
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻࠧ ܻ༬ဈ Ƅ߯ ‫ ࢵޢ‬౰౔‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐕߙƀ߄ ୍෺ƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƟ ܻႁ ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦࣀ ࡷܻஉै Ƅࠦެࣀ ࡩƄ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧƀ߄ ୍ง
‫ن‬ƀਔ ৲मअƣ ƀܻᐱᐟ‫ ࠁޢ‬ƣ ܻఱ ఝଛଓƄ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓƥūƟ ܻ‫ࡩ࣠މ‬ƄƆਔ ৲߄ ࢸ ūƔ ܻ‫ހ‬༟༎Ƅࠦެყޯࡷ߰ ީࢧ ‫ޢ ݟކ‬༨ဂ ūܻᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡺ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ࣠༨စ
ƒ ൎ൉ၯ ଘଓƄƥ‫ ݪ‬ஊै Ƅ୹ ‫ޢ ݪࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ಛಗࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࠢஊै ܻࢧ ࡷ࢖ᐳႰ ୐งƥࠢޯࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩᒋ ᑧࡷƥƀࡣ ᆿᆝ ƣ ƥƌࡣ ࡺ‫ݹݘ‬
(40,2005ŨƟܸީ݉ ߴ ࢥ ެࡩƄቿቷၰ ୹ ୪፟ ፑƂ௪ ௎࣠ࡓ ޯࡩƄቿቷၰ ୹ ୪ࡼ ࡷƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƆ౰౔ߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ߥެޯߙūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެଐଌ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉƆ Ɗܸೕೃᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ܸ‫ރ‬
Ƣ߄ߘ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽ‫཯ކݘ࢖ࢠ ݝ‬དྷࡩƄƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡁ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬
ūƤƎܻ‫މ‬ſƥƀࠢ༬࿸ ܻ୓คƥƀࠢ‫ ࢵީܻހ‬ƀ߰ ‫ ކ࣠ࢠޢ‬žƄ࣠ࢵ ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡷܻࠧޢ‬ၒল ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄࡼ ࡷƨƄƌ߄ ၮƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ
ࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࠧޢ‬ଐଌ߰ ‫཯ߘ ߄ࡷ ݝކ࣠ࢠޢ‬དྷࡩƄƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄࡼ ࡷࠢࢠ୹ ‫ݑ‬Ꭸ᎙ܻࡷƓ ࢖‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހݘ‬ƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ƞ ࣠ࢵ ƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፕ ƥūƅ ܻຨ຀ࡩƄƥ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬
:(Staw and Salanik.1977 ࠬ ୃกକଐܸࢲ ƢƢܸެࢲ Ɔ ƊࣝೕೃŽᚸƥକଐƢŽ
93
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ે઻ၮ(51,2009,Ɯ ോെၫࣝ‫(ݽ‬Staw and Salanik. 1977, ࠯ ୆คଘଓܻࢵ ƥƥܻޯࢵ Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬

:፥ ፑܻޯࡩᇴᆝ ܻࡺᐳႩ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ఱ ఝū፥ ደॅळࣀ ࡩƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄū१ ॐߘ࣠ଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥܻዙ዗ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄၮ࣠‫ރ‬໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯߦ࢖ݹ ࢇހ‬ƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ
। ्ߕࣝ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -
ࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ƌ࣠ࢵ ଛଓƄƟ ƥ߄ެࢧ ࡩƄ ࠢީఴ ఓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀે ઻ၮžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ಛಗ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄžܻ൞൙ၮ࢖࣏ ୐෺
ūࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬ ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ ƥࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬งࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡷ ࡼݑ‬ƨܻࢥ ‫ހݘ‬Ɵ ƥ߄ެࢧ ࡩƄ Ƅ߃ ࠧ
ܻࢧ உै Ƅƥū१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ƅ ྲ ႞ჴࡩƄ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƌ߄ ༨࿻ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ዙኽࡣ ‫ߥܻހ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣހ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰౎ၯ ƥ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƌ ‫ߙ࢖ا‬ଛଓƄܻᐱᚑ߄ ߥ‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄƆਔ ৼܻࣀ ଐଌƄƎƄ߄ ߥࡷƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿơ ߃ ୍ง཯དྷࡩƄƌ࣠ࠩஎै Ƅƥƅ ܻ‫ݓޢ‬
ࡩƄƥƎ࣠ࢥ ஊै Ƅƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ
:። ይूरࢽ ࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -
ࡼ ࡷ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮƢ࣠ߥ‫ހ‬፥ ደॅळࣀ ࡩƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀે ઻ၮ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄࢪ ߦެࡩƄࣷࣳၮžܻ൞൙ၮƦ मअ
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫୍ܻ ࣍ࠢހ‬งƎƄƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮमअ࣐࣠ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࢠޢ‬ଐଌƄࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅ౰౎ၯ ࠦࢢ ܻၯ ƥƧ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ܻݹݘ‬ಛಗൎ൉ၯ
Ƈ ܿߙᇴᇍ ࡷƥܻ‫ݹ‬Ƅ୷ ୪ࡼ ࡷࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠒ ‫ܻ ࢵޢ‬ଐଌࠢߙྲ Ⴐ ‫ކ‬ƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƠ ॅळࢵ ߄ ‫୓ߥޢ‬෺ƥܻᐱᏳࡣ ࡺ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄ
ࣝ‫ݽ‬
)žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅ໠ ໄၮ࣠ެࡩƄൎᇩᆝ ፥ ጿमक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝƠ ܻެࠧƥ (43, 2009, ോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ ࢔ߙƄ࣠ࠁ ƥ
:(8 ᇯ ᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ሯሡሁ ܻዙ዗ƥ (52, 2009,Ɯ ോെၫ
94
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(3 ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ
። ይूरࢽ ࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢ। ्ߕࣝ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ። ጼƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
ࠣࡴ߁ ஆॅ Ɓ። ጼবঐߢࡦƁƞ ܸၬ ƉſƂ ूरࢲ Ž Żܸ࣍ ߽ Ž݇ ߖƉ ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬

ࡦƁ਑ ৯फܸࣿ‫ݕ‬
ࢵ ࠣ‫ ࢤޟ‬༤೛ Ƅ ܸߣ࢟
ࠣ‫ ࣉޟߣޟ‬ƢƄ ܸߣ࢟
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ። ጼƄ Ɓ౭ోၬ
። ይूरࢽ ࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
Ũࠣ‫ޟ‬ძჅܸ஋ॅ ƁƄ ܸ‫ࠤܸހ‬༜་ƁƇ ܸ༩ဂ
। ्ߕࣝ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
‫ݕࡷ ࡠێ‬
ࡦƁŻƁƉŽ
። ጼƝ ܸࡷᐮᏳକଐࠣᐮᐙࣀ ࡦᑎ ᐺƊƢ
ƏƄŵʖ ʲƃ¦ŗȂʦƌƃ¦ ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
ȆʸŶƃ¦
࿀ ႛߣީࡦƁࡱ ‫ ݎ‬ኃ ቮƁ
࢓ߖܸީެࡦƁ። ጼƐ ܸߣ༤ဂ Ɓ ࠣ‫୍ ࣌ޟ ࡷޟ‬คၓ࿌ ܸ୐ก
ࢧ ߣީࡦƁࠣ‫ݳ‬౭ో‫ރ‬ Ƃ ྯ ႛჱࡦƁƢŨࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࡹ ‫ݐޟ ݧ ݎ‬
‫ރ‬
Ũ। ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬ƁŻƁƉଘଐƁƢŨ। ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ
ࡹ ‫ ݎ‬ໝ ແߣ࡬ၽ ެ଍ଉƁࡹ ࡴࠣ࢝ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࢲ କଐƁ
‫ݕࡷ ࡠێ‬
ࡦƁ
(2009ŨƜ ോെၫࣝ‫ݽ‬Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ

:( Angle and Perry, 1983 Ƥ ౭ౄ‫ݽ‬
Ƣࡠ ༩ဂ ŽƆ ƊࣝೕೃŽᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
ܻዙ዗໠ ໄࣀ ყႻƎ໠ ໄၴ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀ፥ ጿߎ ެࢧ ‫ݹ‬ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƅ ܻީࢵ ƀࡼ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟݑ‬ƄƐ ܻࢵ ƀે઻ၮƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄƄ߃ࠧƢ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐूरࡦƍ ܸࢲ ᇴᆚ Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƆ ƊࣝೕೃŽ-
ࠢ‫ ྲߙܻކ‬Ⴐ ‫ކ‬ƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ Ɛ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮཀྵཏხƬႾ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࢖ࠧ࣠ࠅ Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄƄ߃ ࠧ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬
ࢇ ߙƥƥūƨܻ‫ ࣍࣠ݑޢ‬ƥƨܻ୓กܻ‫މ‬ƥƨܻ༨༤ ƄƥƨܻࡷܻၮƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀƥūƤܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧ፟ ፑƂƧ ƌ࣓ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽƎ߄ ࢧ ࡷܻࠧƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬
Ơ ॅळࢵ Ƈ Ƅƌ߄ ༨ீ ܻࠧƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰౎உै Ƅƥযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥࢪ ჱஎै Ƅƥ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ᇴᆝ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ፟ ፑƂ࢖࣏ ୐Ƭ෺Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄƄ߃ ࠧ
95
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܻࡷว คܻၴ ፟ ፑƂūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ ࢝ ‫ݶ‬

ܻࢧ ࠀ ࡼ ࡷƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄቻቷዙ၁ဤܻࡷે ઻ၮƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄƄ߃ ࠧഁ೨मअሯሡሁ ūƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ
ࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ)ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƠ ॅळࢵ Ƈ Ƅƌ߄ ༨ீ ܻࠧƎܻީޯ‫ ࡴހܻݑ‬ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄžଘଓƥܻᐳ႓ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮƌ߄ ඳඣ ൭཯དྷࡩƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠢ‫ ࢵ࣠ރ‬Ǝܻ೘಼
‫(ۑ‬44, 2009,ോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐूरࡦƍ ܸࢲ ᇴᆚࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁƆ ƊࣝೕೃŽ-
ࡣ ၮܻߦޯࡩƄযঠ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦ ࠁޢ ݟݹ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƈ ߄ ༨ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƌ߄ ༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƦ मअƥ
Ƈ ܻၴ ܻஊै Ƅ࢛ ‫ݹࠢހݘ‬ኆ ቱƣ ƀƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƃ࢖࣏ ୐෺ቿቱܻஊै ƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƣ ܺߙƄኅ ቱܻᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥܻᐱᐟყჅ
࢖ࠑ ఱ ఓƣ ƀࡼ ࡷ݊ ‫ܻރ‬೘಼ଘଓƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፟ ፑƂࠢ‫ ྲܻࠧࡷݘ‬Ⴎ ༨࿻ ཯དྷࡩƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƥ
፥ ጿƌƎƥሯሡሁ ࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌ୍ܻงࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ፥ ፕ ƥūࠢߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƥࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻၰ ࠦ‫୓࡯ީޢ‬กࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀࡣ ‫ࡷߥܻހ‬፥ ጿࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࠢ‫ ܻ࣍ߘܻކ‬ƥࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƎܻᐱᚑ
( ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬ƂƎܻࢸ ƀƧ ኅ ቱƄ࿃ ႞ߦެࡩƄ߄ ߥ‫ࡺ ࣩހܻࡩݘ‬ఱ ఓܻࡷ࣠ࠧơ ƌܻީޯࡩƄ࢖ࠧ࣠ࠅ ƥ ࠯ ୆คଘଓܻࢵ ƥƥܻఱ ఠ Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀ
،2009, Ɯ ോെၫࣝ‫ݽ‬Ɔƌ߄ ༨ீ ౰ేၩƥƀƆƌ߄ ༨ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅ߄ ࠩ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƥƇ ܻࡷƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺ƥ Koter
‫ێ‬54,
:(Allen & Mayer, 1990 फंܸࡴƢໝ ແࡦżƆ ƊࣝೕೃŽᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫މ‬ൎ൉޲ࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ݑ‬Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆܾ‫ހ‬Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄ Ƅ߃ ࣩࠧ ࡺఱ ఓ
। ्࣊ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -‫أ‬
ࠢࣀ ყႻमऌࠢޯߘൎ൉‫ހݘ‬ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽƆ౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ॵॱ५ቜሼ ƄƎƌƂƦ ߄ ೘ೃमकܾޯ‫ߙޢ‬ƨܻ୆คƄ߄ ၴ ƥࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެ೘ೃƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄ࣠ࠧƥ
ࠢ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ݊ ࡷƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƉ ܻࡷਔ ৼƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƌ߄ ༨࿻ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ᅚଌƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ (37, 1999,። ጒܸ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ Ʀ मअƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ
‫ۑ‬፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄࡼ ࡷܻࢥ ޯࡩƄࢪ ࡓ ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢࠦކݘ‬ƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ހݘ‬
࢓ࡷެࢽ ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -‫ب‬
Ũ࣬ ࡷࠓ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ)ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽቜሼमऒơ ܻၰ ፥ ጿܻࠩ࡯ࡺࠒ ޯყࢵ ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀߎ ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄƦ मअ཯དྷࡩƄߎ ‫ࡩޢ‬ᇴᇍ ޯࡩƄે ઻ၮ཯ཏީଐଌƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠ࠧƥ
‫(ۑ‬51, 1999
Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -ᚸࠂ
ܻࡷƨܻީࡩܻၩƥƀūࠦࡺ ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻߥީᑃᐽ፥ ጒƌଛଓƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƐ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ƃࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰౎‫ݹݘ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƖ ࣠ެࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ
ࡼ ࡷūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠢߘܻႁ ޯࡩƄࡣ ީߘƌ࢖ߦࡩƄܻᐱᐜࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄযওߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ރܻހݘ‬Ɛ ܻࣀ ࠁ ଗଓƄƄ߃ ಛಗ࿃ ႓ܻࢵ ଛଓƄƎ߄ ࢧ ଐଌƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬
96
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓܻଐଌܻࢵ ᇴᇍ ‫ރݘ‬Ƅƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬፥ ፑܻޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ݊ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ܻߘࠢހ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƥƀ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƥƆྲ ႓ଛଓƄ
‫ێ‬91,2005, Ƥ ྯ ႐Ƣኃ ቮƁ ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ƀࠢ‫ܻݹݘޯߥ ߄ހܾރ‬ଐଌƥࠢ‫ހ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࣝೕೃ። ጼƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁᚸƥƁྯ ႓ܸၫ
ࠢ‫ݶ‬
ଘଓƥžܻ୐ก፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋƥमक࣓‫ކ‬ƥūࠢ‫ޢ ࣊ހ‬༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷቿቷዙ၅ါमकܾ୓෺ƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƣ ƀ࠯ ࢸ ࡼ ࡷܻࡷ
ࠦၮ࣠ࡺੋ੅ਰƨƄमकܾޯࡷūࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ީޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƇ Ƅमक࣓ଐଌܻ‫ޟࠦࡷ࡯ޢޟࠦހ‬ყჅ፥ ጿࢭ ყ‫ݹݘ‬፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ƄƟ ॅळ༧ீ ƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެଐଌ
Ơ ࣝࠤ߁ ଍ଉƁ ࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝ Ʀ मअƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠢࠩࠅ ࣠‫ކ‬ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƨܻ‫ߙݘ‬Ƅƌƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƥࠢࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ߘ ߄ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷ
ࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲बऒƣ ƀܻᐱ᏶ܾࢸ ࡼ ࡷࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ (507,1995,Ƥ ƢƁƋ༂໫ Ƣ
ūቻቱࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣހ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀƦ ߄ ࡷƥūࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅƍࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࠢޯީ‫ ݌‬Ǝūࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅኅ ቱࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଘଓƄࠢ‫ރ ࣏࢖ކ‬ūࠢޯߙܻߥ‫މ‬ƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ߦޢ‬ၯ ፥ ጘଜଓܻ‫ހ‬
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፕ ƥࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷƤܻ༬ဈ ቻቱ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅžଘଓƥள ஭உै ܻᐱᏹܻၮƄ୹ ୪Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮ‫ ࠅ ݪ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬งࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬ƥ
ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁ። ጼໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƄ ܸၱ ܸၭ Ɠ ܸަࢵ ſૄ સၫࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ 
Ƅƍܺߙūܻࠩߥ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ധ ୨ࣀ ყߙƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬ଘଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƖ ܻީࢸ ଗଓࡣ ࡺ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬Ɵ ܻႁ ޯࡩൎᑉᐽࠢ‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৿Ƈ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅƣ ܻఱ ఝ്ᑉᐽ
߄ ߘܻያዪࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެଐଌࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƨܻީ࡯ࢵ मक࣓‫ݹ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƣ ܺߙࡴ ᐱᏹܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥܻᐱᐕ࡯ࡷܻၮƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ‫ܻࠧ࡯ ݝ‬༬ဈ
ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ଛଓƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄധ ୨ఱ ఓƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƂߎ ‫ݹ ࢥݘ‬ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƥቻቷዙኸ ፥ ጿžƄƌଛଓƄߎ ‫઻ ેࢠݘ‬ၮƤƎƥਔ ৹ᑑ ᐽƍƧ ƌ࣓‫ݹ‬
ࢇ ‫ݹݘࡺ ࡣࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ଘଓƧ ኅ ቱƄযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄƥūܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅƍࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥࠦެ‫ࠦࡷݘޢ‬ၮܻዙዋ ፟ ፑƂžܻ๻๬เൎᑉᐽധ ୨ఱ ఓƥūƨܻ‫ީ࣠ހ‬༨ீ ƥƨƄƎ߄ ߥࡷ
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷࡼ ‫ ݟݑ‬ඳඝ ൭ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƠ ౰౔‫ࡩݘܻࡷ ࡣݹ‬Ƅƣ ƀ࣠ࠧᑑ ᐽƍ ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƣ ଛଓቿቷࢸ ܻߙࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷ౰౎ޯ‫ކܻހݘޢࠢކݘ‬Ƈ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅ
(46,2009,ോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž ࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅƥࠢ‫ ݌ީܻކ‬Ǝࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ކݘ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀ
ໝ ແࢲ Ƣž࢓଍ଉƁƟܸࡴŽƋƢኃ ቮƁƢƛ ߁ ಘಔƁƇ ࣝ࢝ Ƣ 
ᑑ ᐽቦሼ Ǝƥኆ ቱƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍࢇ ީ࣐ ୐෺ƥūࠢߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥࠢࡺࠩߙે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߘ౰౗ࡁ ƀቻቷ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽƞ ߄ ಛಗƄƊ ࣠ࢠƥ
‫ێ‬33, 2008,Ơ Ɓ߁ ዖዄ ࠢޯࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷƤܻ༬ဈ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࣠๻๩ึࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠢ୓คᇴᇍ ࡷƥƤƎƥƌƌ࢖ߙᇯ ᆝ ƞ ࢖‫ݹݘ‬໠ ໄஊ஀
Ƅ ܼߖᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁƢ࢑ߖƁࣝஇॅ Ɓࡹ ࡴ‫ࡴީܸ ࢲ ݧ‬Ɵܸ࣌ ‫ހ‬Ɖܸ༩࿸ ſ 
Ũ࿀ ႐ܸࢽ ஋ॅ Ɓ)ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ౰ేఴ ఠƥūࠦ‫ࡷݘެ࣠ݹ‬ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻࡷ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄၮ࣠‫ރ‬Ƈ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄƥ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै ƄƢܻ࣏ ‫୓ ࢥࡺ ࡼރ‬෺
ūܻ‫ݹ‬Ƅ߄ ಛಗƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱžƄƌଛଓƄ໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿमकƀࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ॶॱ५ƣ ƀ (3,2011
ࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧଛଓƄƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƏܻ༬စ ܺᄣƞ Ƅ౰౔ၮଘଓƄܻᐱᐟࡷࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷƥܻࠧ౰ేၩƥࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷƇ ܻ‫ࡷޢ‬Ƅഃ೨ Ƃūว งƄƎơ ਔ ৹ƥ
97
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƆƎ߄ߘบ คᇴᆝ ܻ൞ᇅᆝ ƣ ॅळࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢࡷ߄ߥ‫ܻݹ‬ଐଌƨܻީࢵ ܻެࡷƥƨƄ߄‫ߙ࢔ ࠅޢ‬Ƅ࣠ஊै ƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬ƣ ᇴᆝ ܻ൞ᇅᆝƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ߘޢ‬मऒƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ߰ ެࡷᑑ ᐽƍ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ࣠ߘƀࠢ‫ކܻހݘޢ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ௪ ௎࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥबअ࢔‫઻ેކݘ‬ၮƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁ። ጼໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƝ Ɓྯ ႓ſƃƉܸ‫ݶ‬ƌ 
ࡴ ࠩ‫ ࠖޢݘ‬ఴ ఠƥࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙܾ‫ࠦހ‬ዙ዗ܻࣀ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦࢢ ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦၰ ܻ‫ܺކ‬ᄣ཯ཏ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦކݘ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƠ Ƅྲ ႖ƂƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə
Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿžܻެީࡩƄ፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄƥ࿃ ႞ߦެࡩƄ࣠எै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ ᓘƥ࣊ ‫ހ‬Ƅƥ༟༎Ƅࠦ‫ܻކߥ࣠ݹ‬ᐱ᏶ܾࢸ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ ࣀޟ࣠ࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ࡺࠒ ޯࡩ
፥ ፕ ƥƎƥܻ༨ீ ƥࢪ ࢵ ƀƈ ൎ൉‫઻ ેމ‬ၮበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ
በሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࡣ ‫ݘ‬எै ࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࢪ ࢵ ଛଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅે ઻ၮࠦ೘ಹܻߥࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩݘߥ࡯ޢ‬ƄበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮƧ ࣐࣠ ୐งܻᐱ᏶ƀ -
‫ۑ‬ቿቱܻ‫ߙݘ‬ƥࠦᄹட ܻ‫ރ‬
Ɔ߄ ‫ޢ‬எै Ƅƒ ࢖ߦࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏩܻ࣐ ‫ܺݑ‬ᄣᑑ ᐽƍƥࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ࠩ‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৿ƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࠦ‫ܻߙ࢔ݹ‬ၰ Ɔƌܻ‫ݹ‬Əે ઻ၮበሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࡣ ࡺ‫ ކݘ‬-
‫ۑ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬Ƅ༟༎ƄƇ ƄƎᇴᇍ ୓กଘଓƄƥ Ƈ ƄƎƌܻީଐଌƄƥƇ ܻߘܻ࣐ ࡩƄƟ ൎ൉࣍ ᓘƥበሼƎܻࣃ ൞ᒑᐽ
(99,2005ŨƤ ྯ ႐Ƣኃ ቮƁ ࠦ‫ ࣀޟ࣠ࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ީߥ‫ކ‬ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƌƄ࢖ߙ൑ᑉᐽƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ ކݘ‬-
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬Ɓƈ ܸީ଍ଉƁໝ ແࢽ ༥စ 
ྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄƥᄎ ႓ܻஊै Ƅࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠ࠧ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ (233,2012,௧ ோ߽ࣝ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬
ߎ ߘ࣠୓෺ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ᑑ ᐽƍž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥū໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱܻࢠ༟༎ܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ ࢸݘ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂƧ ƌ࣓ଐଌƄ
ܻᐱᏹൎ൉ၮܻߦ‫ ކ‬ᇯ ᇍ ‫࡯ޢࠦ ހ‬ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ ࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ ፟ ፑƂ ౰ేఴ ఓ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ Ƌ ܻެଐଌƄ Ƣ࣠ࠩߦዙኽ ūܻᐱᐕߙ Ƌ ܻެଐଌƄ ƆƎ࣠ࢢ ે ઻ၮ
Ʀ ኆ ቱ ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࡣ ປ຀ఴ ఠ፥ ጿƨƄ౰ేީࡁ ƨƄƎƥƌ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ Ƌ ܻެଐଌƄ‫ݹ࡯ݘ ݪ‬ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūܻᐳႰ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥ
ࠦެყ჈ܾࡺ࣐ ‫ހ‬Ɛ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ࢖‫ ࢸݘ‬ƄƍܺߙūƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƥƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƥযওߥࡩƄࡣ ‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬ƥࡣ ປ຀ఴ ఠ፥ ጿࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ
‫࡯ܻࠩۑ‬ၯ Ƅƌࠢ‫ݶ‬
Ƅƌƀƥቻቷၮܻߦ‫ކ‬ƌƄƏܻᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡺ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿ
ࠣ‫ކߢܸߖࠣࡴ࣐ ࢲ ࢽޟ‬Ż୍ܸ෾ૄ સၫࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ 
ࢇ ߥ༨࿻ ܻ೘ೃ ࡴ ࠩࡁ ॅळࢵ Ƣܻႅ ఱ ఝƄƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ߙ ࢇކ࣠ߘݘ‬Ƅ࣠‫ܻކ‬ᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦߙܻߥ޲ࡩƄࠦ‫࣓ ࢵ ࣀޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦߙܻߥ޲ࡩܻ‫཯ހ‬ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
‫ێ‬72,2008 ,ཬཉფެ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࡴ ಛಗበሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄᅶै ܻࢧ ଐଌƄ
ࡴ ᐱᐕࡩƂ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƥܻࠩ‫ ࢸީܻݑ‬Ƃે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƌܻ༬࿻ ܺᄣᑑ ᐽƍƥ
ள ஭ၯ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ‫ݑ‬ơ ࣠‫ ࣀޟ‬ଐଌƄധ ୨ఱ ఓƣ ƀƥ ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ፕ ƥƆ߄ ၰ ƄƥƆྲ ႓ƀ፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ᇷᆝ ࡴ ࠩ‫ࡩޯݘܻࡷ ࡣࡷݘ‬Ƅƥ
98
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଘଓƄࡼ ࡷƢƏൎᑉᐽƄƎ߄ߥࡩƄ౰ేߙ࣠‫ކ‬ƥ፥ ጿᇴᇍ ࡩƄว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬žƄƌ൑ᑉᐽƆ౮ేࡺޯࡷࢪ ყႾܻߥࡷ߯ ‫ ࢵޢ‬मऒƥ
‫ێ‬39,1999Ũ። ጒܸ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌƄƎƄ߄ ߥࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࣠೘ೆƥ௪ ௎࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿमक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࣠೘ೆࡼ ࡷਔ ৲बऒ཯དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥ౰ేߙ࣠‫ކ‬፥ ጿࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƆܻߥ࡯ଐଌƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ Ə౰౔ࢵ ƥ౰౔୆ก ܻࠧഃ೨ƍሯሡሁ ፥ ፕ ƥࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷƢܻࣀ ߘƀƆ߄ ၮ፟ ፑƂܻࠩࡺࣀ ߥ‫ࡷ ࡼݹ‬໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷƠ ܻެࠧƥ
‫ރߦ ࣀࠢۑ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩܻ‫ހ‬ள ஭‫୓ݘ‬ขࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬-
ࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ൎ൉ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩݘ ࡓ ࣀޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࠅݘ‬Ƅ༟༎Ƅࠦ‫ݓ ߃ݹ‬
ޯࡩᇴᆝࠢࣀ ߦ‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣރ‬ƄƟ ܻ࣐ ‫ރ‬ƥƀūࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆ౰౎உै ܻ‫ ހ‬ள ஭‫୓ݘ‬ขƥࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬งࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬-
‫ۑ‬Ƥ౰ేၩƥྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄƞ Ƅྲ ႖ଗଓƄƥ
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ܻߘࠢ ހ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ ߄ ެ‫ ݑ‬ƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽ ቿቷ‫ݹ‬ਔ ৹ ࡣ ዙኸ ƒ ࢖ߙ ࢖ߙ࣠‫ ކ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷ ፥ ጿ ࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥ ࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ง ౰ేၩ ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ ݑ‬-
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ௪ ௎࣠ࡓ ‫ࡷ ࡣކ‬Ƅ࣠‫ݑ‬ၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬፥ ጘଜଓƄᇯ ᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄƥ (46,2011ŨƤ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ
(4) ࡱ ߕƋᇬ ᇊ ࣀ ࡦƁ
(March & Mannari Ɔ Ɗࣝೕೃଘଐ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ௧ ோࣝࡐ ‫ࡴ ࡠރ‬Ɓࣝ‫ݎ‬
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࡹ ‫ ܸ࢝ ݎ‬༜་Ɓ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ ʸʯŞƙ¦ ࠣ‫ހ‬ᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁ

ŗॻɸ œ
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ോെߢެࢲ କଐƁ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠬ ࢲ ܸೕೆ
(49, 2011, Ƥ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬

ࡦƁ Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ
ƌƎƥƀƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ࢖༧ீ ƥࠢ‫ߙޢ‬मक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄᄎ Ⴎ ‫ݹ‬Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƥ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠢ‫ߙޢ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄે઻ၮƤƌܻެჴࢵ Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƨƄƎ࣐࣠ ࡷƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀ (26,2007ŨƤ Ƌ߁ ஆॅ Ɓ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ࢖༧ீ ƥƤƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
99
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(5 ࡱ ߕƋᇬ ᇊ ࢵ
ࠟ‫ܸރ‬ၱ ࢓༤஽ Ƣࠟ‫ߖޟ‬ƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁໝ ແ୊෷Ƥ ࣐ަხ჈Ɔ ƊࣝೕೃŽ
ࠣ‫ࡦ ࣀ ࠎ ࢤޟ‬Ɓࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬

ࡦƁ
‫ ࣬ێ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࡠ ࠤ࣐଍ଉƁ -࢓ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ -
‫ێ‬ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ Ɖ߁ ၫ-
‫ێ‬ƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐƁࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ፜ ፎſࠣၱ ܸஇॅ Ɓ-
Ƅ ܸၱ ࢓ളലമƁ
ࠣ‫ ࠂޟ‬Ƌܸஆॅ Ɓࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
‫ީ ࣌ࡷࠣێ‬଍ଉƁ። ጼŻܸߢަࡦƁ። ጼࠣୃกƢࠣަ݉ Ƌ -
‫ߖޟࠟێ‬Ɵܸ࣌ ୐กକଐƁƢࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺƋࣝࢢ இॅ Ɓ - ࠣၱ ƋƉ -Ɵܸࠦ଍ଉƁ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ -
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐒ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁƒ ܸߣެ߾ Ɓ - ‫ࠣێ‬ၭ ܸެ଍ଉƁࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ോെߢެࢲ କଐƁ
‫ێ‬বঐ࣌ ީެࡦƁ݇ ࡴƃ࢓ࡷެࢽ ଍ଉƁࠣዖዔܸࢽ ଍ଉƁƢቝሹƋܸࣀ ଍ଉƁ - ‫ێ‬ŻƁƉଘଐƁࡹ ‫ ݎ‬ƃ਑ ৼ࢓଍ଉƁƄ ܸࡴूर‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ
‫ێ‬౫ౄࡷެ଍ଉƁ। ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬ƁŻƁƉଘଐƁ -
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ࢟ ܸஆॅ ƁƄ ܸߣࢤ ࡦƁ
Ɔ Ƌܸၬ ቼቴ‫ݶ‬
਑ ৶Ə ࢓ߖ࢓ߖࣝ‫ ރ‬-
‫ީ ࣌ࡷࠣێ‬଍ଉƁ
‫ێ‬26,2007Ƥ Ƌ߁ ஆॅ Ɓ Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁफऒŽᚸྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ɖܸஇॅ Ɓ

Ǝܻ‫މ‬ଜଓƄƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄߎ ࣍ Ƅ࣠‫ݑ‬ƥ୹ ‫ ࣃܻݑ‬೘ೃ࣊ ୍ง୹ ୪Ơ ॅळࣀ ࡁ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƧ ƌ࣓‫ݹ‬
ƥƀƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߘ ߄ކ‬Ǝܻ‫މ‬ଜଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƌ߄ ༨࿻ ƥūࠦ‫ ࢵ࡯ީޢ‬Ƣƀࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃบ คᇴᆝ žƄ࣠ࢵ
࢛ ‫ܻࠧހݘ‬ƌƎƥƀ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƥƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƎܻ‫މ‬ଜଓƄƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ࢛ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހݘ‬ƄƌƎ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፕ ƥ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ
Ƥ Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ଍ଉƁૄ સၫफऒଘଐƁ -
100
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܻ‫ݑ ࣐ܻݹ‬ƥܻ‫ݹ‬Ƅ୷ ୪ࡼ ࡷࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެଐଌࠢ‫ݶ‬

ଘଓƥࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠢ‫ެޢ‬༬࿻ ܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƌ࢖ߦࡩƄે ઻ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄमक࣓‫ݹ‬
ƣ ƀƦ मअƥūࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค‫ ࣀ ݪ‬ჴࡓ ‫ࡷެ ࣏ࡺޯࠢߙޢ‬፥ ጿࠢ‫ݶ‬
Ƅƌƀࡼ ‫ࢠܻݑ‬Ǝƥࠦެყ჈ܾࡺ࣐ ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄܻᐱᏳ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃ୹ ‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ƥ
Ƅ߃ ࠧࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƤܻࢠƎࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬፥ ፑܻޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƢ߄ ߥޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷે ઻ၮƀƇ ܻ‫ߥ ࢇࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬༨࿻ ܻࡷƄ౮౔ࡩƄ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄߎ ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄ
Ƥ౰ేၩࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀƇ ܻ‫ࡩޯ࣠ߘݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƤܻࢠƎƧ ߄ ୍Ƭ෺ƨܻࡷƄ౮౔ࡩƂ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄߎ ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄƣ ƀ݊ ߘ࣠୓คƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ࡺଐଌƄࡼ ዙኽ౰౎ࡁ ƀƢ߄ ߥޯࡩƄ
ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬যও࣏ ެޯࡩƄ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥƤ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥ߄ ၰ ࣠‫ݹ‬ƥࠢ‫ݹݘࡺ ࡣހ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄ࣠༨စ ౰౎ࡁ ƀƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ݘ࢖ހ‬ఴ ఓ፥ ፑܻޯࡩܻ‫وހ‬
‫ێ‬182,2005Ũ። ጻܸަࡦƁ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬যও࣏ ެޯࡩƄᅶै ܻࢢ ፥ ጿܻ࣠ࠧࡷ
ࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠢ‫ޢ ݊ ܻ࣍ߘܻކ‬ዙዋ ࢖ࡺ޲ჴఱ ఓƥࠢၴ ࣠‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƌ࢖ߦࡩƄે ઻ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓॅळࡩࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ީޢ‬ƄƎܻ‫މ‬ଜଓƄࡼ ࡷƥ
ࠦߙܻࢠƂū௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬ቿቱ୷ ‫ݑ‬፥ ጿࢭ ყ‫ݹݘ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻࡷƄ߃ ࠧƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƉ Ǝܻၯ Ƈ ܻ࣍ ܻࣃ ჱᑃᐽ‫ߘ ݝ‬ƥƧ ƀƠ ౰౔‫ݹ‬ଘଓƥ
ቻቷዙኸ ፥ ጿ౰ేࡓ ߦޯࡩƄᎨᎉƄƌ߰ ީࢧ ‫ݹ‬፥ ፑܻޯࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƉ Ǝܻၯ Ƥ౰ేࡓ ߦ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ࢖࣐ ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఠࠢࡷ࣠ዙ዗ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ܺߙᑑ ᐽƍ፟ ፑƂ
(103,104, 2005ŨƤ ྯ ႐Ƣኃ ቮƁ
ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴૄ સၫफऒଘଐƁ -
໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ݊ ߙमअžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀƬ
‫ܻܻࠧࠩ ࠁޢ ݟ‬༬ဈ ݊ ߦ‫ ୹ކ‬୪ žଘଓ࣠‫ܻࠧހ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡣ ޲๻๬ึܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ࠦݑ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ ƂƎܻ‫މ‬ƀࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬ჴࡓ ‫ކ‬
‫(ۑ‬52,2011ŨƤ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ ܻࠧ߄ ୆෺ܾ‫ކ‬ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄযওߘࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƌƥū१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࠦၴ Ǝƌƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄžƄƌଛଓƄ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁऩं࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ Ɓᚸྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬። ጒܸޯࡦƁ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫୓ݘ‬กƢ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƅ (Walton,1995)ࡼ ‫(ݑ‬34,2009Ũࠣࢢ ‫أورد ݎࣝݶ‬
ࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ ౰ే‫ࡷݘܻݹ‬Ɔ߄ ၮơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻࡺᐱᐟყჅࠦ‫ރ‬ƎܻߥଐଌƄᎨ᎙߄ ߘƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƅƥ࣊ ީࢥ ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿᑑ ᐽƍࡣ ޲๻๬ึƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄᇯ ᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
(3 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢࣇ ަࢢ ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ Ɓ
Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
ࡴ
ŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ Ɓ ࣇ ަࢢ ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ Ɓ
ࠣ‫ހ‬Ƌܸߢ଍ଉƁ
:‫أن‬። ጼ࢚ ࠎ ࡬୐෿ X ࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ƅ ܸ࢝ Ɓ౭౑ߖƁૄ સၫƟࣝߢ‫ ރ‬-
(Y ࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Ƅ ܸ࢝ Ɓ౭౑ߖƁૄ સၫƟࣝߢ‫ ރ‬-
ࠣࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ݇ ࡴƐ Ƌܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෿Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ- ࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
Ơ Ž። ጼ࢚ ࠎ ࡬୐෿
‫ࡦޟࠣێ‬Ƣ࣐ࢽ ଍ଉƁ‫ީ ݧ‬පච ൪Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁ -
101
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
ࡴ
ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ݇ ࡴࢄ ߣ୐෿Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ- ‫ێ‬ƉƢ߁ ༥஽ Ƈ ࣝࡷ࣊ -
‫ީ ࣌ࡷࠣێ‬଍ଉƁ ‫ݕެࠟێ‬
‫ݽ ࣍ަޟ‬
ƞ ࣝࢽ ࠾ -
‫ێ‬Ɖ࢓ߣᑀᐺ‫ަ ݧ‬༥஽ Ż࿀ ႓ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ -
‫ࡦޟࠣێ‬Ƣ࣐ࢽ ଍ଉƁ‫ީ ݧ‬පච ൪ -
ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧૄ સၫơƋ߁ ߕƢࠣߕܸ࣊ ࠟ‫ݶ‬
ኃቮ -
‫ێ‬Ɠ Ɓ਑ ৶ƁƢƋᇱᇊ ୐෾ܸ‫ݽ‬
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ߕࣝ‫ރ‬Ƣ ŻƁƉଘଐƁ ። ጼ ࣝৡ৏঴Ɓ ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ߕࣝ‫ރ‬
‫ެࣝߕ ݇ێ‬଍ଉƁŻƁƉଘଐƁ౭ౄ‫ݶ‬
ܸ‫ݕ‬଍ଉ፜ ጒƉŽ߁ ၭ ݇ ࢝ Ƣ
ࠣ‫ࡴࣝ ࢝ࣝ ݎޟ‬ƃƋࣝࢤ ‫ݽ‬
ŻƁƉଘଐƁ ŻƁƉଘଐƁ
ࢄ ‫ܸࠤܸࡴࠣࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬ᐮᏳŽૄ સၫܸᐮᐒࡦſ࢓࣌ ୍෷ ࠣ‫ޜ‬ფჂ ƃƉࣝࠂ
‫୐ܸ ࠂޟࠣێ‬กଔଐƁܸᐮᏳŽࣇ ߢߖƣ फए
‫ީ ࣌ࡷࠣێ‬଍ଉƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
። ጼ ። ጻ౭౑ࡦƁƢ ࣝৡ৏঴Ɓ ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ
‫ێ‬Ƥ Ɖܸ଍ଉ‫ا‬਑ ৬ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ Ƅ ܸ୊ค࢓଍ଉƁƢƋࣝࠂ ଘଐƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ Ƅ ܸަ࡬࣍ ެ଍ଉƁ
‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟߣࠣێ‬Ɓ
ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƃ߁ ၫܸࢽ ଍ଉࡱ ࡷࢤ ‫ݶ‬
ฤ ෷Ƌ߁ ެࡦƁ
ࠣ࢟ ܸஆॅ Ɓ Ƅ ܸၱ ܸ‫ ߾ެޟ‬କଐƁ ࠣࠦࠂ Ɓࣝ଍ଉ ฤ ෷Ƌ߁ ެࡦƁ
ࡹ ࡴ ፜ ጒƉଘଐƁ ߁ இॅ Ɓ ቼቴ‫ݽ‬
ܸߢ଍ଉ Ƅ ƁƋܸࠦ଍ଉƁ ૄ સၫ ฤ ෷Ƌ߁ ެࡦƁ
ቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƁࡠ ၭ ƢŨƄ ƁƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁƊܸ༤စ ܸ‫ݽ‬ ࠣ‫ࡦެީࡷޟ‬ƁƢ
‫ ࢲܸ ࢲޟࠣێ‬ଘଐƁƄ ƁƋܸࠦ଍ଉƁƢࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬ƁƄ ܸަ࡬࣍ ެࡴ
ƉƁ߁ ၫକଐƁƢ ࠣ‫ࡦ ࣀ ࠎ ࢤޟ‬Ɓ Ƅ ƁƋܸࠦ଍ଉƁƢ ࠣ‫ ྯݶ‬႞ძࡦƁ
‫ێ‬Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁܸࠦ࡬‫ݐ‬
ఱ ఐཬཏࡦƁࠣߣ‫ू ࣉޟ‬रࡦ
ໝ ແࢽ ༥စ Ƣࠣ‫ެީࡷޟ‬ᑀᐺƍ ܸࢲ ᇴᆚ ƛ ߁ ಘಔƁ
‫ێ‬༄໫ ଘଐƁƛ ോെެ߽ Ɓૄ સၫᎥᎆܸߢࡦƁƝ ूरࢽ ࡦƁ ŻƁƉଘଐƁᎥᎉ ࣝߢ‫ރ‬
‫ێ‬ŻƁƉଘଐƁ
‫ێ‬ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴ƁŨቝሹƋܸࣀ ଍ଉƁ ‫ ࣊ ࣬ێ‬Ɓ࢓ߕࣝ‫ރ‬ƢŽ ƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁƊܸ༤စ Ɓ
ࠣ‫ݶ‬೾೥୶ ୧ࠣ࣍ ࡬ࢲ ŨƂ ܸߢ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁŨƂ ƁࣝޯࡦƁŨƃࣝߢࡦƁૄ સၫᎥᎆܸߕ
‫ێ‬বঐߢࡦƁŨቝሹƋܸࣀ ଍ଉƁŨ݇ ߕࣝެࡦƁૄ સၫᎥᎆܸߕ ࣇ ަࢢ ࡦƁƟܸ࣌ ‫ހ‬
‫ޟࠣێ‬የዙ Ƌ
102
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
ࡴ
ࡠ ၭ Ũࣇ ‫ࡦެ ࠎ ࣍ޟ‬Ɓ ŨƠ Ƣܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ ࢄ ‫ ݎ ࡹ ࣊࢓ݶ‬Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƝ ूरࢽ ࡦࣇ ަࢢ ࡦƁŨ߁ ၭ ࣝެࡦƁŨࡠ ަߢެࡦƁ
Ƅ ܸߕോെၫ
‫ام‬౭౑ၭ କଐƁŨቼቮƉܸަެ଍ଉƁࠣߢޯࡦƁŨቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƁ ŻƁ༂໫ Žૄ સၫࠣೕಶܸߕƢƃƉ߁ ༥஽ ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁŨࡠ ߕŽࠣߢ‫ކ‬Ũ߁ ߕܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
‫ێ‬Ƅ Ɓኂ ቮƁƜ ߁ ࢟ ƞ Ɖܸަެ଍ଉƁ ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬Ɓࢄ ࢽ ხࡦƁ
ࠣࣀ ߕܸީ଍ଉƁƞ ോെၬ ࡹ ࡴቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƁࡠ ၭ Ɠ Ɓྯ Ⴍ ࡦƁ
‫ێ‬ƃࣝߢࡦƁƢࠣ࣍ ࡬ࢽ ࡦƁƟƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ Ɓ
ቼቮƉܸަެࡴƞ ूरၭ ࡹ ‫ࡦަ ࠏݜ ݎ‬ƁƢ Ƥ ƋƁƉଔଐƁ
݇ ࠓ ࣀ ࡴ ŨƇ ࣝެߣࡴ ƞ ܸࢤ ‫ރ‬କଐƁ Ɵܸ࣌ ‫ ހ‬Ɔ ܸެ༥࿸ Ũ୶ ୧ƁƢŽ߁ ‫ݕ‬
Ʃ‫ݶ‬
ƞ ܸࢤ ‫ރ‬କଐƁŨர ப‫ݐ‬
ࡴƞ ܸࢤ ‫ރ‬କଐƁƟܸ࣌ ‫ހ‬ ࡱ ࣌ ‫ހ‬
‫ێ‬ቝሹƋܸࣀ ଍ଉƁŨƄ ോᇦᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƁࡠ இॅ ‫ߖࠦ ࡱێ‬Ƣ౭ౄࢽ ߣ‫ރ‬፜ ፎſ Ƅ ܸࡴूर‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ ƞ ܸࢤ ‫ރ‬କଐƁ ƞ ܸࢤ ‫ރ‬କଐƁ
(34,2009Ũࠣࢢ ‫ ݎࣝݶ‬Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁߋ ‫ݕ‬

࢝ ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ࡴƢƂ ܸަࢲ Žᚻ ྯ ႞‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ ݎ‬Ɓ
ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬፟ ፑƂ߄ ‫ހܻࡩޯܾ ࡁޢ‬Ƨ ƌ࣓‫ࡷ ࣏ܻࠧ࢖ކ‬ƥƨܻ‫ ࢵީܻހ‬ƀƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ፥ ጿ࠯ ࢸ ࡼ ࡷܻࡷ
: ፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፕ ƥ (249,251,2005,። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ
Ƃ ܸަࢲ ଘଐƁ -ƥକଐƢŽ

‫ޯࡺ ݊ۑ‬഻വറƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ރܻߙݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡴ ᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ƥࡴ ಛಗܻዙኸ ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ܾ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƖ ܻެޯߘƄƦ ߄ ࡷࡴ ࠩߙ፥ ጿ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ౰ేࢧ ߥ‫ ކ‬-
ࠢ‫ܻܻࠧކ‬༬ဈ Ƅƥቻቱ࣠‫ࡷޢ‬ƥࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƎ߄ ߘ݊ ࡷ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾƧ ኅ ቱƄƥ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ଐଌƄƣ ᇴᇍ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ၴ ༟༎Ƅ݊ ࢠƥƀ߄ ީࡷƊ ࣠ࢠƥƢ߄ ၮ -
‫ކࠢۑ‬ൎ൉࣓ࠧࡷƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɣ ܻީࠁ ଗଓܻ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐜყࢧ ‫ܻߘ ߄ݹ‬ያዪ፥ ጾ౰౔ᑃᐽ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࡷƀቿቱƌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࢢ ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦၰ ܻ‫ކ‬ƂƢ߄ ၮ -
ܻࠩ‫ީݘ‬ჴ჆߄ ߘ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ ࣀߦޢ‬ƄƇ ƄžƄ༇໮ ଗଓƄ࢛ ‫ࠦࡩީݘ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡁ ƎƄ࢖ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄƢ߄ ၮƥள ஭ߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬ਔ ৲Ƅ౮౔ଐଌƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƎ࣠‫ࢸݘ‬ -
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ࡷ ݊ހݘ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ
‫ܻࡷ ࢥࠦۑ‬ၩƥƆƌ߄ ༨ீ ౰ేၩƇ ܻࡺ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬ƅ ܻߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥƅ Ƅ࣠޲ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢࠦࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬൞൙ࢵ ࠦࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƌܻࡺޯ‫ݑ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƟ ܻߦࠀ ଗଓƄ -
‫ܻ ࢢࠦހܻࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬உै ƄƇ ܻࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰ేީ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅž࣠ࢵ -
103
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ݹ ݊ۑ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄ፥ ጿቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆܻၮƄ୹ ୪Ƣ߄ ‫ࠦࡩݘ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡁ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮơ ܻዙኸ ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬ž࣠ࢵ -
ࠣ‫ࡦ ࢽ࡬ަޟ‬Ɓ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ଍ଉƁᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
ƎƄ࢖ߥޯࢵ ଘଓܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࡺ‫ހߥޢ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƎ࣠‫ ࢸݘ‬Ƣ߄ ၮƥƆଘଓܻީࡷൎᑉᐽܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅƥࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࡣ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄߎ ‫ ࢠݘ‬-
‫ۑ‬ƣ ܻެ‫ ࣍ࡺޟ‬ଘଓƄƥ
໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଘଓƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉ၮߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥࠢ‫މ‬ƌƄ࣠ࠁ Ɔ౰౗ࡁ ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅ࣠ࡷƢƄ౰౔ၰ ƄƢ߄ၮƥƅ ܻ‫ݓޢ‬
ࡩƄƆ࢖ܻࠧ࣌ Ɔƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə -
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ࣠ࡓ ࣃ ࡩƄƆ౰౗ࡁ ƥ୹ ୪߃ ޯࡩƄƥžܻ‫ޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƇ ଘଓܻၰ Ǝ࣠ࠩ࣌ ƥ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƥžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ƅ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᐟყჅࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎ƄƓ ܻߦ༧စ Ƅƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ܻࠧݑ‬ƌܻ‫୓ݘ‬กƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ፑܻ‫ ކݘ‬-
ࠣୃ෾ܸ༩࿸ ଔଐƁ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ଍ଉƁᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
ƅ ߃ ᐱᏬƟ Ƅ࢖‫ݓ‬
ޯࢵ ଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ࣏ࠦ ࠁ ൎ൉ࡷ݊ ࡷࡼ ࡓ ᚻࡩƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၮܻዙዋ Ǝܻ࣍ Ƃࡣ ၯ ƄƌࠢߘƄ࢖‫ݓ‬
ޯࢵ Ƅƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࡣ ၮܻߦ‫ ކ‬-
‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƆमक࣓ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬ƄƇ ܻߘƥ࢖ߦࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄƢܻ࣏ ެࡩƄƥƉ ܻ୓คଗଓƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƥ ࠦၮܻସବଣ Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƥࠢߙƄ߄ ࠧƀ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ܻఱ ఠଘଓܻ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƎ࣠‫ࢸݘ‬ -
በሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄે ઻ၮƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮमक࣓‫཯ߘ ߄ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠢ‫ ݌ީܻކ‬Ǝƥࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၰ ࣠ࡺ࣍ ࡼ ࡷž༅໮ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ơ Əܻެޯᑃᐽƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅ -
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦၮܻସବଣ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏹܻ‫ܻݹ‬ၩƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷƊ ܻߦࡓ ᚻࡩƄƥ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅơ ߃ީࡩƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅ -
‫୹ۑ‬୪߃ޯࡩƄƥƦ ࣠ࡓ ࣃ ࡩƄቿቷߘƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ࢢܻހ‬ᓘƥ ౰ేၯ ܾޯࡩƄƥƅ ܻ‫ݓޢ‬
ࡩƄƇ ଘଓ߄ ‫ࡷݘ‬Ɠ ܻߦ༧စ Ƅ -
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏹƎƄƌƂ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ၒᆆ ܻࣀ ჴࡩƄƥࠦީഷവറƄƥžܻၯ ଗଓƄࡼ ࡷ࣠ࠅ Ɔƌܻ‫ࢵޢ‬ -
߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮƢ࣠ߥ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄमअਔ ৿཯དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ॅळࢵ ƀ፟ ፑƂƌ࣠‫ކݘ‬ƅ ܻީࢵ ଛଓƄƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
Ƥ߃ ࠧƥūܻᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬যঠ‫ܻݹ‬ಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅ
ᑑ ᐽƍž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌƌ࢖ߦࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ީޢ‬Ƅƥƀࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଘଓƄ࢖ܻ࣏ࠧ ଐଌƄƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ፟ ፑƂƧ ƌ࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄ፥ ፕ ƅ ܻީࢵ ଛଓƄ
ࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࠢ‫ߙޢ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ܻݹ‬೘ೃ݊ ީޯଐଌƄƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄܻᐱᏳ ॅळࢵ ƀƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦࢵ ܻ‫ ࠅݘࠦ ࢵޢ‬Ƅ୹ ୪ࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷƧ ƀ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠦ‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ީޢ‬Ƅ࢖ܻ࣏ࠧ ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࡣ ‫ޯߥ࡯ޢ‬ᑃᐽūƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽ
Ƅ ܸၾ ࡬࣍ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ࢘ ‫ݕ‬
୊෾࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣߕോെၫᚸྯ ႞‫ݽ ݇ ݎ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓ
104
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠢޯߘൎ൉ၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ୍ง࢖ଐଌƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ ે ઻ၮࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƖ ൎ൉࣍ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ ܻႁ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ‫ކ‬ƄūቻቱࠦߙƌƄ࢖ଐଌƄƇ ܻႁ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬ก
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƤƌƎƥƀܻࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƌƎ࣠‫ކ‬ƥƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬Ɓƈ ܸީ଍ଉܸ‫ݽ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣߕോെၫ -
ƣ ܻఱ ఝ്ᑉᐽࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬፥ ገ୹ ୪౰ేၩ࣠ࠩߙƤ୹ ‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ƥࠢࢵ ܻࣀ ࠁ ܺᄣள ஭‫୓ݘ‬෺ƌ࢖ߦᑃᐽ્ ઻ၯ ƄƌƎ࣠‫ރࠢ ࢸݘ‬ƀžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƞ Ʈ࢖‫ݹݘ‬
Ƈ ܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬ଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩݘܻ ࣍ߦޢ‬Ƅ୹ ‫ ࣃܻݑ‬൞ᒑᐽࠦࣀ ࡷൎ൉ࡷࠦࢵ ࣠ࣀ ༨ீ ౰ేၩƥࠦࢵ ࣠ࣀ ༨ீ ࠦ‫ ࠅޢ‬Ǝܻၯ Ƈ Ƅमक࣓೘ೃܻࢠܻߦ༧စ Ƅƥƨܻၮܻߦ‫ކ‬ƎƄमकܾ୓෺
‫ࠩࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄ
ūࠦެ‫ ࡁܻࠩݑ ࡼࡷެ ࣏ࡺࠦࡷݘޢ‬ƄƎƌƂࡼ ࡓ ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࠢ‫ރ‬ƀે ઻ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƞ Ʈ࢖‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
،2012,௧ ோ߽ࣝ )ܻᐱᐢ‫ޟ‬ყჅƥܻᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ࡷࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄܻᐱᏳࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬ข཯དྷࡩƄࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣐࢖ݹ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐢ࣏ ࠁ ൎ൉ࡷࡼ ࡓ ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄƥ
‫(ێ‬23 ،
ࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡣ ዙኸ ࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅࡼ ࡷࣉ ࠁ ൎ൉‫ܻݹ‬ଐଌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ኆ ቱ࣠୓෺ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩܻߙūܻᐱᏹƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽƧ ࣠ߘžଘଓƥƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣠ࡺެ‫ߙޢ‬ūࠢߥ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఓܻଐଌࠦީࢵ ܻެࡷƥƆܾ‫ޢ‬ᐱᚑࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦߙܺن‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄܾ‫ޢ‬ᐱᐢ᠃Ꭸ፻Ƅƍᓘƥūܾ‫ޢ‬ᐱƬᚑ࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬งƋ ܻެଐଌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈࣯࣠ࠧ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ፥ ፕ ƥࠦߥ୆ชƥ࣊ ‫ހ‬Ƅमऒࠦߘൎ൉ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߄ ༬စ ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱࡣ ߥ‫ݹ‬
‫ࠦۑ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥ‫ ݪ‬ხࢵ
ࠣ‫ݕީࣝݶ‬
଍ଉƁƇ Ƣ༜་ܸ‫ݽ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣߕോെၫ -
ࡴ ᐱᏹƄ‫ࡩެܻހ ݊ࡷ ࡼذ‬Ƅƣ ƥܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ ūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿƇ ܻၮܻସବଣ ƄƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅܻᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎Ƅƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬
࣠༨စ ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƖ ܻߙਔ ৼƄે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺޯఴ ఠࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƣ ƀƧ ƀūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏹܻߘܻ࣍ ྽ Ⴐ ߘƀơ ߃ީࡩ
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻၰ Ɩ ܻީࢸ ƄᎨ᎙ƣ ƀ߄ ‫ ࡴހݘ‬ᐱᐟࡷƅ ॅळ࣐ ࡷܻ࣠ࠧࡷࢇ ߙƥƤƏܻ༬စ Ƃࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏹܻߘܻ࣍ ᇯ ᇍ ‫࡯ࠩ ࡴހ‬ዙኸ
ࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ܻެࠧࡼ ࡷƥܻᐱᏳࠢ࣍ ୍ܻงƎ Ƅƥࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷ݊ ࡷƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬Ɔ࣠ߘࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ݹݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷܻࡺެყჅūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷഁ೨मअ໠ ໄၰ ፥ ጿƢܻ࣏ ެࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷ౮ేࡁ मऒ፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣏ࠦ ࠁ ൎ൉ࡷ
ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎Ƅƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƣ ƀƥūࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻၰ ࠢၮܻީࢸ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƏܻ༬စ Ƃƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦީ‫ ݌‬Ǝે ઻ၮ
ūࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀƥƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ƆƎƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩܻ‫୍ ࣊ހ‬งमअଘଓžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ໠ ໄၰ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀƥࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ߙݘޢ‬ƄƌƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƏƆƎƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩܻ‫཯ހ‬ཏ‫ݹݘ‬
ƣ ܺߙơ ܻஊै Ƅࠦ‫ހ ࣐ީޢݘ‬ƥࠦࡷ࣠೘಼ኆ ቱܻ‫୓ ࢧ ߎހ‬෺žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ໠ ໄၰ ፥ ጿƢ߄ ಛಗƄࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬႓ƥቿቷᐳ႓ƥžܻެީࡩƄࠦީ‫ݘެ࣠ݹࠦ ࢢݘ‬ଐଌƄƣ ƀƥ
105
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žଘଓॅळࡩ ࢇ ‫ ࢵܻހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ ࠦ‫޲ܻހ‬೘ೃ ౰౎ޯ‫ݘެ࣠ݹࠦ ކݘ‬ଐଌܻߙ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ ࡼ ‫ݘެ࣠ݹࠦ ݑ‬ଐଌƄ ơ ܻࢧ ߦ‫ރ‬Ƅ ཯ཏ‫ ކݘ‬ଘଓ ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅ Ƈ ܻߙൎ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓƄ
‫(ۑ‬248,247 ،2005,። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ
ƌ࢖ߙࡼ ࡷܻዙኽƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƏƦ ߄ ೘ೃ࣊ ୍งमऒࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎Ƅƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
‫ي‬ኅ ቱƄƧ ࣠ߥࡩƄ݊ ߙƄኆ ቱƄࠦ‫޲ܻހ‬೘ೃ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎ܻߙūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷƤܻ༬ဈ Ƨ ࣠ߘžଘଓ࣠‫ޯ ݊ހ‬๻๬ึଘଓࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦ‫ࡷݘެ࣠ݹ‬Ɗ ƥमऌ݊ ޯ๻๬ึ
࣊ ୍งमऒܻࡷ߄ެ‫ࡷެ ࣏ࡺޯࠢݑ‬Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƐ ܻࣀ ࠁ ᓘƥ୹ ‫ ࣃܻݑ‬೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ୍ง୹ ୪፥ ፕ ƥūƌƄ࢖ߙଘଓƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࣠೘ೆƥƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜཾ
‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢࠦۑ‬ଛଓƄ౰ేၩƥࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄࠢ‫ܻކ‬ၴ ܻ‫ހܻ ࠁޯޢ‬
ơ਑ ৬ƁࣝߖƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࢧ ფႻܸߢࡴᚸྯ ႞‫ݽ ݇ ݎ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓ
࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƥƀࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄƥƀƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ߄ ‫ࡺࠦކߦޢ‬ᐱᚑਔ ৯Ƅ࣠ߙࢪ ყႾܻߥ൞ᒑᐽ
ࢪ ყႾܻߥଐଌƄ ࡣ ޲๻๬ใ ƥ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ Ʀ ኆ ቱ Ƥƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ ࠢ‫ ހ‬Ɛ ܻߥ‫ ࢪ ݹ‬ყႾܻߥࡷ žଘଓॅळࡩ ƣ ƀ ߄ ༬စ ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱ ūࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄ
:፥ ጘܾ‫ܻݹ‬೘ೃ (261,260 ،2005,። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ
ࠣ‫ ࢧࡴࣝ ࢝ࣝ ݎޟ‬ფႻܸߢࡴ -
ࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ɔ౰౎‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ࢖ࠧƄ࣏࣠ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƨƄƌ߄ ၮᒋ ᑧ༨࿻ ‫ޢ ݟ‬༨ဂ ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ଘଓƄࠦ‫ݶݘ‬
ܻࣃ ࡩƄƥ࣐ࠦ ‫ ࣀޢ‬ხࡩƄƟ ࢖࣐ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷ፥ ፕ
ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦީ‫ ݌‬Ǝᚻ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހ‬ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ߄ ࢢ ༟༎ࠦ‫ࡷ࣠ࢠ࣠ݑޢ‬Ɛ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ ƥƢ߄ ႀ ޯఱ ఠ፥ ፕ ƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƅ ܻ‫ݓޢ‬
ࡩƄƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ၯ ƄƌƢƄƥኆ ቱܻ‫ࡷࠢހ‬Ƅ౮౔ࡩƄƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠢ‫ݶ‬
ƄƌƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠢ‫ݶ‬
ܻߥ୍ก
‫ێ‬45,2011ŨƤ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ࢢܻހ‬ᓘƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƄƎƥƌƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ࠣୃคƁƊࢧ ფႻܸߢࡴ -
ơ ࣠ࢧ ॶॱ५ቿቱƥܻ༨ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙ൑ᑉᐽࠢၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ƀࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓ขࠦ೘ಹܻߘযওࡺࢧ ‫ ࢪކ‬ყႾܻߥଐଌƄƤ߃ ᐱᏳযঠ‫ݹ‬
‫(ۑ‬261,260 ،2005,። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽࡴ ࠧƁଘଓƥࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ ࡴݑ‬ᐱᐜ᠍ܻၴ ࡼ ࡷमअ࢖ߥ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ
Ƅ ܸࡷ࣌ ީ଍ଉƁ። ጼ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƍ ܸ‫ߕޟ‬਑ ৬Ɓࣝߖ -ྯ ႞‫ܸࡴ ࢧ ݎ‬ၬ
ࡼ ࡷƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠢީࣀ ჴࡓ ‫ܻކ‬ଐଌᑑ ᐽƍƥƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ݓࠦࡩߥޢ‬
ࡩܻ‫ޢࠦހ‬ዙ዗ƀƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ࠯ ࢸ ࡼ ࡷܻࡷ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፕ ƥ (261,260 ،2005,። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ Ɛ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅᑑ ᐽƍਔ ৯Ƅ࣠ߙ
ࡼ ࡷࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡼ ࡓ ೘೉Ƈ Ƅྲ ႖࣓ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧƥūžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮቿቱƄƌƇ Ƅྲ ႖࣓ࡷƆƎƄƌ്ᑉᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƣ߄ ߥ‫ ݹ‬-2
‫ࡩ ࣀܻހߥࠦۑ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷ༝༎ƄƇ Ƅ౰౔ߙ፟ ፑƂƨܻࢵ ܻ‫ܻܻࠧࠩߘޢ‬༬ဈ Ƅƥƀܻࠩ‫ࡷ࣠ߘݘ‬ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ
106
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬ƥūܻᐱᐕࡩƂ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻᐳ႞ߦ‫઻ેރ‬ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ -3
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥūƎಒ౷ޯଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏳܻ‫ ݌ޢ‬ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƄƎƥƌƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦࡷ ࡼࡷݘ‬ଐଌƄࡼ ࡓ ೘಼žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ ߘޢ‬-4
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐟࡷߎ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑߦޢ‬ƄƥƀƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧƉ ൎ൉‫ࡷࠦࡩݘ‬ƏൎᑉᐽƄƇ ܻၰ ౰౔ߥଐଌƄᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬যঠ‫ݹ‬ᑑ ᐽƍ
،໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࢛ ߦࠀ ƥƀ݊ ߙƎ፥ ጿमक࣓‫ߘ ߄ކ‬Ɣ ܻߥ‫ރ‬Ɔ߄ ၮ࢝ ࠑ ఴ ఠƥၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƆ߄ ၮߴ ޯჱ჋žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ݑެ ߄ߘޢ‬-5
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏳܻީࢵ ƀ፥ ጿൎ൉‫ކ‬ƥܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬
ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷƆƎƄƌଗଓƄࡼ ࡓ ࡺޯޯߙ
ࡴ ᐱᐟყჅࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ކߥ࣠ݹ‬ƥ໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ે ઻ၮ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓܻያዪūࡴ ᐱᏳࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷƢܻࡺޯܻࠧ‫ހ‬ƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬࿻ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ ߘޢ‬-6
ၖᆆ Ƅ౰౎ࡩƄƥƇ ܻࢵ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƣ ܾఴ చࡴ ᐱᏹܻၰ ౰౔ߥࡷᎨᎌ߄ߥ‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡓ ๻๬ึƥơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄࢇ ߥࠒ ޯ‫ߙޢ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥ
‫઻ ેۑ‬ၮଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬൞ᒑᐽܻಛಗ࣠ࢢ ƥƎ߃ ‫୓ݘ‬෺཯དྷࡩƄ
ࠣީࢽ ࡦƁƢƠ ż࢓ߢࡦƁ። ጼŻକଐࣝࡦƁƆ ƊࣝೕೃŽ-ྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬ƍ Ɖܸࢲ
ūࠦީഷവറƄƥࠦߦࡩଛଓƄƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ٷߙޢ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬ƄƖ ƌƥƀܻ೘ೃƇ ܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬഻വറƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ ࣀࣳࣷݑ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄ౮ే๻๬ึ
ūƨƄ༇໮ ܻᐱᚑƆƎ࣠ެଐଌƄࠦ୐෺߄ ଐଌƄƢ߄ ߘܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬-ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ơ ࣠ࢵ ༟༎Ƅࠢ‫ހ‬Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ ࡣݹ‬ዙኸ ơ ƥƀ୹ ୪ଛଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ᇴᆝ Ƅኅ ቱ
ƨܻ࣐ ‫ހ‬Ƅ౰౔ࡷƨܻ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬ƨܻߦ‫ރ ࣏ޢ‬ƨܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬༬ீ ࠢެ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ‬ƢܻߘܾߙࠦީഷവറƄƥƆ࣠ࠀ ଛଓƄƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƔ ܻ‫ހ‬मऌƎܻࢧ ‫ރ‬ଛଓƄƥ௪ ௎༇໮ ܻࠩଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ ࣊ހ‬Ǝ
‫ێ‬4,2006Ũ። ጒܸࢵ ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
ƍ ܸީࡦƁࡹ ࡴƢ "፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘūƤ߄ ၰ ƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬໠ ໄެࡷ࣓ଐଌƄࠦީ༨ீ Ɔ࣠ߥ‫޲ ࡣހ‬๻๬ใ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦߥ‫ ࠁߥޢ‬፟ ፑܻ‫ٷކݘ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅၒল ƥ߄ ߘƥ
Ɔ߄ ၮܻߘ፥ ፕ ƥ (165Ũƃ࢓ߢަࡦƁ ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƥܸަ߾ ߁ ࢵ ŽƁࣝީࡴż௧ ோኂ ቮƁƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ‫ ݧ‬இᆈ ࡱ ᐮᏳࣝަ༥࿸ ƥƁƉƁ਑ ৹Ž‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƠ ƢƉࡹ ࡴ߀ දච ൪ࡹ ࡴ
ūࠢ‫ހ‬໠ ໄެࡷ࣓ଐଌƄƣ ƥƌࠢ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ߄ ၮƀ፥ ፑƄ࣠‫ࡷ ࡼݹ‬ᇯ ᆝ ࡼ ‫୍ܻ ࣍ࠢݑ‬งƎƄ१ ॐ୐෺ࡣ ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅƣ ƀሯሡሁ ū‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦߥ‫ࡩޯܾ ࡁޢ ߄ ࠁߥޢ‬
ቻቱ࣠ࢵ ༟༎ƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬ƀ߄ ୍෺Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻߙū‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ቻቱ࣠ީߥࡩƔ ྲ ႖ƥƣ ܻ೘಼ଗଓƄƦ ୹ ‫މ ࢇݑ‬ƥƀࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄ൞൙ࣀ ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻߙ
ໝ ແީࡴ࣐଍ଉƁƠ ƢƉࡹ ࡴŻܸ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢŽ௧ ோ࢓ߖᇱᇊ ࡦƁƠ ࣝީࡴ࣐଍ଉƁ߀ දච ൪କଐ :፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘū໠ ໄެࡷ࣓൞ᒑᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫཯ހ‬᝵ᐢჱႾƥ -ࣷࣳࢵ ƥ ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે઻ࢢ -
Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬፥ ጘଜଓƄᇯ ᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄƥ (28ŨƠ Ɓ࢓ዖኵ ƞ ż Ż࿀ ႓። ጼ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓࡹ ࡴࢧ ფ࡬ߖᑎ ᐺƊࡠ ‫ݕ‬
ߣ‫ݶ‬ࡹ ࡴƢ
107
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡱ ߕƋᇬ ᇊ ࢵ
Żକଐूरࡦ። ጶോെࢲ ଔଐƁƆ Ɗࣝৡ৏঴Ɓ
ơ߁ ၭ Ƣࡠ ၱ Ƣ୴ ‫ ٴ ݎ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ŻକଐࣝࡦƁ

Ơ ࣝࡐ ‫ݶ‬Ƣໝ ແީࡴ࣐൛ᒎᐺŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
ࣰࣴ ࢲ Ƣࠟ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓૄ સ࢟ -ཬཉީᑀᐺŻକଐࣝࡦƁ
ࠟ‫ݽ‬
Ơ ܸೕಹଔଐƁƢࡠ ၱ Ƣ୴ ‫ݽ ܸ࣍ ݎެࠟ ݎ‬
Ũࡱ ࠦ‫ݕ‬
ࡴƠ Ƣܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁŨࡱ ᐮ᏶ྯ Ⴍ ‫ހ‬
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƢŨࠟެხࢲ ૄ સၫƒ ܸߣஇॅ ƁƢࠟެަ੄ੂਭƠ ࣝࡐ ‫ݶ‬
‫ ࡱێ‬ᐮᐜ‫ ݎ‬Ɠ ܸߖኃ ቮƁŨࡱ ಘಔƏ ോെၬ ଔଐƁ ࡠ ၱ Ƣ୴ ‫ަެࠟ ݎ‬༥஽ ƢŨࠟީ‫ ݎ‬Ɠ ܸߖኃ ቮƁƢ
‫ ࢲ ࣰࣴێ‬Ƣࠟ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓૄ સ࢟ ࠟެ‫ ܸ࣊ ݎ‬Ƣ ŨܸᐮᏰ
୴ ‫ ݎ‬ቸቴ‫ޟ‬ძࢲ ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࢢ ࠏޟ‬Ɓ‫୐ ࣍࡬ ݧ‬෷
‫ ࡠێ‬ၱ Ƣ
Ũ። ጒܸࢵ ࢓‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺŻƁ౭ోࡦƁƢŻକଐࣝࡦƁƂ ܸ૸ૐࡹ ࡴ࢚ ࡬ၽ ެࢽ ࡴŨࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁƉƁ߁ ၫſ
໠ ໄ‫ހ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ߥඳඣ ൭ࡼ ࡩ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ū࣊ ‫ހ‬Ƅ౰౔ࡷƥࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ޯࡷžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺፥ ጹൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆଛଓƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
࣠ࠧƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ፥ ጿžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ ࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ቻቱ࣠ࢵ ༟༎ƥࡣ ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ƄƍƂଘଓƂ໠ ໄެࡷ࣓ଐଌƄ
‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƉܼၭ ࡹ ࡴƠ ƢƉżࣝ‫ݶ‬
༄໦ ଙଐƁƟࣝ‫ࡦޟ‬ƁƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ݽܸٲٳ‬
Ơ ࣝީࡴ࣐‫ݶ‬
ƥܸࡴࣝߕ߁ ༩စ କଐ፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘūࣷࣳࣀ ଐଌƄƣ ܻ೘಼Ƃࠢ‫ހ‬ƣ Ə࣠‫ݹ‬ƣ Ƅ౮ేࡷ
ࡱ ࠤ਑ ৯ŽƢƠ ܸೕಹଔଐƁࡱ ᐮᏰ ूरߕ። ጼ‫ࡦޜ ࠬ ࠾ެ ݧ‬ƢŽࡱ ᐮ᏶౭ౄࣀ ‫ ݎ‬ƢŽࡱ ᐮᏳƁ߽ࣝ ſƢŽࡱ ࠤŻ୍ܸ෾ŽƢŽࡱ ࠤŻܸ‫ݽ‬
żƁࣝ‫ހ‬ᇱᆚ ࣝࡦƢቸቮࣝࢲ ƋƢ
Ƃ ༂໧ ࠬ ‫ࡦޜ‬ƢŽࠟީ‫ ݎ‬Ɓࣝ࢝ ƋƢࡱ ᐮᐜ‫ ٴ ݎ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ࿀ Ⴆ Ƌܸᐮᐒߖ௧ ோኃ ቮܸၬ ƋܸᐮᏳଘଐƁܸᐮᐟ༥စ ࡹ ࡴƤ ࢓༩စ Ƅ ܸީࠂ ࡱ ࠦ࡬ၬ ਑ ৯ƢࠟީࡴƇ Ƣफउ
(22ŨቼቮƉܸസലമƁƃƋࣝࢲ "Ơ ࣝࠏ ࡬ߣ଍ଉƁࡱ ࠤ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƂ ༂໧ Ơ ſକଐŽ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ
ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࠦ೘ಹܻߥࡩƄࠦ൞൙ࣀ ଐଌƄࠦၮܻࡺॺॱ५ƥࠢ୐෺ƌƥࣷࣳࢵ ƥࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅે ઻ࢢ -ቻቱ࣠ࢵ ༟༎ƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƒ ൎ൉ၯ ᓘƥ
ଘଓƂƨൎ൉ࢢ ƀܻᐱᏳ໠ ໄެࡷ࣓ࡷƄ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓࠦႁ ‫ࡩ ࢧ ࠒޢ‬ƄƆ߄ ‫ࡩݘߥޢ‬Ƅቿቷዙ዇ ƣ Ƃ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ū௪ ௎୹ ୪ܾ‫ހ‬Ƣ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ƣ ܻ೘಼ଗଓƄ࣊ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅྲ ႖
፥ ጘଜଓƄ(16 ،2006,። ጒܸࢵ ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ƄƍƂ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᐢ᠃Ƅ༟༎ࠦ‫ݶ‬
ƥܻެࡷƎ݊ ߙमऒ཯དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅಒ౷ࣀ ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄमंܻࢵ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᐟყჅቿቷࡷᇴᇍ ࡩƄቿቷࢢ ܻߦଐଌƄ -1
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏩƄ߄ ၮƀࠦߥ‫ ࠁߥޢ‬ᑑ ᐽƍ݊ ࡷƄ࣠ߙ࢖‫ݹݘ‬ƥࠦެࡷ࣓ଐଌƄࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƥቻቱ࣠ࢵ ༟༎ƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ࠧ ࡴٵٶ‬Ɓଘଓƥ࢛ ࠒ ๻๬ึƣ ƀ -2
108
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɵോെࢲ ଔଐƁ። ጼŻକଐࣝࡦƁ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ࡴ -

Ơ ࣝީࡴ࣐଍ଉƁƢ "፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ቻቱ࣠ߥ‫޲ ࡣހ‬๻๬ใƥūࡣ ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦߥ‫ࡩެܻ ࠁߥޢ‬ၒল ࣠‫ކ‬ƨƄ࢖ܻ࣏ࠧ ࡷᎨᎌ ಒ౷ᚻࡩƄƣ ſ࢖ߥࡩƄƌƎƥ ‫أ‬
ƃᇱᆚ༚་ƁƠ ࣝ‫ݶ࣐ރ‬Ƣƃോെࢤ ࡦƁƠ ࣝࡷ‫ݶߢޟ‬Ƣಏ౴ީ଍ଉƁࡹ ‫ ݎ‬Ơ ࣝᐮᐜ᠀Ƣƛ Ƣ࢓‫ݕ‬
଍ଉܸ‫ݽ‬
Ơ Ƣ୶ ୧ܻ‫ݶ‬
࢘ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Żܸ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢŽࡱ ᐰႫ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Ƅ ܸީࡴ࣐଍ଉƁƢ
(71,ࠣ‫ݽ‬
ࣝެࡦƁ বঐࡐ ၭ ऩं୴ ‫ ٴ ݎ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƠ ſ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓࡱ ࠦዖዄ ౭ౄࢲ ࠬ ‫ࡦޜ‬ƢŽቸቮࣝࢲ ƋƢ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƠ ࣝ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ ࣍ޟ‬Ƣ
ቻቱ࣠ࢵ ༟༎ƥ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬ƤžଘଓƥƎ࢖ඳඣ ൭ཀྵདྷࠁ Ƈ Ƅƌܻީ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƆƌܻީ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƥƨܻࡷ࣠ࢢ ଘଓƥƆൎ൉ࢢ ࣷࣳࣀ ࡷࡼ ࡷ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࡣ ީߥ‫ݹ‬ଘଓƥ
፟ ፑ࣠‫ ࡼކ‬ዙኽūࠦ‫ܻࠧޢ‬ଐଌƄ࿃ Ⴎ ޯߥ‫ݹ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍū໠ ໄߥࢵ ܻߦࡩƄƥ໠ ໄߥߙܻެଐଌƄƥ௪ ௎࢖ߙᇴᇍ ࡩƄƆଘଓƄ࣠ࡷࡼ ࡷƀ౰౎୓෺ƥū໠ ໄެࡷ࣓൞ᒑᐽƥ
ƣ Ƌܸࢤ ީࡦƁƢƉࣝᐮᐒࡦƁƁƢ߀ දච ൷କଐƁࣝީࡴż௧ ோኂ ቮƁܸᐮᏩܻ‫ݶ‬
፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ơ ܻߘūƨܻߥߙܻެࡷƎܻࢢ ƨܻߥߙܻެࡷ፟ ፑ࣠‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬ƥūƨƄ࢖ߙᇴᆝ Ǝܻࢢ ƨƄ࢖ߙᇴᆝ
(51Ũƃ਑ ৬ܸ଍ଉƁ) ໝ ແ଍ଉܸ࣌ ࡦƁƟࣝߢࡦƁƤ ߁ ᐮᏩକଐ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƠ ſࡱ ᐮᐜࡴࠟ‫ߖܷހ‬ం௴ ީࡴࡱ ಘಔࣝ୐෷ࡹ ࡴƢ࢘ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Żܸ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢŽࡱ ᐰႫ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Żܸ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢŽ
ƥܸަ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƢƥƁࣝಘಔం௴ ୍෷ƉƁƢ߀ ༤စ Ɓ௧ ோኂ ቮƁƁƢ߀ දච ൷କଐƁࣝީࡴż௧ ோኂ ቮƁܸᐮᏩܻ‫ݶ‬
፟ ፑܻ‫ކݘ‬ቻቱ࣠ߘ౰ేࣀ ߦ‫ٷݑެ ߄ކ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࠢዙ዇ Ǝ౰ే޲ࡁ ௪ ௕Ƅơ ࣠ߥ‫ݹ‬ƥ
ࡼ ࡷ౰ేߦ୐งƄ߃ ࠧ (57Ũƃ਑ ৬ܸ଍ଉƁ ໝ ແީࡴ࣐ࡴবঝީ࠾ Ơ ſ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ƁƁࣝߢ‫ރ‬ƁƢŻܸ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢŽƋܸߣࡐ ᚸࡦƁƢం௴ ᚸ࡬ަߕࡹ ࡴƂ ܸລ๽ࡦƁƁࣝ‫ރ‬ƢŽ௧ ோኂ ቮƁࡹ ࡴ
‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬ƄƄ࣠ߥ୓෺ƣ ܾ‫ހ‬໠ ໄެࡷ࣓൞ᒑᐽਔ ৲߄ ᐱᏹƥūܻީ‫ࡩݘ‬ƥƨƄƥ࢔ࠧƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄ݊ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅྲ ႖ƣ ƥ߃ ඲ඣ ൭௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄቻቷࠧƀƥƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄžƄ߄ ၮƀƆଘଓƄ࣠ࡷ
(20,19,2006Ũ። ጒܸࢵ ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ žܻ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥƀࡴ ᐱᐟ᠃ƌžƄ߄ ၮƀƥࡴ ࠧžƄ߄ ၮƀƄƥ߃ ඲ඣ ൭ƣ ƀࡼ ࡷƤ࣠ީߘƄमअƥ
ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬
‫ݽ‬࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣߕോെၫ -ྯ ႞‫ݽ ݇ ݎ‬
ܸࢲ
ūၒᅢ ܻެࡩƄƐ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥযওߥ‫઻ ેހ‬ඳඣ ൭ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ഭ ୨ ࡷܻஎै Ƅᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ƣ ƀࠢ‫ ࢸ ࠯ߙޢ‬ଘଓܻያዪ
ࡼ ࡷ žܻ࣐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬ᑃᐽƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬ଘଓƄƥūܻᐱᐕࡩƂ࣯ ࡺޯჱႾ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄቿቱܻࢵ Ǝƥࠢޯࡩܻࢵ मऌƣ ܻ೘಼ଗଓƄƥࠢޯެᐱᚑ‫ ݪ‬ஊᆋ
ūࡣ ᐳ႞ࡩܻ‫ ࢪހ‬ყࡩ߄ ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄࣷࣳ‫ࡷݘ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱƇ ܻߦࢧ ࡩƄƥযওߥࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࡣ ޲ࡷࢇ ‫ކݘࡺޢ‬ƥūܻᐱᏳƏƄ౮౔ၮଘଓƄƥ࢖ࠑ ߦࡩƄƥ‫ ݪ‬ஊै Ƅࡣ ዙ၁ဤƥūܻࠩ࡯ၴ ƀ
ūࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌƄƤ߃ ᐱᏳࠦ࣍ ࣠ެࡷࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄบ คᇴᆝ ƄƍᓘƥūƨƄƌ࣠ࢧ ߥࡷƨܻ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƨƄ߄ ࠩࠅ ‫୓ ࣐࡯ ݪ‬෺ࠢ‫ߙܺރ‬Ƅኅ ቱƥ
‫ ݪ‬༨࿻ ƥࠢޯެᐱᚑ‫ ݪ‬༨࿻ ƥࠢࢧ ࢧ ༧ဈ ƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ žܻ๻๬เଘଓƄƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫୓ ࢧ ߎހ‬෺ƣ ƀഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ ݪކ‬༬࿻ ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƥ
Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ཀྵདྷࠁ ūܻࡺࠩ࡯ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷžܻ࣐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥơ ߃ ީࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƨܻၴ ƍ࣠೘ೆƥƆƥ߄ ߘƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀƥūࠢޯ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƥࠢޯ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ء‬࿃ ႡࡩƄ߄ ߘܻߙࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻߥࡩƄࡣ ޲ଐଌƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮࢇ ީ࣐ ‫ރ‬Ƅଘଓᓘƥūࠢࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ƥࠢ‫ࡷܻݹ࣓ࡷ ࡼހ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࠢޯީ࡯࣐ ࡩƤቧሼ࣓‫ࡷܻݹ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ƣܻႅ ఱ ఝƄƥƟ ܻఱ ఠƄ
(187,2001Ũ። ጼോെളലമƁ ࠢ‫ݹݘ ࣐ޢ‬ଘଓ
109
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƌ࢖ߦࡩƄžଘଓƥܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷߎ ࣃ ჴࡓƬ‫ݹ‬ၒᆆ ൎ൉ࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓॅळࡩƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺
ਔ ৯Ƅ࣠ߙ ࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ ࣀޯߦޢ‬ყࢵ ܻࡷે ઻ၮƨžܻ୐กࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ƄƦ ߄ ೘ೃ࣊ ୍ง୹ ୪ࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƌ࢖ߦࡩƄžଘଓƥƆƌܻ‫ߙ࢔ݹ‬
žܻߥީࡩܻ‫ހ‬ቻቱࠦ‫ߙݘ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄ፥ ፕ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ࢵܻࡷޢࠦކ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ܾ‫ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ݊ ޯ೘೉ࡼ ࡷ݊ ‫ࠧ࣠ރܻހ‬ƥūƦ ༇໩ ƀࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷƧ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠧ߄ ༬࿻ ଘଓ߄ ߘ
ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūਔ ৲बअࠢ‫ݶ‬
ଘଓƥƣ ܺߙࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠢޯࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƥࠢ୓คᇴᇍ ೘ೃƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓܻࡷ߄ެ‫ݑ‬ƥūƣ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ƥƒ ൎ൉ၯ Ƃᇯ ᇍ ‫ࡷެ ࣏ࡺޯࠢހ‬፥ ጿ
ūžൎ൉ࡷ༝༎ƄƥƀƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷƨžƄ࣠ࢵ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄࠢ‫ߘܻކ‬ൎ൉ၮࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰౎‫ݹݘ‬ƨܻ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެ೘ೃƐ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄ
ࡣ ༨ீ ፥ ጕܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƣ ƀƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬ƥūܻᐱᐕߙࠢޯެᐱᚑࠢ‫ހ‬౮ే๻๬ใܻ೘ೃࠢࢵ ܻࣀ ࠁ ƂƦ ߄ ೘ೃƥƤ୹‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ƥࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅਓ ৹ƨܻ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄ࣠ࠧƥ
཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ౰౎ࡁ ƀࡼ ࡷƣ ܺߙƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠢޯ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߙबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿमक࣓ଐଌƄਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽ‫ ݟ‬༨ဂ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
ƨܻ‫ܻހ‬༬࿻ Ƃƥƀƨܻީ࡯ࢵ मकܾ୓ขࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƣ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūܻᐱᐕߙ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžܻߥ‫ހ‬Ƃે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄƧ ߄ ༨ဈ Ƣ࣠‫ࡩޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫ߘ ߄ކ‬
‫ܻࠧۑ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃ
ࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ‫ ࡴ و‬ᐱᏩƄ߄ ၮƀે ઻ၮࡴ ࠧྲ Ⴐ ‫ߥ ࢇރ‬༨ဈ ഭ ୨ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄƤܻࢥ ޯߥ೘ೃƥ१ ॏ‫ߥޢ‬ஊै ƄƤܻެ‫ݘ‬೘ೃ໠ ໄ൞൙ࣀ ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ƄƍƂƥ
Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ᇴᆝ Ƅƍᓘƥū໠ ໄߦ࡯ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƤƌܻީ‫ٷހࠢݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ୹ ୪ƀܻ೘ೃܻᐱᏹƎܻዙኸ ƥܻᐱᐢࡷܻߘଗଓƓ ƎଛଓƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƥƞ ൎ൉ႀ ޯࢵ ଘଓƄࡴ ಛಗ
ࡼ ࡷƒ ൎ൉ၯ ଗଓܻߙūࠢ‫ٷހ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࡴ ࠧ߄ ၮƥƧ ኅ ቱƄ ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ ƞ ൎ൉ႀ ޯࢵ ଗଓƄࡴ ಛಗࢇ ߥඳඣ ൭Ꭸ፻ࠦ‫ݹ‬ଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿƨᇴᆝ Ƅྲ ႖ᓘƥƨܻߦ‫ࢠݘ‬
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƊ ܻ༬စ ࢇ ‫ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬༬ဂ ࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠢީࠁ ܻࢧ ‫ߙ ݊ހ‬ਔ ৲Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ፥ ጕƄ߄ ၴ ࣠ࡩƄ‫ߘޢ ݪ‬༟༎Ƅࠦ‫޲ܻހ‬೘ೃ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄযওܻࠧߦࡷ
110
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫ :ƍ Ɖܸࢽ ࡦƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
ū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใ፥ ጿūƨƄमक࣓ࡷƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮܻࠧƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ যঠᐱᏬ

ܻᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƏƥžƄƌଛଓƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ݹ‬ƣ ଛଓധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷƧ ଛଓࠦࡺᐱᚑƨࠦ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷࡣ ޯ༨࿻ ፥ ጕܻఱ ఝƂƠ ॅळࣀ ࡁ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ކ‬፥ ጿƨܻ‫ ࣀޢ‬ყႻƎƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ހܻࡩߥޢ‬໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ƥūƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ƨƄ౮ేࡺޯࡷ
ࢪ ყࢵ ܻၰ ƀᑻ ᑧޯ೘಼Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦߦ࣍ ܻၮƥ୹ ‫ ࣃܻݑ‬೘ೃū࣊ ୍งमऒࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƇ ܻၮܻެߘ
ƣ ƀƆƌܻߥࡩƄે ઻ၮƣ ᇴᆝࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄࠦࡺ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠢߥࠁ ƣ ܻఱ ఝଛଓƄžܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬ଗଓƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻࡷƥࠦ‫ࡷݘެ࣠ݹ‬Ƈ Ƅमक࣓೘ೃमकܾ୓ข୹ ‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬ƥ
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅบ คᇴᆝ Ƅƍܺߙūƨܻ‫ܻހ‬༬࿻ Ƃࡴ ᐱᐕ࡯ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࡴ ಛಗཀྵཏࣀ ჴ‫ ࡴࡩޢ‬ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᐟყჅࠦ‫ߘࠦߘ࣠ݹ‬ൎ൉ၮƄƥ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ݹ‬
ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦࡩƄबअ࢔‫ ࡩޯݘ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦୖ෺߄ၰ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦߘޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ߄‫ކݘ‬ƥūࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ്ᑉᐽƨܻࣀ ࡁ ܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƉ ܻ୓คƣ ᇴᆝࠦ‫ࠢ ࢵ࡯ީޢ‬ၮ୍ܻงƀƥ
ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƥūࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻ‫ޯࡺࠦހܻ ࠁޯޢ‬ᐱᚑūࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬ƄযওߥࡩƄƥࡣ ޲ଐଌƄबअ࢔‫ࡩޯݘ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ
ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫ࡩޢࠢހݘ‬Ƃ‫ܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ଐଌƨܻߥߙƥƨܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƥƨܻ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ ހ‬-࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ୍ܻชƂƬ
‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࠁ ಒ౷ߙƥƀၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ࢛ ‫ݑ ࡼހݘ‬ƌƎƥܻଐଌࠦ‫ޢ‬ƨ࡯‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ɔ߃ ୍คࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ߄ ߥ‫ ކ‬-ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
ܻࡺᐱᐟყჅࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݘ࢖ߙࠦރ࣠ݑޢ‬ଐଌ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ ୷ݹ‬୪༟༎Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩݘܻ ࣍ߦޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄࣷࣳၮ፥ ጿƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄযঠࠧƄ࿃ Ⴉ ܻଐଌƄƣ ࢖ߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷƇ ܻެყ჈ܻ৤৘ষƄ፥ ጿ
Ƈ ܻၴ ܻၰ ݊ ࢠƥƥࢪ ߦެࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩޯ ࢥ ࠒޢ‬ƄᎨᎌ߄ ߥޯࡩƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄે઻ၮƣ ƥमक࣓‫ݹ‬Ɔƌܻߘࡴ ࠩߙે ઻ၮ߄ၮܻఱ ఠƇ ܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࣯ ࠩߙūƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫(ۑ‬Yokl,2004,248)ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡴ ࠩஊै ܻࢧ ࡷƟ ࣠ߙࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƥࠦၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃƨܻ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄ࣊ ୍งमऒࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɩ ܻዙዋ Ƃࠢީࢸ Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥ
‫(ۑ‬Avolio , et.al .2004, 52)ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ
Ɛ ܻࣀ ࠁ ଗଓƄƏ࢔‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƦ ߄ ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ࡩ ࣐࣠ݹ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄે ઻ၮƨܻ୆กܻ༬࿻ ƂƨƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬मक࣓‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦݹ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ॅळࢵ ƀƣ ƀሯሡሁ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎે ઻ၮƨܻ‫ܻހ‬༬࿻ Ƃमक࣓‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦކ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ކܻހݘ‬ƥƆƌܻߥᑃᐽơ ƌܻީޯଐଌƄƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƥơ ƌܻީޯଐଌƄƞ ߄ ಛಗܻ‫ހ‬
‫(ۑ‬Givens،2008،105)ࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅ
ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦހܻࡩݘ‬ശവറƄܻࠧƌܻ‫ހܾހݘ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠƆƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡁߥޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄࢇ ‫ ࠅࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬྽ Ⴐ ߘƀơ ਓ ৹ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ކܻހݘ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄ݊ ߙƎ
111
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࡼ ࡷ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄว คܻॺॱ५ܻଐଌū໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱƤ࣠೘ೆƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬যঠ‫ݹ‬ᑑ ᐽƍơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄܻಛಗധ ୨ఱ ఠ
ūࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅबअ࢔‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡩޯݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅധ ୨ఱ ఠሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƤ࣠೘ೆƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫୓ݘ‬กࢇ ୆ชƥ
Ƣ࣠ࠩߦࡷƐ ࢖‫ݓ‬
ࡩധ ୨ ఱ ఓ࣠ࠩߙበሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅबअ࢔‫୓ݘ‬ก ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƢܻࡺޯܻࠧ‫ހ‬ƥūࠢޯࠅ Ǝƌ݊ ߙमअƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƏ࢔‫ܻݹݘ‬ያዪ
ᇯ ᇍ ‫ހ‬ഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩܻ‫ߙݘࠩ ࡴހ‬ਔ ৲ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ݊ ࢠƥ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄበሼƎܻࣃ ࡷƣ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷƥƐ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ơ ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄƞ ߄ ಛಗƄ
ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪Ɩ ܻެߘƂ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƌƄƎƀƄƍᓘƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ᠃ƁƎܻᐱ᏶ƀࡴ ᐱᐟࡷƨܻ‫ܻރ‬೘಼Ƃܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿ߄ ၴ
ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦၮܻެߥࡩƄबअ࢔‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬൞ᇅᇍ ࡩƄࠦ‫ހܾࡷܻރ‬ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƨܻߥ࡯࣐ ެࡷ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƟ ߄ ࢧ ࡩƄƦ ࢖ඳඣ ൭ƣ ƀࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ
ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬Ʀ ߄ ೘ೃࡴ ࠧƎ࣠‫ ࢸݘ‬ኆ ቱ࣠‫ܻݹ‬ያዪܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƌƄ࢖ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄ݊ ࢠƥƆƎƥྲ Ⴎ ‫ ࠖޢݘࠩ ࡴހ‬ఴ ఠે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ݹݘ‬ƣ ƀࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ
‫ߙࠩ ࡴۑ‬Ƅ߄ ܾࠧ‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦހ‬ଐଌƄ
যও‫ݑ‬ਔ৿ે ઻ၮƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƆƎ ߄ ߘ፟ ፑƂƌ࣠‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ݹݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƣ ƀ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬ƄƦ मअƥ
፟ ፑƂƆƎƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ƨ ƌ࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࡴ ಛಗ࣠‫ࡷޢ‬ƥࡴ ࠩ࣍ ܻ೘ೆƀƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅે ઻ၮ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬በሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄƥࡣ ၮܻߦޯࡩƄ
਑ ৯Ɓƌ )ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅơ ਓ ৹ƥūܻࠩߙƄ߄ ܾࠧ‫ހ‬ƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽžܻ๻๬เଘଓܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƐ ܻࣀ ࠁ ƂƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə
‫ێ‬206 ،1999,
࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƥ Ƣܻࡺޯࠧൎᑉᐽ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬žܻߥ‫ކ‬ƎଘଓƄ፥ ጿ౰ేީࡁ ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࡴ ᐳྜྋࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬በሼƎܻࣃ ଐଌƄƣ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
‫(ۑ‬60،2011,Ƥ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄƤ߃ࠧࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄơ ਓ ৹ƥūࠦၮܻସବଣ Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ፟ ፑƂ
ūࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅƍ፟ ፑƂࢪ ყࡩƥࠦ‫ݹ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ਔ ৲ଗଓƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧ൑ᑉᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ୹ ‫ ݌‬፟ ፑƂധ ୨ఱ ఓ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƤ౰ే‫୓ܾމ‬ก્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƥ
࢛ ‫୓ ߴހݘ‬ข߄ ߘࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ƂƇ Ƅमक࣓೘ೃ‫ެ ݝ‬ხ჋Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƄࠦߙܻߥ‫މ‬ƥūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄે ઻ၮ߄ ‫ࡷߦޢ‬౰ే‫ކܾމ‬Ƥ߄ެ‫ݑ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀၒᅢ ƎଛଓƄે ઻ၮƥ
‫ێ‬Yokeel,2004,277 ቿቷࡺᐱᚑ໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƇ ܻၴ ܻၰ บ คᇴᆝ ƄƍƂƨܻࢥ ‫ݹ‬ƀࠦ‫ ୹ ݌࣠ހ‬୪౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ
Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀࠢޯࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጿ (2011ŨƤ ߁ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓คቧሼ࣓‫ކ‬ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࢇ ዙኸ ે ઻ၮࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค፥ ፕ ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬ƥƤƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ހܾހݘ‬Ƅ
:ᑑ ᐽƍၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬፥ ፑܻޯࡩƄᇯ ᇍ ࣃ ࡩƄƥ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
112
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(7)ᇬ ᇊ ࢵ
ࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁƉƁ߁ ၫſŨ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ࣊ަޟ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
Ɔ ƊࣝೕೃŽ
ŗॻƄȂʦʲʯƃ¦¨®œ
ॻɿƃ¦®œ
ŶǺ¢
Ƒƃœ
ʰʸƃ¦ʙʻśŋʯƃ¦
ŗॻƆœ
ƌƃƗ¦ŗॻɹż¦ʗƃ¦
Ƒʸॻʢʹʯƃ¦ ƙʦƃ¦
ŗȂʙؒ Žƃ¦¨°œ
ʰʯŪ ƙ¦
ŗǻ®ʙŽƃ¦©¦° œ
ॺʯŵƙ¦
ʥʻȜʸʯƃ¦
ࠣ࢟ ോെஆॅ Ɓ

ࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ୹ ୪Ʀ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࠢ‫ކ‬Ǝ߄ ߘ፥ ፕ ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ౮ే೘಼ܻࡷƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌƄࠢ‫ܻߙޢ‬ଐଌܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƨܻ‫ࡷެ ࣏ࡺޯࠢ ࢵݘޢ‬Ƥܻ༬ဈ Ƨ ࣠ߘžଘଓƥ፟ ፑƂƌ࢖ߦࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƒ ܻၯ ፥ ጘƄƍžଘଓƥࡼ ࡷ
‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢࠦۑ‬Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌƄ‫ ࣀ ݝ‬ყࡩƥ
113
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣᚺࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƓ ࣝᚻ ࢝ ࣝೕೀࢄ ᚺ࡬‫ݕ‬

୐෿ཬཏࡦƁࠣᚸߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ᚹ ࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ :݇ ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ
཯དྷࡩƄƥūࠦၮ࣠ެޯଐଌƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƥƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଛଓƄࡼ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހܻࡩݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ƌƀࣩ ࣏ ༨࿻
ܻᐱᐟࡷƥࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƊ ܻ༬စ ፥ ጿܻዙ዗मकƀƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏹ
࢛ ‫઻ ેހݘ‬ၮܻዙ዗मकƀƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ހܻࡩߥޢ‬ƣ ࣠ࢵ ƎƄኆ ቱƄƥƣ ࣠޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄযঠࠧƄ߄ ߘƥūࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡷƨܻࢥ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހݘ‬ƄƢ߄ ߥƬ‫ކ‬፥ ጘଜଓƄ‫ީ ࠒ ݟ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƥūƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƊ ܻ༬စ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋ཯དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ǝƥܻ༨ீ ࠦ‫މ‬ൎ൉‫މ‬፥ ጿƤ౰ేၩƥƀഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀƥࠦ୆ก୹ ‫ݑ‬ƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଛଓƄƥ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހܻࡩߥޢ‬༧ဈ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌơ ƥଛଓƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ -
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހ‬༧ဈ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ -
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހܻࡩߥޢ‬༧ဈ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ‫ࡩ޲ܻࡩ ݟ‬ƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ-
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ݽܸࡦߢޟ‬
ர ப‫ݕ‬
୐෿ཬཏࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƞ ƢଘଐƁƋࣝഴലമƁ
ࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ഴലമƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥକଐƢŽ
ࠣୃ෾౭౑ࡦƁƄ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ ። ጼ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬Ɓƈ ܸީ଍ଉܸ‫ݽ‬
ܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2013 ። ጒܸ࣍ ࠏ ߢࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -1
‫ێ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠦހ‬งƎଘଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫઻ ે ࣍ީޢݘ‬ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦ ރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫઻ ે ࣍ީޢݘ‬ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠦހ‬งƎଘଓƄ
‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀƥ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟކ‬ū࣯ ࣍ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄ્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ
ū௪ ௎߄ ၴ Ƅ࣠ޯଐଌƄ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ ࠧޢޟ‬300 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ၮ ݅ ࡩܻީࡩƄ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ܻᐱᐟࡷၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƆ߄ ၮ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ ƆƄƌᇷᆝࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥ
࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƐ Ǝܻ೘೉ -
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀƐ Ǝܻ೘೉ܻᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ū࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ
114
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀƣ ƀū࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹
Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ࡼ ࡷơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƎ࣠ࠒ ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
‫ۑ‬Ƌ ܻެଐଌƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƄ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩบ คᇴᆝƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƥ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰౎உै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦކ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࠦ‫ ࣀީࠦࡩީߥޢ‬ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬Ꭸ፻ƥūƆ౰౎ၯ ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄ
࣯ ࡺ‫اࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƌ ܻެଐଌƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
Ƭ‫ކ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀ፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ߘܻހ‬༟༎Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ƥơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿᑑ ᐽƍƥƆ౰౎உै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƨܻࢥ ‫ݹ‬ƀ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰౎ၯ ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ࠦ‫ހߥޢ‬Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫࣠ ࠅ ݪހ‬ଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ୹ކߦݘ‬୪ࠦ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢ‬งƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ે ઻ၮƥơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଘଓࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫࣠ ࠅ ݪހ‬ଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ୹ކߦݘ‬୪Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƥơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠢ࣍ ܻ೘ೆƄƥ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ
໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽܻᐱᐕ‫ ࢵݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩ
ߎ ࣃ ࡓ ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦࢵ ƄƎ ኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ܻࠧࡺެყჅūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ݑ‬
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬Żࣝ࢝ ። ጼࠣ‫ީޟ‬ৡ৅঴Ɓࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ ƁƄ ƁƉܸ‫ߢޟ‬ᑀᐺƇ ౭౑ߢࡴ઴ઑ੡Ƌ਑ ৼƟܸ࣌ ‫ހ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2009 । ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -2
115
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƊ ౰౔ߥଐଌƄષઔ੤Ǝ߄ޯࡩƄƢܻ࣏ ެࡩƄ݊ ࢠƥ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ߄ ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ 29 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūࡴ ࣏ ެࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ߴ ᐱᐟࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ߘƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūഁ೨୹ ୪मअ߄ ࡷ 19 ᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ 165 ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ߄ ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ ว ෷ܻ‫ ރ‬40)
ܻࠧƏमऌƀƥܻࠩዙ዗ƀ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀ፥ ጿžƄ࣠ࢵ ࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩ፥ ፑܻஊै ƄƢܻ࣏ ެࡩƄ፥ ጿߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽƧ ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄžܻެީࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƇ ƌܻߦޯࢵ Ƅƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƄƥƌƀƥƀ
ƣ ࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦ‫ ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ ࢵࠦ ࢵݘ ݝࡩ࣠ࢠ ݊ރ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ܻࠧࡺެყჅūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬Ƅ
‫ݽࣝݶࠣێ‬
౭౑ࡦ‫ا‬ƃƋƁƉଔଐƁ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢽ ࡦƍ ܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƃƁƉŽफंࣝ࣍ ‫ރ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2004 ። ጒƁ࢓ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ūࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƆƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
‫ ࣍ީߥ ݝ‬ūࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄ݊ ࡷ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾܻ೘ೃܻᐱᏹƄ࢖ߥߙࠦၩܻ‫ ࢢޢ‬Ꭸ᎙ƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ꭸ᎙ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ ߄ ࠧࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƥ
(831 ࠦࢵ ƄƎ ኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ƥūžܻ‫ࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹࠦހܾࡷܻރ‬Ƅቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄƇ ܻ൞൙‫ࡷݘ‬ƥ࣯ ൞൙‫઻ ેݑޢެࠦࡷ ࡼࡷݘ‬ၮƆƄƌଛଓƄ
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ߘ ߄ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ ࣯ ࠒ ࣀ ଐଌƄ્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥūࠦ൞൙‫ࡷݘ‬ƥƨܻ൞൙‫ࡷݘ‬
ܻࠧƏमऌƀ
ƆƄƌଛଓƄƣ ƀƧ ƀūܻᐱᐕߙ߄ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻၰ ƀ፟ ፑƂ౰ేఴ ఓܻያዪࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣠ࠧƥ߄ ၰ Ƅƥࡣ ࡷܻၮࢪ ყߥ‫ކ‬ƆƄƌଛଓƄƣ ƀ -
ࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹ‬Ƅܻࠧƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܾހݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ‫މܻރ࣠ݹ‬౰౎ޯ‫ࡷ ࡣކݘ‬Ƅ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ހߥޢ‬ƥū߄ ၰ Ƅƥƨܻ‫ ࣀޢ‬ყႻƎൎ൉ࡷܻၮࢪ ყߥ‫ކ‬
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࢪ ყႻ༟༎Ƅ߄ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄž༅໮ ࡣ ޲೘೉
ūࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƥƉ ƥƌ୷ ୪ܻࠧ߄ ၰ ƀƥࠦ‫މܻރ࣠ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀࠦࣀ ዙ዆ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ -
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄūࠦ‫ݶ࡯ޢ‬
Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄƇ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄū࣐ࠦ ࡯ࣀ ࡩƄ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉ūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
ᑑ ᐽቦሼƥū࣯ ࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌžƄ༇໮ ܾ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟހ‬Ƅ྽ Ⴋ ƥƀƥ
Ƈ ƌܻߦޯࢵ Ƅሯሡሁ ū‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ކ࣠ ࢢޢ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ Ƅ࣠ެ‫ݑ‬Ǝܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙ƥūܻࠧ౰ేၩƥ࣯ ࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ žܻ୐ก߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ
116
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ʀ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄūࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ
ࠣୃ෾࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮƤ ƋƁƉଔଐƁƓ Ɓ਑ ৶ଔଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁࠣߕോെၫƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2013 Ƥ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
‫ݶࠣێ‬
Ɖࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢽ ࡦƁࠣୃ෾࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁቝቋᚸ࡬ࡷ଍ଉƁ። ጼࠣၭ ܸަࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ
ࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄ݊ ߘƄƥ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ūࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ކ‬ƥ્઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥ
Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄ݊ ߘƄƥƤܻ༬ဈ ࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎžƄƎſ௪ ௎୍ܻงƦ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥ
ቿቱܻஊै ‫ ا‬ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ୹ ‫࣠ ݌‬೘಼ኆ ቱƄ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡩƄ ௪ ௎ܻީჴჅ ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ƥ ࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎžƄƎſ௪ ௎୍ܻงƦ ߄ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬ƥūࠦࡷ߄ உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ū࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࣓ࠧଐଌƄƥūࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄ
Ƈ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩƄࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄ݊ ߘƄƥƤܻ༬ဈ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄ
ࠦࡷ߄ உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ū࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࣓ࠧଐଌƄūࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄቿቱܻஊै Ƅū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ୹ ‫࣠ ݌‬೘಼ኆ ቱƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ௪ ௎ܻީჴჅࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷ 41 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߘ ߄ކ‬ƥ ્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉ƥūࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻያዜ ƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ࠦކ‬ၴ Ǝƌ -
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰ేީࡁ ܻࠩ࡯ࡺੋ੅ਰ
ܻࠩ࡯ࡺੋ੅ਰบ คᇴᆝࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƇ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ࢖ࠩ࣌ -
‫ۑ‬
ƨƄ߄ ၴ Ɔ౰ేީࡁ
ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƇ ܻያዜ ƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ݑޢࠦۑ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƇ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩƄƥƇ ƄƎܻࠩଐଌܻ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ޯ೘೉ƥ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ
Ɩ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮơ ࣠ࠁ ໠ ໄ‫ީ ࠒ࣠މ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ၴ Ƃ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
ࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ୹ ‫࣠ ݌‬೘಼ኆ ቱƄ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ Ʀ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ࠦ ކ‬ၰ ܻީࡩƄ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ žܻࢵ ƁƎ Ʀ ኆ ቱ Ƨ ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢࠦۑ‬Ƅƥ
117
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƨ ƎƄƌଗଓƄƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬Ƅ
Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼໝ ແ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƃƉܸߢࡦƁƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2012 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖࣝ‫ݽ‬
ŽƢŨƉܸߕ༜་Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -2
‫ێ‬ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žໝ ແࡐ ๸๩ฺܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢࠣ‫ޟ‬የዙ ༜་ƁࠣୃกƉƋଘଐƁ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ༟༎Ƅࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥ ūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄࡓ ๻๬฽ܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
(288 ݊ ߘƄ࣠‫ܻࡷݘࠦࡷ࣓ކࠢހ‬ၴ ƥƠ ࣠ࡷ౰ేࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƥࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬मऌƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƥūūƨܻ୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ࡩݘޢެࠦݑ‬ƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙ūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬773 ƥƨƄਔ ৯ܻߘ
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ SPSS)
ᑑ ᐽቦሼƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ༟༎Ƅࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ࠦކ‬ၴ Ǝƌ -
‫ۑ‬१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࡓ ࡺޯᑃᐽᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ࠦކ‬ၴ Ǝƌ
໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ƆƌܻߥࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū݊ ‫ࡩޯܻހ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ხ‫ࡦߣ࡬ ࢽ ࣍ޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ ܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁࠣ‫ݶ‬ƋƁƉଔଐƁƄ ƁƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2012 ฤ ෷ኃ ቮƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -3
‫ܸۑ‬ᐮᐟ‫ޟ‬๸๦เࡠ ަࢲ Ƣܸᐮᐟ᠇ࣝ‫ݕ‬
࢟ Ƣࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ߢޟ‬ᑀᐺ
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ޢࠦ ހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ƥ߃ ࠧࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩ ࢧݘ࣠ހ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅ
ūƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄƤ߃ࠧࡣ ‫ކߦݘޢ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻၰ ౰౔ߥࡷ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࡣ ީࣀ ࡩƄ౰౗ࡁ ƀࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬ƥࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ
ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬284 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓƄܻࠧƏमऌƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽƆƄƌᇷᆝ ƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
118
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦၴ Ǝƌƥ %52.8 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ ࠦၴ Ǝƌ ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬%73.6 ࠦީఱ ఝે ઻ၮमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄࡣ ީࢵ ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ % 73.9 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅƇ žܻၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩ ࢧݘ࣠ހ‬Ƅ
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽƨܻ‫୍ݘ‬งᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷžܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ޢࠦ ހ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄūࠦࡷ߄ உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷࠦߙ߄ ᐱᐢࣀ ଐଌƄࠦެ‫ݘޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢߦޢ‬ჱࢧ ޯࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࡣހ‬ၮܻߦޯᑃᐽƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃơ Ƅƌमकƀƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ -
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷžܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ޢࠦ ހ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷࠦߙ߄ ᐱᐢࣀ ଐଌƄࠦެ‫ݘޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢߦޢ‬ჱࢧ ޯࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ໠ ໄ‫ ࡣހ‬ၮܻߦޯᑃᐽƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃơ Ƅƌमकƀƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ -
‫ۑ‬मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄࡣ ީࢵ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩܻ‫ހ‬ūƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥūഭ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ŽƢƄ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁŻƁ߁ ዖኵ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2011 Ƅ ƁƉƁ༄໫ Ƣƃኃ ቮƁࣝஆॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -4
‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟࠣێ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƝ ूरࢽ ࡦƎ ༄໫ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ። ጼ
Ơ ॅळࣀ ࡩᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ዙኸ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ƥ 140 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ ၮ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬ƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƣ ܻ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūࠦީࡩܻ࣍ ƥ‫ ܻ࣍ࡩ ݪ‬3800 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ ၮ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦީ࡯࣍
ܻࠧƏमऌƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ዙኸ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ -
‫ࠦ ࡷޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣐ࠦۑ‬ၴ Ǝਔ ৹žܻၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄū્ ઻ߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ
ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
Ƈ Ƅ౰౎உै Ƅ ƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƆ౰౎உै Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅƥūࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƥūƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄ
‫ۑ‬ቿቷ‫ࡩ ࣐࣠ݹ‬Ƅ
ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƥࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ ࢵࠦކݘ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࠦީ࡯࣐ ࡩƄƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƆਔ ৯ܻၮƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬Ꭸ፻ƥūࠦ޲ࡩܻ‫ ࢵެࠦމ‬ƥ፟ ፑƥƀࠦެࢵ ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ࿃ ႓ƄƎኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƥūƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄ
119
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦၴ Ǝƌ ࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦߙ࢖‫઻ ેࡷݘ‬ၮܻࠧƎܻࢧ ޯߘƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߙൎ൉ၮે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠƥū્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬
Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮƤ ƋƁƉଔଐƁƓ Ɓ਑ ৶ଔଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁࠣߕോെၫƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2010 ߋ ࡬ၬ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -5
‫ࡴޟࠣێ‬ോെࢲ ଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼໝ ແ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ޢࠦࡩݘ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ൎ൉ޯࡷƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƥūƆ࢔‫ݓ‬
‫ࡷޢࠦހ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƇ ƄƎ߄ ߥࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥ
ߎ ࣌ ࣠ࡷ (50 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅሯሡሁ ū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ
፟ ፑƂ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ᅚଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬Ꭸ᎙ƥࠦߦ࣌ ࣠ࡷƥ
ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ɔ࢔‫ݓ‬
‫ࡷޢࠦހ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ၮ
Ɩ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮơ ࣠ࠁ ໠ ໄ‫ީ ࠒ࣠މ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ၴ Ƃ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
ࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ୹ ‫࣠ ݌‬೘಼ኆ ቱƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ Ʀ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ࡷޢࠦކ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
‫ ࣯ۑ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࣓ࠧଐଌƄ –Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ -࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅƥ
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌܻᐱᐕ‫ ࢵݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆
،‫ي‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፥ ጿܻᐱᐟ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠƥ
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁໝ ແࡐ ๸๩ฺࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫ :Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2010 ‫ߕ ݧ‬༜་Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -6
‫ێ‬ƃ୴ ݉ Ɠ ܸ࣍ ߢ‫ݽ‬
࢔ߦஊै Ƅ ū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄ ܻࠧƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܾހݘ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
‫ ߄م‬ႀ ޯࢵ ƄūƆ୷ ‫ ݌‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉ƥ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūƧ ಒ౷ߦࡩƄ࢔ߦஊै Ƅū፥ ጹܻಛಗଗଓƄ
ࡼ ࡷቿቷዙዋ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ߄ ࡺޯ‫ݑ‬Ƅƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ
ܻࠧƏमऌƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ
120
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƣ ƀƥ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷܻᐱᐟࡷƥ݊ ߦ‫ ୹ކ‬୪ܻᐱᐟዙኽƆमऒƄ࣠ޯࡷƇ ܻ‫ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬೘ೃƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ ކ࣠ߙ࢖ݑ‬-
‫ۑ‬Ɔ࢖ߙ࣠ޯࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉ƥūࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄܻࠧƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܾހݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
Ʀ ࢔‫ކݘ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅᄎ ႓Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ
Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀ࢖ߙ࣠‫ކ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
໠ ໄ‫ހ ࣊ހ‬मऒ཯དྷࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽܻᐱᐕ‫ ࢵݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ ࣊ހ‬मऒ཯དྷࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƥū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ݶࠣێ‬
Ɖࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƄ ƁƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƉƁ߁ ၫſƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2007 Ƥ ƉƢƋܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -7
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿ၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬मऌযওࡺࢧ ‫ކ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƇ ߄ ࡺޯ‫ݑ‬Ƅūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽࠦࡷƏଘଓƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑƅ ܻࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐟ‫ ࡓޢ‬৤৕ষࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅū࣯ ࠒ ࣀ ଐଌƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ
ࠦߙᇴᆝ ਔ ৲ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƨƄ߄ ၴ Ɔ౰ేީࡁ บ คᇴᆝࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑે ઻ၮว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄ࣠༨စ ࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƤܻ༬ဈ Ƅࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ -
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࠦߥߙƄ࣠ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƆƎܻᐱᚑે ઻ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅว ෺Ǝਔ ৿ࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
Ɔ౰ేީࡁࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࡴ ࠩ‫ࡷݘ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ᐱᏹƎƄƌᓘƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᐜ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ‬ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅྲ Ⴋ ܻެ‫ݑ‬ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅે ઻ၮࠦެ‫اࡩݘޢ‬
‫ۑ‬4,5࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ݅ ࡯‫ߙߥ ߄ހ‬ƨƄ߄ ၴ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑે ઻ၮว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀ࣠༨စ ࡴ ܻࠩࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
Ƈ ƄƎƥƌƄƥ߃ ၯ ƀ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃቿቱଘଓƌ Ƈ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ሯሡሁ ūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦࠦۑ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ޢࠦހݘ‬ხႾƎਔ ৿
ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ‫ܻࡩޢࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿ၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬मऌযওࡺࢧ ޯࡩࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ƣ ܾ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐟ‫ݑ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ߄ߙ ݝ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑࡴ ᐱᏳܻࣀ ࡁ ଗଓ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
121
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ࢚ ‫ ߽ ࢤܸݳ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2004 ࢓ࡷƩ‫ݕ‬
‫ࡴޟࠣێ‬ോെࢲ ଔଐƁƉࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ௧ ௒߁ ዖಜಚƟܸࡴଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ። ጼᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐࠣ‫ݕީࣝݶ‬
଍ଉƁƇ Ƣ༜་ܸ‫ݽ‬
Ɗ ƥ༟༎ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ƌ߄ ၮūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅว ง༟༎Ƅū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄƥūࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄܻዙ዗ƌܻ‫ݘެ࣠ݹࠦހܾހݘ‬ଐଌƄ
Ɗ ƥ༟༎ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥ Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ
ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬௪ ௕߄ ዙಟಝᑻ ᑧଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄ
ࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬143 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ
ܻᐱᐟࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷƆ౰ేީࡁࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࢖ߙ࣠‫ ކ‬-
ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ Ǝƥܻഷവറࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦࢵ ƎܻያዪƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥ‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
Ơ ܻެࠧƥ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ௪ ௎Ǝ࣠ࠒ ൞ᒑᐽࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄƣ ܺߙ ቿቱܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅū౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƄƥ݊ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ‬ჴࡩƄ Ƨ Ǝ࣠༨ீ Ƅ߄ ၮܻࡷƆ౰ేީࡁ
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀે ઻ၮƆ౰ేީࡁࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷ ࠦߥߙƄ࣠ࡷ
ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮƥ ࠦࡷ߄ உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ -
Ɗ ƥ༟༎Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƥ ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ހ‬
‫ ߄ࡷࠦۑ‬உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ ހ‬ᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽƧ ࣠ެ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ߄ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄ
Ǝƥܻ༨ீ ࡼ ࡷࠦ୆คܻ৤৘ষƄƎƥܻႁ ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌƥ߄ ၴ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ ᄎ ႞ߥᑃᐽƧ ࣠ެ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ߄‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ
Ǝƥܻ༨ீ ࡼ ࡷƎƥܻ༨ீ ࠦ‫ޢࠦࡩ ࣀީݘ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ ࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५Ƨ ࣠ެ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ߄‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ
ūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
‫ݘެ࣠ݹࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽܻᐱᐕ‫ ࢵݘ‬፥ ጿܻᐱᐟ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ƥ
122
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ୃࠣێ‬෴Ɓ༄໫ ଔଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬

‫ݽ‬ 2001 ። ፎോെಘಔƁ -9
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ƣ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƥūƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬፥ ጿžƄ߄ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬90 ƥƨƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ 28 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ
‫࡯ ݝ‬෬ෝᛅ Ƅ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƌ߄ ‫ࡷޯݘ‬Ɔƌܻߥᑃᐽ ࣠‫ߙ࣠ࡩޢ‬ƄƥƐ ܻ‫ ހ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷܻࠧƁܻ୐กᎨ᎙ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ߄ ࡺޯ‫ݑ‬Ƅƥ
ܻࠧƏमऌ‫أ‬ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ
ƨܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄ࣠ࠧࠦ‫ࡩݘߥ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ݑ‬ƣ ƀƥƣ ࣠‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀƐ ܻࢵ ƀે ઻ၮࡴ ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀ፟ ፑƂžƄ߄ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࢖࣏ ୐෺ -
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻ‫ݑ ࡼߘޢ‬౰ేީ‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
ࡴ ᐱᚑƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀࠦ‫࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƣ ࣠ࡷ߄ ႀ ޯఱ ఓࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀ፟ ፑƂƣ ƥ࢖࣏ ୐෺ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -
Ɛ Ǝܻ೘಼Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƣ ƀᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ मअƥūࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽ
ࠦࠩࠅ ƥࡼ ࡷƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƨܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄ࣠ࠧࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƣ ƀƥūƨܻީࡩܻၩ፟ ፑƂƨܻ‫ ࠁޢܻރ‬ƀ
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࡴ ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬
ƣ ܻ‫ ࣏ޢ‬༨࿻ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ݑ‬፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࢇ ߦ୓෺ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ዙ዗ଛଓƄ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ƨ୍ܻ෺࢖ߥ‫ ݪރߦ ࣀࠢކ‬ყ჋౰౔ࡩܻ‫ހ‬
߄ ߘƥūࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ቿቷࡺޯഷവറƄƇ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄྲ Ⴐ ެ‫ࡩݘ‬ƨܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ౰౗ࡁ ƀƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -
‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ީޢࠦۑ‬Ƅ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƨܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࡣ ߘƀࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ࡷƄ࣠ߥߦ‫ކ‬Ƅ
ūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ ࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏹࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ƥ
ࠦࢵ ‫ܻر‬ያዪࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƞ ߄ ᐱᏹܻࡺެყჅūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ძީࠂ ଘଐƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
ࠣީƨ࣊ Ɓࣝ଍ଉƁƝ ूरࢲ Ƣƍ ࣝࢽ ഴലമƁࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƂ ूरࢲ ŽƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬( Saeed & Ahmad,2012 ) ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -1
‫ێ‬Ƃ ܸපඝ ൱ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ໝ ແ‫ݶ‬ƋƁƉଔଐƁໝ ແߣࣉƫ ࣝ଍ଉƁቼቮܸၭ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉࠣ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷޟ‬Ɓ
123
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
-Perceived Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational

University of Citizenship Behavior: A Case Study of Administrative Staff
Punjab. of the
Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ॅळࢵ ƀે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƞ ߄ ᐱᏹ
ࠦެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݘ࢖ߙࠦ ކܾމ‬ଐଌƥƎ࣠ࠧൎ൉‫ ހ‬Punjab ƅ ܻභච ൴ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ໠ ໄߦ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄ
ࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ࣠ࢥ ‫ݑ‬480 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓƄܻᐱᐟࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷ
ƣ ࣠‫ ࠖݘ‬ఴ ఓƣ ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƣ ƀƥܻ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃƣ ܻ࣐ ୍งमअ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅࠦެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ
‫ور‬ኆ ቱƄ໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƤƎƥኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࿃ Ⴋ ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ፥ ፎ ࣠ࡩƄƥ Ǝܻୖ෺ଗଓƄ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ‫ޯܻހݘ‬ᑃᐽ፥ ጿܻࢠଗଓƄ
ܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿ
ࠦެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ॅळࢵ ƀࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧധ ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
‫ۑ‬ƅ ܻභච ൴ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅ
Ƥ Ɖܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƋƢኃ ቮƁૄ સၫࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƝ ूरࢲ ࢄ ‫ރ ࣍ަޟ‬Ƅ ƁƋࣝࢤ ‫ރ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬(Gittens,2009 ౫౎ެ‫ ࢲࠣ ࠂޟ‬ƁƋƉ -2
‫ޟܸێ‬ხ‫ߖ࢓ ࠂޟ‬። ጼƃƋܸެ༤஽ Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ ž༜་
-Perceptions of the applicability of Transformational leadership behavior
to the leader role of academic department chairs: A study If selected
universities in Virginia.
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƄƥƌଛଓƄ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷે઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎
፥ ፕ ࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߄ ‫୍ݘ‬กள ஭‫୓ݘ‬෺ܻࡺ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦߙޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƣ ܾ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ मअ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷƨܻߥ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄ
124
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ǝƥኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷƨܻߥ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄ፥ ፕ যওߥࡩƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬Ƭƭ୍กள ஭‫୓ݘ‬෺ܻࡺ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦߙޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƣ ƀƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ मअ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
žܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ƞ ߄ ᐱᏹࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌ ᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፟ ፑƂ
Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦ೘ಹൎ൉ࡷƦ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏹࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƥūžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ
‫ێ‬ໝ ແ൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁƃƉܸߢࡦƁƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸࢲ ƋܸየዧƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Alger ,2008 ࢓஋ॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -3
-Transformational leadership practices of teacher leaders.
ܻࠩࡁ Ǝਔ ৲ሯሡሁࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩ໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ƈ ܻࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌ௪ ௎मअ߄ ଐଌƄƥ໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ቿቱƄƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ᇴᆝ ƄƍƂܻࡺ‫ߙޢ‬ƥūࡴ ࠧƥमअ߄ ࡷƥƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ
ƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄࠢࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼્ ઻‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ Ƨ ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ơ ॅळࢵ ࡣ ߘƀƥūࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƧ ߄ ༨ဈ ࣠ࠧƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄࠢࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼Ƨ ƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬Ơ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮƀ -
‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ ݊ۑ‬ჴࡩƄ࣠ࠧ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩ௪ ௎मअ߄ ଐଌƄƥ໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ݹ‬-
Ƈ ܻࢵ Ǝܻያዪ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƧ ߄ ༨ဈ ߄ ‫ࠦހݘ‬୆คܻ޲ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ፥ ጿ௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒ፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷ -
Ƈ ܻࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࡣ ߘ‫ࠧ࣠أ‬௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ໠ ໄࡓ ೘೉ƣ ƀƣ ƥमअ߄ ଐଌƄƦ मअܻࡺެყჅūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩ໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
،Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩ໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏹࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
ܻࡺެყჅūƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪơ ࣠ࠁ ໠ ໄࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƥ௪ ௎मअ߄ ଐଌƄƇ ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ރࠦހ‬Ǝܻߥࡷƌܻ༬࿻ ᓘƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏬࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬మ ఐƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ޟޜ‬ಘಔƁࡠ ‫ݕ‬
ߖƉƢƉƋƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Brown & Moshavi , 2002)። ጼܸࢵ ࣝࡴƢŨƠ ƁƢफउࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -4
‫ێ‬Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋࡹ ࡴࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ࡦ ࣌࢓ߖޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƃܻߖᇱᇊ ൛ᒎᐺ
125
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
- Herding Academic cats: Faculty reaction to Transformational and

contingent reward leadership by department chairs.
፥ ፑƌܻީޯࡩƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƥ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƠ ƄƎƌᓘƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀžܻࢠƎ ፥ ጿቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ žܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎
१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƣ ܻ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥ ߄ ࠩஎै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄơ ߃ީࡩࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥūࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷࠦ‫ࡩߦݘܻࡩޢ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƦ ߄ ၰ Ƃ፥ ጿƨܻ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀƨܻࡺࣀ ߘ 70 ࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ᅚଌƄƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀžƄƎƀે ઻ၮƤƌܻࡺޯ‫ހܻݑ‬ū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ ݑ‬440 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ၮƣ ᇴᆝƥࠦ‫ ୹ݹ ࡓޢ‬୪ଛଓƄ
ūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀžܻࢠƎࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝƥƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ơ ƄƌƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄơ ߃ ީࡩᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥūࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷࠦ‫ࡩߦݘܻࡩޢ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƠ ƄƎƌᓘƥ
‫ࠩ߄ۑ‬எै Ƅ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƠ ƄƎƌᓘƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀžܻࢠƎࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝƥቿቷࡺޯഷവറƄƆܾߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ -
‫ࠩ߄ۑ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄơ ߃ީࡩࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅūࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷࠦ‫ࡩߦݘܻࡩޢ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ ࠦ‫ ࡁࠩ ࡴ ࡩߦݘܻࡩޢ‬ƄƎƌᓘƥ ūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄ ࠦ‫ ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢠƎƥ ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ހ‬໠ ໄ‫ ހ‬ơ Ƅƌ Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄ ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ࠩ߄ۑ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄơ ߃ީࡩࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥ
ū߄ ࠩஎै Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƄơ ߃ީࡩᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƌƄ߄ ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥ፥ ፎ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄ݊ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ‬ჴࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ơ ƄƌƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢠƎƥࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄ߄‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ơ ƄƌƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƠ ܻެࠧƥ
ଘଓƂūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
્઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ᐱᏹܻᐱ᏶ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ ߄ ᐱᏬ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪमकƀࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬ƥū፥ ፑƌܻީޯࡩƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƥ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
ࠣ‫ ࢲޟ‬Ƌ߁ ଍ଉƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ ރܻކ‬:Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Jantzi, & Leithwood,1999)Ƥ ౫౑ީࠂ ƢŨƉƢࣝޯ‫ ࢲࠣࡦޟ‬ƁƋƉ -5
-Transformational School Leadership Effects.
126
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ቿቱܻஊै Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ໠ ໄޯࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค໠ ໄ‫ރࠦހ‬Ǝܻߥ൞ᒑᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ūࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ƅ ൎ൉࣐ ࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ‫ܻ ࢵݘ ݝ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅ
߄ߘƥūܻީࡩܻ࣍ 6490 ƥƨܻࢵ Ǝ߄ ࡷ 1818 ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫࡯ ݝ‬෬ෝᛅ Ƅƥū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥ
፥ ፕ ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬
ơ Ƅƌ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥᑑ ᐽቦሼƥ‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬Ǝ߄ ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƖ ܻࢠƥଛଓƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƧ ࣠ߘ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬Ǝ߄ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ƅ ൎ൉࣐ ࡩƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƖ ܻࢠƥଛଓƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƧ ࣠ߘ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀሯሡሁ ‫ۑ‬໠ ໄޯࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄܻޯᆿᆝ ፥ ጿࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌܻ‫ࡩ ࣐ܻࡩ ݪހ‬ƄƔ ୍ܻงƎƄે ઻ၮƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃơ Ƅƌࠢެࡓ ᚻࡩߎ ‫ࢠݘޢ‬౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝƀ፥ ጿƅ ൎ൉࣐ ࡩƄበሼƎܻࣃ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽቿቱଘଓƌƧ ƍ౰ే‫ ߄ކܾމ‬ၴ ࣠‫ݹ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ʀ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƞ ߄ ᐱᏹࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀƎܻީޯ‫ܻހܻݑ‬ᐱᐟ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ƥ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ
ࠣߢ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެ଍ଉƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƋࣝഴലമƁ
ࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ഴലമƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥକଐƢŽ
ࠣ‫ࡦޯܸހࣝݶ‬Ɓቼቴၭ ࢓଍ଉƁŻƁƋ߁ ࡴƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƑ ࣝ‫ݐ‬
࢝ Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2013 ። ፎूरᐮᐙࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -1
‫ێ‬Ə ܸၬ Ũ። ጶࣝࡐ ၭ ࠣየዦ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ݽܻࡴܸހ‬
žƄƎ߄ ࡷƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢠƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣊ ‫ݓ‬
ࢠƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ሯሡሁ ūࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹࠦހܾࡷܻރ‬Ƅቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ࡷ
ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢠƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫઻ ે ࣍ީޢݘ‬ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅቿቱƥܻ༨ீ ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷࢇ ߙƥƒ ܻၯ ū፥ ጹ࣠ࡓ ၰ ࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹࠦހܾࡷܻރ‬Ƅቿቷၰ ࢖൞ᒑᐽƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄžƄƎ߄ ࡷƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
Ɩ ࣠‫ރ‬ūࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄࢪ ჱၴ ūܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡣ ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ხႾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄƇ ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄƌ ߄ ၮūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƆ౰౎உै Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ
‫ީߥ ݝ‬Ƭ࣍ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉ƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ
ܻᐱᐟࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷସବଣ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ࡷƆमअ߄ࡷƥमअ߄ ࡷ 110 ƌ߄ ၮે ઻ၮƆƄƌଘଓƄ
127
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɛ ƎƄ߄ ࡷžƄƎ߄ ࡷƦ ኆ ቱƨܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷƣ ᇴᆝ Ƣܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢠࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀ -
ે ઻ၮࠦީ࡯࣐ ࡩƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࠦݑ ࡼ ࣍ީޢݘ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄบ คᇴᆝ ܻࡺެყჅūࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩݘܻࡷࠦހܾࡷܻރ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹ‬Ƅቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬Ɣ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷơ ܻၮƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƄቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ቿቱƄƌࠦީࡩܻࢵ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
Ɛ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƇ ܻ࣍ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࠦݑ ࡼ ࣍ީޢݘ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄ፥ ፑܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
ࢥ ࡩƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ ઱ઝ੮ƀ -ഃ೨ƍ ࢪ ჱஎै ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ે ઻ၮƨൎᇩᆝ Ɣ ࣠‫ݓ‬ ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ- -
ᑑ ᐽቦሼ ūƎ࣠ࡁኅ ᒗᐽƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƥ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ᑃᐽ݊ ‫ހ‬Ƅ༟༎Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿቿቱƄƌܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂūƤ߄ ၰ
‫ۑ‬ᇯ ᇍ ࡁ Ɣ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ࣯ ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄƥƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
Ƈ ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄƌ߄ ၮ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ކݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿƥࠢ‫ކ‬ଘଓܻ༬ீ ƥƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄ፥ ጿƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
ᇯ ᇍ ࡁ Ɣ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƥƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ Ƈ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ ࡣ ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƆ౰౎உै Ƅ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
Ɣ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢠƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ ƒ ܻၯ ū፥ ጹ࣠ࡓ ၰ ࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƖ ࣠‫ ރ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
ūࠦީ࡯࣐ ࡩƄࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄࡣ ࡺ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࠦݑ ࡼ ࣍ީޢݘ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢࠦۑ‬ஊै ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄžƄƎ߄ ࡷƦ ኆ ቱƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƥ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ፥ ጿࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅƥࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢ‬ஊै ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢠƥ፥ ጬ Ǝܻஉै Ƅࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄ࣯ ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ሯሡሁ ūࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄࢪ ჱၴ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩ ࣐࡯ީࠦކ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻެࡩƄ
‫ت‬ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓƥū࣐ࠦ ࡯ޯശവറƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƥᇯ ᇍ ࡁ Ɣ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢥ ࡩƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ፥ ጿƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃቿቱଘଓƌ
ࠢެ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࢠ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ࣃ ࡓ ᚻࡩƄധ ୨ఱ ఠƥƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄžƄƎ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހߥࠦ ࣍ީߥ ݝ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿ
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Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఓܻࡺެყჅūžƄƎ߄ ൞ᒑᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ። ጼᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ (ݽ‬2010 ཬཌࢽ இॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -2
‫ێ‬Ƅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
୊෾ࠟެߕോെၫƢ
፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ ƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƥūƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬ก࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
߄ߘƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬224 ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƆƄƌƀƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅሯሡሁ
፥ ጘܾ‫ࡷܻݹ‬፟ ፑƂၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ
‫ ୹ކߦ ݊ۑ‬୪࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄžଘଓॅळࡩƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƣ ƀ -
-‫ۑ‬Ƈ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƍܻ༧ဈ Ƅƒ ࣠ࢧ ༧ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝƆƌܻዙኸ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɔ࣠எ஀ ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄࡼ ‫ࢠܻݑ‬༟༎Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦީࠅ ࣠ࡷƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ
‫ۑ‬ƆƎƄƌ്ᑉᐽ
‫ۑ‬žൎ൉ࡷ༝༎Ƅ݊ ࡷࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠢࡷ࣠ ࠅީࠦހ‬งƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ʀ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮƆमक࣓ଐଌƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶ƀ፥ ጿࠢެ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ ఱ ఓƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ໝ ແ‫ݶ‬ƋƁƉଔଐƁໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƣ ኃ ቮŻƁƉଘଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠟެߕോെၫƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ :Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2007 Ƥ Ƌ߁ ஆॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -3
ީ࢟
ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ƆƄƌƀ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉ሯሡሁ ū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌܾ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷ 141 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
Ʀ ߄ ଐଌƄ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ
݊ ࡷࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ࣠ ࠅީࠦހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ‫ܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ū࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ
129
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬žൎ൉ࡷ༝༎Ƅ݊ ࡷࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ و‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦީࠅ ࣠ࡷࠦ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢ‬งƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥūྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄࢪ ყႻ༟༎Ƅ
፥ ጒܻߥ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ፥ ጒƄ࣠޲ࡩƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ ࡓ ࣀޢࠦۑ‬ၮࠦߘൎ൉ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
ƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠢެ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఓܻࡺެყჅūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄžƄƌƀƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠ ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
Ɵूर‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ । ्ࣉ ࣝࡴ ƣ ኃ ቮ ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬Ɓ ŻକଐࣝࡦƁ ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ƍ ܸ‫ ߕޟ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2005 Ɠ Ƌܸߖ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -4
‫ީޟࠣێ‬ৡ৅঴Ɓܸ‫ࡦެ ࡐީࣝࡦࣝ ࠂޟ‬ƁƢ
ܻ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƥƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ १ ॐ࣌ ࣠ࡷƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ūࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ެ ࣏ࡺޢ‬ଐଌƄቿቷߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ݊ ‫ކܻހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯዙኤ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄ
Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ࢠܻݑ ࡼރ‬༟༎Ƅūࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷߎ ‫ࡩޯ ࡓޢ‬ƄūƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ ፥ ጿܻᐱᐥ༨ဂ Ꭸ᎙཯དྷࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ެ ࣏ࡺޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄࡣ ޲๻๬ใƥ
ūࠦࡷ߄ உै ƄƆ߄ ࡷū࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࣓ࠧଐଌƄū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄࡣ ޲๻๬ใܻࡺެყჅū Ƈ ୍ܻง࢖ଐଌƄƥƎ࣠ࠅ ଛଓƄ
፥ ጿ໠ ໄၩ࢖ߦޯଐଌƄᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥ१ ॐ࣌ ࣠ࡷࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥ ࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠‫ރ‬ū१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄ
ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƥūƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ ݑ‬167 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ ࠁޢ ݟހ‬ūࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄܻ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƥƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷዙዋ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
ࠢ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢ‬งƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥ‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ၮܻ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƥƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ १ ॐ࣌ ࣠ଐଌ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ -
ߎ ‫ࡩޯ ࡓޢ‬ƄūƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ ࠦ‫މ‬ൎ൉޲ࡩƄࠦ‫ެ ࣏ࡺޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƥࠦީࠅ ࣠ࡷ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ୍ܻง࢖ଐଌƄƥƎ࣠ࠅ ଛଓƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ࢠܻݑ ࡼރ‬༟༎Ƅūࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷ
‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦޢࠦۑ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƥƀࠢ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢ‬งƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ -
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఓࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠢ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ƥūܻ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƥƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ १ ॐ࣌ ࣠ࡷƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
። ጼᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮཬཌࠦ଍ଉƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬Ɓ ŻକଐࣝࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2001 ። ጼോെളലമƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -5
‫ێ‬Ƅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
୊෾ࠟެߕോെၫƢŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ
130
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫཯ࡩݘ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ཏࠩଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࠦ‫཯ࡩݘ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ཏࠩଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƤƄमअሯሡሁ ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ܻ ࢢࠦࡩߥޢ‬ၯ ƆƄƌƀžܻ୐ก፟ ፑƂᑑ ᐽቦሼ ‫ܻࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƤƄमअሯሡሁ ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ࡼ ࡷቿቷዙዋ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾܻ೘ೃᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫཯ࡩݘ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ཏࠩଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
ܻࠧƏमऌƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫཯ހ‬ཏࠩଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ࡩݘࡺ࢖ۑ‬ƄƥƆ౰౎உै Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ ࣀޢ‬ჱஎै Ƅƥ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓƨܻ‫୍ݘ‬งᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ᑃᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ߄ ‫ܻހݘ‬ዙ዗໠ ໄ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀ௪ ௎߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓෺ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬žଘଓƥƣ ƀ-
‫ࠩެࠦۑ‬൞ᒑᐽ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻၮƣ ൎ൉޲೘಼ܻࡺᐱ᏶ƀƥࠦެࠩ൞ᒑᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ᑃᐽžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌܻᐱᐕ‫ ࢵݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƇ ᇴᆝ ƄƎƌƂે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ‫ܻࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ᐱ᏶ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ެࡺܻࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ყჅūܻࡺᐱᐟყჅࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄƥ཯ཏࠩଐଌƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƢ࣠ࠩߦଐଌᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽ
ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷޟ‬ƁቼቮƁ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣၱ ƋƉƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2009)Ơ ܸ࣍ ࡬ࢲ ƢƉࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢽ ࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -1
‫ޟࠣێ‬మ ఐƋ߁ެࡦƁƄ ܸ‫ޟޜ‬ಘಔƁŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢࠣ‫ޟ‬የዙ ༜་ƁࠣୃกƉƋଘଐƁƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼ
፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ūࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƣ ܻ୆กƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ༟༎Ƅࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ ໠ ໄ‫ކ‬ƄƌƀƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƥūᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬450 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
บ คᇴᆝࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ໠ ໄ୍งƥūƨܻ‫ ୹ކߦݘ‬୪ƣ ᇴᆝࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀƥūࠦ‫ ୹ކߦݘ‬୪
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄቿቱƄ߄‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
131
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝࡷݘ‬ƄƥūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬Ƅ
Żܸࢢ ‫أ ݎ‬ƣ ኃ ቮ। ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓܸ࢝ ༜་ܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠟެߕോെၫƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2009 ࠣዖዄ ോെ଍ଉƁƢƄ ܸߣ‫࡬ޟ‬ၬ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -2
‫ୃࠣێ‬กƉƋଘଐƁࠣ࢟ ܸஆॅ ƁƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎ܻ‫ߘޯࠢހ‬ൎ൉ၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥ‫ۑ‬
ƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ݑ‬559 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ƥūƣ ƌƎଛଓƄ፥ ጿࠦࢢ ܻஉै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓॅळࡩ मअܻࡷƥ໠ ໄࡩſ ƆƄƌƀ
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ܻ ࢢࠦۑ‬உै Ƅ
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥᑑ ᐽቦሼƥ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦࡷ߄ உै ƄƆ߄ ࡷū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ
ࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅ߄ ߘƥūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮ
ࠣ‫ޟޜ‬ಘಔƁŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁࠣ‫࢓ݶ‬இॅ Ɓໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2008 Ơ Ɓ߁ ዖዄ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -3
‫ޟࠣێ‬ხ‫ࡦߣ࡬ ࢽ ࣍ޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬మ ఐƋ߁ ެࡦƁ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀܻࠧƄमअሯሡሁ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅƥࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ޯ࡯ ߎހ‬༧ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ܻ୆กƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬300 ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ࠦހ‬୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ݑޢެࠦ ࣍ީߥޢࠦݑ‬Ƈ ౰ేޯࠀ Ƅƥ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥƆ౰౎உै Ƅƥ
ࠦ୆งଜଓ‫ ا‬ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥū࣯ ࠒ ࣀ ଐଌƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅሯሡሁ ūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ
บ คᇴᆝࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅ݊ ߘƄƥࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ Ƃ -
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƣ ƀƥū࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ၮบ คᇴᆝࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅ
132
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝ ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ ࢪۑ‬ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄ
‫ݑ ࢥܻء‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝ ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ޢࠦކݘ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄ
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ޢࠦކݘ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ޢࠦކ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄ
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ‫ ࢵࠦ ࢵݘ ݝ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃ፥ ጿࠢެ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ƥūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄܻࡺެყჅūࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩ‫ࠧޢޟࠦ ا‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
ࡦƁƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁƟƁ౫౑ࡦକଐƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴƍ ܸ‫ߕޟ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2006 ࠣ‫ ࢲࠣ ߾ީࣝހ‬ƁƋƉ -4
‫ێ‬ƃ୴ ݉ Ɠ ܸ࣍ ߢ‫ݽ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ે઻ၮ໠ ໄߦ࣌ ࣠ଐଌܻ‫ܻ ࢢࠦހ‬உै Ƅࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ࢖‫ݓ‬
೘಼ኆ ቱƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬౰ే‫ކܾމ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬ᑑ ᐽቦሼƥūƆ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ɩ ܻ࣐ ߘ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅ
ū१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄūࠦࡷ߄உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ࡣ ޲ࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᚑƄ౮౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬
Ƣ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūࠦߦ࣌ ࣠ࡷƥߎ ࣌ ࣠ࡷ 340 ܻࠧƌ߄ ၮࠦ‫ࠦ ࣍ީߥޢ‬୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ ߃ݑޢެࠦݑ‬ၯ ƀᎨ᎙ƥ ࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠‫ރ‬ūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ᇴᇍ ࡷ
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƨܻࡷ߄ႀ ޯࣀ ࡷūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ
ܻᐱᐟࡷ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ɩ ܻ࣐ ߥ‫ޢࠦހ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ१ ॐ࣌ ࣠ࡷƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄࡼ ࡷ፥ ፑܻၮƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
133
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƇ ܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
ࠦࡷ߄ உै ƄƆ߄ ࡷūࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠‫ރ‬ūযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥūƆ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ɩ ܻ࣐ ߥ‫ޢࠦހ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬
ƣ ᇴᇍ ࡷūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ކ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬Ƅ
ଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ ‫م‬Ƅ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁૄ સၫࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ ž༜་ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƑ ܸೕೃଘଐƁफऒŽƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2003 ። ፎܸࣀ ஆॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -5
‫ܸ ࢟ࠣێ‬ஆॅ ƁࠣୃกƉƋଘଐƁƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐ
ūࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ߘƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥ
‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫(ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬204 ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ࠦހ‬୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫઻ ેݑޢެࠦݑ‬ၮܻࠩ‫ݹݘ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬Ꭸ᎙ūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷዙዋ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ࢵ࡯ީޢࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ፥ ጿ࣊ ࢵ ࣠‫ކ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ
ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎࣯ ࣍ Ƅ࢖ߘ࣠‫ކ‬ƥଛଓƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎࣯ ࣍ Ƅ࢖ߥ೘಼ኆ ቱƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ೘ೆ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃ
ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၒল ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࡣ ܻࠧࣀ ჴଐଌƄ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ࢵ࡯ީޢࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮ
ቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦߘൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦߘൎ൉ၮ
ว งƄ༟༎Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫ߘࠦ ࢵ࡯ީޢ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥū१ ॐ࣍ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƧ ࢖ᐳႡࡩƄว งƄ༟༎Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌܻᐱᐢࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
134
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆଛଓƄमकƀࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ܻࠧࡺެყჅūžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ݕࡷ ࡠێ‬
ࡦƁࣝ༥ဂ ơܸ༩စ କଐƁƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2000 Ɯ Ɖܸ࢟ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -6
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱƭࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ūƆ౰౎உै Ƅ ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧ౰ే‫ݓ‬
‫ކ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷƥū௪ ௎౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ௪ ௎߃ࠧ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥūƇ ƄƎܻࡷଗଓƄƥ࢖࣐ ߘ཯དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƥūࠦ‫ ࣀޢ‬ჱஎै Ƅƥūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣހ‬ƄƆ߄ ࡷƥ
࣠༨စ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿū໠ ໄެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄ౰ేၩƥū໠ ໄެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥū໠ ໄࣀ ჱஎै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥ໠ ໄޯ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƐ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬ƥūࠢ‫ݶ‬
ൎ൉ࡷƏƥमऒƎ࣠‫ހ‬Ƥ߄ ၮƀƧ ኅ ቱƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ ࢇࡷߥޢ‬Ꭸ᎙߄ ߘƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ƈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀƥūƇ ƄƎܻࡷଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ࡼ ࡷ 108 ƥ࢖࣐ ߘࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ࡼ ࡷ 135 ે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥūࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࠢ‫ ߄ކ‬ၮƀƧ ኅ ቱƄ
ū໠ ໄޯ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀܻࠩዙ዗ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
௪ ௎߃ ࠧ፥ ጿቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄบ คᇴᆝ ሯሡሁ ūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ቿቱƄƌƥࠦީࠅ ࣠ࡷࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀƥ
ū໠ ໄެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄ౰ేၩƥ໠ ໄެ࣍ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥ࢖࣐ ߘࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ໠ ໄޯ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ໠ ໄࣀ ჱஎै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬௪ ௎౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƌƄƏƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ ƌƄƏܻ൞ᇅᆝࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀƥ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿࠢެ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ƥūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ ࡴ ܻࠩࠧ༬ဈ ܻ‫ހ‬
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
Żܸࢲ ž༜་Ƥ Ɖܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࣇ ৡ৏঴ƁƢᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 1999 Ƥ ࢓ࡷ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬Ɖࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ᑸ ᑤ଍ଉƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ። ጼƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆƀ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡷݘ࢖ߙࠦ ࣍ީޢݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƥƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ ݑ‬147 ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ūƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬ᑻ ᑧଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፥ ጿၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡴ ࠧƀ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓܻ‫ ࢵޯݘܻރࠦހ‬ଘଓƄᎨ᎙ƥū࣯ ࠒ ࣀ ଐଌƄ
‫ اࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ્ ઻ࢵ ౰౔ࡩƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫ߘࠦ ࢵ࡯ީޢࠦࡷݘެ࣠ݹ‬ൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ࣯ ࣍ Ƅ࢖ߘ࣠೘಼ኆ ቱƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
135
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆଛଓƄ౰౗ࡁ ƀƣ ƀƥūᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿ݊ ީޯଐଌƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄƣ ࣠ࡁ Ǝਔ ৲ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀ -
‫ ࣍ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅ࢖ߘ࣠೘಼ኆ ቱƄ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ࣠ࠧഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷƪơ ܻၮƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ࢖ߙ࣠‫ކ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ቧሼ ƀƥ -
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƇ ܻߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ໠ ໄ୍งƥ -
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ୹ ‫࣠ ݌‬೘಼ኆ ቱƄ
Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ࣃ ࡁ ࡼ ࡷƞ ߄ ಛಗƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ūƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ძީࠂ ଘଐƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
ƟƁ౫౑ࡦକଐƁƢ । ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ ܸ࢝ ༜་ƁƢ ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ Ƅ ܸ‫ߕޟ‬ോെၬ Ž Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Komari & Djafar,2013) ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -1
‫ ࢽޟܸێ‬ფჅƢ਑ ৹ſࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ྯݶ‬႞ࡦƁƛ ྯ Ⴍ ࡴ። ጼ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬Ɓ
the - Work Ethics Work Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment at
Sharia Bank Indonesia.
፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ƀ౰ే‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ ࡼކܾމ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ሯሡሁ ū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūƌ࢖ߙ 78 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ߘ ߄ކ‬ƥūࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡࡩƄƞ ྲ Ⴐ ࡷ
‫ߘ ߄ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩ PLS ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ቿቷ‫ߥܻހ‬ଐଌƄƥƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅܻᐱ᏶ƀ
ܻᐱᐟࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷዙዋ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ᑑ ᐽƍƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄે ઻ၮ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃ౰ే‫ܻކܾމ‬ಛಗƥ ū१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅે઻ၮƢܻࠧ཯ཌ࡯ࢵ ౰ే‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣކܾމ‬ƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓ -
ƌܻ༬࿻ ᓘƥள ஭ၯ ፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ቻቱࢪ ყࡩࠢ‫ރ‬ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩൎᑉᐽƨƄ߄ ၴ ࠦࡺᐱᚑࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ƀƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ
݊ ࡷ ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ƀ౰ే‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ ࡼކܾމ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
136
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅūࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡࡩƄƞ ྲ Ⴐ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
ŻକଐƢૄ સၫྯ ႓ܸަࡴ౭ౄၦƢྯ ႓ܸަࡴᇬ ᇊ ఱ గƃफऒ࣐଍ଉƁࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Khuong & Tien, 2013 ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -2
‫ێ‬।्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓܸ࢝ ༜་Ɓƞ ോെၬ ࡹ ࡴໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
-Factors influencing employee loyalty directly and indirectly through job
satisfaction.
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࡴ ࠩࡁ ࣠୐กƤܻ༬ဈ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžଘଓƥે ઻ၮमक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ Ƥ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥū࣯ ዙኒ ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥ ࠢޯࡷ࿃ ྟྋ࣠ࠧ ࠦ୐෺߄ ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ྲߙޢ‬Ⴐ ଐଌƄࠦၮܻެࢧ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ
ܻᐱᐟࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷዙዋ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ߘ ߄ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƌ࢖ߙ 201 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷᑑ ᐽƍƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷે ઻ၮƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ -
ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀሯሡሁ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ߙ࢖ݹ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࢠܻߙޢ‬ଗଓƄਔ ৯Ƅ࣠ߦࡩƄƥūƞ ྲ ႡଐଌƄࡴ ‫ݑ‬ƌ ፥ ፕ ƥ
ƨƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬౰౗ࡁ ƀቻቱƣ ᇴᆝ ว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄƣ ƀଘଓƂū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃ౰ే‫ܻކܾމ‬ಛಗᑑ ᐽቦሼ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮƨܻ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃ
݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦၮܻެࢧ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮƆमक࣓ଐଌƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅ ࠢޯࡷ࿃ ྟྋ࣠ࠧ ࠦ୐෺߄ ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ྲߙޢ‬Ⴐ ଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ໝ ແ‫ݕޟ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓƃਐ ৼܸࢲ ଘଐƁƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁƟƁ౫౑ࡦକଐƁƢ। ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓܸ࢝ ༜་ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Malik, et al , 2010 ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -3
‫ێ‬Ơ ܸެࢽ ࠾ ܸަࡦƟܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƓ ܸ࣍ ߢࡦƁ። ጼ
-Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of University Teachers
in Public Sector of Pakistan.
፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅžܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ౰ే‫઻ ેކܾމ‬ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ʀ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮߎ ࣃ ࡓ ᚻࡩƄū፟ ፑƂ‫ܻࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūƐ ࣠ࣀ ഷവറƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄે ઻ၮƣ ܻޯࣀ ࡁ ܻ‫ހ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢ‬ஊै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ
ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ūࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ፥ ጿࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄࡼ ‫ࢠܻࠧ ࡴݑ‬Ǝࠦၴ Ǝƌƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ߄ ࠩ‫ކݘ‬
137
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷସବଣ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ ݑ‬650 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥū߰ ࣀ ଐଌƄƅ ॅळࢵ ܾ‫ހ‬१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ
ܻࠧƏमऌƀ
፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄે ઻ၮ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƞ Ƅྲ ႖ଘଓƄࠦ‫ރ࣠ݑޢ‬ƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅžܻࢠ࢖ᑃᐽ -
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ
ūࠢࣀ ߦ‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣރ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ݑ‬Ƅžܻࢠ༟༎Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ޯ๻๬ึ -
‫ߘޢࠦێ‬౰౔ࡩƄƒ ࢖ߙƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžൎ൉ࡷƏƥūว งƄ༟༎Ƅƥƞ Ƅྲ ႖ଗଓƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƥ
ūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅžܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅūƣ ܻޯࣀ ࡁ ܻ‫ހ‬፥ ጿࠦࡷܻၮƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
೾೥ Ɓ࢓ೕೀࠣ‫ޟ‬మ ఐƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ޟޜ‬ಘಔƁƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁƟƁ౫౑ࡦକଐƁƢ। ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓܸ࢝ ༜་ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Coberly,2004 ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -4
‫ࡦ ࢤީܸ ݎޟࠣێ‬Ɓࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸॷ८२ƅ ࣝ༥࿿
Industry and Organizational Commitment with Satisfaction -Faculty
Research Centers. University
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ᑃᐽ፥ ጿƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱƠ ƄƎƌଗଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥܻࢠ༟༎Ƅযওܻࠧߦࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
،Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥܻࢠ༟༎Ɗ ౰౔ߥࡷƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆ݊ ࢠƥᎨ᎙ƥūࠦ‫ࡩ ࢧެܻݑޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ƈ ࣠ࠒ ީࡩƄഁ೨ Ƅ࢖೘ೃࠦ‫ ࠅޢ‬ƍ࣠৤৒ষƄ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ዙዋ Ꭸ᎙ūܻᐱᐕߙžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩᓘƥܻࢠƎે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩݘ࢖ࢠޢ‬Ƅ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅƥࠦ‫࣠ࠧ࢖ݹ‬எै Ƅ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅ౰ే‫ݘ࢖ߙࠦކܾމ‬ଐଌƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūบ ค౰౔‫ރ‬ଗଓƄ߰ ࣀ ࡷࢇ ‫ࡩ ࢧެܻݑޢࠦݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬Ƅࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ƈ ࣠ࠒ ީࡩƄഁ೨ Ƅ୹ ୪Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ࡼ ࡷ
௪ ௎౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬บ คᇴᆝ Ɖ ƍ࣠৤৒ষƄ፥ ጿƦ ࣠ߘଛଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ -
‫ީޢࠦۑ‬ხࢵ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ
ƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄે ઻ၮࡣ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄࡴ ࠩߦࡩ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƧ ƀū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥࡣ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄࡴ ࠩߙ ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ࢵ࡯ީޢࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅ
‫ࠦۑ‬ႅ ޯެࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ࡣ ߘƀƥࠦႅ ޯެࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ഁ೨୹ ୪ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ࡣ ࢥ ߙƀ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɖ ƍ࣠৤৒ষƄ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ࡷެ ࠑߦ ࢛ۑ‬žƄƌଘଓƄƥƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥžƄƌଘଓƄƥܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀ -
138
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫أن‬ƥūƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄે ઻ၮƨƄ౰ే‫ܻކܾމ‬ಛಗƣ ᇴᆝࠦ‫࣠ࠧ࢖ݹ‬எै ƄबंƄ࣠எै Ƅƣ ƀƥūܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦࡺᐱᚑบ คᇴᆝࠦ‫ࡩݘ࢖ࢠޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫࣠ࠧ࢖ݹ‬எै Ƅ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅƣ ƀ -
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƠ ƄƎƌƂે ઻ၮƢܻࠧƥྲ ႖ܻީࡷ౰ే‫ࡺܻކܾމ‬ಛಗƣ ᇴᆝ ܻࢠ༟༎ƄƥƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄ
१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦ ހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩ ࢧެܻݑޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ர ப‫ݕ‬
୐෿ཬཏࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸ‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬ƁƋࣝഴലമƁ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃள ஭‫୓ݘ‬ข཯དྷࡩƄࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƖ ൎ൉࣍ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
፥ ፕ ƥܻᐱᏹܻ‫ ݝࡷ ࣀࡺޢ‬༨ဈ Ɖ Ǝ߄ ୐෺ܻࡷƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡷƨൎ൉‫ߘ࡯ޢ‬ଘଓƂ߄ ༬ဈ Ꭸ፻࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥକଐƢŽ
ƃƉܸ‫ߢޟ‬ᑀᐺࠣ‫ ࡐޟ‬ᚸ࡬଍ଉƁࠣ‫ޟޜ‬ಘಔܸ‫ݽ‬
Ɵܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƍ ƋƁ߁ ࡴƤ फं߁ ࡴࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2012 ። ጏ࢓இॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -1
‫ ࠂࠦࠣހ ࣌࢓ࠤ ࡱێ‬Ƣࡹ ࡴໝ ແ൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
൛ᒎᐺ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁƟƁ౫౑ࡦକଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬Ɓ
ࠦ‫ ࡓޢ‬ᚻ࡯ଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗܻ‫ހ‬Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ࡷƧ मअ߄ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƨܻߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥū໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ
ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥūࠦ‫ࡩ ࣐ީߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬Ƅࠦߥ‫ࠧ ࡴހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙ƨܻ൞൙‫ ࡷݘ‬152 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥ
፥ ፕ ƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
ે઻ၮƧ ಒ౷ߦࡩƄ݊ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ‬ჴࡩƄƅ ॅळࢵ ƀࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ‫ހݘࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ƎଛଓƄܻࠧƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܾހݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ -
౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆กƍܻஎै Ƅƅ ॅळࢵ ƀࠢ‫ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƥūࠦ୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે઻ၮƧ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄƅ ॅळࢵ ƀࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ƥū፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬፥ ጹܻಛಗଗଓƄ݊ ߙƄኆ ቱƄƅ ॅळࢵ ƀƆ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ ƥūࠦ޲ࡩܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ
ࠦ୐෺߄ ଐଌƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹࠦۑ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡷݘ‬ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌ໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ
،፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮƧ ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ଘଓƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ‫މࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ൎ൉޲ࡩƄƤƌܻ‫ހܾހݘ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬งƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ፥ ጕƄ߄ ၴ ࣠ࡩƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄࠢ‫ݹ࡯ޢ‬
139
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ކݘ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᚑƄ౮౔ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ -
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƇ ߄ ၴ ƥܻࡺެყჅ ࠦ୐෺߄ ଐଌƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹࠦۑ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ
ƅ ॅळࢵ ଛଓ ࠦ‫ ࡓޢ‬ᚻ࡯ଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗܻ‫ހ‬Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ࡷƧ मअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦީࠅ ࣠ࡷࠦ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢ‬งƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄƐ Ǝਔ ৿ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻࡺެყჅū໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥ
ധ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅūࡴ ࠧ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷƥ໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠣୃ෴Ɓ߁ ୐෾କଐƁƍ ƋƁ߁ ଍ଉƁƤ फं߁ ࡴƣ ኃ ቮࠣୃ෴Ɓ༄໫ ଔଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2011 ߁ ଵଥଠ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -2
‫ێ‬ໝ ແ൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
൛ᒎᐺ। ्‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓܸ࢝ ༜་ܸ‫ݽ‬
ܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢƐ ܸ‫ݶ‬༜་Ɓ୍ࠣ෷߁ࡴ። ጼ
࣯ ࣐ ৤৒ষƓ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎Ƅࠦ୐෺߄ ೘ೃࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣯ ࣐ ৤৒ষࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱūࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ -
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࡣ ‫ࡩޯܾࠧޢ‬Ƅ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ፟ ፑƂ݊ ࠅ मऒ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ݊ ࠅ मऒ཯དྷࡩƄ໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ -
࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࡣ ‫ࡩޯܾࠧޢ‬Ƅ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄ
ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥ -
ࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥūࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣯ ࣐ ৤৒ষƓ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎Ƅࠦ୐෺߄ ೘ೃࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷ
፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉ƥ࣯ ࣍ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄ્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅū໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷସବଣ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ߘ ߄ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ %3ࠦީࣀ ჱჅƧ ƀ 9590 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀ
࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষमअ߄ ଐଌƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે ઻ၮ Ƥ౰ేީࡁ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ƣ ࣠ߥߙƄ࣠ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀ -
‫ޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣊ۑ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄमअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે ઻ၮƆ౰ేީࡁࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ƣ ࣠ߥߙƄ࣠ࡷࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀƥ
140
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄमअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ࣠༨စ ࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
‫ࡩݘࡺ࢖ۑ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࡣ ‫ࡩޯܾࠧޢ‬Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƨܻߥީ࣍ ࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄमअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ࣠༨စ ࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࡣ ‫ࡩޯܾࠧޢ‬Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƨܻߥީ࣍ ࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄ
‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢࠦۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ɔ౰ేީࡁࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ƣ ࣠ࢠƄƎࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀ -
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ݊ ࠅ मऒ໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࡣ ‫ࡩޯܾࠧޢ‬Ƅ
౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ū໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ࣠༨စ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬যও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƆ౰౎ၯ ࡣ ߘଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩߦޟ‬Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ
࣊ ৤৒ষƓ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎Ƅࠦ୐෺߄ ೘ೃࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࠦၴ Ǝƌƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƓ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎Ƅࠦ୐෺߄ ೘ೃࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࠦၴ Ǝƌƥࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄ
ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ ƎƌƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
Ƨ मअ߄ࡷƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎ܻ‫ࡺܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ކ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƐ Ǝਔ ৿ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ࡷݘ‬
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠܻࡺެყჅūࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ
Ƒ ܸަࢢ ࡦƁƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƄ ܸ‫ ࢽެࣝݶ‬ೕೀܸᐮᐟߕോെၫƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 2011 Ƥ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
‫ࡴࠣۑ‬ಏ౴ᅗଉƁቝቋࡴࠣߢ࣍ ީೕೀƉƢ߁ இॅ Ɓƍ ༄໧ ƃƉܸ‫ݽߢޟ‬
ໝ ແୃกƁ߁ ‫ޟ‬଍ଉƁ
ūࠦࡷಒ౷ᅚଌƄበ቎೘ೃƧ ƌƥ߄ ஊै ƄƐ ࢖ஊै ƄƆƌܻ‫ހߥޢ‬໠ ໄ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄƔ ܻީࢥ ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ɛ ༇໪ Ɔƌܻ‫ހߥޢ‬໠ ໄ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄƔ ܻީࢥ ࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬೘ೃࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄƥ
ūਔ ৯ƄƎ ว ง༟༎Ƅƣ ॅळዙ၁ဤࡼ ያዪ໠ ໄ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄƔ ܻީࢥ ࡩƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦࡷಒ౷ᅚଌƄበ቎ࡷࠦߥ࣐ ެ೘ೃƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ
Ƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ ࣠ࡩƄƥƇ ƄƎƄƌଗଓƄƥūࠦࡷಒ౷ᅚଌƄበ቎೘ೃƌƥ߄ ஊै ƄƐ ༇໪ Ɔƌܻ‫ހߥޢ‬ƣ ॅळࡺ‫ݹݘ‬௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄ ƢƏൎ൉ࡷūơ ƥƀƢƏൎ൉ࡷū‫ރߥޢ ݪ‬
141
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
݊ ସବଣ ƆƄƌᇷᆝࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūƨܻ࣐ ‫ ࢠܻހ‬253)ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ ၮ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬ƥƇ ܻၮܻ࣐ ߥࡩƄƥ
፥ ጘଜଓƄܻᐱᐟࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅࡣ ࢢ ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄƤƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܾހݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࡷಒ౷ᅚଌƄበ቎ࡷࠦߥ࣐ ެ೘ೃƌƥ߄ ஊै ƄƐ ༇໪ Ɔƌܻ‫ހߥޢ‬Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƐ Ǝܻ೘೉ -
‫ࠦࡷޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣐ࠦۑ‬ၴ Ǝਔ ৹
‫ࠦࡷޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣐ࠦۑ‬ၴ Ǝਔ ৹࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄžଘଓॅळࡩƇ ܻ‫ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬೘ೃࠦࡷಒ౷ᅚଌƄበ቎೘ೃƌƥ߄ஊै ƄƐ ༇໪ Ɔƌܻ‫ހߥޢ‬໠ ໄ୆คƄ߄‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄƔ ܻީࢥ ࡩƄ݊ ޯ๻๬ึ -
Ƈ ܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬ƥࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄƤƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ހܾހݘ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖࣍ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
‫ࡷࠦۑ‬ಒ౷ᅚଌƄበ቎೘ೃƌƥ߄ ஊै ƄƐ ༇໪ Ɔƌܻ‫ހߥޢ‬໠ ໄ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄƔ ܻީࢥ ࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƎƥܻ༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ -
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀܻࡺެყჅūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƎƥܻ༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ ܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै ƄƥƐ ࣠‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࡩᇴᇍ ‫઻ ેހ‬ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫࡯ޢܻۑ‬ၮƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌે ઻ၮ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬Ǝ࣠༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀ ܻࡺެყჅ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ū୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ހ‬
Ʀ ࢔‫ހݘࠦކݘ‬ƎଛଓƄƤƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ހܾހݘ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƎܻያዪƎ࣠༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻܻࠧ༬ဈ Ƅ
‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ū୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄƆƎƄƏƥ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƇ ߃ ߦ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁޢ ݟރ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿܻᐱᐟ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿ
‫ۑ‬ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬๸๦เ። ጼƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ౭ౄ‫࡬ޟ ࡠރܻކ‬༥စ Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ 1999 ਑ ৯Ɓƌࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -4
ࠦ‫ޟޢ‬ყީࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌࠦ‫ॅހ‬ळ࣐ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
ū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžܻ๻๬เଘଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ೘ೆ໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠦހ‬งƎଘଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥūƆਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅ
໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠦހ‬งƎଘଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬ƥū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣯ ࣐ ೘ೆ໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠦހ‬งƎଘଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬ƥ
‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ߘƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ࢖࣍ मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣯ ࣐ ೘ೆ
142
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ūྲ Ⴐ ࡷ፥ ጿߴ ‫ ࣀޢ‬ჱࡩƄƥơ ࢔‫ݓ‬

ࡩƄࠦၮܻެࢢ ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮ 269 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ
ે઻ၮࡴ ᐱᏹƎ߄ ߘƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅࡴ ܻࠧࢠƎƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžܻ๻๬เƄ፥ ጿܻᐱᏹƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥमअ߄ ଐଌƄƇ ܻࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬༨༤ ƄƥƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬-
ƣ ƀଘଓƂƨܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡷݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷᇯ ᆝࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે ઻ၮमअ߄ ଐଌƄƆƎ߄ ߘࡼ ࡷࡴ ‫ ݌‬༟༎ܻީߙūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄ
‫ࡩޢࠦۑ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ Ǝܻያዪƅ ܻࣀ ࠁ ે ઻ၮƣ ᇴᆝࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌၒল Ƅ࣠ࡩƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ‫ރܻߘ࣠ݹ‬ᇴᆝ ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄƧ Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƥ१ ॐ࣍ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžܻ๻๬เƄࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ೘ೆ౰ే‫ݹࠦކܾމ‬ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ Ƅƣ ƀ -
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬༝༎ƨܻ‫ߘ࣠ݹ‬ƨܻީხࢵ ƣ ᇴᆝ ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ଐଌƄƧ ƌܻଐଌƄਔ ৯ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƣ ƀ -
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ೘ೆ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬Ɵ ࣠ߦ‫ކ‬ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ࢖࣍ मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣯ ࣐ ೘ೆ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀ -
‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬ƄƟ ࢖࣍ मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ೘ೆે ઻ၮ
ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓ‫ إ‬ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ܻࡺ ࠩ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠦހ‬งƎଘଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ‫ ࢵࠦ ࢵݘ ݝ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ࡷݘ‬
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄധ ୨ఱ ఠƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƟ ࢖࣍ मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžܻ๻๬เଘଓܻ‫ހ‬
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ძީࠂ ଘଐƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁƟƁ౫౑ࡦଔଐƁૄ સၫƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ‫ ࢲܸࡦޟ ݧ‬Ž౭ౄ‫ ރܻކ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Wiza & Hlanganipai,2014)ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -1
‫ۑ‬። ፎܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƄ ܸࢽ ࢲ ࣐ࡴ። ጼໝ ແࢲ Ƣž࢓଍ଉƁƣ ኃ ቮ
- The Impact of Leadership Styles on Employee Organisational
Commitment in Higher Learning Institutions.
໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄે ઻ၮƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ƀ౰ే‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ ࡼކܾމ‬ᚻࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ ߄ ᐱᏹ
ࠦެ‫࡯ ݝݑޢ‬෬ෝᛅ Ƅƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ ƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ሯሡሁ ū࣯ ዙኒ ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ
ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค‫ ࡁ ࣃߦ ݝ‬ƥ SPSS ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƢƏ༟༎ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ꭸ᎙ƥƌ࢖ߙ 160 ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫ۑ‬Ƨ ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ଘଓƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ१ ॐ࣍ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƅ ॅळࢵ ƀ໠ ໄ‫ࡺࠦހ‬ᐱᚑƥࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ࠦߙߥ ࣊ۑ‬୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƥƧ Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀሯሡሁ -
143
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɩ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄ
ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌധ ୨ఱ ఠ
‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ ࢇۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
‫ێ‬ƍ ࣝࢽ ഴലമƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬ƁƢ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁ݇ ࡴƓ ܸ୊คଘଐƁƣ ኃ ቮܸ࢝ ༜་ƁƢƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ‫ ࢲܸࡦޟ ݧ‬ŽƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬(Shrestha,2012 ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -2
-Leadership Styles and Subordinates Satisfaction with the Leader and
Perceived Effectiveness.
ߎ ࣃ ࡁ ƥūਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ݊ ࡷ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄܻࢠƎƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ࣃ ࡁ ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
(115 ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ƥūࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƌ߄ ‫ࡷޯݘ‬Ɛ ܻ‫ߥޢ‬ଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆ߄ ၰ ƥ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝا‬ƥūࠦࢠ౰౔ߦଐଌƄƇ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƎܻީޯࠀ Ƅ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūࠦ‫ީܻࡩޢ‬ყ჈ơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬Ƅበሼྲ ႖፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡷ࣠ ࣌ ߎݹݘ‬
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀƬၖ࿏ƭܻޯƫެࡩƄࡼ ࡷቿቷዙዋ ፟ ፑƂ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆ߄ ၰ ƥ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥūਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ݊ ࡷ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄܻࢠƎે ઻ၮƨƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬Ʀ ࣠ߘଛଓƄ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ (1)
‫ࡩޢࠦۑ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄ
݊ ࡷ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄܻࢠमऌƨܻ୆෷༅໮ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣކ‬ƄƆ߄ ၰ ƥ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀ (2)
‫ۑ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ
Ʀ ኆ ቱ౰౗ࡁ ƀܻࢠƎ࣯ ࣐ ‫ކݘ‬ƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆ߄ ၰ ƥે ઻ၮƕ ࣠ࠒ ࡯ࡷᇯ ᇍ ఴ చਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬፥ ጿࡴ ܻࠧఱ ఠࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ (3)
‫ۑ‬Ɩ ୍ܻงଛଓƄ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢࠦۑ‬Ƅၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƥࠢެࡷƅ ॅळ࣐ ଐଌƄƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƏܻ༬စ Ƃ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀܻಛಗࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ƀ (4)
ܻࢠ༟༎Ƅે ઻ၮ ܻࠧ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃযঠᐱᏹܻᐱ᏶ƀ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌūധ ୨ఱ ఠࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ࣠ࡁࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄū݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂūžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ Ƅ ƁƋࣝࢤ ‫ ރ‬Ƅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫࡬ޟ ࡠ ރܻކ‬༥စ Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫(ݽ‬Hemedoğlu & Evliyaoğlu, 2012 ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -3
‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁƟƁ౫౑ࡦଔଐƁૄ સၫໝ ແࡴ߁ၽ ެࢽ ൛ᒎᐺࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬Ɓ
144
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
-An Analysis of Effects of Transformational Leadership

Perceptions of Employees on Organizational Commitment
ߎ ࣃ ࡓ ᚻࡩᑑ ᐽƍƥū໠ ໄࡷ߄ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬౰ే‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎކܾމ‬ᚻࡩࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƄƇ ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ ࡼކ‬ᚻࡩƄƥū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄƥžƄƎ߄ ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ɔ౰౎உै Ƅū࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄūࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽƨܻߥߙƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
(367) ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦࡷܻၮƇ ܻ‫ރߥ࡯ޢ‬በሼྲ ႖፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߘ ߄ކ‬ƥ
‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄᑑ ᐽƍ፥ ጿƨܻࡷ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ࡷūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ
ܻᐱᐟࡷࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
፥ ጹܻಛಗଗଓƄ࢔ߙܻஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷमकܾޯࡩƄƣ ᇴᆝ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬Ƨ Ǝܻ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄūƧ ƎƄ࢖෬ෝᛂ ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄū१ ॐ࣍ ܻၮƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄࠦ‫މ‬ൎ൉޲ࡩƄࠢ‫ ࡓ࣠ރܻކ‬೘ೃ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄે ઻ၮ
যও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽƨܻߥީ࣍ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ܻހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
࢔ߙܻஊै ܻ‫ހ‬ƨଘଓƥƀƣ ᇴᆝ Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƨܻߥީ࣍ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿܻߘƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥ
‫ۑ‬Ƨ ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƥūࠦ‫޲ܻࡩޢ‬ଐଌƄū፥ ጹܻಛಗଗଓƄ
໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻߙൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅƥ ࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƨܻߥީ࣍ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ƢƄ౮౔ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ܻࠧࡷࠦހ‬Ƈ ܻߙൎ൉ޯࠀ ƄƠ ܻެࠧ -
‫ۑ‬፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࣓ࠧଐଌƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƣ ᇴᆝƥ Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ƥūযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࣀ ࡩ ƨܻߥީ࣍
Ɩ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ƥ
‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ ࢇۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷž࢔எᆋ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄ
‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁƟƁ౫౑ࡦକଐƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Luton,2010 ௧ ௘ࣝࡦࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ -4
-Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment.
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ žܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ ƎܻያዪƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ƣ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥܻެ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥƎᇴᆝ ƈ Ǝ࣠‫ܻࡷݘࠦރ‬༬ဂ ơ ܻዙኸ ଛଓƄƆƎƄƌƂ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ݟހ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓܻ‫ހ‬ƣ ܻ‫ ࢵޯݘ‬Ƅƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ ݑ‬119)
145
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ƅࠦࢵ ƎܻያዪƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -

‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥ
‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ ࢇۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷž࢔எᆋ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଗଓƄ
Ƅ ƁƋࣝࢤ ‫ރ‬Ƣࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƝ ूरࢲ ໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ࣊ަޟ‬Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Gerome,2008 ƟƢ౭ౄၱ ࠣࢲ ƁƋƉ - 5
‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟࡷ ࣬ێ‬ƁቼቮƁ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
- An Examination of Elatioships between Transformational Leadership
behavior and Interactive Justice.
ቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ƄƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ކ‬ƥūܻࠧƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܾހݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
Ƣ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ߘƥ‫୹ݹ ࡓޢࠦۑ‬୪ଛଓƄƆ߄ ႁ ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ݹ‬ଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ޢܻހ‬ჱ‫ߙ࢖ ࠅޢ‬ơ ƥ࣊ ࢵ ࣠‫ ྲݹࠦހ‬ႡხࡩƄƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ౰౔༨ீ Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅ
ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ߘ ߄ކ‬ƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥū્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ
ܻࠩዙ዗ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥūƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ ݑ‬184)
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢࠦۑ‬ƄቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ۑ‬፥ጿܻࢠƂ߄ ࠩࠅ ࡴ ᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄܻࢠƎે ઻ၮमक࣓‫ކ‬ƨܻࡷ࣠ዙኸ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ߘࠦߘ࣠ݹ‬ൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -
‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ ࢇۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷž࢔எᆋ ፥ ጿܻࢠƂ߄ ࠩࠅ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅžܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ
‫ߕࠣێ‬ോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƃ߁ ࡴƋƢƉࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ Ơ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ Krishnan , 2005 Ơ ܸఱ ఐഀ೥ -6
-Transformational Leadership: role of relationship duration.
Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬बअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿƖ ୍ܻงଛଓƄƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅमकƀࠦߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬
(144 ƥ߄ ެಛಗܻ‫ހ‬ƥࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ࡷमअ߄ࡷࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬บ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥū१ ॐ࣍ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄ፥ ጿƥūযওߥࡩƄࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬
ߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ሯሡሁ ūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ዙዋ ƆƄƌᇷᆝ ƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଛଓƄ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉ƥūࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƨܻࢵ Ǝ߄ ࡷ
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬যওߥࡩƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬፥ ጿࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫ީ ݝ‬ჷ჆Ꭸ፻ -
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ࡷ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƉ ܻࡷਔ ৼƄ፟ ፑƂƌ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦݹݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃƣ ƀ -
146
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ެ ࣏ ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬१ ॐ࣍ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃƣ ƀ -

ū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬যওߥࡩƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ ࢇރ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄमकƀƏ࢔‫ކݘ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀƥ -
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ࡷ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƉ ܻࡷਔ ৼƄƥ
ଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ࡷž࢔எᆋ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ݊ ࡷ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƉ ܻࡷਔ ৼƄƥū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬যওߥࡩƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ރ‬፥ ጿࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ ࢇۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ޯ࡯ ߎࡷݘ‬༧ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ
ࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁૄ સၫ‫ݕߢޟ ݧ‬
ެࡦƁ -
( 15 ƥࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ீ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 8)ܻᐱᐟࡷࠦߥ‫ ࢵࠦ ࢵܻހ‬ƄƎƌ 43 ࡣ ࢧ ߦࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ࢵޯݘ࢖ࢠ ݝ‬Ƅ
Ƣܻၮࡼ ࡷƢ߄ ߘଛଓƄ፟ ፑƂƈ ߄ၰ ଛଓƀࡼ ࡷƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄᑻ ᑧޯࡩ཯ཏࡷƏࡣ ࣀ ࡯ࣀ ჴჅūࠦ୆ก୹ ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎƌ 20)ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮે ઻ၮƨžܻ୐กƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ࡩ ݝ‬ƥܻၰ 2014 Ƣܻၮ፟ ፑƂ 1999)
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƥƀūܻࠧ౰ేၩƥƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƥƀƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿžƄ࣠ࢵ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
‫࡯ ݝ‬෬ෝᛅ ƄƥūƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥƀ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ܻ ހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ƥƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿžƄ࣠ࢵ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กࠢޯߘൎ൉ၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ހ‬ள ஭‫୓ݘ‬ขƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌે ઻ၮࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
્ ઻ഷവറƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހߥࠦހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫୐࣠ݑ ݝ‬ง߄ ߘƥūܻࠩߥ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޟ‬ყჅƥܻᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ƥܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀ፥ ጿ‫୐࣠ݑ ݝ‬งƣ ᓘƥࠦࢵ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ
ūƦ ༇໩ ƀࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷƥࠦ‫ ࢢެܻݑޢ‬ƥƀࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƥƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬ၴ ࠦၮ࣠ެޯࡷƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެࡷે ઻ၮ‫ ࣍ީߥ ݝ‬ƥū཯ཌެࠅ ଛଓƄƥ፥ ጒ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃࠦߘൎ൉ၮࡼ ࡷቻቱܻଐଌഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿࠢߥ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬Ꭸ᎙ܻࡷે ઻ၮ౰౗ࡁ ƀ౮ేࡁ ౰౔ࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ࢢ ݝ‬༇໪ ƥ
Ƥ߃ ࠧ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ଘଓƄƥƟ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄ ว คƄ࣠ࠅ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƌƎ࣠‫ ࢵܻހߥࠦކ‬Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌࡼ ࡷƌƎƥܻࡷž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
ūࠦࡷ߄ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƆƄƌଛଓƄƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƥƀūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ࡷƥƀࠦ‫ ࠖޢ‬ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ܻࡩޢࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
፥ ጘܾ‫ࡩޯߦ ࢧޢ ࡣࡷܻݹ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌƥ
ūƨܻ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƥƨܻ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬ၴ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ 17 ‫ࠧޯࡺ ݝ‬ƀ -1
‫ܻࡷݘޢࠦۑ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހܻࡩߥޢ‬༧ဈ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 14 ܻᐱᐟࡷƥūࠦ‫ ࢵޢ‬Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހܻࡩߥޢ‬༧ဈ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 3 ƣ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
(12 ƥࠦ‫ ࢵޢ‬Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄƆƌܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހܻࡩߥޢ‬༧ဈ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ 1 ܻᐱᐟࡷ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ 16 ‫ࠧޯࡺ ݝ‬ƀ -2
‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦۑ‬༧ீ Ƈ ܻ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃள ஭‫୓ݘ‬ขƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 3 ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހܻࡩߥޢ‬༧ဈ
147
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܻࢠ༟༎Ƅƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ Ɩ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 10)‫ࠧޯࡺ ݝ‬ƀ -
ơ ഻ܻവറܻ‫ޯ ࢝ހ‬༧ဈ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 2 ܻᐱᐟࡷƥūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 2 ܻᐱᐟࡷūࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉‫ޯ ࢝ހݘ‬༧ဈ Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ 6 ܻᐱᐟࡷƥū࿃ ႓Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌܻ‫ ࢢߦ ݝހ‬ƥࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫࡯ ݪ‬ၩƀƣ ƀ -3
ߴ ᐱᐟࡷ࣠ࠧƥū࣯ ࣍ ୍ܻงƎƄƥƀ࣯ ࠒ ࣀ ࡷƥƀ્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ १ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫࡯ ݪ‬ၩƀ -4
ܻᐱᐟࡷūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽ݊ ީޯଐଌƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ܻࡩޢࠦހ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫ࡩެ ࣏ ࡴۑ‬Ƅࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ߴ ᐱᐟࡷ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄ 2009 १ ॐ࡯‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ƆƄƌᇷᆝࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ܻ‫ܻࡩޢࠦހ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬Ƅࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ -5
Ƥ߃ ࠧࡼ ࡷƥūࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ೘ೃܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƖ ࣠ެޯࡩܻ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހߥࠦހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࡺ ݝ‬ఱ ఠƀ -6
ƣ ƀƇ ߄ ၴ ƥࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƣ ƀଘଓƂƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄે ઻ၮƇ ഁ೨ƎƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ഭ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦۑ‬Ƅࣷࣳၮ߄ ၰ ે ઻ၮࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄ፥ ጿƆƎƌܻ‫ރ‬บ คᇴᆝƥƆƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡷ౰ేၩ્ ઻ഷവറƄ
ܻಛಗܻଐଌᑑ ᐽƍƥƨܻ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƥ Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƆƎƄƌƂ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ ߃ހܻࡩߥޢ‬ၯ ଛଓƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ે ઻ၮƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫࡯ ݪ‬ၩƀቧሼ࣓‫ ކ‬-7
Ɔƌܻ‫ݹ‬༝༎Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅഭ ୨ࢵ ƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ે ઻ၮƇ ቧሼ ƀܻᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūƧ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄơ ഻ܻവറƄƥഭ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃ౰ే‫ࡷ ࡼކܾމ‬
፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃमकƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࡼ ࡷቻቱܻଐଌūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅƥƀࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬žƄƌଛଓƄƥࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހߥࠦݑ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎ ኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค‫ߘ ߄ ࡁ ࣃߦ ݝ‬ƥ
ࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬Ꭸ᎙཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ፥ ጿƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ
ે઻ၮ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄܻࠧमकƀƥūƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƥƌࡼ ‫ ࡁ ࣃߦ ݝݑ‬ƥūܻᐱᐕߙƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧ
Ɔƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƎƥኆ ቱƄࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ ࡁ ࣃߦ ݝ‬ሯሡሁ ū໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮܻߦࡩƄƥžƄƌଛଓƄƥࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩƥƧ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄơ ഻ܻവറƄƥūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫࡯ ݪ‬ၩƀ݊ ࡷࠢ‫ ࣃܻހ‬ჴ჆ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ƀࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީᑃᐽ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ᑑ ᐽƍž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
Ƥ߃ ࠧơ ƥܻ୐ง፥ ጿƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫୓ߦ ࢇࡷ ݊ހݘ‬ขƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽƆƄƌଛଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ፥ ጿƥ १ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄ Ƣ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፥ ጿࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ܻࡺެყჅūܻಛಗܻ༬ீ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƧ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
148
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ࡴ‫ ࡴ ࡹ ߾ޟݜ‬-

Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ݊ ࡷ ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬Ƅ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ ଘଓƂ ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ ࠦ‫ ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ Ʀ ኆ ቱ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
݊ ࡷ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬Ƅƥūࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ƥቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ wiza & Hlanganipai, 2014 ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ Luton, 2010)
‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅƥቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ 1999 ਔ ৲ƄƏࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2011 ߄ ସନଣ Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2012 ፥ ጒ࢖ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ࡷ‫ܻࡩޢࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡷ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬ƄƦ ༇໩ ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌƥ࿃ ႓Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ१ ॏ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ࡷݘ‬
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽ१ ॏ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝࡷݘܻࠩࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƅƥ
:ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࢄ ‫ޜࠣࡦެ ࣍ަޟ‬ფަࡦƁ‫ ࡴ ࡹ ߾ޟݜ‬-
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿܻಛಗቿቷ‫ܻމ‬ያዪࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ žƄ༇໮ Ƃࢇ ީఱ ఓᎨ፻ܻࡷ࣠ࠧƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫࣍ީߥ ݝ‬
፥ ጿࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅ‫ࡩ ࣀީܻߘࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƅܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿƆ౮ేଐଌƄ‫ ݝ‬ხࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ޯߙūࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࣷࣳၮ߄ ၰ ે ઻ၮ
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ࣃ ࡁ ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
ࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࡹ ‫ܸࡦޟࠣ ݎ‬இॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ౫ౄೕಹܸࡴ -
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ࣃ ࡓ ᚻࡩധ ୨ఱ ఠܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡁ ፥ ጿࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ‫ܻࡩޢࠦݑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎ ኆ ቱƄ౮ే๻๬ใ
፥ ጿƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƎƌܻࢧ ࡷ፥ ጿܻᐱᐥ༨ဂ ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࣷࣳၮ߄ ၰ ે ઻ၮƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
ࡣ ࡷܾ‫ކ‬ƥū્ ઻ഷവറƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽቿቷ‫ܻމ‬ያዪƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌƌ࣠ࠅ ƥે ઻ၮơ ਔ ৲ܻࡷ߄ ༬ဈ Ꭸ፻บ ค౰౔‫ރ‬ଘଓƄƥƇ ܻީޯࡓ ᅚଌƄ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃܻᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄ‫ࡩ ࣀީܻߘࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅܻᐱᐢࢵ ƄƎƌƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ܾ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހ‬Ƅ
Ƣ߄ ߥ‫ ކ‬፥ ጿ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃमकƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƧ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌܻଐଌūƧ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄƥഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅ཯ཏ৤ৈষƄযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ݘ࢖ߙޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คଗଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƥࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄबअ࢔‫઻ ેކݘ‬ၮ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃमकƀࡼ ࡷ௪ ௎౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽܻଐଌƥūࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै ƄƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƎ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ࣠ࠅ ࢖ଐଌƄ
ࠣߢ‫ݽ‬
ܸࢽ ࡦƁƄ ܸࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࡹ ࡴƃƉܸߣެࢲ କଐƁƣ ߁ ࡴ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހߥࠦހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷƆƌܻߦޯࢵ ଘଓƄƦ ߄ ࡷࡣ ޲೘೉߄ ߥࡩ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅࠦ‫ॱॵ࡯ߦޢ‬५፥ ጿ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄžܻެީࡩƄ -
‫ީܻރࠦۑ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓܻ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހ‬ଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥࠦၩܻ‫ࢢޢ‬ -
149
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ľ Ľ ř Ļ
:Ň ŮŅŉŮń ŭ ǥ ȋ ń
ļ Ƽľ ļ ƫ ļōƢȿ ĻŲ
Ņçźȳ ńÍ ńő ńŻüŷççŔ ńŐ ŏ ńŷçŉçĿľ
150
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܸᐮ᏶ƁŻƁ༄໫ ᓕƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ‫ ࠓޟ‬ᐮᐜࡴ

‫࡯ ݝ‬෬ෝᛅ Ƅ߄ ߘƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬ง፥ ጿࠦ‫ޯީݘ‬ଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ƄžƄ༇໮ Ƃࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ࡩ ݝ‬ƥܻ୐งࡣ ࢧ ߦࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿ
፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ሯሡሁ ፥ ፕ ƥ ܻࠧ߃ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦࡩޯެߦޢ‬Ƅܻᐱᐢ‫୍ݘ‬งƄƇ Ƅ࣐࣠ ࠀ Ɔ߄ ၮે ઻ၮ
Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ݊ ସବଣ ࠦࡷ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ƥūࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠‫ރ‬ƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄߎ ࢢ ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦ‫ ࠖޢ‬ᐱᐟࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ -
ࠦ୆คƄ߄‫ޢ‬ଐଌ‫ ࢵࠦ ا‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ߃ ‫ޯީݘࠦ ࡩޯެߦޢ‬ଐଌƄ Ƈ ƄžƄ༇໮ ଗଓƄƥ ūܻᐱᏹ୍ܻชƥ ƆƄƌଛଓƄ Ɵ ߄ ࢢ ࡼ ࡷ ࢇ ߥࠒ ޯࡩƄƥ ūܻࠧƌƄ߄ ၮƂ ࠦߥ‫ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ƥ
:፥ ጘܾ‫ݹ‬ሯሡሁ Ƈ ƄžƄ༇໮ ଗଓƄᑻ ᑧ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦކ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ఱ ఠƥūƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩࠦࡷ߄ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƇ ܻஎै ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ‫ ࠓޟ‬ᐮᐜࡴᚸƥକଐƢŽ
Ƨ ኅ ቱƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠢ‫ހܾރ‬ƞ Ʈ࢖‫ݟݹݘ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ܻᐱᐢ࡯‫ ࢵޟ‬ƀƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷࠦހ ࣐࢖ݹߥࠦࡷ࣠ࢠ࣠ݑޢ‬ಛಗƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ௪ ௎ƌܻ‫ࡷ ࡼࡷޢ‬ƣ Ƅ߄ ‫ࡷޢ‬ƥƀࠦެ‫ࠦࡷݘޢ‬ၮ࣠ዙಣಝƇ Ƅ౮ేଐଌƥࢇ ‫ݶ‬
ܻߥॶॱ५ࡴ ࣏ ެࡷߎ ࢢ ƥ፟ ፑƂƞ ߄ ᐱᏬ
‫(ۑ‬56 , 2003Ũ‫ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ஆॅ Ɓ ࠦႁ ‫ޢ‬༨༦ ƥ
ܻࢧ ༧ဂ ౮ే๻๬ึܻଐଌū໠ ໄ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƨܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅၖᅛ ܻެࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀࡼ ࡷ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ
࢝ ‫ݶ‬
፥ ጘଜଓƄܻࠧƏमऌƀƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄၖᅛ ܻެଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ƥ౮ే೘೉
ࠢޯࢵ ƄƎਔ ৹ ቿቷࢢ ቻቱܻࡷܻᐱᐟࡷ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬ƄƎܻޯࠑ ‫ߙޢ‬ūܻᐱᐢࢵ ƄƎƌࢇ ީఱ ఠᎨ፻ܻᐱᐢ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬፥ ጿࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ žܻ‫ ࢸޢ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ ݟ‬ඳඝ ൭ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ -
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐟყჅࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐢ༨༦ Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅ݊ ࡷƨଘଓॅळၰ ƥƇ ܻၰ ౰౔ߥࡷࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ -
Ɔ߄ ၮܻߘ፟ ፑƂࡣ ࢢ ࣠ޯᑃᐽ ࠦ‫ެޯܻ ࠅޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄūࠦ୆෷Ƅ࢖ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄ ࠦ‫ެ ࣐ߥޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣐࢖ݹ‬ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿযঠ‫ࡷܻݹ‬ƨƄ౰ే޲ࡁࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ -
‫ܻࡷࠦۑ‬ၮ
‫(ۑ‬78,79,2008Ũࢧ ዖኵ Ɖ Ɩ ܻ࣐ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƎ߄ ߘቿቷࡷᇴᆝࠦߥ‫ߘޢ‬ƌƆƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ހ‬Ƈ ƄžƄ༇໮ ଗଓƄƥࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄƉ ƍܻ৤৒ষƄߎ ࢧ ‫ ݹ‬-
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦީఱ ఝƣ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦၮ࣠ެޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƣžൎ൉୓෺્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ
ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅ࢖࣍ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎࣠ࡓ ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūܻᐱᐢ‫ ࣍ީޢݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࢢߦޢ‬ƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌ፥ ፕ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷ
Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬೘ೃ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅƌ ƥबअߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƄ߃ ࠧƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡣ ༨ீ Ɔ࢖ܻ࣏ࠧ ࡩƄơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ߦޢ‬உै Ƅ௪ ௎࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬፟ ፑƂƧ ƌ࣓‫ݹ‬ƥ
Ũ‫ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ஆॅ Ɓ)ࠦ‫ݑޢ‬ൎ൉࣐ ޯࢵ ଘଓƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄܻࠩଐଌܻ‫ࡷݘ‬Ɗ ࣠ࢠƥƥūܻᐱᐢߘƌ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Əƥܻභඣ ൺࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬Ɔ࢖ܻࠧ࣌ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬Ɔ౰ే޲ࡁ
‫ێ‬108 ,107, 2009
151
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ꭸᎉൎ൉ࡷƤƎܻީޯ‫୍ܻ ࣍ ࣯ ހܻݑ‬งƎଘଓƄƥ્ ઻‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ ፥ ጒॅळࢵ ƀࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺ƤƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱ
‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ƥūƧ ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƥ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄžܻެީࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūܻᐱᐢ࡯‫ ࢵޟ‬ƀƥ ܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ܻࠧఱ ఓƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽ
Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ፥ ጿƨܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ౰౗ࡁ ଛଓƄƤƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬ƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ቿቷ‫ࡺܻމ‬ଐଌƄࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ݇ ࡷެ༩஽ ᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
Ƈ ܻၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄ࣠ࠧ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƥūƇ ܻ‫ޯࡺݘ‬഻വറƄࡼ ࡷƔ ܻ೘ೆƀƆ߄ ၮࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƈ ߄ ඳඣ ൷ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƈ ߄ ඳඣ ൷ܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬
݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߘ ߄ݹ‬ƥūܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࡴ ࡺ‫ރݘ‬ƣ ƀࡣ ࡷܾ‫཯ރ‬དྷࡩƄžܻ‫ ࢸޢ‬ଛଓƄƥƀ࢖ࠧƄ࣏࣠ ࡩƄƥƀƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ
ࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝࡣ ޲೘಼ƣ ƀે ઻ၮƆܻࢥ ߘƥƀū໠ ໄ‫ܻࡷޢ‬༨ீ ƥƀūᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƀū໠ ໄ൞൙‫ࡷݘ‬ƥƀūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ࠦީ࡯࣍ ƞ ߄ ᐱᐢࣀ ଐଌƄ
Ũ୍ࠟ෷ƌࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž)݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƄ߃ ಛಗቿቷ޲ያዪࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ǝܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡓ ࡺଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƥƀūࠦၰ ܻࣀ ଐଌƄƆƌƥ߄ ༨ீ ࠦ‫ߙޢ‬Ƅ࢖‫ݓ‬
ࠅ ࠦߥ࣐ ެࡷ࣯ ࣐ ‫ݓ‬
‫ކ‬Ɔ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࢢ
‫(ۑ‬97, 2007Ũࢪ ࣍ ަࡦƁƢ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ 14 ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ݅ ࡯‫ݟހ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓෺ƥ
ၒল ࣠‫ ݹ‬4 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅƥūࠦ‫ކ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ 8 ƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ 6 ܻᐱᐟࡷࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢࠦހܾࡷܻރ‬ƀƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡁ
ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬໠ ໄၩ࢖ߦޯଐଌƄࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧƌܻ‫ީݘ‬ჴࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ࡼ ࡷƨܻ༨༤ ࣠ࡷᇯ ᇍ ࡁࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬
ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ܻ‫ݶ‬
Ǝ ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƨܻߥߙƥ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ ࠦ‫ ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ žܻࢵ ƁƎ
:(2011 ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƇ Ƅྲ ႖࣓ࡷƥ
(4 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ໝ ແၦ࢓ߣެ଍ଉƁࡱ ᐮᐒߖܸೕೀŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ݇ ࡷެ༩஽ ߭ ‫ރࣝ ࢝ޟ‬
ໝ ແၦ࢓ߣެ଍ଉƁ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ž። ፎܸዖወ ſ ࠣᚼ ‫࡬ޟ‬ᚼ ࡐ ᚸࡦƁ ‫م‬
13 152 ‫ێ‬Ƃ ƁƉଙଐƁ 1
4 104 ‫ێ‬Ơ ࣝ‫ࡦߢܸހ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ྯݶ‬႞ࡦƁ 2
6 28 ‫ێ‬ƟോെၫଔଐƁ 3
31 135 ‫ێ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ –ࠣୃ෾౭౑ࡦƁ 4
10 120 ‫ێ‬Ɖܸࢤ ެߕକଐƁƢƃƋܸႂ ެࡦƁ 5
9 36 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݐ‬
ᑀᐺƁ 6
152
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
29 111 ‫ީ ߁ ࢲࠣێ‬ಘಔƁ 7
9 105 ‫ࠣێ‬ၫƁƋ༚་Ɓ 8
20 111 ‫ێ‬Ɵूर‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ 9
16 273 ‫ࡦ ࢤ ࠏޟࠣێ‬ƁƟूर‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƢ ‫ࡦ ࣍ ݧ‬Ɓ 10
6 18 ‫ێ‬ቼቮ߁‫ࡦ ࢤޟ‬Ɓ 11
0 20 ‫ێ‬Ơ ܸީࢲ କଐƁ‫࣊ ݧ‬ 12
1 11 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸࡴूर‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁܸ‫ރ ࡐީࣝࡦࣝ ࠂޟ‬ƢƂ ࣝࢲ ܸஇॅ Ɓ 13
1 8 ‫ݶܸ ࢝ޟࠣێ‬༜་Ɓࠣୃ෾౭౑ࡦƁ 14
155 1232 ࣬ ᚼ ࡦᚹ ᚼ ዖወ ଔଐƁ
(2011 ። ፎܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƄ Ɓྯ ႓࣐ࡴƢŨࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ܸ‫ݳ‬Ƌࠣୃ෴ܸࢤ ߾ ſƋ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
። ጒƁ߁ ‫ޟ‬଍ଉƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࣍ަޟ‬Ɓࡠ ަߕࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ࢟ ߋ ݎޟ‬Ƣ -
ܻᐱ᏶ଛଓūࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣐࢖ݹ‬Ƅܻᐱ᏶ܾ‫ހ‬ƞ ࢖‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݟކ‬Ƭ ‫ܻࡩޢࠦ ࠁޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽ࣐ࠦ ‫ ࣀޢ‬ხࡩƄࠦ୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙
(202, 2008Ũࢧ ዖኵ Ɖ ࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫࣠ࢠ࣠ݑޢ‬ଐଌƄƥūࠦߘኆ ቱƄࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ƥ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ ݟ‬Ƅ߄ ࠩࠅ ƥ‫ߘ ݝ‬ƥྲ Ⴐ ޯ༧ဈ
‫ߘܻࡷ ݝ‬ūࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡷܻރ‬ƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ 14 ᚻ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ꭸ᎙ƣ ƀ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ
‫ޢܻت‬ᆿᇍ ᑃᐽ፥ ገƄ࣠ࣃ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ଘଓƄࢇ ‫ޢ ࣐ࠦݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ఱ చࠦ୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ݑޢެࠦݑ‬Ǝܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ਔ ৲߄ ඳඣ ൴ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ
ࠦ‫ހܾࡷܻރ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ፑܻዙዋ Ƃࡼ ࡷ (%50 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ࡼ ࡷ ࠦၮ࢖ߥࡩƄ žƄ༇໮ Ƃࠦߥ‫ހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬
ࡼ ࡷ %30 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅܻᐱᐕߙࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬Ꭸ᎙ Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ 7 ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ހ‬ƥūࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ūžܻ‫ࠦ ࢢެݘ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄūƣ ࣠‫ࡩߥܻރ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡࡩƄūƅ ƄƌଜଓƄ ፥ ፕ ƥ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ፥ ፑܻዙዋ Ƃ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷ Ƣॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥƅ ƄƌଜଓƄ ཯དྷ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ǝܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƣॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࠦࢵ ߄ ެಛಗƄūƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄܻ‫ކ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƥƅ ࣠ࢵ ܻஊै Ƅ
݅ ࡯‫ހ‬ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ᇯ ᇍ ࡩ %30 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅ໠ ໄޯ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷࠦ୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ݑޢެࠦݑ‬Ǝܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙߄ ߘƥࠦ೘಼߄ ߥࡩƄ
ࠦ୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߥ‫ހܻࡩ ࣐࢖ݹ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ࢪ ዙ዆ Ǝܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙ሯሡሁ ūᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ 22 ࡴ ᐱᐟࡷᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬72 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ ၮ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ ࢇ ا‬Ꭸ᎙ƥ ࠦࢵ ߄ ެಛಗƄūƇ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄܻ‫ކ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƥƅ ࣠ࢵ ܻஊै Ƅūžܻ‫ࠦ ࢢެݘ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄūƣ ࣠‫ࡩߥܻރ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡࡩƄ ፥ ፕ ƥ
ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬119 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ၮ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬ƥ 30 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅܻᐱᐕߙᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷࠦ୆෷Ƅ࣠ࣃ ‫઻ ેݑޢެࠦݑ‬ၮ
153
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬191 ݊ ީࣀ ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬፥ ፑܻዙዋ Ƃ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƥᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ 30 ࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݹ ݊ݑޢ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬໠ ໄ୍෺ 5 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅƥū࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ 52 ࡴ ᐱᐟࡷ
(5 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࠣަࢽ ხჂ 191) =NƠ Ž‫ ߾ޟݜ‬/። ጒƁ߁ ‫ޟ‬଍ଉƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࣍ަޟ‬Ɓࡠ ަߕƄ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴૄ સၫࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ݶ ݇ ݎޟ‬ƌࣝ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
%30
ࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ୊ค༜་Ɓ ࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ
ࠣީ‫ݕޟ‬
ࡦƁ ‫ࡦ ݚ‬Ɓ
ࠣަࢽ ხࡦƁ Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ž Żܸࢲ žƋ
ƃƋܸެളലമƁ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž Ɗܸެࢲ Ž ࢚ ߽ ࠣᚼ ‫࡬ޟ‬ᚼ ࡐ ᚸࡦƁ ‫م‬
ࠣ‫ޜࣝݶ‬଍ଉƁ ። ፎܸዖወ ଔଐƁ ƅ ܸ‫ހ‬ſ Ƌࣝ࠾Ɗ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž ࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬ Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁ
ƥܸዖኹƋ
߁ ၫܸࢽ ࡴ Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ ‫ص‬
ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ
%30 42 139 25 114 49 38 27 127 12 ። ጒܸమ చſ ‫ێ‬Ƃ ƁƉଙଐƁ 1
%30 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ྯݶ‬႞ࡦƁ
30 100 6 94 65 20 9 90 10 ። ጒܸమ చſ 2
‫ێ‬Ơ ࣝ‫ࡦߢܸހ‬Ɓ
%30 Ƃ ࣝࢲ ܸஇॅ Ɓ
3 10 0 10 7 3 0 7 3 । ौ‫ރ ࣍ަޟ‬ ܸ‫ރ ࡐީࣝࡦࣝ ࠂޟ‬Ƣ 3
Ƅ ܸࡴूर‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ
%30 – ࠣୃ෾౭౑ࡦƁ
31 104 12 92 49 32 11 92 12 ። ጒܸమ చſ 4
ީ࢟
%30 ƃƋܸႂ ެࡦƁ
33 110 10 100 61 22 17 105 5 ። ጒܸమ చſ 5
‫ێ‬Ɖܸࢤ ެߕକଐƁƢ
%30 6
27 82 4 78 50 16 12 78 4 । ौ‫ރ ࣍ަޟ‬ .ࠣࢲ ߁ ީಘಔƁ
%30 7
25 91 17 74 36 24 14 85 6 । ौ‫ރ ࣍ަޟ‬ ‫ێ‬Ɵूर‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
%100 191 636 74 562 317 155 90 584 52 ࣬ ᚼ ࡦᚹ ᚼ ᚼ ዖወ ଔଐƁ

((2011 ࠣ‫ީޟ‬ৡ৅঴Ɓࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌࣝࠦଵ଩ଠ Ɓ። ጼবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƄ Ɓྯ ႓࣐ࡴŨࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ܸ‫ݳ‬༜་Żܸࢤ ߾ ଔଐƁ೾೥୶ ୧ Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ
154
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɔƌ߄ ഷവറƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ፥ ፑܻዙዋ Ƃƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ 5 ơ ƥ߄ எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆กơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
߰ ࢥ ୓෺ ƥūƆƌ߄ ഷവറƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬636 ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄࢇ ‫ޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ᑃᐽ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ (%30)ࠦީࣀ ჱჅƆƌ߄ ഷവറƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ‫઻ ે ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ၮܻࠧƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݹ ݊ݑޢ‬Ə࣠‫ࡁޢߦޢࠦކ‬
(191 ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ݅ ࡯‫ߘ ߄ހ‬ƥ ،Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄࢇ ‫ݘެޢࠦހܻࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƢܻࣀ ߘƀࡼ ࡷᄎ ႞ߘᇯ ᆝ
߄ߘƥ ūƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ፥ ፑܻዙዋ Ƃࡼ ࡷ %30 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ݑ‬
Ɩ ܻၴ ౰౔ࢵ Ƅžܻ୐ชƀƎ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿൎ൉‫ކ‬Ɠ ࢖‫ݓ‬
ࡩƆƌ߄ ഷവറƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ 250 ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠୓กࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ߘܻࡷ ݝ‬
‫ࠦۑ‬ၮƏ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
። ጒƁ߁ ‫ޟ‬଍ଉƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࣍ަޟ‬Ɓ߁ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ࢟ ߋ ݎޟ‬Ƣ -
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓ ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ‫ݹݘܻࠩ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬Ꭸ᎙ƣ Ƅ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƇ ܻ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ݊ ዙዋ ߄ ‫ހݘ‬
፥ ፑܻޯࡩƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
(6 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ࡦ ࣀ ࠎ ࢤޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ‫ࡦަޟܸހ‬Ɓ݇ ዖወ ߁ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ࠣ‫ࡦޯܸހࣝݶ‬Ɓቼቴߢެࢽ ଍ଉƁࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴ‫ ࢽ ݧ‬༥࿿ ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ݇ ‫ݶ‬ƌࣝ‫ރ‬၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
(N=157 Ơ Ž‫ ߾ޟݜ‬ໝ ແަ‫ ࢽެ ࠓޟ‬଍ଉƁࡹ ࡴ
Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ ࠣަࢽ ხࡦƁ ƋƁಏ౴ެࡦƁ ࠟ‫ࡴ ࢽެࣝݶܸރ‬ ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ ‫م‬
78.3 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
%100 21.7 34 મચ੫Ž ࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ 1
100.0 157 Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ
30.6 48 ࠣୃกܸమ చſƟूरၫ
%100 69.4 109 ࠣ‫ރ ࣍ަޟߢޟ‬Ɵूरၫ ࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁ 2
100.0 157 Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ
64.3 104 ࠣୃ෾୶ ‫ ݎ‬ቼቮƢƉ
ૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ ƁŨኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
%100 35.7 48 ࠣ‫ޟ‬ძީࠂ ŽቼቮƢƉ 3
ơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁ
100.0 157 Ɠ ࣝᚸࡷസലമƁ
%100 67.5 106 ᄂ ཻƋ਑ ৼࠣ‫ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬ ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬இॅ Ɓࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ
155
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
32.5 51 ࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ Žᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ 4

100.0 157 Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ
21.0 33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
31.2 49 Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž
%100 ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ
47.8 75 ߁ၫܸࢽ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž 5
100.0 157 Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ
24.8 39 Ƅ Ɓࣝީࢲ 5 -1)
21.0 33 Ƅ Ɓࣝީࢲ 10 -6)
%100 ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ 6
54.1 85 Ƅ Ɓࣝީࢲ ྯ ႞‫ࡴ ࡹ ݎ‬౭౔࠾ Ž
100.0 157 Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ
%100 %100 157 Ɵܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ። ፎܸዖወ ଔଐƁ
ܻࡷ࣠ࠧƥƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ ݑ‬157 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ ၮ݅ ࡩܻީࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ፥ ፑܻዙዋ Ƃ፟ ፑƂ 6 ơ ƥ߄ எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬191 ࡴ ࠧƌ߄ ၮ݅ ࡩܻީࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ፥ ፑܻዙዋ Ƃࡼ ࡷ %82 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅࡣ ޲೘಼
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެࡴƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƥūࠦ‫މܻރ࣠ݹ‬ቿቷߥޯࣀ ࡷƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƥūࠦ‫ ࣀޢ‬ყႻƎቿቷߥޯࣀ ࡷƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫࡯ ݝ‬෬ෝᛅ Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫ކܻހݘ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦޯܸހࣝݶ‬Ɓቼቴߢެࢽ ଍ଉƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ -1
཯དྷࡩƄƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮƧ ࣠ޯ༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ީޢܻރ‬ᑃᐽƨܻߦࢢ ƥࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹ‬Ƅቿቷߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ‫޲࡯ ݝ‬೘೉
ᑑ ᐽƍၒল ࣠‫ ݹ‬7 ơ ƥ߄ၴ ƥܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ໠ ໄީ‫ ࣀޯ ࠖޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅߎ ࢧ ‫ކ‬
156
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(7 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ࡦޯܸހࣝݶ‬Ɓቼቴߢެࢽ ଍ଉƁƄ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
ࠟ‫ࡴ ࡐࣝހܸރ‬ ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
‫ێ‬મચ੫ŽŨഀ೥Ɗ ‫ ࢪۑ‬ჱஎै Ƅ -
߁ၫܸࢽ ࡴƊܸެࢲ ŽŨƝ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴƊܸެࢲ ŽŨƊܸެࢲ Ž ‫ޢࠦۑ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ -
‫ރ ࣍ަޟߢޟࠣێ‬ƟूरၫŨࠣୃกܸమ చſƟूरၫ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࢧ ࢝ۑ‬Ƅ -
‫ޟࠣێ‬ძީࠂ ŽቼቮƢƉŨࠣୃ෾୶ ‫ ݎ‬ቼቮƢƉ ‫ۑ‬ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ ހ‬-
‫ێ‬Ɯ ࣝߖܸዖኺࠣީࢲ 11 ࡹ ࡴ 10 – 6 ࡹ ࡴ 5 -1)ࡹ ࡴ ‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ -
‫ێ‬ᄂ ཻƋ਑ ৼࠣ‫ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬Ũᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ ‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ -
:࿀ ႛფႸ༜་Ɓࡠ ߢެࢽ ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ -2
࣯ ࡺ‫اࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ Ƅ࣠ެ‫ࡩݘ‬፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽ݊ ‫ࡩޯܻހ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄࡣ ޲೘೉
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ
݇ ‫ݽ‬
ܸެࡦƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ -3
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƣ Ƅ࣠ެ‫ࡩݘ‬ơ ƥଘଓƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ፥ ጿ࿃ ႞ყႻ༟༎Ƅࡣ ߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄࡣ ޲೘೉
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉŽᚸƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
ƃƁƉଘଐƁƓ ࣝ‫ ހ‬-1
ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽƆƄƌᇷᆝ ūࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƌܻࡺޯ‫ݑ‬ƄᎨ᎙ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࠦ‫ࡩ ࣐ީޢݘ‬ƨƄ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬
Ꭸ᎙‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫( ࠁޢ‬Bass & Avolio,1994)࣠‫ߙ࣠ࡩޢ‬ƀƥƐ ܻ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ᇯƪ ᆝ ܻࠧƎ࣠࣍ ཯དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƌ߄ ‫ࡷޯݘ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬
Ƈ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ࣠‫ކ‬ƥūࠦߥ‫ ࢵܻހ‬Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎਔ ৹ࠦ‫ ࢵޯݘܻރ‬ଘଓܻ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬ƥūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ჴႾܻ೘ೃܻࠧमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬
‫ۑ‬žƄ౰౎ၯ ƥƆਓ ৿ܻࢵ ƀࡼ ࡷƆƄƌ൑ᑉᐽযওࡓ ႁ ޯࡩƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࠦ‫ހߥޢ‬ƥࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄᄎ ႞ߘƆਓ ৿ܻࢵ ƀ
:ƃƁƉଘଐƁŻ୍ܸ෾ࠣߢ‫ ࣊࢓ݶ‬-2
። ፒ ƢƃƁƉൎᑆᐺफंࣝ࣍ ެࡦƁƢŻܸީަࡦƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬Ƅ ƁŻƁ༄໫ ſƃ߁ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁ‫ ࢲࠣߕܸࡴ ݚ‬ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉŽŻ୍ܸ෾߁ ީ‫ݎ‬
157
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žܻ୐กƥƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩƄƥࠦࡷƏൎᑉᐽƄࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଘଓƄ౰ే‫ݘܻݹ‬ଐଌƄે ઻ၮܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽƎƌܻࢧ ଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ -

ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅࠦ‫࡯ߦޢ‬உै Ƅžܻ୐กܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷযঠ‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄ݊ ࠅ Ƅ࢖ଐଌƄƥƎƌܻࢧ ଐଌƄࡴ ࠧƀ݊ ዙዋ ܻᐱᐟࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥ
፥ ጘଜଓܻ‫ހ‬ᑑ ᐽƍࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ƥ
ƥƀƇ Ƅƥ߄ ެࡩƄƥमअƎܻߥޯࡩƄƥ‫ ࡓޯ ݪ‬ᚻࡩƄƥࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଘଓƄƥƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐟࡓ ࡷƀܻࡷે ઻ၮࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƖ ൎ൉࣍ Ƃ -
ᑑ ᐽቦ ሼƥūܻࠧ౰ేၩƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ፥ ጿࠦࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮ݊ ࠅ Ƅ୹ ୪ƥūƇ Ƅ࢖೘೉࣓ࡷ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ხެࠅ ƀƥƀࠦ୆ก୹ ‫ݑ‬ƥƀࠦ‫ެޢ‬೘಼݊ ࠅ Ƅ୹ ୪บ คᇴᆝ žƄ࣠ࢵ ūƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กࠢޯߘൎ൉ၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ݊ ࠅ Ƅ୹ ୪
፥ ጿƆƄƌଛଓƄƌƄ߄ ၮƂ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กࠦ‫ ࢵޯݘܻރ‬ଘଓƄ -
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ ƎƌƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬፥ ጿܻᐱᐢხࢵ ܻެࡷƆܻၮƄ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌଛଓࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଘଓƄܻᐱᏹƎ࣠ࢢ
Ɛ ܻ‫ܻࡩߥޢ‬ᐱᐢხࢵ ܻެࡷᑑ ᐽቦሼƥūƆƄƌଛଓƄ፥ ጿƆƌ߄ ഷവറƄࠦࣀ ସଧଣ Ƅܻࠧƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܾހݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ܻࠩߥ‫୓ ࣐ީޢ‬กƆƄƌଘଓƄྲ Ⴐ ޯߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀે ઻ၮūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
ƣ ƥƌᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥū໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩƣ ƥƌƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ Ǝે ઻ၮ
‫ۑ‬௪ ௎߄ ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƥƀ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉଘଐࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁƃƋࣝࢤ ࡦƁ -
Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮơ ƥଛଓƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄƧ ࣠ޯ༨࿻ ƥ໠ ໄ‫ ࣀޢ‬ყႻƎ௪ ௎Ǝ࣠༨ீ ࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌଛଓࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄƆƎ࣠ࢧ ࡩƄบ ค࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬
ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ƥūƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙે ઻ၮ፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄƧ ࣠ޯ༨࿻ ƥūࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƆ߄ ၮે ઻ၮƦ ࣠ޯࠁ Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ᑑ ᐽƍၒল ࣠‫ ݹ‬8)
(8 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
বঐࡐ ၾ ެᑀᐺࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉŽƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ƞ ᚹ സലമƁƄ Ɓ࢓ᚺߢߖ ƋࣝᚸഴലമƁ
ࡣ ޲๻๬ใƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ Ɔ߄ ၮࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠ࡓ ୓෺ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ƥଛଓƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ
"12፟ ፑƂ1ࡼ ࡷ ፥ ጘଜଓܻ‫ހ‬
‫ۑ‬፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ƨଘଓƥƀ
‫ۑ‬23፟ ፑƂ13ࡼ ࡷ ‫ܻࡷޢࠦۑ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƨܻ୆คܻ‫މ‬
"31፟ ፑƂ24ࡼ ࡷ ‫ݹࠦۑ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƨܻ޲ࡩܻ‫މ‬
158
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
"42፟ ፑƂ32ࡼ ࡷ ‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƨܻ‫ހݘ‬ƄƎ

"51፟ ፑƂ43ࡼ ࡷ ‫ۑ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƨܻࣀ ࡷܻၯ
"77፟ ፑƂ52"ࡼ ࡷ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄƎ࣠ഷവറƄ
:(Validety ƃƁƉଘଐƁƜ ߁ ࢟ ᚸƥܸࢲ Ɖܸࢲ

ࠦ‫ࡩެߦ ࣀޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƈ ܻ༨ဂ ଛଓƄ፥ ጿƢ߄ ႀ ޯఱ ఠƣ Ƅࡼ ࡓ ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅƥƌଛଓࠦ‫ܻ ࢢޢ‬உᆋ Ɵ ߄ ࢧ ࡩƄ߄ ‫ݹݘ‬
ƨܻߘƌܻࢢ Ǝܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƣ ƀཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬೘ೃࠦ‫ޢ‬ხఱ ఝࠦ‫ܻ ࢢޢ‬உᆋ Ɵ ߄ ࢧ ࡩƄƥūࠢ‫ ࣀܻࠧ ࡣߙޢ‬ჴࡩƄࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓƨܻࡷܻࠧƥƨܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀƨƄ୹ ୪ƀࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄƥ
ūࢭ ࣐ ީࡩƄƥūࠢ୐෺Ə࣠‫ހ‬ƀ ܻಛಗƢ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ყࡩƎ࣠࣍ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷƥቻቷၴ ଛଓƢ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ყࡩƎ࣠࣍ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƓ ࢖‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽƢ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƄƍƂ
‫ۑ‬127,2007
ūžܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄūࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࢧ ޯശവറƄ໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄે ઻ၮƆƄƌଛଓƄ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠୓กࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ߘܻࡷ ݝ‬ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿Ɵ ࢖࣍ ၖᅛ ܻެࡷƥūƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄഁ೨୹୪ūࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽƄūᎨᎌ ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ƥƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ūࠦ୆กमऒơ ࣠ࢢ ƀūࢪ ߦެࡩƄࣷࣳၮ
(20 Ɩ ܻၴ ౰౔ࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ 25 ໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄે ઻ၮࠦၮƏ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ީޢܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƌ߄ၮ݅ ࡯‫ހ‬ƥū࢔‫ܻࡷݘࠦކݘ‬ၴ ᑑ ᐽቦሼƥžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
፥ ጿܻᐱᐟࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƇ ƌܻߦޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ߘƥࠦႀ ఱ ఝ 20 ໠ ໄࢧ ޯശവറƄ໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠦዙኒ ഷവറƄ߯ ࣀ ჱࡩƄƌ߄ ၮ߰ ީࢧ ‫ࠦࡩޢ‬ႀ ఱ ఝ
፥ ጘଜଓƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ
:(Face Validity Ƥ ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ࡦƁƜ ߁ ࢤ ࡦƁ -ً ‫أ‬
ƣ ƀƉ ܻޯެჴࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬Ɖ ࢖༧࿻ ࢝ ࠒ ߦޯଐଌƄƣ ƀཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬೘ೃūࠢࢵ ܻ‫ࢠ ݊ࡩߥޢ‬ƥܻࡷࢪ ყߥ‫ރࠢݹ‬ƀƨܻ‫ ܻ࣌ࠧ࢖ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƥ߄ ୍෺ƣ ƀ࣠ࠧ
Ǝܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄ཯ཏხ჋যঠ‫ݹ‬ཀྵདྷࠁ ƨܻ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴉ ࣠ࠧƥƦ ࣠ޯഷവറƄƟ ߄ ࢢ ơ ᇴᇍ ࢸ ƀ࣊ ఱ చƀ࣠ࠧƥࠢࢵ ܻ‫ࢠ ݊ࡩߥޢ‬ƥܻࡷࢪ ყߥ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄ
‫ۑ‬128, 2007ūࠢ୐෺Ə࣠‫ހ‬ƀūࢭ ࣐ ީࡩƄ ࠢࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥ
:(Logical Validity । ौ࣍ ީ଍ଉƁƜ ߁ ࢤ ࡦƁ -‫ب‬
žܻ୐ชƀƥūࠢ‫ކߥ ݊ߙޢ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄܻᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ƥƎƥܻഷവറƄ፥ ጿƆ࢖ߥߙᇯ ᆝ žܻ๻๬เƄƦ ߄ ࡷၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬ƥ१ ॏ࣐ ެଐଌƄƟ ߄ ࢧ ࡩƄࢇ ߥ༨࿻
ܻᐱᐢხࢵ ܻެࡷƥܻᐱᏹƄƎܻީ‫ݑ‬Ɗ ࣠ࢠƥƥࠦ‫ݓ࣠ݹ‬
ᑃᐽƄܻᐱᐢࡷൎ൉ࢵ ܻᐱᐕߙƄ࣠‫ݑ‬Ƅमअƣ ƀࡴ ᐱᐟࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ࣍࡯ީ ݝ‬໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄે ઻ၮƆƄƌଛଓƄ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬
Ʀ ༇໩ ƀƇ ƄƎܻީ‫ࢠܻߙࠦݑ‬Ƃƥƀܻࠩ࡯‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬ƥƀࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄ౰ేၩƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƞ ߃ ၰ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥūቻቱ‫ࢠݘ ݝ‬ƥܻଐଌܻࠧžܻ๻๬เƄƥ
‫ۑ‬ƆƄƌ൑ᑉᐽ
ໝ ແዖ኏ ഴലമƁŻƁƋଙଐƥܸߢߖƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉŽࡠ ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬‫ ރ‬-‫ج‬
159
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦࡺࠩଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻၰ ౰౔ߥࡷƥࠦࡺ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ࣏ ࠁ ൎ൉ଐଌܻ‫ީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހ‬ᑃᐽƆ߄ ၮܻࣀ ଐଌƄᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥƣ ƥܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ Ʀ ਔ ৹ƀ
Ǝಒ౷ᅚଌƄƞ ߃ ၰ Ꭸ᎙߄ ߘƥūࠦ୆෷ܻᐱᐟࡩƄܻᐱᏹƎ࣠ࢢ ፥ ጿƆƄƌଛଓƄ݊ ࢠƥ፥ ጿࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ߄ ၮܻࢵ ܻያዪūࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄܻᐱᏹƎ࣠ࢢ ፥ ጿƆƄƌଛଓƄ፥ ጿ
ࠦࡺ ᐱᚑƇ ܻၰ ౰౔ߥଐଌƄƥƇ ܻ࣏ ࠁ ൎ൉ଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧบ คᇴᇍ ߙūƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ࢛ ‫ࢠܻߙࠦހݘ‬ᓘƥࡣ ‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬Ꭸ᎙ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩƄ౰ేၩƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƥ ‫أ‬
໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄƇ ൎ൉‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬ž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌଛଓƆਔ ৲߄ ၴ ࠦၩܻ‫ ࢢޢ‬ƌƄ߄ ၮܺᄣࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ݟߘܻࡷ ݝ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީᑃᐽࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬
ࡴ ᐱᏬƀƎ߃ ၯ ƀƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄે઻ၮ໠ ໄߙྲ Ⴁ൞ᒑᐽƆƌ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ %96 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅ໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄࠦ‫ܻࡩީޢ‬ၩࠦߥߙƄ࣠೘ೃ‫཯ ࠁ ࣏ޢ ݝ‬དྷࡩƄ
(60 ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࠦࡷ ࡓ࣠ރ‬୆෷ܻᐱᐟࡩƄܻᐱᐢ‫ݓ‬
‫ ࢢޢ‬፥ ጿƆƄƌଛଓƄ߰ ީࢧ ޯࡩࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƌ߄ ၮ࢝ ‫ކߥ࡯ޢ‬Ꭸ᎙ᑑ ᐽƍ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᐢߥߙƄ࣠ࡷƥ
Ǝ࣠ഷവറƆ࢖ߥߙ 20 ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠༨ீ Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦၮƏ࣠ࡷƆ࢖ߥߙ 40 ƆƄƌଛଓƄƎƥܻ༨ீ ે ઻ၮࠦၮƏ࣠ࡷƆ࢖ߥߙ
፥ ጿƆƄƌଛଓƄၒল ࣠‫ ݹ‬3 ࡴ ߘƎࢇ ࠒ ࡯ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄܻᐱᏹƎ࣠ࢢ ፥ ጿƆƄƌଛଓƄၒল ࣠‫ ݹ‬1 ࡴ ߘƎࢇ ࠒ ࡯ଐଌƄƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
ࠦߙܻࢠᓘƥࡣ ‫ކݘ ߄ݹ‬ƥ໠ ໄዙኒ ഷവറƄࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮࢇ ߙƄ࣠ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄࡼ ࡷ‫ ݪ‬ఱ ఝଛଓƄƎܻ‫ ࠀޯޢ‬ƄᎨ᎙‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ୆෷ܻᐱᐟࡩƄܻᐱᏹƎ࣠ࢢ
ࠦߙƥ߃ ഷവറƄƥࠦߙܻࢥ ଐଌƄƥƀቿቱ߄ ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄၒল ࣠‫ ݹ‬9 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ƥūࡴ ࠧ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐟࡷࡴ ࠧଛଓƄ
(9 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࠣୃ෴ܸᐮᐜࡦƁƢࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁܸᐮᐟ‫ݐ‬
‫ ࢟ޟ‬። ጼࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ କଐƁƄ କଐܸ༩஽ Ƅ Ɓ࢓ߢߖ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
ࠣୃ෴ܸᐮᐜࡦƁƢࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁܸᐮᐟ‫ݐ‬
‫ ࢟ޟ‬። ጼƃƁƉଘଐƁƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖ
Ƅ Ɓ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ Ƅ Ɓ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ ‫م‬
ࠣୃ෴ܸᐮᐜࡦƁ ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁ ƞ ܸസലമƁ
ቼቮ߁ ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ ࠣߖܸࢢ ଍ଉƁ
1 ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƋࣝ༥஽
8 12 1
። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓƞ ܸ༩஽
(23) - 8 11 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁƞ ܸ༩஽ 2
- 6 8 ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁƞ ܸ༩஽ 3
- 10 11 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƄ ƁƋܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁƞ ܸ༩஽ 4
- 7 9 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓƞ ܸ༩஽ 5
(56) - 20 26 ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƋࣝ༥஽ 6
1 1 + 59 ƃƁƉŽ Ƅ Ɓ࢓ߢߣࡦ ૊ ᇠᇊ ࡦƁ Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ
77
60 = ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ
160
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƃƁƉൎᑆᐺ ૊ સၬ Ɓኃ ቮƁƜ ܸమ ఝକଐƁ ። ጅܸީަࡦƁƜ ߁ ࢤ ࡦƁᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬

‫ݽ‬ܸࢲ
Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡼ ࡷƆ࢖ߥߙᇯ ᆝ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƅ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ꭸ᎙ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ્ ઻ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄƟ ܻఱ ఠଘଓƄࡼ ࡷቧሼ ܾޯᑃᐽ
ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄ໠ ໄ୍෺ 10 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅƥƣ ࣠ࢵ ౰ే‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࢇ ‫ܻݑ ࡼ ࣍࢖ݹ‬ᐱᏹƄ࢖ߥߙ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ƥࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
(10 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ܸᐮ᏶Ɓ࢓ߢߖ݇ ‫ޟ‬ዖወ Ƣࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ କଐƁƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖࡹ ࡴƃ࢓ߢߖᇬ ᆚ ໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
Ƒ ܸ୊คƋକଐƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬

࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƋࣝ༥஽ ࠣࢲ Ƌ ܸࡷ଍ଉƁƋࣝ༥஽
Ƒ ܸ୊คƋକଐƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁࡱ ߕƋ Ƒ ܸ୊คƋକଐƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁࡱ ߕƋ Ƒ ܸ୊คƋକଐƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁࡱ ߕƋ
.681(**) 41 .747(**) 21 .814(**) 1
.676(**) 42 .778(**) 22 .774(**) 2
.699(**) 43 .791(**) 23 .729(**) 3
.348(**) 44 .704(**) 24 .753(**) 4
.592(**) 45 .846(**) 25 .790(**) 5
.619(**) 46 .607(**) 26 .839(**) 6
.725(**) 47 .785(**) 27 .812(**) 7
.576(**) 48 .698(**) 28 .769(**) 8
.595(**) 49 .817(**) 29 .827(**) 9
.613(**) 50 .824(**) 30 .777(**) 10
.455(**) 51 .846(**) 31 .759(**) 11
.701(**) 52 .807(**) 32 .833(**) 12
.482(**) 53 .853(**) 33 .871(**) 13
.630(**) 54 .727(**) 34 .804(**) 14
.548(**) 55 .763(**) 35 .761(**) 15
.678(**) 56 .781(**) 36 .710(**) 16
.452(**) 57 .760(**) 37 .745(**) 17
.474(**) 58 .620(**) 38 .861(**) 18
161
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
.424(**) 59 .837(**) 39 .850(**) 19

.581(**) 60 .816(**) 40 .801(**) 20
( ‫ ێ‬ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ߁ ީ‫ୃܸ ݎ‬෴ܸࢤ ߾ ſƞ ƁƉ Ũ0.01ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ߁ ީ‫ୃܸ ݎ‬෴ܸࢤ ߾ ſƞ ƁƉ
ቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄƇ ൎ൉ࡷܻ‫ޢ ݊ࡷݘ‬ዙዋ ƣ ƀ 10 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺
ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡼ ࡷƆ࢖ߥߙᇯ ᆝ ໠ ໄ‫઻ ્ހ‬ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄƟ ܻఱ ఠଘଓƄ፟ ፑƂ౰ేఴ ఓܻያዪ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƥ 0.01)
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏹƄ࢖ߥߙᇯ ᆝƥ
:ƃƁƉଘଐƁƄ ܸ୊งᚸƥܸީࡴܸ‫ކ‬
ūࡼ ࡷ༝༎Ƅ݊ ࡷƐ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƆƄƌƀે ઻ၮࠦߥߥࠒ ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ፥ ጿƟ ܻఱ ఠଘଓƄƥƀƎƄ࢖ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ፟ ፑƂƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఓ
Ɔ࢖ߥޯࣀ ࡷ ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ Ƈ ܻၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ކ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ Ǝܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄ ࣠ࠧ Ƈ ܻީ޲ࡩܻ‫࡯ޢࠢ ހ‬ၮ Ƈ ܻၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ ݊ ޯ๻๬ใ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ Ǝܻީޯࠀ ଘଓܻߙ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƐ ܻ‫ߥޢ‬ଐଌƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄƅ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ꭸ᎙߄ ߘƥ (134،2006Ũࢪ ࣍ ަࡦƁƢ୍ࠣ෷ƌࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž Ɔ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ࡷƥ
ܸዖዔໝ ແެߢ‫ݽ ࣍࢓ݶ‬
ƃƁƉଘଐƁƄ ܸ୊งࡹ ࡴࢄ ߢࠏ ެࡦƁᎥ᎖Ƣࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ޟ‬ᚺߢࡦƁƍ ܸ‫ࡴߢޟ‬Ƅ ܸ୊ง -1
݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ Ƌ ୍ܻคƥഃ೨ Ƈ ୍ܻชࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƅ ܻࣀ ஊै :(Cronpach's Alpha) ƈ ܸ୊กƢഀ೥ ܸߣࡦŽƄ ܸ୊งࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴƂ ܸࢽ ߾ -‫أ‬
(.9622 ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥ ࢇހ‬Ƅࠦၴ ƎƌƎ࣠ഷവറࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƣ ƀ߄ ၴ Ƭƥ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƐ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ
ᑑ ᐽƍၒল ࣠‫ ݹ‬11 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅƥ
(11)ࡱ ߕƋƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƈ ܸ୊กƢഀ೥ ܸߣࡦƁƋܸަެ߽ Ɓ‫ ߾ ࢽ ݧ‬Ƅ ܸަޯࡦƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ܸߣࡦƁ Ƅ କଐܸസലമƁ ‫م‬
.9718 ‫ێ‬። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ 1
.9698 ‫ܸࡴޟࠣێ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ 2
.9732 ‫ݶࠣێ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ 3
.9695 ‫ݶࠣێ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ 4
.9725 ‫ێ‬ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ 5
.9622 ‫ێ‬Ƅ କଐܸႂ ᚸ଍ଉƁ݇ ‫ޟ‬ᚼ ଵ଩ଠ ૊ ᇠᇊ ࡦƁƄ ܸަޯࡦƁ
162
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ᇯ ᇍ ࡁ Ǝ࣠ഷവറƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƥơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄƇ ൎ൉ࡷܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƣ ƀ 11 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄީჴႾ
Ƈ ܻީ޲ࡩƄࠦ‫ܻ ࢢޢ‬༧ဂ ݊ ޯ๻๬ใƆƄƌଛଓƄƣ ƀఅ௷ ॶॱ५ơ ࣠ީߥଐଌƄ፟ ጕƌଛଓƄ߄ ஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷે ઻ၮƀ፥ ፕ ƥ ‫ۑ‬96 ƥ ‫ۑ‬97 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒ
Ɵ ߄ ࢧ ࡩƄ཯དྷყࢢ ܻ༧ဂ ݊ ޯ๻๬ใࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƓ Ƅ୹ ‫ ݌‬ଛଓࠦࡷ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƆƄƌଛଓƄ߄‫ކݘ‬ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ƥū፟ ጕƌƀ߄ஊᆋ ‫ۑ‬75 ᚻ‫ހ‬ƞ ࢖‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄƥ
ܻࠩߥ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬Ꭸ᎙཯དྷࡩƄࠦ୆෷ܻᐱᐟࡩƄܻᐱᏹƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ހ‬ƆƄƌଛଓƄે ઻ၮ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦߘ ߄ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƥūƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ൎᑉᐽࠦஊै ܻࢢ ፥ ፕ ƥƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄƥ
‫ۑ‬Ɔƌ߄ ഷവറƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫઻ ેݑޢ‬ၮ
ࠣ‫ࡦީ ࢤߣޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠓ࢑ݳ‬ƁƄ ܸ୊ง -‫ب‬
௪ ௎ƀ࢔எै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ߄ ၴ ƥ Spearman Brawn ƣ ƥƄमऌƣ ܻࡷ౰ేީࢵ ቿቱƌܻ‫ހݘ ߄ކ ࣐ީޢ ࢇࡷݘ‬
ž࢔ॺॱ५ .9453 ƥơ ƥଛଓƄž࢔ॺॱ५ .9441 ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࢧߦޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݶ‬
࢔ࠖ ޯࡩƄƅ ܻࣀ ༨ဂ Ƈ ܻީ޲ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ߄ ၴ ƥሯሡሁ .8868)
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄūƓ Ƅ୹ ‫ ݌‬ଛଓƆƄƌଛଓƄࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ቧሼ࣓‫ܻݹ‬ያዪū፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄ
ܻዙ዗໠ ໄޯߥ‫ހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬ƆƄƌଛଓƄƇ ୍ܻชࡼ ࡷࢇ ߥࠒ ޯࡩƄᎨ᎙ƥ ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƍ ܸ‫ࡴߢޟ‬Ƅ ܸ୊ง -2
:(Cronpach's Alpha ƈ ܸ୊กƢഀ೥ ܸߣࡦŽƄ ܸ୊งࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴƂ ܸࢽ ߾ -‫أ‬
‫ۑ‬.8015 ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠ഷവറࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƇ ܻީ޲ࡩƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƣ ƀ߄ ၴ Ƭƥ ‫ࠁޢ ݟ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦީ ࢤߣޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠓ࢑ݳ‬ƁƄ ܸ୊งŨ-‫ب‬
໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ߄ ၴ ƥ߄ ߘƥ Spearman Brawn ƣ ƥƄमऌƣ ܻࡷ౰ేީࢵ ቿቱƌܻ‫ހݘ ߄ކ ࣐ީޢ ࢇࡷݘ‬
ƥơ ƥଛଓƄž࢔ॺॱ५ .8690 ࠦ‫ࡩެ ࢧߦޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݶ‬
࢔ࠖ ޯࡩƄƅ ܻࣀ ༨ဂ Ƈ ܻީ޲ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ߄ ၴ ƥሯሡሁ .7039 ௪ ௎ƀ࢔எै Ƅ
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƓ Ƅ୹ ‫ ݌‬ଛଓƆƄƌଛଓƄࠦ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ቧሼ࣓‫ܻݹ‬ያዪ፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄž࢔ॺॱ५ .8089
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƃƁƉŽࢄ ‫ރ ࣍ަޟ‬Ƅ ƁŻƁ༄໫ ſᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ܸ‫ރ‬
Ɵ ߄ ࢢ ࡼ ࡷቧሼ ܾޯࡩƄ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƥࠦ୆෷ܻᐱᐟࡩƄܻᐱᏹƎ࣠ࢢ ፥ ጿܻᐱᐢ‫ ࢢޢܻ ݌‬ƆƌܻၮᓘƥƆƄƌ൑ᑉᐽࠦ୆෷ܻᐱᐟࡩƄƇ ൎ൉‫ࡩޯݘ ߄ݹ‬ƄžƄ༇໮ Ƃ߄ ‫ހݘ‬
Ɔഃ೨߃ ࡷƉ Ƅ࢖ࠑ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƥūࢇ ‫ޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ᑃᐽܻᐱᐢ᠃࢔ܻࠧၴ ࡼ ࡷቧሼ ܾޯᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ፥ ጿྲ Ⴁࡷે ઻ၮƆƄƌଛଓƄƓ ୹ ‫ݑ‬Ꭸ᎙ūܻᐱᏹ୍ܻชƥƆƄƌଛଓƄ
፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬žܻ୐ชƀࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࠦࡺᐱᚑࡣ ‫ޢ‬ᐳ႞ჴࡩ ୹ ୪ଛଓƄࠢࡺᐱᏬࡼ ࡷ፟ ፑƂ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ࡼ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬4 ࡴ ߘƎࢇ ࠒ ࡯ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ࣠ࠧሯሡሁࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀે ઻ၮƣ Ƅ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄ
ࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ހܾࡷܻރ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽƆƌ߄ ഷവറƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፟ ፑƂ፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄơ ƥ౮౑ࡩܻ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހ‬Ƅ‫ߘܻࡷ ݝ‬
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ރ‬ƥܻ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦކݘ‬ƄƇ ߄ ၴ ƥ߄ ߘƥūܻᐳ႞ߦ୐กࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀે઻ၮࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠‫ކ‬Ɠ ࢖‫ݓ‬
ࡩ
žܻ୐ชƀƇ ܻߘ࣠‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦࡷݘ‬Ƅ‫ ࠅࠩ ݝ‬Ƅƥ߄ ߘƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƓ Ƅ୹ ‫ ݌‬ƀࢇ ‫ݘެޢࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿ௪ ௎߄ ၴ Ƅ࣠ޯଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
163
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
݊ ࡷࡣ ၮܻߦޯࡩܻ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐢީ‫ ݌‬Ǝߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢛ ‫ކߥީ ࡣހݘ‬Ƣ߄ ၮ౰౎ࡁ ଛଓƄƟ ࣠‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƣ ᇴᆝƥ፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄܻಛಗƥबए
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƅ ܻީࢵ ൑ᑉᐽᑑ ᐽƍࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƥ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ
ࡼ ࡷྲ Ⴁ‫ݑ‬Ƨ ƌܻஊै Ƅ ƆƎ࣠‫ހݘ ߄މ‬१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅमअƥ߄ ޯࡩƄƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƆ౰౔ߙ፥ ፕ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬Ɔ౰౔ߙࠦ‫࣍ީޢݘ‬ -
ƆƄƌƀƣ ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ǝܻࢸ ƀሯሡሁ ƣ Ƅ࣠ެ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ހ ࣐ީޢݘ‬Ɔ౰౔ߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ 2011ūमअƄ౰౎ߙ
፥ ጿमकƀܻያዪ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢܻࡷƀƇ ܻ‫ ࢢݘ࣠ހ‬ᑑ ᐽƍࡼ ‫ܻߙެޯ ߴݑ‬ᐱᐟ‫ܻހࠦݑ‬ၴ ଗଓƄ࢛ ߙƎᎨ᎙ƥ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄࡼ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷ޲ܻࡩޢࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫ۑ‬፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ƄƆ౰౔ߙƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Ə
ơ ƥ౮౑ࡩƄžܻ୐ชƀࡴ ࠧ߄ ၴ Ƅ࣠‫ކ‬Ƣ߄ ၮƥūƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƤ߃ ᐱᏳᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ơ ܻ‫ݓ‬
ఴ ఝƄ -
ࢇ ‫ࢠޢ‬ᑑ ᐽƍ໠ ໄᑳᑧ‫ࡷݘ‬ƅ ƥܻභඣ ൭Ꭸ፻ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐟࡷƥƅ ƥܻ༬ဈ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐟࡷūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƃ‫ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ƥࡼ ࡷƥū፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᐢߘƥ
‫ت‬ƌܻߦޯࢵ Ƅࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƣ ƀଘଓƂūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ݊ ࡷࡣ ၮܻߦޯࡩܻ‫ࡩݘޢެࠦހ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢛ ‫ߙ ࢛ހݘ‬ƎƥƇ ܻߘ࣠‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
Ƈ ܻႁ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ࡴ ᐱᐢࣃ ߘܻެࡷƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀቿቷ‫ܻߙ࢖ ࢢࠦࡷߥܻހ‬ಛಗƊ ܻ‫ކ‬ƄƧ ኅ ቱƄū፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄܻಛಗƥबएžܻ୐ชƀƨƄ౰ే޲ࡁ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ݊ ߘƄƥơ ࣠ࠁ ࡴ ࠩ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ᐳ႖ܻߥ‫ރ‬ƥūࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƥ
ƆƄƌƀࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬Ɔ౰౔ߙ‫ݓ࢖ߘ ݝ‬
ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ߘƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƇ ܻၰ ౰౔ߥࡷƥžƄƎܿ‫ހ‬ƨܻ‫ݘ࢖ߙޢ‬
ࡷƨܻዙ዆ ƏƇ ߄ ၴ ࣠ߙ
‫ۑ‬2013/11/20 -2013/7/15ၑ࿒ Ǝܻ‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬ƨžƄ߄ ୓กƄƨ୍ܻ෺࢖ߥ‫࢖ކ‬ᐳ႖ƀ 5 ƨܻ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީᑃᐽ໠ ໄ୍งܻࠧƏ࢖ߙƥܻࠩ‫ݘ‬ዙዋ ƥƇ ܻ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƌƄƌ౰౔ࢵ Ƅ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ
(10 ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱ‫ݑޢެࠦا‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢛ ‫ࡷ ࡼߘީ ࡣހݘ‬ƌमƬऒᎨ፻ࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ 24 ܻᐱᐟࡷࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ 34 ܻᐱᐟࡷƌ࣠ߥߦଐଌƄ -
ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐟࡷƥƇ ܻ‫ީޢܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ 6 ፥ ፕ ƥ࣊ ߥߙƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠦ୆෷༅໮ ે ઻ၮƅ ܻၴ ƀࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐟዙኽࠦஊै ܻࢢ ౰ేၩƇ ܻ‫ީޢܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ
࡯‫ހ‬ƥࠦၩƎܻߙࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީᑃᐽƇ ߄‫ݑޢ‬ƀ‫ܻހࠦ ࠁޢ ݟە‬ၴ ଗଓƄ࢛ ߙƎ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ީޢܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ 5 ‫ݓ ݝ‬
(157 ፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓ‫࡯ޢ ࡣا‬ႁ ޯᑃᐽࠦஊै ܻࢢ บ คᇴᆝ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƆਔ ৯ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ީޢܻރ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ ހ‬-
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ஊै ܻࢢ ࠦީࣀ ჱࡩƄƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ %82 ࠦީࣀ ჱჅࠦ‫ީܻރ‬ჴࢵ Ƅ
። ጅܸࢤ ߾ ଔଐƁࡠ ‫࡬ޟ‬ၾ ެࡦƁᚸƥƁྯ ႓ܸၫ
ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬SPSS ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ܻ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃƨܻߘ࢖࣍ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯᑃᐽ
Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࠦஎै ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬ƄƟ ࢖࣐ ࡩƄ
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀƇ ୍ܻชƉ Ƅ࢖ࠑ ޯࢵ ଘଓƋ ୍ܻคƥഃ೨ ܻߦࡩƀቿቱƌܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ -
164
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ࡩެ ࢧߦޢࠦۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݶ‬
࢔ࠖ ޯࡩƄƇ ୍ܻชਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩ Spearman Brawn ƣ ƥƄमऌƣ ܻࡷ౰ేީࢵ ቿቱƌܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ -
Ƥܻ༬ဈ ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ƥࠦެ‫ࡩݘޢ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ உै Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޟ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬ჱࡩƄƥƇ ƄƎƄಒ౷ޯࡩƄ -
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀƎƥܻ༨ீ
ūࠦ‫ ࣀޢ‬ყႻ༟༎ƄƎƥܻഷവറƄࡼ ‫ࡩݘޢެࠦݑ‬ƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ ƄƓ ܻߦ༧စ ƄƥƖ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ƎƄƦ ߄ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ Mean ፥ ጒܻࣀ ஊै Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ -
‫ۑ‬፥ ጒܻࣀ ࠁ ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷે ઻ၮƀ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƎƥܻഷവറƄ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ
‫ۑ‬ƞ Ƅ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƦ ߄ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ Standard Deviation Ƨ Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ -
‫ۑ‬௪ ௎౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ ƣ ࣠ࢵ ౰ే‫ ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ ࡷݘ‬-
‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƧ ƀ௪ ௎౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌ (T- test Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅ -
‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࢧ ࢝ۑ‬Ƅūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ
ޯࡷࠦ‫މ‬ൎ൉‫މ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ One way Anova Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ -
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅ ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌᑑ ᐽƍ
௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƎ߄ ࢧ ࡷƥƤܻ༬ဈ Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƆƌ߄ ‫ޯݘ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ރ‬Ǝܻߥ൞ᒑᐽ LSD)‫( و‬Scheffe)ƄƎܻ‫ ࡷݘޢ‬-
‫ۑ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥቿቱܻၰ ፥ ጿƧ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ
165
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ļ
:şǫľńőǃńŭřǥ ȋ ń
-
ļŕĽŤļ Ļ ļ ƫ Ƌľûɩ Ļ
-
ļĻ
ç ŷççŔ ńŐ ŏ ńŋççŅŉ Ŗ őçǀç
-
Ņçźȿ ç ŅŉŲŻ
-
-
-
-
-
-
166
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܸᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬

‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱܻ‫ܻ ࢢࠦހ‬உै ƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƨܻࢠ୹ ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦݑ‬Ƅ‫ࡩ ݝ‬ƥܻ୐งࡣ ࢧ ߦࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄܻᐱᐟ‫੅੆ ࢥ ݝݑ‬ਸ਼཯དྷࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేࣀ ߦ‫ކ‬ƥࠦࣃ ߘܻެࡷࡣ ࢧ ߦࡩƄơ ƥܻެޯყࢵ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ƀ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋౰౔ࡩƨܻߥߙƥܻᐱᐜყ჋मऒᎨ᎙
ࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ࣐࣠ உै Ƅܻࠩ༬࿸ ܻ୓คƓ ୹ ‫ݑ‬፥ ጿࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫୍ݘ ݝ‬งƄ߄ ߘƥūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ଛଓƨܻ‫୍ݘ‬ง୍ࠦง୹ ୪ơ ƥƄ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅว ෺୍࣠ง -
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡼ ࡷƆ࢖ߥߙᇯ ᇍ ࡩƧ Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƞ Ƅ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥ፥ ጒܻࣀ ஊै Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƉ Ƅ࢖ࠑ ޯࢵ Ƅ -
‫ީܻރࠦۑ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩ፥ ጒܻࣀ ஊै Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งƨܻީყ჋मऒࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒ -
ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƨ୍ܻ෺࢖ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣐࣠ ࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ހ‬ƎܻߥޯࡷƇ ܻ‫ ࢪߙޟ‬ዙ዆ ፟ ፑƂƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄࠢ‫ߘ ࣀࡺ ݝߙޢ‬ƨᇴᇍ ༨ீ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ -
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝࠦߥߙƄ࣠ଐଌƄࠦၴ ƎƌƥƇ ܻ‫ࡩߦޟ‬ƄƤ߃ ಛಗƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄᑻ ᑧ‫ކ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷƌ߄Ƭၰ ƥū࿃ ႓ܻସଧଣ ƄƇ ಒ౷‫ࡩޢ‬Ɛ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ
1 - 5 ‫ أدﻧﻰ درﺟﺔ‬- ‫أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ‬

0.80 = =
5 ‫أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ‬
:(12 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿၒল ࣠ࡷ࣠ࠧሯሡሁ

(12 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࠣୃ෾ܸࢽ இॅ ƁƄ ܸ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁƄ ܸ‫ߢޟߢޟࠣ ࡦߣޜ‬இॅ ƁƉƢ߁ இॅ Ɓ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬
። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ൛ᒎᐺࠣ‫ߢޟߢޟ‬இॅ ƁƉƢ߁ இॅ Ɓ
ࠣߢߖƁࣝ଍ଉƁƣ ߁ ࡴ ૄ સၫକଐƁ߁ இॅ Ɓ ፜ ጒƉଘଐƁ߁ இॅ Ɓ ࡠ ‫ݶ‬
߁ ަࡦƁࠣࡷ‫ߕޟ‬
ƥƁ߁
ၱ ࠣࢢ ߣࠎ ީࡴ 1.80 1 1
ࠣࢢ ߣࠎ ީࡴ 2.60 1.81 2
ࠣ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެࡴ 3.40 2.61 3
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 4.20 3.41 4
ƥƁ߁
ၱ ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 5 4.21 5
167
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɠ ࢖‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦހݘ‬Ƅ‫ ߘܻࡷ ݝ‬12 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै Ƅ Ƈ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
ે઻ၮƥƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ƀે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻހ‬ၴ ്ᑉᐽࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐕࡩƂ‫཯ކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬དྷࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᇍ ࡩƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
ᚹ ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢƞ ƢଘଐƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉܸࡴ :ƞ ƢଘଐƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁ
Źࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ࢓࣌ ‫ ࠂࠦࠣހ‬Ƣࡹ ࡴŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งܻᐱᐜყ჋मऒƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƅ ܻࣀ ࠁ Ꭸ᎙ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦࣀ ସଧଣ ƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࡼ ࡷơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƥơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᇍ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡷެ༩஽ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ Ƅ କଐܸ༩஽ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ -ƥକଐƢŽ

ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ࢓࣌ ‫ ࠂࠦࠣހ‬Ƣࡹ ࡴŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒᎨ᎙ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
:(13 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ሯሡሁƆƄƌଛଓƄ፥ ጿƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
(13 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ࠣၱ ƋƉ ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ ‫ ݧ‬ფ჈फए ࡱ ߕƋ
ƞ ܸസലമƁ࢚ ‫ހ‬
ࠣࢲ Ƌܸࡷ଍ଉƁ Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁ ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ ƞ ܸസലമƁ ƞ ܸസലമƁ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .93629 3.57 ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ 1 1
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .92327 3.43 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ 4 2
ࠣ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެࡴ 1.04053 3.11 ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ 5 3
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .94661 3.44 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ 3 4
168
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .97334 3.56 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ 2 5

ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .89529 3.44 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡷެ༩஽ Ƅ କଐܸസലമƁ
‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸၱ ƋƉ 5 ࣦ ࡷ࣌ ‫ݕ‬
3.57, ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘƣ ƀ 13 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄơ ƥ߄ எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ žܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀƨܻ‫ ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬-ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ஊै Ƅ -ࡣ ‫ࠧ࣠ࡷܻݹߥܻހ‬ƥ 3.11
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ ơ ܻ༬ீ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬ᇯ ᇍ ࡁ Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƥơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹
݊ ࡷ 3.44 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮᇯ ᇍ ࡁ Ǝ࣠ഷവറƄࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ‫ࠦ ࡷޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣐ࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ
ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒ፥ ጿƅ Ǝܻߥ‫ކ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥūơ ܻ༬ீ ᇯ ᇍ ࡩࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒ፥ ጿƇ ƥܻߦޯࡩƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ
ࡣ ޯࠁ Ƅ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄࠦ‫ࡩީߥޢ‬ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࠦ‫ݹࠦݑ ࡼހߥޢ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬Ƈ ଘଓܻႅ ൞ᒑᐽ
ơ ܻ༬ீ ܻࡺᐱᐕ࡯‫ݹ‬ƥ 3.56 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࠢ‫ ݹ࡯ޢ‬3.57 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ݹ‬ƥଛଓƄ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ
Ơ ॅळࢵ ơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ޯ༨࿻ ƥ (3.41 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ܻࡺᐱᐕ࡯‫ ݹ‬3.44 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ
‫ۑ‬3.11 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿƆ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ކ‬፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2004ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬Ƅ߄ ߘƥ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷƆ౰ేީࡁࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƣ ƀે ઻ၮܻࡺᐱᐕჴࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ቧሼ ƀƍƂ 2010ūߎ ࡯ၯ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2010ū‫ߘ ݪ‬༟༎Ƅ
Ơ ॅळࢵ ƣ ƀે ઻ၮƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ Alger , 2008 ࢖எै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱƆ࢖ߙƄ࣠ޯࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
݊ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ‬ჴࡩƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࣠ࠧƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠢࢵ Ǝܻ೘೉Ơ ॅळࢵ ࡣ ߘƀƣ ƀƥࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬ƄƧ ߄ ༨ဈ Ơ ॅळࢵ ߄ ‫ࠦހݘ‬୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻያዜ ƥ࢝ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ࠦކ‬ၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2013ūƧ ߄ ࡷܻ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰ేީࡁ Ƈ žܻၴ ܻࠩ࡯ࡺੋ੅ਰࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
߄ ༬စ ܻ୐คƀଘଓƂࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀƢƀࠦ୆ก୹ ‫ݑ‬Ƣƀࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ீ ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫ࡷ ݊ހݘ‬Ɵ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄว คƄ࣠ࠅ ࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
ࠦࢵ ƎܻያዪƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄƥ 2013ū፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ ࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷūƨܻ༨༤ ƥܻߙൎ൉ޯࠀ ƄƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ
཯དྷࡩƄ 2011ūƆኆ ቱƄ࣠ࠀ ƥƇ ƄƌƄ༇໮ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥū࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ
Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ዙኸ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ
169
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ūว ෺ኆ ቱƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥū࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ƈ žܻၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄū્ ઻ߥ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬Ƅ
݅ ࡯‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱ཯ཌࣀ ჱࡩƄƣ Ə࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2012
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷ 2004ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ %52.8)
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ހߥޢ‬ƣ ƥƌ࣊ ߥߙ ቿቱܻࢵ ༟༎Ƅƥࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅū౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƄƥ݊ ‫ ࣃ ࠖޢ‬ჴࡩƄ ፥ ደॅळࣀ ࡩ
ơ ƥଛଓƄơ Ƅ࣓ࣀ ࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻހ‬ၴ ଗଓܻ‫ޯݘ࡯ߥࠦހ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬Ƅܻᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ഷവറƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫ࡩޢࠢހݘ‬Ƃ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝࡷ ݊ހݘ ࢛ࡷܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀ
ࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƥƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱƨܻࡷ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥ
ࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬ƨܻ‫ࡷݘ࢖ߙޢ‬ƥƨܻ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮࠢ‫ކ‬ƄƎ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿผ ෺߄ ஊै Ƅྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ ࡁ ݪ‬Ƅ࣠‫ܻކ‬ᐱ᏶ƀƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ܻᐱᐟࡷƒ ܻၯ ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ
žܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄࡼ ࡷਔ ৲࢔ଐଌࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ፥ ፕ ཯དྷࡩƄƥƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄƥƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ࢛ ‫ࢠݘࠦࡩީݘ‬Ƅ࣠ޯଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ
Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࢇ ‫ ࡣࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬ዙኸ Ƒ ƎƥƥƇ Ƅ࢖೘೉࣓ࡷ߄ ߥ‫ݑ‬ƥว ෺Ǝ߄ޯࡩܻ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
ࡼ ࡷƥࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ว ෺Ǝ߄ޯࡩ፥ ፑܻஊै ƄƢܻ࣏ ެࡩƄ፥ ጿƨܻߦ‫ࢠݘ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ 2009ū१ ॐ࡯‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƇ ቧሼ ƀ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀ፥ ጿߎ ‫ࡩ ࢥݘ‬Ƅƣ ᇴᆝ žƄ࣠ࢵ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ዙኸ Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƤ߃ ࠧ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƄƥƌƀƥƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺዙኤ Ƈ žܻၴ ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄߎ ࢢ ƥƣ ƀ 13 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ሯሡሁ
ࡼ ࡷ ūࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƇ ൎ൉ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼ܻ೘ೃࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢ ܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎࿃ Ⴐ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄ
ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀࣉ ࠁ ൎ൉ଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ൎ൉ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡓ ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄƆ౰౎உै Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ
ᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻߥ‫ކ‬Ǝൎᑉᐽࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ƈ žܻၴ ܻᐱ᏶ƀࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯݘܻࡷ ࡣހ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌƥ߄ ༨ீ ‫ ݪ‬ხఱ చࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥūࡣ ࢥ ߙƀ
ܻᐱᐕߙ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ ƄƠ Ǝܻఴ ఓ཯དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝƀቿቷߘƥū࣊ ߥߙƆྲ Ⴉ ܻഷവറƄƎ࣠ࢥ ࠁ ે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᏹƄžܻߥࡩྲ Ⴐ ޯߥ‫ݟކ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
Ɠ ࣠ዙኳ ‫ ݪ‬ხఱ చᑑ ᐽቦሼƥ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩࠦެࡓ ࡺଐଌƄơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ ᓘƥžƄƎଜଓƄơ ƌܻީޯࡩ
ࢇ ዙኸ ࡣ ޲೘೉‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡓ ᚻࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱܻᐱᏹܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƥܻᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ߰ ࡯࣐ ࢧ ࡷ
‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢࠦۑ‬ƄƇ ܻࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄƧ ƥƍࡴ ᐱᏩൎ൉ࡷƏࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻࢧ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄƧ ƥኅ ቱࡴ ࠩߦࡩƄ
170
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ କଐܸ༩஽ ࡹ ࡴ ƞ ܸ༩஽ ᇬ ᆚ Ƅ Ɓ࢓ߢߖƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴૄ સၫࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
። ጕଙଐƁࣝࠏ ީࡦƁૄ સၫƢࠣࢽ ଵତଠ Ɓࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬Ɓ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓƞ ܸ༩஽ ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ -1
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ ። ጼ
౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒᎨ᎙ū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ
:(14 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄީჴႾሯሡሁࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งƨܻީყ჋मऒ
(14)ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ࢚ ‫ހ‬
଍ଉƁ ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ ‫ࡦߣߢ࢓ة‬Ɓ ‫ࡦߣߢ࢓ة‬Ɓ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.146 3.86 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ࡴࠣ‫ߕޟ‬Ɓ߁ ࢤ ೕೀࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෷ 1 6
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.020 3.83 ‫ێ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ࡴቸቴࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬። ጼૄ સޯ଍ଉƁবঐߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
Ɵ౫౑࡬‫ݶ‬ 2 2
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ። ጼ ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ ܸᐮᏰ ࡹ ࡴ࣐‫ݶ‬
ཬཏࡦƁ ƀ Ɖܸަ଍ଉƁ Ɵ౭౑༥࿸ 7
.996 3.67 3
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ‫ ࢤޟࠣ أو‬༤೛ ‫ ࢲ ݧ‬ᇱᇊ ࡴࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬ơƊࣝߣ‫ހ‬ƞ ോെ‫ݐ‬
ެࢲ Ɓ‫ީ ݧ‬පච ൪ 4
1.333 3.62 4
‫ୃࠣێ‬෾༂໧
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .978 3.52 ‫ ࡱێ‬ᐮᏦƁƉଘଐƇ ܸୃคƋକଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ࢓‫ݕ‬
ఱఐ 5 3
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ फंࣝ࣍ ެࡦ ߁ ࠦࠂ ࡹ ࡴ ࠟ‫ݶ‬
ኃ ቮ ܸࡴ ྺ Ⴍ ߕŽ ƞ ߀ ୊෷ 5
1.158 3.50 6
‫ێ‬
ƥܸ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ Ž
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ࠣୃ෾ܸ༩࿸ ଔଐƁၓ࿌ ܸެީᑀᐺ቙ሹ ƁƋƉſૄ સၫƥŻ୍ܸ෾Ƅ ƁƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁ߀ දච ൪ 9
1.123 3.45 7
‫ێ‬ƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁƁ߀ ಘಔ
ࠣ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެࡴ ܸየዧࡱ ࠦ࡬ዖኵ ᇬ ᆚ ܸࣀ ࡴૄ સၫ‫ݐ࡬ ݧ‬
ެࡦƁ። ጼŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ߁ ၫܸమ ఐ 1
1.218 3.39 8
‫ݽࠟێ‬
Ơ ࣝߢ୓෷ࡱ ࠦ࡬‫ݕ‬
༩࿸
171
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެࡴ ࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ። ጼŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƓ ܸީߕଔଐࠣ‫ߖޟ‬ᇱᇊ ࡦƁƃƋ߁ ߢࡦƁᑸ ᑤެೕಹ 8

.965 3.27 9
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓቼቮܸࢲ Ƌ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .936 3.57 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡷެ༩஽ ƞ ܸസലമƁƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻၴ Ǝƌ 5 ࣩ ࡺ࣏ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ
،3.27 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 14 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
ࡣ ‫ࠧ࣠ࡷܻݹߥܻހ‬ƥ 3.57 ᇯ ᇍ ࡁ ơ ܻႅ ൞ᒑᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩ፥ ጒܻࣀ ஊै Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ݅ ࡯‫ ࠁޢ ݟހ‬3.86
፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ߥޢߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ -
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠༨ீ Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ Ƭ
‫ܻࡩޢࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹
፥ ጘଜଓƄ໠ ໄީჴႾơ ഻ܻവറƄƄ߃ ࠧƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ƥ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 6 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƀƣ ƀ -
मअ߄ ߥ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮƀ ે ઻ၮƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ݕࠣ ࠁޢ ݟ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࡱ ࠦ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ࡴࠣ‫ߕޟ‬Ɓ߁ ࢤ ೕೀƠ ूरࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෷ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ໠ ໄ‫઻ેߘޢࡺࠦࡷ ࡼހ‬ၮƀે ઻ၮ‫཯ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬དྷࡩƄƆ߄ ‫ࡩ࣠ ࠁޢ‬ƄƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ፥ ፕ ƥ 3.86 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬
ūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࠦ‫ߘޢ‬Ƅ߄ࢧ ೘ೃƣ ॅळࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀƧ ƀūơ ഻ܻവറƄ
݊ ࡷ ࠢ‫ ހ‬Ʀ ߃ ޯ༨࿻Ƭ ƨܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀƨܻၴ ƍ࣠೘ೆ ࡴ ࠩࡁ ॅळఱ చ ໠ ໄࡷ߄ ߥࡷ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ ݊ ࡷ ࡴ ࠩ࡯ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬ก ࠦެࣀ ஊै Ƅ Ɵ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓܻ‫ ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯޲ࡺޯࡷ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀࡼ ࡷƟ ߄ ࢧ ᑃᐽܻଐଌࠦࡺ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮᇷᆝࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦ ރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪
‫ޯࡺ ݊ۑ‬഻വറƄƌƄ࢖ߙƀ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƏ࢔‫ݹݘ‬፥ ጾƄƎ፥ ጹൎ൉ࢵ Ƃள ஭உᆋ ࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬፥ ጿ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ࢝ ୐งƥ 8 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄमकܾޯࡩƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬፟ ጕƌƀƣ ƀ -
Ƥ߃ࠧ‫ࠁޢ ݟ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓቼቮܸࢲ Ƌࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ። ጼŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƓ ܸީߕଔଐࠣ‫ߖޟ‬ᇱᇊ ࡦƁ ƃƋ߁ ߢࡦƁƠ ࣝࡐ ᚸ࡬ެೕಹ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬፟ ጕƌଛଓƄ፥ ፕ ƥ 3.27 ፥ ጒܻࣀ ࠁ ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ
ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƆƎƥྲ Ⴎ ‫ޢࠦހ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƖ ܻެߘƂે઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ Ƅ཯ཏ‫ކݘ‬ƥ
ƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ໠ ໄ‫ߘޢࡺࠦࡷ ࡼހ‬፟ ጕƌᇷᆝࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥū࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ
ቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ݊ ࢠƥ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƥƠ Ƅྲ ႖Ƃߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅቿቱܻࢵ ƎƊ ࣠ࢠƥߎ ‫ࡩ ࢥݘ‬
žܻࢵ ƁƎƇ ܻ࣏ ࠁ ൎ൉ࡷࠢ‫ކ‬ቧሼ ƀܻࡷƄ߃ ࠧƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮܻ࣐ࠩ ࣐ ࠀ ƥܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ܾ‫ߘެܻݑޢࠦހ‬ଗଓƄࡴ ᐱᏹƎ߄ߘƇ žܻၴ ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ፥ ጿࠦߙܻࢥ ଐଌƄࡴ ᐳ ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
172
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ žܻࢵ ƁƎ ࡣ ީߘ ࡼ ࡷ ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ बअ࢔‫ࠦ ࡩޯݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ ፥ ፕ ƥ ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƥ ቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
Ƈ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘે ઻ၮ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡼ ࡷƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ 6 ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒ߄ ߘƥƆ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄࡣ ީߘܻࡷƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƥ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡷܻހ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄว งƄ࢖ଐଌƄ‫ ࠁޯ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄ
-ƨܻ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ơ ਔ ৿፥ ፕ ƥ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ߥޢߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅࡣ ‫ܻݹߥܻހ‬೘ೃ (3.45 ،3.83)
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ܾ‫ ހ‬-ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬
௪ ௎߄ ީࡷūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ܻᐱᏳࡼ ࡷ࣓‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄƃ ƌܻީଐଌƄƣ ࣠ࡷ౰౔༨࿻ ƥūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࡴ ࠩ࡯ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬กે ઻޲ଐଌƄযওߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠ࡷ౮౔࡯‫ݹ‬
ࡴ ᐳ႞ߦ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހܾރ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƏ࢔‫ܻݹݘ‬ያዪࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢵ ƁƎƅ ܻᅎഌ Ƃࡣ ༨ீ ࡴ ࠧžƄƌƀƣ ܾ‫ݘ࢖ࠧ ࡴހ‬ఴ ఓܻያዪࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪žƄƌଛଓƊ ܻ୆งƎଘଓƄ
ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ୆ก༅໪ ƥƀࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ ‫ ࢵ ݪ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷࢇ ‫ޢࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᐢ࣐ ࡯ࢵ ƥࡴ ࠧƍ࣠ߦ‫ރ‬ơ ൎ൉‫ݓ‬
ޯࢵ Ƅƣ ࣠ީެභඣ ൭ƥūࡴ ࠧਔ ৯ܻߥ‫ހ‬ƥ
ࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ
௪ ௎߃ ႀ ޯࡷūࠢ‫ރ‬ƥमअਔ ৲Ƨ ኅ ቱƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩ߄ ࠩࠅ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱܻࡷ྽ Ⴐ ߘƀࡴ ಛಗਓ ৹ơ ൎ൉ၯ
፥ ጿƤƎƄ߄ ࢢ ƄƥƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄࠦ༨༦ ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹໠ ໄࡁ Ǝ߄ ࡷūƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƤ߃ ಛಗࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެᑃᐽࡴ ࠩࡁ ƄƎƌƂે ઻ၮƨžܻ୐กƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ፥ ጿࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܾ‫ކ‬፥ ጿƇ Ƅ౰౎ၯ ࡼ ࡷƤ࣠ީࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ‫ެܻ ࢵ ݪ‬ଐଌƄ‫ࡩ࣠ߘ ݝ‬Ƅ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƣ ƥ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 1 Ɔ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ‫ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ -
ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ߥޢߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ - ࡣ ‫ܻݹߥܻހ‬೘ೃ ࡴ ᐱᏳƣ ࣠ߥୖ෺ࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻያዪࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ࡷે ઻ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬
ޯࡩƄ፥ ጿ
ࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƆ߄ ၮܻࣀ ೘ೃƣ ࣠ࡺޯᐱᏬࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ކݘ‬፥ ፕ ƥ 3.39 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹-
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހ‬Ƅबअ࢔‫ޢࠦކݘ‬ዙ዗ƀࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥūࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހߥޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƏ࢔‫ܻݹݘ‬ያዪࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ࡷે ઻ၮƄ࣠ީ࡯‫ݓ‬
ޯ‫ࡩޢ‬
‫ۑ‬౰౗ࡁ ƀࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƥबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፟ ፑƂࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ Ơ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƄ߃ ಛಗࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺ ଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƀଘଓƂūࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥ
࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƓ ୹ ‫ݑ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻߙྲ Ⴐ ୓กƆƥ߄ ߘࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻያዪūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ
፥ ጿਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ቧሼ࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࡴ ࠩࡺ‫ࡷ ࡼߘޢ‬ᑑ ᐽƍ໠ ໄީࣀ ჴࡓ ࡷūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࡴ ࠩࡁ ॅळࢵ ƥ
‫ۑ‬
ƨܻߙ୹ ‫ݑ‬ƥƨܻ୐෺ƌܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮƞ Ǝܻ‫ࡷޯݘ‬Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ፥ ፕ ƥƇ ƄƎܻ‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬ƄƥƇ ܻ‫ ࣀࡺޢ‬ଐଌƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƨƄ߄ ‫ހݘޢ‬ūࠢ‫ހ‬Ʀ ߃ ޯ༨࿻ Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެࡷ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค ݊ ࡷ ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ ፥ ጿ ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ Əƥमऌ ፥ ጿ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค ࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬Ǝܻያዪ‫ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬2013ū፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ
173
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ߄ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬Ǝܻያዪ‫ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬2010ūߎ ࡯ၯ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūơ ഻ܻവറƄܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ
‫ۑ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ
‫ء‬Ƅ߄ ዙኸ ࠦࢵ ƎܻያዪƢ߄ ߥ‫ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟކ‬2001ū፥ ፑൎ൉ಛಗƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
ࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄ߄ ‫ޢࠦࡩީݘ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƥ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ߄ ‫ݘ‬ƬީࡩƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ
፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦހݘ‬Ǝܻያዪ‫ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬2012ūว ෺ኆ ቱƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥū፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄ
‫ۑ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦހݘ‬ƎܻያዪƢ߄ ߥ‫ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟކ‬2012ū፥ ጒ࢖ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥū፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ
Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁƞ ܸ༩஽ ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ -2
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ ። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ
ࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒᎨ᎙ūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄ
:(15 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄީࡷ࣠ࠧሯሡሁࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งƨܻީყ჋मऒ
174
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(15 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
ࠦၴ Ǝƌ ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ ‫ ݧ‬ფ჈फए ࡱ ߕƋ
ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.010 3.66 ‫ࡦޟࠣێ‬Ƣ࣐ࢽ ଍ଉܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ࢓‫ݕ‬
ఱƩఐ 1 11
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.106 3.62 ‫ߕޟࠣێ‬ോെၬ ଘଐƁবঐߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ࣇ ‫ݽ‬
फं 2 10
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.126 3.59 ‫ێ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƟܸࡴŽࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤଘଐƥܸ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫƥŻକଐƢƤ ߁ ୊෷ 3 16
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ߁ ၭ ƁࣝࡦƁࢄ ‫ࡦߣ࢓ݶ‬ƁƇ Ƣफउࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁૄ સၫࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ࠓ ఱƩఐ 13
1.228 3.52 4
‫ێ‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ૄ સၫ ƃƋ߁ ߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ ƣ ኃ ቮ ƞ žܸߣެࡦƁ ƌ࢑‫ݕ‬
Ʃ‫ݶ‬ 14
1.048 3.50 5
‫ێ‬ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤଘଐƁ
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ዖኵ Ƃ Ƌܸ༩စ ܸᐮᏳŽૄ સၫŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁŻܸ࣍ ߽ Ž݇ ࡴࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෷ 15
1.060 3.27 6
‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐜࡴƃƉܸߣެࢲ କଐƁࡹ ࡐ የዧ
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ߕࣝެᑀᐺƥܸ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫƥܸߣߢࢲ ݇ ࢝ ࣝ‫ݽ‬
Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƄ ܸၭ ࣝࡷ࣊ ࢑ߣ༥࿸Ʃ 17
1.077 3.16 7
‫ێ‬
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ 1.201 3.11 ‫ێ‬௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁ݇ ࡴࢧ ߖܸީެࡦƁƇ ƢƋࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƣ ኃ ቮ౭ౄ୓Ʃ෷ 8 12
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .923 3.43 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻၴ Ǝƌ 5 ࣩ ࡺ࣏ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ*
(3.66 ،3.11 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘƣ ƀ 15 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
Ƈ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ƨܻ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ơ ਔ ৲ܻࡷ࣠ࠧƥ 3.43 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃᇯ ᇍ ࡁ ơ ഻ܻവറƄࠦၴ ƎƌƇ žܻၴ ƥ
ࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ
žƄƌƀࡼ ࡷ݊ ߘ࣠ޯࡷ౰ేၩܻ࣠ࠧࡷƥū߄ ࠩࠅ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱܻࡷ྽ Ⴐ ߘƀơ ߃ީࡩžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓܻ‫ߙ ݊ހ‬ਔ ৲ܻያዪūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄ
໠ ໄީჴႾơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ඳඣ൴ƥ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹
175
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 11 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ܻࡷޢࠦ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƀƣ ƀ -
१ ॏ‫ߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ƥ ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬Ƣ࣐ࢽ ଍ଉܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࡱ ࠦ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƠ Ƣ࢓‫ݕ‬
ఱƩఐ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴƬఓžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯ൞ᒑᐽ
ᑑ ᐽƍƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ౮ే৤৕ষƄࢇ ‫ࡩޢࠦކܻࡷࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ೘ೃࡴ ࠧ߄ࠩࠅ Ʀ Ǝܻࢧ ߘơ ߃୍กࡴ ࠧƎƥƌᑑ ᐽਓ ৹௪ ௎Ə࢔‫ࡩޢࠦࡷݘ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬
ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࠩ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲୷ ୪ơ ߃୍กࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱኆ ቱ࣠‫ࡩޢࠦݹ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ࡩߥެܻݑ‬
ࡣ ‫ކߦݘޢ‬፥ ጿƎƥƌࡼ ࡷܻಛಗܻଐଌबअ࢔‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ܺߙࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌܻ‫ ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻݹ‬ၩƥ
ࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƎ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬ƄƄ߃ ࠧबअ࢔‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬Əƥ
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺ܻያዪ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ ƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 12 Ɔ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬፟ ጕƌƀƣ ƀ -
‫ن‬ƀે ઻ၮࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ƥ ௧ ோ༄໦ ଙଐƁ݇ ࡴࢧ ߖܸީެࡦƁƇ ƢƋࡱ ࠦ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƣ ኃ ቮƠ Ƣ౭ౄ୓Ʃ෷ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ݊ ࡷࢪ ߙܻެޯࡩƄƊ ƥƎࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪Ʀ ኆ ቱƣ ƥ౰ేୖ෺ࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ
ࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄࡴ ࠧƎƄƥƌƀơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱܻࡷࡣ ࢥ ߙƀᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄ݊ ߙਔ ৲ܻያዪ 3.11 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ
ࡴ ᐳྜཾܻ೘ೃࠦ‫ࡩީ ࠒ޲ޢ‬Ƅၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄࡣ ࢥ ߙƀᎨᎌ߄ ߥ୓ก࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ‫ࡩޯެܻߙ ࢪކ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠‫ ࣀݘ‬ყߙūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌ
ࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺ܻ೘ೃƨܻ‫ޯࡺݘޢ‬༬ீ ƥƨܻ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩࠦ‫ࡩޯެܻߙ ࣀޢ‬ƄƆ౮ేଐଌƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥūƨܻ‫୐ܻߙ ࣀޢ‬งܻࠧ౮ే೘೉ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƢ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿ
žܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺ೘ೃࡣ ࢧ ޯࡩūࠦެࡓ ࡺଐଌƄࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ࣠ࡩƄߎ ࡯ޯ੆੅ਰमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬ƥबअ࢔‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࠦၴ Ǝƌ፥ ፕ ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ࡷࠢ‫ܻߙޢ‬ଐଌ፥ ጾƄƎࢪ ߙܻެჴჅ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅࡴ ᐳႮ ‫ࡷ ݊ހݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄࡣ ၮܻߦ‫ޢࠦކ‬ዙ዗ଛଓࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬ᇯ ᇍ ࡁ ࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄƥ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƥ
ࠦභඣ ൷Ƈ žܻၴ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ୆ค߄ ޯࡷࢪ ߙܻެޯࡩƄƊ ƥƎƆƎܻ‫މ‬Ƃƣ ƀࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ໠ ໄ‫ ݊ހ‬ዙ၅ေ཯དྷࡩƄበሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଗଓƄƥၖᆆ Ƅ౰౎ࡩƄߎ ‫ࡩ ࢥݘ‬
݊ ࡷࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƥžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ƅ߄ ၴ Ƅ࣠‫ܻࠧކ‬Ǝƥਔ ৹ᒋ ᑧߥ‫ކ‬በሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଛଓƄƥၖᆆ Ƅ౰౎ࡩƄߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬ƣ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ౰ే޲ჴఱ ఓཀྵདྷዙኽበሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷࡣ ዙኸ ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝƀ፥ ጿ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬Ƅࡴ ᐳႮ ‫ࡷ ݊ހݘ‬Ƅƥ߄ ၴ Ƅ࣠୓෺Ꭸ፻Ƅƍᓘƥࡴ ᐳႮ ‫ހݘ‬
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯެܻߙ ࢪހ‬ƄƊ ƥƎࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ ࠁޯ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ࡷݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ Ƅƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ࠁ Ƈ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷযওߘે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ഻ܻവറƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ 4 ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
ࠦ‫ހ‬ƎܻߥޯࡷƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ፥ ፕ ƥ 3.50 ،3, 62 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝࡷܻހ‬ƥƄमऒƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ހ‬ƎଛଓƄว งƄ࢖ଐଌƄ
176
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌ ƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ƨܻ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ơ ਔ ৿ƥ࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬ƄܻᐳႮ ‫ࡷ ࡼހݘ‬ƨƄ߄ ၴ
Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଘଓƄܻᐱᐜ᠐Ƅ࢖೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
Ƅ࣠‫ ࡴࡩޢ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƢܻࡷƀࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ࡴ ࠧžଘଓƥ௪ ௎߄ ީࡷࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄযওߥࡩܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ƣ ࣐࣠ ‫ހ‬मअࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀ
ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ၰ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݹ‬ƄƊ ƥमऌࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࣃ ࠖݘ‬ūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓ࣠‫ހ‬Ɔƥ߄ ߘƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆᑑ ᐽਓ ৹
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ
،3.27 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ୆กܻࣀ ࠁ Ƈ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷযওߘે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡼ ࡷ 2 ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေū࢛ ‫ࡩީݘ‬ƄܻᐳႮ ‫ހࠦࡷ ࡼހݘ‬ƎܻߥޯࡷƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ፥ ፕ ƥ 3.16
ūܻᐱᐟࡷƆƌܻߦޯࢵ ଘଓƄࡼ ࡓ ያዪࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƅ Ǝܻ༬ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪žܻ࣐ ࠀ ƀ݊ ࡷƣ ॅळࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
žܻ࣐ ࠀ ଘଓƄࡼ ࡷࠢ‫࣠ރ‬൞൙‫୓ݘ‬෺ܻࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱܻࡷࡣ ࢥ ߙƀᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥࡴ ࠩ‫ݑ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓࠦࢢ ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦၰ ܻ‫ކ‬Ƃᑑ ᐽਓ ৹௪ ௎Ə࢔‫ࡷݘ‬
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ࡩޯ࣠ߘݘ‬ƨܻ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮƨܻߦߥࢵ ƣ ࣠‫ ࡴݹ ࢥݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࠢޯხ჋Ǝบ คᇴᆝ ܻࡺᐱᚑƨƄਔ ৹ƀ࣭ ࣐ ༧࿻Ƭ ଘଓྲ ྟ྅Ơ ܻެࠧࢪ ყ࡯ߙūܻᐱᐕߙƣ ࣠‫཯ݹߥݘ‬དྷࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱࡴ ᐱᏹܻၰ ࣠ࡺ࣍ ࢔ߦ༨࿻ ܻያዪࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌžƄƌଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡷ
ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ‫ ࠁޢ ݟކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬2013ū፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬Ɔ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ܻࡷޢࠦࡷ ࡼހ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2001ū፥ ፑൎ൉ಛಗƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫઻ેހ‬ၮƀࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ɔܻၰ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƠ ॅळࢵ Ɛ Ǝܻ೘೉ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬
Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁƞ ܸ༩஽ ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ -3
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒᎨ᎙ūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄ
:(16 ơ ƥ߄ၴ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄީࡷ࣠ࠧሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งƨܻީყ჋मऒ
177
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(16 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ཬཏࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ ƁƄ ോᇦᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƞ ूरஇॅ ƁƉܸ༩࿸ ſ። ጼŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ࢑ߣ༥࿸Ʃ 19
1.204 3.42 1
‫ ࠂࠦࠦ ࡱێ‬Ɓࣝ‫ރ‬
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ࠣࠦࠂ Ɓࣝ଍ଉƃ਑ ৯߁ ஋ॅ Ɓࡱ ࠤƋᇱᇊ ߖŽƐ ୶ ‫ ૄ ݎ‬સၫŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ࠓ ఱƩఐ 18
1.193 3.29 2
‫ ࢽެߢަ࡬ޟࠣێ‬଍ଉƁƄ ܸ‫ݶ‬
߁ ၾ ެࡦƁ
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ݇ ࡴࡱ ࠦ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬። ጼࠣ‫ߕޟ‬ƁƋƜ ࢓࣊ Ƌᇱᇊ ୐෾Ɓૄ સၫŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ‫ݜ‬༥࿸ 20
1.229 3.23 3
‫ࡦ ࣍࡬ަࠣێ‬Ɓ
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ 1.247 3.09 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸॷ८२࣬ පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ କଐƁƉƁ߁ ၫଔଐƁ። ጼࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƝ ྯ ྜƩཻ 4 23
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ࠟ࢝ ୶ ‫ ࢝ޟࠣ ݎީ߁ ݎ‬Ɓ౭౑ߖƁቼቴ‫ݽܻ ࢲޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƉࣝࠦࠂ ౭ౄޯჱమ ఐ 21
1.116 2.87 5
‫ێ‬ቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƁ
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߕƁƢ݇ ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ፜ ፎſࡱ ࠤƋᇱᇊ ߖŽࡠ ‫ࣝݶ‬༥စ ፜ ፎſŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ߖ਑ ৯ 22
1.132 2.68 6
‫ێ‬
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ 1.041 3.11 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
،2.68 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 16 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿၒল ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ ‫ أن‬-ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ƨܻ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ơ ਔ ৲ܻࡷ࣠ࠧƥ 3.42
ơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃ፥ ጿ໠ ໄၮ߄ީࡷƥ௪ ௎ಒ౷ޯީࡷƄ࣠‫ ࡴࡩޢ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ಒ౷ߙƣ ƥ౰ే޲ჴఱ ఓžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬3.11 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࡴ ࠩࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ൞ᒑᐽ
ࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ƥūࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿƆ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠༨ீ Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ ࢵࠦࡷ ࡼހ‬Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ፟ ጕƌƀ
፥ ጘܾ‫ࡷܻݹ‬໠ ໄީჴႾơ ഻ܻവറƄƄ߃ ࠧƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ
178
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 19 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ݹࠦ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƀƣ ƀ -
(ࡱ ࠦࠦࠂ Ɓࣝ‫ཬރ‬ཏࡦƁࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ ƁƄ ോᇦᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƞ ूरஇॅ ƁƉܸ༩࿸ ſ። ጼŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƠ Ƣ࢑ߣ༥࿸Ʃ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ƥ
ࡴ ‫ݑ‬ኆ ቱƄᎨᎌ߄ߥ‫ࡷ ݊ކ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࡴ ࠩࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ ଗଓࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ࠦ‫ݑߥ࡯ޢ‬ƥಒ౷ߙƣ ƥ౰ే޲ჴఱ ఓžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
‫ۑ‬3.42 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦީࢵ ܻެଐଌƄơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬፥ ጿࡴ ಛಗ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 22 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ݹࠦ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƆ࢖ߥߙ፟ ጕƌƀƣ ƀ -
ቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ‫ݕޟࠣ و‬
ߕƁƢ݇ ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ፜ ፎſࡱ ࠤƋᇱᇊ ߖŽࡠ ‫ࣝݶ‬༥စ ፜ ፎſŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƠ ࣝ‫ݕ‬
ߖ਑ ৯ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬
ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ፥ ፕ ƥ 2.68 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ߘݘޢ‬Ƅƥ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻࣃ ࡷ፟ ፑƂࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙƀࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ፟ ፑƂࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƣ ࣠‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৲
ࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ࣠ࡩƄߎ ࡯ޯ੆੅ਰžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐢࢵ ƎܻያዪƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙƎƥबअ࢔‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ
‫ۑ‬ᑑ ᐽƍࢇ ‫ࡺ ࡓެࠦࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ଐଌƄ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ࡷݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ Ƅƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ࠁ Ƈ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷযওߘે ઻ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄơ ഻ܻവറƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ 4 ‫ߘ ߄ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
‫د‬ƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ƨܻ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ơ ਔ ৿፥ ፕ ƥ 2.87 ،3.29 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒ཯དྷࡩƄƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ހ‬ƎଛଓƄว งƄ࢖ଐଌƄ‫ ࠁޯ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀƧ ƀ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅ
Ɗ ࢖࣍ ࠦ‫ݹ‬༇໪ ࡴ ಛಗ໠ ໄႁ ‫ࡷޯޢ‬ūࠦ‫ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌƆਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙƀƓ ୹‫઻ ેݑ‬ၮࡴ ࠧžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ࣠‫ ࠖݘ‬ఴ ఓ
ሯሡሁ ūƨܻ‫ ࠅࠩࠩ ࡴࡷ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ࣠‫཯ߘ ߄ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ࡷᑑ ᐽਓ ৹໠ ໄࡁ Ǝ߄ ࡷū݊ ࠅ Ƅमऒƥƀƌƌमऒƣ ƥƌࡴ ᐱᏩƄƎſƥࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙƀ
݊ ‫ ࡣ ܻ࣍ހ‬ዙ၁ဤƧ ኅ ቱƄযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅࢇ ߥࠒ ޯ‫ࡩޢ‬ūࡴ ᐱᐢީ࡯࣍ ݊ ࡷࡴ ࠩ࡯ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ߘޢ‬Ƅ༟༎ƄƟ ࢖࣐ ࡩƄƎᇴᇍ ୓กƄે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƣ ࣠޲༨࿻ ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५࣯ භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓƄ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƣ ࣠ࡁ ྲ ྟƬཾࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᏳൎ൉࣐ ࡩഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƆƌ࣠ࠅ
߄ެ‫ࢠޢࠦݑ‬Ƅ౰౔ߙƄቿቷ‫ ࡴހܾ ࢵޟ‬ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ಒ౷ߙ௪ ௎౰ే޲ჴࣀ ࡷūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ࠦ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄ࣊ ࣐ உै Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦߥ޲ხެଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ
ࠦஎै ܻ‫ࡷݘ‬፥ ጿࡴ ࠩଐଌƄࡴ ࠧƎƥਔ ৹ࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪Ǝ࣠‫ ࢸݘ‬ᑑ ᐽਓ ৹௪ ௎Ə࢔‫ࡷݘ‬ūܻಛಗࠦެࡓ ࡺଐଌƄơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ ଗଓቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࡴ ᐳႩ ୹ ‫ݑ‬
Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷबअ࢔‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬Ƣܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
Ƈ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࡣ ၰ ፥ ጿƎᇴᇍ ୓กଘଓƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƌ࣠‫ޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣊ݹݘ‬ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƄƥ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥ
Ƥ߃ ࠧ࢖ߙ࣠‫ކ‬Ƣ߄ၮƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅܻࠩࡓ ᚻ࡯ޯ೘೉ଘଓƇ ܻ୆คᇴᇍ ࡷଗଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƥܻࠩߥ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƈ ܻ୆คᇴᇍ ࡷƂ፟ ፑƂƉ ܻޯ༨ဈ Ɔਔ ৲߄ ၴ Ɵ ࢖࣐ ‫ހ‬
179
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƈ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࡣ ஊै ഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūࠢၮ୍ܻงƄ݊ ࡷਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄܻࠧ౰ే޲ჴఱ ఓ཯དྷࡩƄƎᇴᇍ ߙଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬ƥࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࢇ ‫ކݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷଘଓƄ
ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮܻࠩ࡯‫ࢠݘޢ ߎކߦݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄ݊ ‫ކ࣠ ࢵޢ‬ƥࠦ‫ ࢵݘ‬ƄƥƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄࠢၴ Ƅ࣠‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄ
ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀ፥ ጿƆƌƎƄ࣠ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻၰ ౰౔ߥࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƆƌƥ߄ ༨ீ ࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ ࡴ ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ࢖ߙ
ଘଓž࿃ ႡࡩƄ߄ ߘܻߙ ࡣ ‫ߘޢ‬ሯሡሁ ƥܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡓ ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼ଘଓࡴ ܻࠧࡺެყჅࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌࠦ‫ ࢵݘ‬ƄƥƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢢ žܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬Ƃࡴ ࠧƎƥ߄ ߥ೘ೃߎ ‫ߙ ࡓޢ‬
‫ݹݘ ࣐ޢࠢۑ‬
ūว ෺ኆ ቱƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ࢵ ଗଓƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ‫ܻࡩޢࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
ࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬Ɔ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ࢵ ଗଓƄơ ഻ܻവറࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ‫ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬2012
‫ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬2013ū፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅƥūܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ
ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ࡩ޲ܻࡩ޲ࠦހ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ࢵ ଗଓƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ൎ൉༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ơ ഻ܻവറƄܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ
Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƄ ƁƋܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁƞ ܸ༩஽ ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ -4
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒᎨ᎙ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ
:(17 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄީࡷ࣠ࠧሯሡሁࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งƨܻީყ჋मऒ
(17 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
(ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
180
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣၱ ƋƉ ‫ ݧ‬ფ჈फए ࡱ ߕƋ
ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ
Ƌܸࡷ ଍ଉƁ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ࢚ ‫ހ‬ ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ
Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁ ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ
ࠣࢲ ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.129 3.82 ‫ݶࠣێ‬
߁ ༩࿿ ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁŻƁƋଙଐപ ୠࢤ Ʃ‫ݶ‬ 1 30
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.201 3.78 ‫ێ‬ቼቮżࢧ ფࡦƢƥܸ‫ܸހ‬మ చſơƋܸަެ‫ݽܸ ݎ‬
ࣝࢢ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ࡴࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෷ 2 29
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.127 3.71 ‫ێ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ࡴྯ ႓ܸަ଍ଉƁࡠ ࢟ ƁࣝެࡦƁƢƇ ࣝެߣ଍ଉƁƞ ܸࢤ ‫ރ‬କଐƁࠣࢲ ܸ‫ݕެ ࡷ ߁ ࢲޟ‬
‫ݶ‬ 3 24
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.149 3.68 ‫ݕ ࡷ ࡠێ‬
ࡦƁ። ጼࠣࡷ ࠦ଍ଉƁŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƄ Ɓƌܸ༩ဂ ſƋ߁ ߢƩ‫ݶ‬ 4 33
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.159 3.65 ‫ێ‬௧ ோ౫ౄࡷ ެ଍ଉƁŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠟࡴܸࡷ ެࠤƁ࢓ࠦ࣌Ʃ‫ݶ‬ 5 31
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.328 3.50 ‫ێ‬ŻƁࣝࢲ Ƨ߁ ၭ ૄ સၫŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ‫ޟ‬ዖ၂ဨࠟࡴܸࡷ ެࠤƁ። ፎࣝƩ‫ݶ‬ 6 25
࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ ‫ێ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƄ ƁƋ߁ ߕໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁƜ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁƋܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁໝ ແ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬݇ ࢢ ‫ݶ‬ 32
1.101 3.38 7
‫ة‬
‫ࡷݝ‬ ‫ެ࡬ߣࠣێ‬ളലമƁࡱ ᐮ᏶ܸަࢲ ܸީࡴࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƝ ƋܸఱƩఐ 26
࣊ ࢵƥ 1.120 3.17 8
‫ة‬
‫ࡷݝ‬ ‫ێ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƄ ܸަ݉ ƋƢࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࢄ ‫ࡦެࣝߖޟ‬Ɓૄ સၫࡠ ࡷ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬ 27
࣊ ࢵƥ 1.077 3.08 9
‫ة‬
‫ࡷݝ‬ ߁ ࡷ ެ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬ 28
࣊ ࢵƥ ࠣࢲ ܸ‫ࢲޟ‬
100
‫ة‬ ౫ౄߣࠏ ެࡦƁ

80
Ƥ Ɖܸ଍ଉƁ
60 East
1.1
2.68 Ƥ ࣝީ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁƢ 10
West
40
11
߁ ީ‫ݎ‬
North
20
0 ࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ
‫ێ‬ƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐƁ
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .947 3.44 ࠣ‫ݕ‬

ࡷ ެ༩஽ ƞ ܸസലമƁƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖ

፥ ፕ ƥ 3.82 ،2.68 ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢࠦ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ቿቱଘଓƌ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࠢޯެࡺࢥ ‫ܻކ‬ଐଌƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀƥūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷƧ ƌ࢖ߙƢܻࡺޯܻࠧ‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
181
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ޲ࡩܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬3.44 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃᇯ ᇍ ࡁ ơ ܻႅ ൞ᒑᐽ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹

፥ ጘଜଓƄ໠ ໄީჴႾơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄ 30 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ݹࠦ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƀƣ ƀ -
Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ࠦ ކ‬ၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮ‫ߘ ߄ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ ࠣ‫ݶ‬
߁ ༩࿿ ࡱ ࠦ‫ݕ‬
ࡴŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁŻƁƋଙଐƠ ࣝ‫ݐ‬
ࢤ ‫ݶ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ᑑ ᐽƍƥūơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ፕ ƥ 3.82 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ
ūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࠦ‫ ߄ݹ‬༬ဂ žܻ‫ݓ‬
ࢢ ଘଓƄࡼ ߙƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝ ܻ೘಼žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬
Ƨ ƀ༟༎Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓƄ࣯ ࣐ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ࣯ݹ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀਔ ৯ܻߥࡁ ᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪Ƨ ƀƎƣ ࣠ࡷ౰౔༨࿻ ƥ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄ፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 28 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ݹࠦ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬፟ ጕƌƀƣ ƀ -
፥ ፕ ‫ و‬ƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐƁࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ߁ ީ‫ ݎ‬Ƥ ࣝީ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁƢƤ Ɖܸ଍ଉƁ౫ౄߣࠏ ެࡦƁࠣࢲ ܸ‫ ࢲޟ‬Ơ Ƣ߁ ࡷެ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯ൞ᒑᐽࠦ‫ߥޢߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေ
ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ߄ ެ‫ݘެ࣠يݑ‬ଐଌƄƥƧ ƌܻଐଌƄ౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƄƣ ƥ߄ ࡺޯ‫ݹݘ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬
ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै ƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ࢠݘ ߎރ‬፟ ፑƂࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥ 2.68 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƄ
ࡴ ᐱᏹܻ࣏ ࠁ ൎ൉ࡷơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƤ߃ ಛಗࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ࢖ߥߦᑃᐽࠦߥࠒ ޯࣀ ଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ᒗᐽࡴ ࠧਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌଛଓࠦߙܻࢥ ଐଌƄ
ūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘે઻ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ഻ܻവറƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ 5 ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
፥ ፕ ƥūࠦ‫ކ‬ƥܻߦޯࡷƇ ܻၴ Ǝਔ ৹ 3.50 ،3.78 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒ཯དྷࡩƄƥ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࢪ ସଧଣ Ƅว งƄ࢖ଐଌƄ‫ ࠁޯ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄƥ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓ‫ا‬Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ƨܻ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ơ ਔ ৿
ūƟ ܻࠧƎଗଓܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬ƄƥƎ࣠ޯߦᑃᐽƓ ࢖‫ߙࠩ࣠ࡷݘ‬ūቿቱſࢪ ყࡩƥƨܻ‫ܻރ‬ఱ ఝƂƤƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࡷ ݊ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ƣ ॅळࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺žܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
௪ ௎߄ ࡺޯ‫ࡷݘ‬ūࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄࠢޯࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ቻቱƣ ܻఱ ఝᇳᆝࠢߥࠁ ࣠ࢥ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ࣐࣠ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬ūƤ౮ే೘೉ƥࠢၰ ܻභච ൴፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƎ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅࠢ‫ ࡼݹݘ ࣐ޢ‬ଐଌƉ ܻޯ༨࿻ ƥ
ે઻ၮࡴ ࠩࡺࣀ ߘ ፥ ጿ௪ ௎౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓܻ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᚑܻࡺޯࠧƄƣ ƥ࢖࣏ࠩƬ‫ݹ‬ƥūྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƥƊ ࣠ޯߦଐଌƄơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿžܻߥީࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƏ࢔‫ܻݹݘ‬೘ೃƆ౮ేࡺޯࡷơ ܻዙኸ ƀࡼ ࡷƤƥ࢔༬စ ƀܻ೘ೃƣ ࣠ߙ౰౔‫ݟݹݘ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
፥ ጿܻᐱᏳƄ࣠ߦᆿƬᆝ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࡺࠩଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƇ ƄƏܻ༬စ Ƃƣ ƥƎ߄ ߥƬ‫ ࡴݹ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ū౮ేࡺޯࡷžƄƌƀࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱܻࡷࡣ ࢥ ߙƀᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ
182
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
཯ དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘે ઻ၮࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࠦ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝހߥޢ‬ƥ -

ūࠦ‫ކ‬ƥܻߦޯࡷƇ ܻၴ Ǝਔ ৹ 3.08 ،3.38 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ɔ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄࡣ ީߘƈ ൎ൉޲ࡩƄว งƄ࢖ଐଌƄ‫ ࠁޯ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ‫ أ‬-ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ -‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ơ ਔ ৿፥ ፕ ƥ
ࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓࡴ ࠩߦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ކ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ߙޢ‬ūžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƇ ƄƎ߄ ߘ໠ ໄ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ހݘ‬ƣ ࣠‫ݹ ࢥݘ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
༅໮ Ƅ࣠ஊै Ƅơ ƥबऒƄ߃ ᐱᏳ ƥūࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻީࢵ ܻެࡷࡴ ࠧžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ࣠ࡁ Ǝܻఴ ఓƥƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƤ߃ ಛಗࡴ ᐱᐢߙ࢖‫ࡷݘ‬Ǝ߄ ߘે ઻ၮƢܻࠩଐଌƄƏܻ༬စ ܺᄣ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧ ƀ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯ࣠ߙޢ ࢇހ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƣ ॅळࡺ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥ Ɓ୹ ୪໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࡴ ᐱᐟყჅࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƥơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄࢇ ‫཯ކݘޢ‬དྷࡩƄ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏹܻၰ ࣠ࡺ࣍ ƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻީ‫ ݌‬मऌ࣊ ୍งमऒ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƥžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬൑ᑉᐽበሼ౰౔ࣃ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎Ƅ߰ ‫ކ࣠ࢠޢ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2010 ūߎ ࡯ၯ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅሯሡሁࠦ୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿƇ žܻၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2013ū፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
ܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ܻࡷ ࣀࠦހ‬உै Ƅ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩ
ūƆኆ ቱƄ࣠உै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ơ ഻ܻവറƄ
ƥƆܻၰ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄ፥ ደॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2010ūƇ ƄƌƄ༇໮ ƥ
‫ۑ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ
። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓƞ ܸ༩஽ ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ Ƅ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ -5
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ
ơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽ
໠ ໄީࡷ࣠ࠧሯሡሁࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งƨܻީყ჋मऒơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒᎨ᎙໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ 18 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿ
(18 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
଍ଉƁ ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.135 3.80 ‫ ࡱێ‬ಘಔࠣၭ ࣝީࡷ଍ଉƁƄ ܸ‫ ߾ޟ‬ോെࢤ ࡦƁŻࣝ࢝ ። ጼƃ߀ ၽ ެ଍ଉƁŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƄ ƁƋƁ࢓ߕƟ౭౑༥࿸ 1 35
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.176 3.69 ‫ێ‬
ƥܸ‫ߕޟ‬ോെၬ ŽܸࡴƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ Ɓࠣ࣍ ࡬ࢽ ࡦƁƟƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ ƁƃƋƢྯ Ⴆ Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ൎᑆᐺቤሹ࣐‫ݶ‬ 2 40
183
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.170 3.66 ‫ێ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ൎᑆᐺƄ ܸ‫ ߾ޟ‬ോെࢤ ࡦƁ࣬ ࣍ ‫ݕ‬

Ʃ‫ݶ‬ 3 34
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.138 3.59 ‫୍ߣޟ ߀ࠤܸێ‬คƢ Ƅ ƁƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁࠣၫܸީ࢟ ። ጼŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƝ ྯ ྜƩཻ 4 36
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.350 3.57 ‫ێ‬ƃƌܸެࡷ଍ଉƁࠣ‫ ݎޟ‬Ɓ਑ ৶ଔଐƁࡱ ࠤƉࣝࠦࠂ ࡠ ‫ݽ‬
ܸߢࡴቼቴ‫ߕ࡬ޟ‬Ƅ ܼߖᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁƠ ŽŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ൎᑆᐺ၏য ࣝƩ‫ݶ‬ 5 37
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ 1.167 3.32 ‫ݶࠣێ‬ƋƢྯ Ⴋ ࡦƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁࠣ‫ ࢽ࡬ ࣍ޟ‬ჱࡦƁࢄ ‫ݳ‬Ɓࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁቼቮƁƌଔଐത ୥మ ఐ 6 39
࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ 1.170 3.28 ‫ࡦ ࢽ࡬ ࣍ࠣێ‬ƁƟƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ Ɓ߁ ީ‫ ܻ࣍ ݎ‬ஆॅ Ɓૄ સၫࠣަࢲ ܸഴലമƁƃƋƢྯ Ⴆ ࠟ‫ ݎ ࢢܸݳ‬ଘଐ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬ 7 38
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .973 3.56 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
،3.80 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 18 ơ ƥ߄ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ ‫ أن‬-ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ƥ 3.28
ࠢޯެࡺࢥ ‫ࡷܻކ‬ƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄƣ ࣐࣠ ‫ݹݘ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦ୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે઻ၮ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƠ ॅळࢵ ơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬3.56 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ
፥ ጘܾ‫୓ ࢥ ߰ࡷܻݹ‬෺ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ƥūࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿ
࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄ፥ ፕ ƥ 35 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƀƣ ƀ -
፥ ፕ ‫ ࡱ و‬ಘಔࠣၭ ࣝީࡷ଍ଉƁƄ ܸ‫ ߾ޟ‬ോെࢤ ࡦƁŻࣝ࢝ ። ጼƃ߀ ၽ ެ଍ଉƁŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁƄ ƁƋƁ࢓ߕƠ ࣝࡴ౭౑༥࿸ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀƧ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌ
ƢƄ౰౔ၰ ଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƥࡴ ಛಗܻࠧ࣠ࠒ ެࡷ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߘƣ ࣠ࡷ౰౔༨࿻ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬
(3.80 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏩܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬ଗଓࡴ ࠩ‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৲ܻያዪࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖೘ೃƣ ࣠ߥୖ෺ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀે઻ၮơ ਔ ৲
‫ۑ‬ơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ፕ ƥ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 38) Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬፟ ጕƌƀƣ ƀ -
ቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ‫ࡦ ࢽ࡬ ࣍ࠣ و‬ƁƟƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ Ɓ߁ ީ‫ ܻ࣍ ݎ‬ஆॅ Ɓૄ સၫࠣަࢲ ܸഴലമƁƃƋƢྯ Ⴆ ࡱ ᐮᏦܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƠ ࣝ༥༡ ࣝ‫ݶ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀƧ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬
Ə࢔‫ܻݹݘ‬ያዪūࡴ ಛಗࠦၰ ࣠ެࡺଐଌƄ࣐ࠦ ࡯ࣀ ࡩƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ߄ ެ‫ ࣐ܾݑ‬உै Ƅે ઻ၮࠦީࢵ ܻഷവറƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƣ ࣠༨༤ ࣠‫ݹ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
Ɔ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧơ ࣠ࢧ ࠁ ྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥ 3.28 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃƥ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ƢܻࠩଐଌƄƏܻ༬စ Ƃ߄ ެ‫ࠦݑ‬୆งƄኅ ቱƄࠦ‫ߘܻހ‬༟༎Ƅƀ߄ ީࡷࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦၰ ܻޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݝ‬ყࡩࠦީࢵ ܻഷവറƄ࣐ࠦ ࡯ࢵ ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƌ࣠‫ߘ ߄ݹݘ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ໠ ໄ‫ࠦࡷ ࡼހ‬ၴ Ǝƌ፟ ጕƌƀે ઻ၮ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࡴ ಛಗࠦၰ ࣠ެࡺଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌƥ߄ ༨ீ ࡼ ࡷၖ࿟ ܻ‫ࠧ࣠ރ‬ƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
184
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ࠁޯ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘે ઻ၮ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ഻ܻവറƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ 4 ‫ߘ ߄ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ 3.57 ،3.69 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒ཯དྷࡩƄƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ހ‬ƎଛଓƄว งƄ࢖ଐଌƄ
ƥƀࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄƣ ࣐࣠ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ƨƄ߄ ‫ܻހݘޢ‬ᐱᐕߙơ ൎ൉ၯ ƄƧ ƀƣ ƥƌūƨܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƄƨܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࡴ ಛಗƆܻ࣐ ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ࣐ࠦ ࡯ࣀ ࡩƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ࡴ ಛಗ௪ ௎ቧሼ࣓ࡷūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ࡴ ࠧƌ ࣠ࠩࠅ ࡣ ‫ ࡴࡷߥܻހ‬ಛಗࣩ ࣐ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄƣ ƀࡴ ಛಗ໠ ໄ༨༤ ࣠ࡷūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄƇ ƄƏƥܻႅ ޯࡩƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬
ࡼ ࡷܻࠧ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งƥƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄࠦၮܻެࢢ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƠ Ƅྲ ႖ଗଓƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎധ ୨ఱ ఓሯሡሁ ūቿቷ‫ߘ࡯ޢ‬ƆƏܻޯࡺଐଌƄࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ಛಗࠦၰ ࣠ެࡺଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄơ ൎ൉ၯ
፟ ጕ‫د‬ƀࡣ ީߘܻᐱᐜყ჋मऒ፥ ጘܾ‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘે ઻ၮ 39 Ɔ࢖ߥߙ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
ƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐งƥ 3.32 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹Ɔ࢖ߥߙ
ƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩƄ౰ేၩࠦ‫ ࣀ࡯ ࣐ޢ‬ჴࡩƄࢇ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄቿቱƄƏଗଓ
ƥƀƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ଘଓ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࡴ ಛಗࠦၰ ࣠ެࡺଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬ง߄ ެ‫ݑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄࢇ ‫ݶ ࢇކݘޢ‬
Ƅ࣠‫ݑ‬Ƨ ƀቿቱƄƏଗଓ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐜࠁ ܻࢢ ࢇ ‫ކݘޢ‬Ƈ ܻߘ࣠‫ࡷݘ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠‫ކߦ࣠ݹ ࢛ހ‬
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค ݊ ࡷ ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄ Ơ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ ࠦၴ Ǝƌ ‫ܻࡩޢࠦ ࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค ࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2013 ፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬ơ ഻ܻവറƄܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝ ƌࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ࠦހ‬୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿžܻၴ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬Ƅ
ᚹ ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
ᄂ ཻƋ ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴܸࡴ :ࠟࢤ ‫ހ‬Ƥ ኂ ቮƁ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁૄ સၫࠣ‫ݽ‬
ܸၱ ൊᑆᐺ
Źࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ࢓࣌ ‫ ࠂࠦࠣހ‬Ƣࡹ ࡴŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ ଘଓࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƅ ܻࣀ ༨ဂ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ߘܻࡷ ݝ‬
ࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩᑑ ᐽƍƥū࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ Ǝ࣠༨ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙે ઻ၮ
‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒᎨ᎙ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƥūࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ࢓࣌ ‫ ࠂࠦࠣހ‬Ƣࡹ ࡴŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁ
‫ ߄ول‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄީࡷ࣠ࠧሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƨܻ‫ࡩޢ‬Əܻ୐งƨܻީყ჋मऒƎ࣠ഷവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ
:(19)
185
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠༨ீ ે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ ‫ ݧ‬ფ჈फए ࡱ ߕƋ
ŻକଐࣝࡦƁ Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁ ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ ƃ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼ૊ સዖኵ ŻƁƉŽŻ୍ܸงŽƠ ܸߢ‫ރ‬ଔଐƁƣ ࢓༥စ Ž 49
.755 4.45 1
Ɓ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ‫ཬێ‬ཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ࠣަ࡬࣊ Ɯ ࣝߣ‫ރ‬። ጼࡱ ᐰ ྙཻܸೕೀƥƁ౭ౄޯ࠾ বঝࠤŽ 50
.700 4.43 2
Ɓ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ‫ߖ ࢢ࡬ܸࠦێ‬ŽƢƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣࡴ߁ ߢࡴ። ጼཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ơ ࣝࡐ ‫ރ‬Ơ ŽསཌೕೆŽ 42
.751 4.41 3
Ɓ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ። ጕƉܸ‫ࠤࠣߕޟ‬Ɓऩऌཬཌࡷ ᐮ᏶ 48
.804 4.30 4
Ɓ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ‫ཬێ‬ཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ቼቮܸࢲ Ƌࢄ ‫ࠦ ߁ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬஋ॅ Ɓࡹ ࡴƥƁ਑ ৯୴ ୧ƞ ߀ ަࡦƦ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ެࢽ ࡴܸ‫ހ‬Ž 56
.696 4.28 5
Ɓ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ‫ێ‬༄໦ żƠ ᇱᇊ ࡴƤ Ž። ጼࡠ ࡷ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁૄ સၫࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࡠ ࡷ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࡠ ࢢ ߖŽ 60
.993 4.23 6
Ɓ߁ ၱ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.013 4.13 ‫ࠤܸێ‬౫ౄೕೆƢࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣ‫ݕ‬
የዙ ཬཌࡷ ᐮ᏶ 7 45
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .944 4.11 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓफंࣝ࣍ ެࡦƥƁƉࣝࠦࠂ ። ጕƉܸ‫ߕޟ‬ƞ ߀ ୊คܸࡴ߁ ީ‫ ݎ‬ƃƉܸ‫ݕ‬
ࢽ ࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࢧ ߾ Ž 8 54
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .803 4.04 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼƥƁࣝࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ƌܸަެ‫ݽܸ ݎ‬
݇ ࡷ ެസലമƁ። ጼƥƁफऒ࣐ࡴƥƁƋƢƉƤ ኃ ቮƠ Ž࢓‫ݕ‬
ࢵŽ 9 51
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ Ɵ߁ ߕŽ 41
ࡠ ࢢ ߖŽ
100
Ɯ ࢓࣍ ࡦƁ
80
ࠣ‫ޟ‬మ ఐƋ߁ ެࡦƁ

60 East
.855 4.00 ƃƋࣝ࣍ ެ଍ଉƁ 10

West
40
ࠣၫܸߕ። ጼ
North
20
0 ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ
‫ێ‬። ጏോെ࣍ ࡦ
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .935 3.94 ‫ݕࠣێ‬

ࡴܸॷ८२࣬ ൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ‫ࡦަ ࠏݜ‬Ɓƞ ܸ༩஽ ። ጼƋࣝ࣍ ެࡦƁƢ਑ ৯߁ ႂ ެࡦƁࠣަ࠾ Ɓࣝࡴƣ ࢓༥စ Ž 11 43
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.022 3.82 ‫ཬێ‬ཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ơܸ༩စ ƥƁ߁ ၱ ። ጏܸ༩࿸ ſƤ Ƌࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢵ 12 55
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.128 3.78 ‫ཬێ‬ཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸࡴ߁ ၬ ࡹ ‫ެ ࡷ ݇ ݎ‬സലമƁܸ࢝ फउƃƉܸ‫ݕ‬
మ గ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࢵŽ 13 44
186
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.066 3.75 ‫ ࠂࠦ ߁ێ‬ᇬ ᇊ ‫ݽ‬

ཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ ૄ સޯ଍ଉƁƄ ܸ‫ݶ‬
ܸ‫ݐ‬ࡦƁࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬ƥܸࡴƢƉത ୥ࢲ Ž 14 47
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .893 3.74 ‫ܸێ‬ಘಔƞ ूरၭ ࡹ ‫ݜ ݎ‬༥࿿ ƁƢ૊ ᇠᆚ ܸࣀ ࡴ። ፒ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓᇬ ᆚ ܸࣀ ࡴ౭ోެ‫ ݎ‬Ž 15 52
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .966 3.69 ‫ޟࠣێ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ። ጕƉܸ‫ݽߢޟ‬
ࠣୃ෾ܸ༩࿸ ᓕƢࠣ‫ཬߕࣝݶ‬ཏߕോെၫ 16 57
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ 1.126 3.59 ‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࡹ ࡴܸࠤ౭ౄၦࡹ ࡴƥܸ‫ ࣉޟߣޟ‬ƢƥܸީࡴŽ౭౔࠾ Žཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ơ ܻ‫ݽ‬
ƥܸࡴܸೕೆࢄ ‫ކ‬Ž 17 58
ࠣ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެࡴ 1.104 3.32 ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼ࣬ የዙ ༜་ƁƟƁƢኃ ቮƁ‫ߕ ݚ‬Ƣ౭ౄၦ። ጼ૊ સዖኵ ። ጼŻܸߢަࡦƁ። ጒ߁ ‫ݕ‬
మఐ 18 46
ࠣ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެࡴ 1.072 2.94 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐒߖŻܸߢަࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣၫܸީߢࡦƁƤ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣࢲ ܸ‫ ࢲޟ‬ƌ࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬ 19 53
ࠣࢢ ߣࠎ ީࡴ 1.205 2.57 ‫ێ‬ŻƁࣝࢲ Ƨ߁ ၭ ૄ સၫܸᐮᐒߖŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ‫ޟ‬ଵ଩ଠ Ɯ ࣝߢஇॅ Ɓࡹ ࡴ࣐‫ཬރ‬ཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ơ Žࢄ ‫ކ‬Ž 20 59
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ .537 3.88 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡷ ެ༩஽ ƋࣝഴലമƁƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖ
‫ێ‬Ƈ ܻၴ Ǝƌ 5 ࣩ ࡺ࣏ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ*

،4.45 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 19 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬Ƅƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေƥ 2.57
Ƣܻၮ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬งžଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
፥ ጘܾ‫୓ ࢥ ߰ࡷܻݹ‬෺Ǝ࣠ഷവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ඳඣ ൴ƥ 3.88)
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄ 49 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠༨ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫઻ ેߘޢ‬ၮƀƣ ƀ -
-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေ፥ ፕ ƥ (ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼࡱ ࠦ࡬ዖኵ ŻƁƉŽŻ୍ܸงŽƠ ܸߢ‫ރ‬ଔଐƁƠ Ƣ࢓ධච ൪ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬Ƅƣ ƀ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬
ࠦ୆งƄኅ ቱƄࡴ ᐱᐢ᠊ܻߘƎƥࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳႫ ൎ൉ၯ ƂƦ ߄ ࡷࡼ ࡷ݊ ‫ࠧ࣠ރܻހ‬ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࡴ ࠩ࡯ࡺ‫ ࡴࡩݘ‬ᐱᏩƄƌƀžܻ୐ชƀƣ ܻߥ‫ކ‬ଗଓƄƣ ƥ࢖ඳඣ ൭
Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ ࡼހ‬፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ፕ ƥ 4.45 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃƨƄ߄ ၴ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ܻᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžܻ୐ชƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌ
‫ۑ‬ቻቷࡺ‫ ࡣࡩݘ‬ၴ ƥ୷ ‫ٷݑ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߘܻހ‬Ǝ࣠ࢥ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆܻၮƄ࢖ଐଌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƎ࣠ഷവറƄ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀે ઻ၮ࢝ ୐ง཯དྷࡩƄƥ 59 Ɔ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐕ࡯ၮ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠༨ீ ፥ ጿࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬፟ ጕƌƀƣ ƀ -
ŻƁࣝࢲ Ƨ߁ ၭ ૄ સၫܸᐮᐒߖŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ݇ ‫ޟ‬ଵ଩ଠ Ɯ ࣝߢஇॅ Ɓࡹ ࡴ࣐‫ ࡱރ‬ᐮᐟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ơ ŽƠ ࣝߢ୓෷ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ ‫ أن‬-ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ࡩߦ ࣏ޢ‬ቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေ፥ ፕ ƥ
ે઻ၮƆ࢖ߥߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ūžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ Ɵ ࣠ߥࠁ ໠ ໄࡷܾ‫ܻࡷݘࠦࡷ ࡼކ‬எै Ƅࠢࡷ߄ ߥ‫ܻކ‬೘ೃࡴ ᐱᐢߥ‫ࢠݘ ߎމ‬ƣ ƥ߄ ୍෺
໠ ໄࡷܾ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūơ ഻ܻവറƄƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ࠦ ހ‬ၴ Ǝƌ፟ ጕƌƀ፥ ፕ ƥ 2.57 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ ࠦࢥ ߦࠑ ެࡷ ࠦၴ Ǝƌ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࢛ ߦࠑ ެࡷƎ࣠‫ࠧ࣠ ࢸݘ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᐢࡺ࣏ ެࡷ፥ ጿࡼ ࡷଛଓܻ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅࡴ ಛಗࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ܻᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷƧ ƀ፥ ጿƟ ࣠ߥஊै Ƅ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢܻࡺޯࠧƄߎ ‫ࠦࡩ ࢥݘ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
187
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ܻذ‬༧ဈ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ഁ೨࢖ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै ƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ࡩ ࢥݘ ߎރ‬ƌ࣠‫ރࠢݹݘ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻၴ ܻ‫ހܻ ࠁޯޢ‬
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄࠢ‫ݘ࢖ހ‬ఴ ఓܻࡷࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀે ઻ၮ཯ཌ࡯ࢵ Ɛ ᇴᇍ ‫ރݘ‬ଘଓƧ ƌ࣓‫ݹ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥūƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄ
ࢇ ‫ࠧ ࡴࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƌ࣠ࠩࠅ ơ ਓ ৹ࡼ ‫ ߄ݑ‬༨࿻ ଘଓƥūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥે ઻ၮमक࣓‫ݹ‬ଘଓᑑ ᐽƍƣ ƀଘଓƂࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ࡩ޲ߥࠦހ‬Ƅߎ ‫ࡷ ࡼࢠݘ‬
‫ۑ‬፥ ጹൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࡴ ᐱᐟ᠃ƌࡼ ࡷܻࠧ࣠ީࣀ ჴࡁ Ƅ཯དྷࡩƄƟ ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡷܻމ‬ƌࡼ ࡷࢇ ޲ხެࡷࡴ ࠩ࡯ީߘࡼ ࡷ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ƂƎ࣠‫ࠧ࣠ ࢸݘ‬ƥܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀ
ࠦ‫ߥޢߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ -ࡣ ‫ܻݹߥܻހ‬೘ೃࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘે ઻ၮ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠ഷവറƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ 5 ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬-
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ (4.43 -4.23 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒƨƄ߄ ၴ ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩߦޟ‬
ࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ܾ‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠ެ๻๬ึƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦީ࡯࣍ Ɵ ࣠ߦ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜཾܻ೘ೃƨƄ౰ే޲ࡁ ƣ ࣠ࡺޯᐱᏬᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
ࡼ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲୷ ୪ơ ߃ީࡩƣ ƥ߄ ‫ ࡴࡷ ࣀޯݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻ‫ࠧࠦߘޢ‬Ƅ౮౑‫ހ‬໠ ໄࡺޯᐱᚑūܻࠩ࡯ࢥ ߙƀƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
፥ ጾƄƎƎ࣠‫ و ࠧ࣠ ࢸݘ‬ū༇໩ ſƣ ᇴᇍ ࡷƧ ƀ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ॅळࢥ ߦ‫ݹ‬ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅቿቱܻࢵ Ǝࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄࠢ‫ݘ࢖ހ‬ఴ ఓܻଐଌ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋౰౔ࡩƄƄ߃ ᐱᏳƇ Ƅ࢖ߥߦࡩƄ፥ ጘܾ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀഭ ୨‫ࡩ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ
ࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūƆƥ߄ߘࡴ ࠧƎܻީޯ‫ޯࡺ ݊ހܻݑ‬഻വറƄ፥ ጿࠦީ‫ݘࠦ ࣍ޢ‬ያዜ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ‫ޢࠦކ ࡓ ࣀ ݪ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄࠦࠧƄबएƣ ƀ
Ǝ࣠‫ࠧ࣠ ࢸݘ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቱܻࢵ Ǝࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲୷ ୪ࡴ ಛಗ߃ ୍กࠦࡷ߄ ߥଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ‫ެ࣠ރࠢࡷ ࡼ ࠅݘ‬๻๬ึܻࡷ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷƀ࢔භඣ ൭ଘଓž༅໮ ࡴ ࠧƎܻީޯ‫ ࡴހܻݑ‬ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƎ࣠‫઻ ે ࢸݘ‬ၮࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺
ࠦ‫ߥޢߥޢ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ -‫ݹࠦ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄযওߘે ઻ၮƆ࢖ߥߙ 11 ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬-
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ 3.59 ،4.13 ໠ ໄ‫ ࠁ ݝހ‬ƥƄमऒࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩߦޟ‬
ࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ે ઻޲ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƨܻࡷƥƌƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ࡺݘ‬ఱ చܻᐱᐢ‫ݘ‬ያዜ ƣ ࣐࣠ ‫ހ‬౰ేߙūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ࡺݘ‬ఱ చƣ ࣠ࡺޯᐱᏬᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ƣ ƥ౰౎ޯ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡴ ࠧƎܻީޯ‫ޯࡺ ݊ހܻݑ‬഻വറƄ፥ ጿƨƄमक࣓ࡷƨƄƎƥƌࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƣ ƀƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀƥū߄ ࠩࠅ ᇯ ᇍ ‫ހ‬
௪ ௎߄ ‫ ࢵݘޢ‬ūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƨƄ߄ ၴ ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃࡴ ࠧƎ࣠‫ ࢸݘ‬ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūܻಛಗơ ॅळၰ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬ƣ ࣠޲ඳඝ ൭ƥࡴ ࠩᆿᆝ ܻࣃ ࡷ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ࡷ
،ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࡴ ᐱᏹƌܻ‫ࠦހߥޢ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ ᓘƥࠦ‫ ࡴߘ࣠ݹ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƣ ƀ௪ ௎ቧሼ࣓ࡷūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ ܻࡷ߄ ၯ ࡼ ‫ޯࡺ ݊ݑ‬഻വറƄܻࢠƎࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ރ‬ƥमअܻ೘ೃ
Ƥܻ༬ဈ ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄࡴ ࠧƎ࣠‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬ƨƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ūƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ ࣌ޢߦޢ‬ƥƨܻެࡷƀ౰౗ࡁ ƀࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƣ ܾ‫ހ‬ƨܻࡷܻ೘೉ƣ ࣠ߥୖ෺ƥ
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ
ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै Ƅ Ƈ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ যওߘ ે ઻ၮ 18،17 ፥ ፕ ƥ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ Ǝ࣠༨ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙ ࡼ ࡷ 2 ‫ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ƥ -
‫ ࠁ ݝ‬ƥƄमऒ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝ ਔ ৹ -ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬-ࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄƥ
፥ ጿࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ፥ ጿƣ ࣠ߥ୍෺ܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ݘ‬ఱ చƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ 3.32 ،2.94 ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
188
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ଘଓƂūܻᐱᐕߙžܻߥީࡩܻ‫ࠦހ‬ၮܻެߥࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱƏ࢔‫ކݘ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƣ ƀƣ ƥमअࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ࣯ ያዜ ༟༎ƄƢƄƥኆ ቱƄ‫ߘ ݝ‬ƥ౰ేၩ
ūࠦࢵ Ƅ‫ر‬ኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ ࢸݘ࢖ހࠢݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄၒল ࣠‫ࠦࡷޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣐ࠦކ‬ၴ Ǝƌܻᐱ᏶ƀ
ƨܻ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮƨžଘଓƥƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠༨ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƇ ܻ‫ ࣍ޢ‬፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥ
ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎƥቿቱܻࢵ Ǝࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲୷ ୪ơ ߃ީࡩࡴ ࠩ‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৲ܻያዪࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƨܻࡷƄ౮౔ࡩƄƥƨܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ޯ೘೉ၒল ࣠‫ܻކ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ
žଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ࠦ୆กܻࣀ ஊै ƄƇ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ߥޢߥޢࠦࡩߦޟ‬ஊै Ƅ -ƌƥ߄ ஊै Ƅࡣ ‫ࠧ࣠ࡷܻݹߥܻހ‬ƥ 3.88 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ፥ ፑܻၮ࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬ง
Ǝ࣠༨ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ‫ ݪ‬ყ჋मऒ፥ ጿƇ ƥܻߦޯࡩƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ -
ᑑ ᐽƍƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮযও࣏ ެޯࡩƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠༨ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ
཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬ūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃ፟ ፑƂ
ū፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ƀžଘଓƥࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓ࣠ߙūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࡴ ܻࠩࠧ༬ဈ ౰ేࢧ ߥ‫ކ‬Ƨ ƀࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬ƥūࡴ ᐱᏹƄƌܻ‫ ࡓܻࠩߘޢ‬ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼
ࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ౮ే೘೉ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡣ ‫ޢ‬ხࢵ ፥ ጿƤ࣠ࡷ߄ ߥ‫ݹ‬ƣ ƀƣ ࣠ީ༨࿻ ūܻࡷ፟ ፑƂࠦߙܻࢠƂܻᐱᐕߙƣ ॅळࡺ‫཯ݹݘ‬དྷࡩƄࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ࡴ ᐱᏩܻߙƥࡼ ࡺࢥ ୓෺
ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌܾ‫࢖ߙߥࠦހ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻ࣏ ࠁ ൎ൉೘ೃࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢛ ‫ࡩޢࠢހݘ‬ƀƎܻࢸ ƀܻࡷƄ߃ ࠧƥūࡴ ಛಗƨƄ౮ే೘೉౰౎ޯ‫ݹݘ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ
Ƈ Ƅƥൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƇ ƄƏܻ‫ࡷޯޢ‬ଘଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƃƣ ࣠ࠒ ࡺ࣐ ‫઻ ેࡷܻݹ‬ၮƄॅळࢧ ༨࿻ ƣ ଛଓࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀƨƄਔ ৹ƀ१ ॐ୐งଘଓࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ƀƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿƢƀࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿžƄ࣠ࢵ ܻᐱᐟ‫ݑ‬ƣ ࣠޲ඳඝ ൭཯དྷࡩƄ
݊ ࡷ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬ƄƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀƢƀࠦ୆ก୹ ‫ݑ‬Ƣƀࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ீ ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2010ū཯ཏࣀ ஊै Ƅ ࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
(2006ūࠦ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁެ࣠ރ‬ƄƎƌƥ 2008ūƣ Ƅ߄ ዙ዇ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūࠦ‫ ୹ކߦݘ‬୪ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹žܻၴ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 1999ūƧ ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2005ūƖ Ǝܻߙ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2005ūƢܻެ‫ ࢵࠦ ݌‬ƄƎƌƥ
(2013ū፥ ፑॅळᐱᐜࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2000ūƟ ƌܻࢢ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ (2003ū፥ ፑܻࣃ உै Ƅ)ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ‫( و‬2009ūƣ ܻ࣐ ࡯ࢵ ƥ
žଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ ( Malik, et al , 2010 ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ‫و‬
Ƭ
‫( ࠁޢ ݟ‬Khuong & Tien, 2013 ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ‫( و‬2012ū፥ ጒ࢖ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ፥ ፑܻၮ࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬ง
‫ ୹ކߦ ݊ۑ‬୪ƣ ᇴᆝ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀ ፟ ፑƂܻ‫ކ‬Ǝܻࢸ ƀ
189
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬2011ūƧ ߄ ࡷܻ‫ݓ‬

ࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
ƣ ƀƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2007ūƧ Ǝ߄ உै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹žܻၴ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࠦࡷޯ࣠ ࢵ ࣐ࠦۑ‬ၴ Ǝਔ ৹žܻၴ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ީࢵ ܻଐଌࠦࢢ ൎ൉ၯ ƥ
ࡼ ࡷࡴ ܻࠩࠧ༬ဈ Ǝ࣠ࢧ ߘࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ހ‬ƣ ƥ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓܻࡷࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ໠ ໄ࣐ ୍ง୹ ୪žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹žܻၴ
‫ ࡴߙޢ ࢥݘ ߎۑ‬ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ፥ ጿमक࣓‫ݹ‬ଘଓƎ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƣ ƀƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬
ᚹ ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢ‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
‫ݽܸت‬
ܸႂ ެࢲ Ɓໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣୃ෴ܸࢤ ߾ ſቼቮକଐƉƄ ƁƊƜ Ƣ࢓ߖ߁ ၱ ࣝ‫ ࠤ ࡠރ‬:ࠟࢤ ‫ހ‬Ƥ ኂ ቮƁƢ‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁૄ સၫࠣ‫ݽ‬
ܸၱ ൊᑆᐺ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢽ ࡦŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ Ɵܸࢽ ߕŽŻܸࢲ žƋࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉफं߁ ߢ‫ࣝރ‬༥ဂ ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ
ࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬ƁŨƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ ŨơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
Ũ࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁŨࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ୊ค༜་ƁŨࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ Ƅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƣ ࢑‫ݕ‬
Ʃ‫ރ‬
‫ܸࡦޟࠣ ؟‬இॅ Ɓ
ࠦ୆෷ܻެ޲ࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ T-test ፥ ገܻެ޲ࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ūࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƅ ܻࣀ ஊै
Ǝܻީޯࠀ ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ሯሡሁ ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬Ƅ
Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ƌ߄ၮūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ ONE WAY ANOVA Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଘଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ
ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦᑃᐽࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƅ ܻࣀ ஊै Ɔ౰౎உै Ƅ
যঠ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ ƎƌƤܻ༬ဈ 0.05)
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷၖ࿏ ܻ୓คơ ƥܻ୐ง
મચ੫Ž-ഀ೥Ɗ ࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ -ƞ ƢଘଐƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀ T.TEST)፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ ࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
:(20 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ
190
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(20) ‫ ߁ول‬ၱ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST)፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫)ݹ‬
(157=N)ࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ࠣၱ ƋƉ ࠣࡷ‫ߕޟ‬ ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ Ɖ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ Ɠ ࣝީࡦƁ ƞ ܸസലമƁ
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ࠣ‫࢓ݶ‬இॅ Ɓ (T) Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .96405 3.5899 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
.572 155 .566 ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
.83642 3.4869 34 મચ੫Ž
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .91172 3.4553 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
.515 155 .653 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
.97241 3.3382 34 મચ੫Ž
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ 1.04545 3.1152 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
.654 155 .449 ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
1.03486 3.0245 34 મચ੫Ž
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .93397 3.4732 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
.464 155 .735 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ
.99818 3.3382 34 મચ੫Ž
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .98592 3.5772 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
.667 155 .431 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
.93792 3.4958 34 મચ੫Ž
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .89782 3.4604 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
.535 155 .622 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
.89420 3.3522 34 મચ੫Ž
(0.05 ࡼ ࡷࡣ ߘƀቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ T ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 20 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
ࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ (0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ -
ࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬Ƅܻᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ƥƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
ūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଘଓƄƥƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޯߦߥࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥ
݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅƥ 2012ūว ෺ኆ ቱƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓คቻቱ‫ࠦࡷ ݊ࡷܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2011 ūƇ ƄƌƄ༇໮ ƥ Ɔኆ ቱƄ࣠உै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2010 ū‫ߘ ݪ‬༟༎Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ࡼ ࡷƨൎᇩᆝ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค
191
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ (Hemedorlu & Evliyaoglu,2012 ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2007 ūƧ ƌƥƎܻஎै Ƅ
ࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩƥ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ࣯ ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄƥƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ Ƅƍ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ࣠ࡩࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ‬ƄƦ ߄ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ࡣ ‫ܻމ‬೘೉ƥƀࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ơ ࣠ީߘ߄ ༬စ ƥ ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ƀ -Ǝ࣠ࡁƍ ࢪ ჱஎै Ƅƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝ
Ƅ߃ ࠧƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱܻ‫ރࠦހݘޢެࠦހ‬Ǝܻߥࡷƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓܻ‫ܻ ࢢࠦހ‬உै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ࢖ݑޢ‬
ࢢ Ƨ ƀūࡴ ᓉᒴၤ Ƅ‫ݘޢެࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ᑃᐽ໠ ໄࣀ ჱஎै Ƅ
ൎᇩᇍ ࡩ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄࢪ ߦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࠧ࣠ރ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƑ ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ࣠ࡩࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄ ࢪ ߦ‫ރ‬ƣ ࣠ఴ ఓܻ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀƥūࠦߥ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޯ ࣐ܻހ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࡴ ᐱᏹƄमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀഭ ୨‫ࡩ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƥūƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ᓘƥƎ࣠ࡁƍ໠ ໄޯჱ‫ࡩݘޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄࣀ ჱஎै Ƅൎᇩᆝ ࡼ ࡷƧ ଛଓƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙଘଓࠦߥ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢࠦࡷޯ ࣐ܻހ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩܻߙᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄƥ
߁ ၫܸࢽ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž-Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž-Ɗܸެࢲ Ž ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ -። ጒܸޯࡦƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄ ࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ Ꭸ᎙ ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
:(21 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿ፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ߰ ࢥ ୓ขƥ (ONE WAY ANOVA)
(21 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ (ONE WAY ANOVA)Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N)ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬
Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ
ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ࠣࡷ‫ߕޟ‬ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ‫ف‬ Ɖ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ Ƅ କଐܸസലമƁ
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ( F) ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ
Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁ
1.040 3.427
33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
2.40 51 6 ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .094
3 .7985 3.807
49 Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
9 3
192
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
.9540 3.472
75 ߁ၫܸࢽ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
8 6
.9362 3.567
157 Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ
9 6
1.078 3.208
33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
77 3
.8424 3.678
2.98 0 6
ቼቮƁƉ .053* ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
7 .8754 3.365
2 0
.9232 3.429
7 9
1.134 2.873
33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
24 7
1.004 3.149
18 7
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .389 .950 ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
1.021 3.157
87 8
1.040 3.095
53 5
1.089 3.139
33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
2.22 99 4
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .112 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
3 .8238 3.549
9 0
193
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
.9391 3.509
2 3
.9466 3.443
1 9
1.204 3.259
33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
51 7
.8600 3.720
2.29 9 1
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .104 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
9 .9121 3.586
9 7
.9733 3.559
4 6
1.023 3.199
33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
79 2
.7893 3.603
2.03 1 1
ቼቮƁƉ ౭ౄၦ .134 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
4 .8881 3.433
9 0
.8952 3.436
9 9
Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ፥ ጿܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ F ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 21 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƄƥƎ߄ࢧ ࡷࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƥ ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ F ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬ƄƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ߄ ߥߙ ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄ ơ ܻ༬ீ Ƅ߄ ၮ
Ꭸ᎙ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƨܻߥߙƥ ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄ ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƧ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ܻࠧ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄ
:(22 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ࡷ፥ ፕ ሯሡሁ ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄบ คᇴᆝƥࠦ‫ࡩީݘ ߄ݹ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ރ‬Ǝܻߥ൞ᒑᐽ (LSD Ǝܻީޯࠀ ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ
194
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(22 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ࠦ‫ࡩީݘ ߄ݹ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ރ‬Ǝܻߥ൞ᒑᐽ (LSD)Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
Ƌ߁ࢤ ࡴ ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
Ɯ ࢓ߣࡦƁ ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ƞ ܸസലമƁ
Ɯ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁ ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ Ƅ ܸ࣍ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ (j) (‫)ا‬
.023* .4702 Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž
Ɗܸެࢲ Ž-1
ቼቮƁƉ .713 -.1567 ߁ၫܸࢽ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž
.023* .4702 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž-2 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
.177 .3136 ߁ၫܸࢽ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž
ቼቮƁƉ .713 .1567 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
߁ၫܸࢽ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž-3
.177 -.3136 Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴƊܸެࢲ Ž
(0,05 ࡹ ࡴࡠ ߕŽቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ*

(.4702) ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ഻ܻവറࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀࠦ‫ࡩީݘ ߄ݹ‬Ƅࠦ‫ރ‬Ǝܻߥ൞ᒑᐽ LSD Ǝܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƨܻߥߙƥ
Ƈ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ƥ ƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ୍ࠦงƎ ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ (.032 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃ
ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ ƎƌƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃቿቱଘଓƌ
ū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ܻࡷޢࠦ ࠁޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ ހ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
‫ۑ‬Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƤൎ൉ၮƀơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2010ūߎ ࡯ၯ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2013ūƧ ߄ ࡷܻ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
žܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ‫ ހݘ‬2004ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƄ߄ ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄኆ ቱƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬2011ūƇ ƄƌƄ༇໮ ƥƆኆ ቱƄ࣠உै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ơ ഻ܻവറƄƄ߃ ࠧࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈݊ ࡷ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬Ƅ‫ܻࡷޢࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƅ߄ၮ݊ ‫ހ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƦ ኆ ቱ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ƥ፥ ጿࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ᑑ ᐽƍž࣠ࢠે ઻ၮƥ
ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࡴ ᐱᏹƄमअ߄ ߥޯࡩ
195
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ Ɵ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ଘଓࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥūܻᐱ᏶ॅळዙ၁ဤ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƤ߃ ಛಗࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄƇ ଘଓܻႅ ൞ᒑᐽࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ે ઻ၮ
ࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ‬Ʀ ߄ ࡷࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༬ဈ ܻ‫ܻރ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƆ߄ ၰ Ƅƥ ࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅƥ߄ ၰ Ƅƥ݊ ߘƄƥƣ ࣠ఴ ఓܻ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬
Ƈ ƏमऌƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƣ ƀଘଓƂū༇໩ ଜଓ࢝ ༧ೞ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࠦߙܻߥ‫މ‬ƅ Ǝܻߥ‫ކ‬ƥ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
፥ ፕ ƥūƠ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥūƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ (LSD)Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ߄ ެ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖ࠧ ࡴݑ‬ƥ፥ ጿƣ ࣠ߦ࡯ޯ༧࿻ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀƥƍܻޯࢵ ƀ୍ࠦงƎƣ ॅळዙ၁ဤࡼ ࡷƣ ƀે ઻ၮࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေ
ࡼ ࡷ݊ ࢵ ƥƀࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠢࡷ࣠ࠩߦࡷƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ
ࠦ‫ࡩݘࡺ࡯ޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹ౰౎உै ᑑ ᐽƍƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥ߄ ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ୍ࠦงƎƣ ॅळዙ၁ဤ௪ ௎ኅ ቱƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƄࠦ‫ހߥޢ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱƢ࣠ࠩߦଐଌƄ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƐ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ፥ ጕܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦ‫ ࢵݘ‬Ƅ࣠ࡩƄ
ࠣ‫ރ ࣍ަޟߢޟ‬Ɵूरၫ -ࠣୃกܸమ చſƟूरၫ -࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁ -‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
(T.TEST)፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
:(23 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀ
(23 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƌƄ࢖ߙ‫أ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST)፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N) ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡦƁ ࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁ ƞ ܸസലമƁ
Ɵूरၫ
.85943 3.7176 48
ࠣୃกܸమ చſ
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .184 155 1.336 ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
Ɵूरၫ
.96458 3.5015 109
ࠣ‫ރ ࣍ަޟߢޟ‬
196
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɵूरၫ
.88288 3.6042 48
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .117 155 1.577 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
Ɵूरၫ
.93415 3.3532 109
Ɵूरၫ
.97706 3.1875 48
ࠣୃกܸమ చſ ƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .464 155 .734
Ɵूरၫ ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁ
1.06913 3.0550 109
Ɵूरၫ
.67721 3.6604 48
ࠣୃกܸమ చſ ࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ
ቼቮƁƉ .027* 132.128 2.243
Ɵूरၫ ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁ
1.03186 3.3486 109
Ɵूरၫ
.87494 3.7500 48
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .104 155 1.635 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
Ɵूरၫ
1.00604 3.4758 109
Ɵूरၫ
.78330 3.6068 48
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .093 106.165 1.697 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ɵूरၫ
.93398 3.3622 109
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ T ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 23 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ ކݘ‬0.05 ቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƦ ኆ ቱ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ
197
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ે઻ၮᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ ࢇހ‬Ƅƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂᑑ ᐽƍࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƄƥ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯݘ࡯ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄƆ߄ ၰ ࣠ࡩࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ ፥ ጕܻఱ ఝƂū१ ॏ‫ ࡴ ކ ࣐ީޢ‬ᐱᏹܻࢧ ࢧ ༧ဈ ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅ
ࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩܻߙūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ݊ ߘƄƥơ ࣠ࠁ ܻᐱ᏶࣠ࡓ ᚻ࡯ޯ೘಼཯དྷࡩƄࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥࡴ ᐱᐢߙܻߥ‫މ‬ƅ Ǝܻߥޯࡩࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƣ ࣠ߥߦޯࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂƤൎ൉ၮƀơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ሯሡሁ ūƧ ƀ༟༎ƄƆ߄ ၰ ƥ፟ ፑƂ࿃ Ⴎ ߦ‫ކ‬Ɔ߄ ၰ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ ơ ܻ༬ீ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿ 0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬
཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥ 0.05 ࡼ ࡷࡣ ߘƀ፥ ፕ ƥ .027* ቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ࠦ ࠁޢ ݟހ‬୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߙޟ‬ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀƣ ƥमअࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƢॅळၮࠦ‫ ࢵࠦߙޟ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀƥūࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ
ࠦ‫ ࢵࠦߙޟ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƄƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂᑑ ᐽቦሼ ౰ేఴ ఠƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƣ Ƅሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷࡴ ࠩ࡯ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿ໠ ໄ୆คܻఱ ఝƄ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƁƎࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƣ ƥमअࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƢॅळၮ
ࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽƣ ॅळ‫ޢ‬೘಼ ໠ ໄ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓܻߙࠦ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖ ࣍ީޢݘޢ‬ƥ፥ ጿƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅ፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫ކ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬Ƣॅळၮࠦ‫ ࢵࠦߙޟ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢࠦۑ‬ƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2012ūว ෺ኆ ቱƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2013ūƧ ߄ ࡷܻ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
ƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค౰ేఴ ఠ‫ݹࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƅ߄ ၮƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ 2004, ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ᇯƪ ᆝࠦࢵ ƄƎƌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࢝ ࢧ ༧ဈ ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ
Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡩࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧ౰ేఴ ఠ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ݹࠦ ࠁޢ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƅ߄ ၮ 2011ūƇ ƄƌƄ༇໮ ƥƆኆ ቱƄ࣠உै Ƅ ࡼ ࡷ
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࢝ ࢧ ༧ဈ ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ
ཬཉީࠂ Žኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
–። ጏ୶ ‫ ݎ‬ኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬ơƁƋ ࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁƃƉܸᐰ႓ૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
-݇ ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ୓กƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
(T.TEST ፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
:(24 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƅ
198
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(24 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST)፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค߰ ‫ކ࣠ࢠޢ‬
(157=N)ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƆƌܻᐳ႖ે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡦƁ ƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬ ƞ ܸസലമƁ
౭ౄၦ .90980 3.5083 101 ። ጏ୶ ‫ݎ‬
.288 155 1.067 ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
ቼቮƁƉ .98150 3.6746 56 ཬཉީࠂ Ž
౭ౄၦ .88471 3.3589 101 ። ጏ୶ ‫ݎ‬ ࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
.196 155 1.297
ቼቮƁƉ .98424 3.5580 56 ཬཉީࠂ Ž ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁ
౭ౄၦ 1.00497 2.9934 101 ። ጏ୶ ‫ݎ‬ ƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
.099 155 1.661
ቼቮƁƉ 1.08670 3.2798 56 ཬཉީࠂ Ž ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁ
౭ౄၦ .94658 3.3673 101 ። ጏ୶ ‫ݎ‬ ࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ
.174 155 1.366
ቼቮƁƉ .93927 3.5821 56 ཬཉީࠂ Ž ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁ
.99694 3.4088 101 ። ጏ୶ ‫ݎ‬
ቼቮƁƉ .009 155 2.658 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
.87348 3.8316 56 ཬཉީࠂ Ž
౭ౄၦ .87916 3.3485 101 ። ጏ୶ ‫ݎ‬ Ƅ କଐܸസലമƁ
.097 155 1.672
ቼቮƁƉ .90989 3.5964 56 ཬཉީࠂ Ž ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡷެ༩஽
(0,05 ࡹ ࡴࡠ ߕŽቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ፟ ፑƂ 24 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬ƄܻࠧƎƥܻ༨ீ ƥ Ƣܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
ኆ ቷ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄ
ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅ
‫཯ۑ‬ཌެࠅ ƀኆ ቷ‫ހ‬፥ ጿƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁƌƆƌܻᐳ႖ે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅ
199
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
मअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݑޢ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥ໠ ໄ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ ࢇހ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ߰ ࢥ ୓෺Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƓ ୹ ‫ݑ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
‫ߙߥ ߄ ࠁ ࢧ࡯ ݝ‬ūࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ ƎܻያዪƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ
žܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀે ઻ၮūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬žƄƎƀ໠ ໄ‫ߙ ࢇހ‬Ƅ࣠‫઻ ેކ‬ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬ၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƇ ƥܻߦ‫ ݌ ࡴކ‬Ǝࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࢪ ߦ୐กࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪݊ ࡷƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै ‫ا‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀƣ Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬፥ ጿƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ
ūࠦ୆ก୹ ‫ݑ‬ƣ Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬፥ ጿƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै ƄƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ ࡼކ‬༧ဈ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀƣ Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬፥ ጿƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮ
Ƥ߃ ࠧƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūผ ෺߄ ஊै Ƅྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩࠦީࡁ Ƅ࣠ࡷƥūƨܻ‫ࡷݘ࢖ߙޢ‬ƥƨܻ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮࠦࡷ߄ ߥޯࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ଛଓƄơ ƥኆ ቱƄƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍƥ
໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƢ࣠ࠩߦଐଌƎܻࢢ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯߥ࡯ޢ ߄ݹ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄƇ Əƥܻ༬ဈ ߄ߘܻᐱᐟࡷࡴ ᐱᏹൎ൉࣓ࠧࡷે ઻ၮƄॅळࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࠦީࡁ Ƅ࣠ଐଌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈౰ే޲ࡓ ‫ ࢵ ݊ހ‬ƥƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ƥ
ࡴ ᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪࡼ ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧࿻ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ Ƅƣ ƥमअᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽ
പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁ። ጼƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ -ࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ -
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄ ࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ Ꭸ᎙ Ɔ౰౎உै Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
:(25 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƅ ONE WAY ANOVA)
200
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(25 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ (ONE WAY ANOVA)Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค߰ ‫ކ࣠ࢠޢ‬
(157=N) Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿ
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ࠣࡷ‫ߕޟ‬ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ
‫ف‬ Ɖ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ Ƅ କଐܸസലമƁ
ࠣ‫ߣ ࣌ޟ‬ᑀᐺƁ ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ( F) ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ
Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁ
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .7938 3.524
39 (5 – 1)
8 2
.9603 3.565
33 (10 – 6)
9 7 ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
.940 .062
.9951 3.588
85 (10ࡹ ࡴ౭౔࠾ Ž
1 2
.9362 3.567
9 6
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .7845 3.471
39 (5 – 1)
5 2
.8372 3.454
33 (10 – 6)
5 5
.914 .090 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
1.017 3.401
85 (10ࡹ ࡴ౭౔࠾ Ž
72 5
.9232 3.429
7 9
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .8240 3.170
.436 .834 39 (5 – 1) ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
6 9
201
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
.9005 3.252
33 (10 – 6)
4 5
1.171 3.000
85 (10ࡹ ࡴ౭౔࠾ Ž
76 0
1.040 3.095
53 5
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .7585 3.520
39 (5 – 1)
2 5
.9243 3.445
33 (10 – 6)
5 5
.830 .186 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
1.036 3.408
85 (10ࡹ ࡴ౭౔࠾ Ž
50 2
.9466 3.443
1 9
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .7187 3.714
39 (5 – 1)
8 3
.9415 3.463
33 (10 – 6)
5 2
.497 .702 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
1.082 3.526
85 (10ࡹ ࡴ౭౔࠾ Ž
64 1
.9733 3.559
4 6
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .7184 3.492
.882 .126 39 (5 – 1) ࠣ‫ݕ‬
6 9
202
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
.8730 3.448
33 (10 – 6)
5 5
.9809 3.406
85 (10ࡹ ࡴ౭౔࠾ Ž
5 8
.8952 3.436
9 9
(0.05 ࡼ ࡷࡣ ߘƀቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ *
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ፟ ፑƂ 25 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƇ ƥܻߦ‫ ݌ ࡴކ‬Ǝࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ߙ ࢇހ‬Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƦ ߄ ࡷᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥƆ౰౎உै Ƅ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ ƎƌƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެᑃᐽࢇ ߙƄ࣠ޯࡩƄྲ ႞ߦ‫ݹ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
፥ ጿƨܻߙൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅ߄ ༬စ ൎ൉ߙࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮमकƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީᑃᐽܻଐଌƌ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦކݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰ేࢧ ߘƥƄ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷƥƀቿቷ‫ ࣍࣠ݹ‬บ คᇴᆝ ƨžƄ࣠ࢵ Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬ ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᏹƄमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬
ƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ Ƈ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ 2013ū፥ ጕܻ࣐ ࠒ ߥࡩƄ ࡼ ࡷᇯƪ ᆝࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
ሯሡሁ ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ Ơ ॅळࢵ ፥ ጿܻࠩ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝࡷݘ‬Ƅƥ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄū໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄ
ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅƥ 2010ūߎ ࡯ၯ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2012ūว ෺ኆ ቱƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄ‫ކߦߥ ݝ‬Ƅ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2010ū‫ߘ ݪ‬༟༎Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2011ūƇ ƄƌƄ༇໮ ƥūƆኆ ቱƄ࣠உै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫(ێ‬2012ū፥ ጒ࢖ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2004ū࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ –ᄂ ཻƋ਑ ৼࠣ‫ܸࡦޟࠣ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬இॅ Ɓࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ -ƍ Ɖܸࢽ ࡦƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ -
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣ ܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀ T–TEST) ፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
:(26 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ
203
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(26 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST)፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N)ࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ࠣၱ ƋƉ ࠣࡷ‫ߕޟ‬ ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ Ɖ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ
ࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ ƞ ܸസലമƁ
ቼቮƁƉ .85521 3.1688 106 ᄂ ཻƋ਑ ৼࠣ‫ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬
.000 154.948 -12.241 ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
.40139 4.3965 51 ᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ
.000 147.663 -11.357 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
.49298 4.2402 51 ᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ
.000 115.867 -8.049 ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
.78711 3.8725 51 ᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ
.000 154.636 -10.335 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
.45585 4.2020 51 ᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ
.000 153.246 -10.237 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
.49328 4.3417 51 ᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ
.000 154.408 -11.978 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
.41440 4.2284 51 ᄋ ႛߕࢧ ფႸƋ
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂ 26 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬Ƈ žܻၴ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ
ūࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀमअ߄ ߥ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ ࡼކ‬༧ဈ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƣ ࣠ࢵ Ǝܻ೘಼ࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ मअƣ ƀഭ ୨‫ࡩ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄ Ƥ߃ ࠧྲ ႞ߦ‫ކ‬ƥ
ᑑ ᐽƍࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހܾݑ‬ଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀܻࠧƌ߄ ၰ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄࡼ ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦݑ ࡼކ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࡴ ᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࡴ ࠧमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅ፥ ጿमक࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᏹ౰౎உै
204
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡼ ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧࿻ Ơ ॅळࢵ Ƨ ଛଓࠢޯࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌमअ߄ ߥ୓ก࢝ ࠑ ࣃ ࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ރࠢݑެ ߄ࡷܻݹ‬ƀ࠯ ࢸ ࡼ ࡷܻࡷƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
‫ۑ‬ቻቱ༇໩ ſ࢝ ༧ೞ मअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬
(Gittens.2009 ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2010ū‫ߘ ݪ‬༟༎Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
཯དྷࡩƄƥūᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƢܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ Ɓഃ೨ ໠ ໄޯ‫ࡺ࣠ݑ‬഻വറƄൎᇩᇍ ࡩࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ހ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄߎ ࢢ ƥ፥ ጿᑑ ᐽƍƥ
ࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ
‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦࠦۑ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ઻ ્ހ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƏƥमऌ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ၒল ࣠‫ކ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƥūܻࠧഃ೨ƍߎ ࡩܻࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽƨܻߥߙƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱ
ࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ যওܻࠧߦࡷࠦ‫މ‬Ƅ߄ ஊै ᑑ ᐽƍƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറࡴ ࠩߦࡩƄƥƦ Ɓ༟༎Ƅƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ƄƦ ߄ ࡷ
ࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࢝ ࠀ ଛଓܻ‫ހ‬ƥࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬Əमऌ߄ ߘƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓ
ơ ഻ܻവറƄƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓᑑ ᐽƍƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ഻ܻവറࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄūࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࡴ ᐱᏹƄमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ᇴᆝ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥ
Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩƥƀ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄࢪ ყႻƎܻᐳ႓Ǝܻ೘಼ࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƏमऌଛଓƄơ ഻ܻവറƄ࣠ࠩߙ፥ ጕܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ހܻࡩݘ‬
୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƣ ᇴᆝࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ഻ܻവറࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ मअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƇ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ፥ ጿ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆ౰౎உै Ƅƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀƣ ƀࠦ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥūƠ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀƥūƍܻޯࢵ ƀ୍ࠦงƎ፥ ጿࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄે ઻ၮଛଓƄࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ƍܻޯࢵ ƀ୍ࠦงƎƣ ॅळዙ၁ဤࡼ ያዪࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ‬༧ဈ ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥ፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ഻ܻവറࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƥमअ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ᒗᐽࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿߎ ‫ࢠݘޢ‬ƥƀ݊ ‫ޯ ࣐ޢ‬ఱ ఓଘଓ߄ ၮܻࣀ ଐଌƄƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ଘଓƄ߃ ࠧƥū߄ ၮܻࣀ ࡷ
ࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƇ Əमऌƥ‫ۑ‬༇໩ ଜଓ࢝ ༧ೞ ࡼ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ƥ໠ ໄ‫ޢ ࣐ࠦހ‬ఱ చƟ ƥ࢖ߙ፥ ፕ ܻ೘ೆᓘƥ
ቿቱƥƌࡼ ࡷƤƄ‫ࡁޯ࣠ر‬ƌƆƌܻᐳ႖ે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
ࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƦ ኆ ቱ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄࢇ ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄƢ࣠ࠩߦࡷࠦ‫މ‬Ƅ߄ ஊै ࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢࠦހ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀ
ūࠦ‫ޢ‬ხެࠅ ƀƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠢࡺ‫ކݘ࡯ޢ‬ॡ ॏ࡯‫ࡷ ࡼކ‬ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƌ࣠‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦކݘ‬༧ீ ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƇ Əमऌᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūƨܻ‫ࢠݘ‬Ƅ࣠ޯࡷơ ƄƏܻࡷ
ūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩบ คᇴᆝ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߦᑃᐽࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƥ
ƣ ࣠‫ݘެޢ‬ଐଌƄࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƨܻ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓࠦ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈࣯ ࠩߙ
ࠦ‫ ࢵࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅƥūܻࠧ౰ేၩƥƀࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ߘݘޢ‬Ƅ࣠ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌܻ‫ހ‬
205
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žܻࢵ ƁƎमअ߄ ߥ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ ࡼކ‬༧ဈ ࠦߥ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖ࠧ ࡴހ ࣐࢖ݹ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƥƎ߄ ߥ‫ݹ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ߙܾݑ‬
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡷ ࡼߘީ࡯ࠩ ࡴۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
ƢƄ౰౔ၰ Ƅơ ƌ୍ܻง‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄܻᐱᐢ‫ޟ‬ყჅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƥƄƏࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค፟ ፑƂܻ‫ރ ࣏࢖ރ‬Ƅƍᓘƥ
Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱƌ࣠ࣃ ჱଐଌƄơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄƥ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄƈ Ƅ߄ ၰ Ƃ፥ ጿࠦዙ዗ܻࣀ ଐଌƄે઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥūࢇ ߦޯଐଌƄƥƀߎ ࡩܻശവറƄƧ ƀ༟༎Ƅ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƊ ܻޯߦ‫ރ‬ƄƥūƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ūࠦ‫ࡩ޲ߥܻߙޢ‬Ƅܻᐱᏹܻ‫࡯ߦޢ‬ၯ ƌ߄ ‫ކݘ‬ƥūྲ Ⴐ ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ƄƎ࣐࣠ ‫ ࡁީࠦކ‬Ƅ࣠೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ౮ే೘೉፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᐢዙ዗ܻࣀ ࡷƥܻᐱᐕߙࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥ
݊ ࢠƄ࣠ޯଐଌƄमकଛଓƄ‫ࡷެ ࣐ߥޢࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬౰౗ࡁ ƀƄƥ߄ ୍งܻᐱᐕࡩƂࡣ ࢢ ࣠ޯࡩƄᎨ᎙཯དྷࡩƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƣ ܺߙࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᐜ᠐Ǝ ௪ ௎୍ܻงƥ
ે ઻ၮܻࠧ౰ే‫ࡷݘ࢖ߙࠦކܾމ‬፟ ፑƂܻಛಗൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫཯ ࢵݘ ݝ‬དྷࡩƄƥūܻࠧƌ߄ ‫ކݘ‬ƥܻࠩ‫୐࣠ݑ‬งࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝቿቷߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ࣊ ‫ ࣀޢ‬ხࡩƄƥ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ ƥƀūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƨžƄ࣠ࢵ ūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄžƄƎſ
ƌܻ༬࿻ ܺᄣࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ଛଓࡴ ࠩࡁ ƄƎƌƂƦ ߄ ࡷે ઻ၮơ ਔ ৲ܻ೘ೆܺߙž࿃ ႖ે઻ၮơ ƌƣ ᓘƥūܻᐱᐕߙᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
ે ઻ၮƞ ࣠ߘ࣠ࡩƄƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ݊ ߘƄƥƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ݊ ߘƄƥ
ᚹ ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢ݇ ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬
‫ݽܸت‬
ܸႂ ެࢲ Ɓໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣୃ෴ܸࢤ ߾ ſቼቮକଐƉƄ ƁƊƜ Ƣ࢓ߖ߁ ၱ ࣝ‫ހ ࢤࠟ ) ࠤ ࡠރ‬Ƥ ኂ ቮƁƢ݇ ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁૄ સၫࠣ‫ݽ‬
ܸၱ ൊᑆᐺ
ƣ ࢑‫ݕ‬
Ʃ‫ރ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴफं߁ ߢ‫ࣝރ‬༥ဂ ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ
ࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬ƁŨƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ ŨơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
Ũ࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁŨࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣ୊ค༜་ƁŨࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ Ƅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉ
‫ܸࡦޟࠣ ؟‬இॅ Ɓ
ࠦ୆෷ܻެ޲ࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ T-test ፥ ገܻެ޲ࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ࠦߥ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƅ ܻࣀ ஊै
ࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ǝܻީޯࠀ ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ሯሡሁ ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁ ኆቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬Ƅ
Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ƌ߄ ၮūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯ൞ᒑᐽ ONE WAY ANOVA Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଘଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄ
Ƥܻ༬ဈ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦᑃᐽࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƅ ܻࣀ ஊै
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คơ ƥܻ୐งযঠ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
ࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓᚸƞ ƢଘଐƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
206
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
:(27 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀ T – test)፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
(27 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST) ፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
ޯࡷ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ࠣၱ ƋƉ ࠣࡷ‫ ߕޟ‬ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ Ƅ ܸ‫ࡴ ࢽެࣝݶ‬
ࡦƁ ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
଍ଉƁ ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
.55343 3.8931 123 ഀ೥Ɗ
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .461 155 .739 ࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ
.47302 3.8162 34 મચ੫Ž
ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ǝ࣠ഷവറࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ T ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 27 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
(2008ūƣ Ƅ߄ ዙ዇ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2013ū፥ ፑॅळᐱᐜࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓คቻቱ‫ࠦࡷ ݊ࡷܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
ū፥ ፑܻࣃ உै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2001ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2005 ،‫ ࢵࠦ ߙܻرع‬ƄƎƌƥ 2006ūࠦ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁެ࣠ރ‬ƄƎƌƥ
࣯ ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄƥƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2003
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ
Hemedoglu ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2000ūƟ ƌܻࢢ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓คቻቱ‫ܻࡩޢࠦࡷ ݊ࡷܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ஊै Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓƄƥƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱƄ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂܻ‫ކ‬Ǝܻࢸ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ & ࠁޢ‬Evliyoglu,2012)
‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻၴ Ǝƌ࣯ ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷ
ࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ࣠ࡩࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ܻހ‬ƄƦ ߄ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƓ ୹ ‫ݑ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
࢖‫ݓ‬
ࢢ ࡴ ᄽ஛ ‫ݘޢެࠦࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ᑃᐽ໠ ໄࣀ ჱஎै Ƅࡣ ‫ܻމ‬೘೉ƥƀࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷƣ ƀ߄ ༬စ ƥ ƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ƀ -Ǝ࣠ࡁƍ ࢪ ჱஎै Ƅƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅ
ࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅ፥ ጿ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ቻቱࢪ ყࡩūƎ࣠ࡁኅ ቱܻ‫ރࠦހݘޢެࠦހ‬Ǝܻߥࡷƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ଗଓܻ‫ܻ ࢢࠦހ‬உै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
207
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ࣠ࡩࢇ ߙƄ࣠ޯࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧƌ࣠‫ݹݘ‬ƥū໠ ໄߙ࢖࣐ ᑃᐽ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ƥ໠ ໄ‫ߙ ࢇހ‬Ƅ࣠‫ ߄ކ‬ၴ ƥܻ೘ೆᓘƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄࢪ ߦ‫ࠧ࣠ރ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƌ߄ ༨࿻ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƑ ܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ
ࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩࡴ ᐱᏹƄमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀഭ ୨‫ࡩ ࣐ީޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƥūƈ ܻ‫ރ‬ᓘƥƎ࣠ࡁƍ໠ ໄࣀ ჱஎै Ƅൎᇩᇍ ࡩ
ࠦߥ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢࠦࡷޯ ࣐ܻހ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩܻߙᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࡣ ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޟ‬ყީࡩƄࢪ ߦ‫ރ‬ƣ ࣠ఴ ఓܻ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀᑑ ᐽƍƥūࠦߥ‫ࡷޯ ࣐ܻހ‬
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄࣀ ჱஎै Ƅൎᇩᆝ ࡼ ࡷƞ ࢖࣍ Ƨ ଛଓƦ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙଘଓ
߁ ၫܸࢽ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž-Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž-Ɗܸެࢲ Ž ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ -። ጒܸޯࡦƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ƥ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩƥ
บ คᇴᆝƥ (ONE WAY ANOVA Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
:(28 ơ ƥ߄ၴ ፥ ጿሯሡሁ ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ
(28 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ (ONE WAY ANOVA) Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N)ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬
ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ࠣࡷ‫ ߕޟ‬ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ Ƅ ܸ‫ࡴ ࢽެࣝݶ‬
ࡦƁ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ( F) Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
.55471 3.8364 33 Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
.52705 3.9092 49 Ɲ Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž ࠣ‫ޟ‬൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ቼቮƁƉ౭ౄၦ .833 .183
.54054 3.8727 75 ߁ၫܸࢽ ࡴ Ɗܸެࢲ Ž
.53654 3.8764 157 Ɠ ࣝࡷസലമƁ

ቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌ F ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 28 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࢇ ߦ୓෺‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ޢࠦ ࠁޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ Ƣܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05)
ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᐢࠅ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
208
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
࢖࣏ ެࡩƄ࢛ ‫ݓ‬

‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀƣ ࣠ࡁ Ǝਔ ৲ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥūܻᐱ᏶ॅळዙ၁ဤ཯དྷࡩƄ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ॅ ࡁޢ‬ळࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬
ūࠦ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁެ࣠ރ‬ƄƎƌƥ 2008ūॅळஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2008ūƣ Ƅ߄ ዙ዇ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥ
Ƭ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬1999ūƧ ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2001ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2005ūƖ Ǝܻߙ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2006
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƥƀࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ፟ ፑƂƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ቧሼ ƀ
Hemedoglu & ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2012،‫ॅزي‬ळࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥū࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅƥƀ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄƥ Evliyoglu,2012)
‫ޢࠦۑ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿƇ Əमऌ཯དྷࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀે ઻ၮቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေ፥ ፕ ƥ࣯ ࡺ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿ࢖࣏ࠩ ‫ކ‬Ꭸ፻ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ޯࡺݘࠩ ࡴۑ‬༬ீ ƥࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƨܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀࠢޯࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƥࠢޯ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀƣ ࣠ࡁ Ǝਔ ৲ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે઻ၮžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄযওܻࠧߦࡷƣ ࣠ީ‫ޯ࣠ݑ‬ఱ ఓ
࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁ -‫ࡦޯܸࡦݜ‬Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩƥ
:(29 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ƀ T– test)፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ
(29 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST)፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N)࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ
Ũƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ Ũࠣၱ ƋƉ ࠣࡷ‫ߕޟ‬ ƛ Ɓ࢓༥ဂ କଐƁ Ũࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ Ƅ ܸ‫ࡴ ࢽެࣝݶ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
ެ଍ଉƁ
Ɵूरၫ
.37369 3.9906 48
ቼቮƁƉ .037 135.477 2.108 ࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁ
109 Ɵूरၫ
.58881 3.8261
209
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(0,05 ࡼ ࡷࡣ ߘƀቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ

ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ T ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 29 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿၒল ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ
໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ކ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ކ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ
ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2012ūƧ ƏॅळࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ݊ ࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥūࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝƂƢॅळၮ
ūƣ Ƅ߄ ዙ዇ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈݊ ࡷ‫ ࠀޯ࡯ߦ ݝ‬Ƅƥū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2005 ūƖ Ǝܻߙ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2006 ūࠦ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁެ࣠ރ‬ƄƎƌƥ 2008 ūॅळஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2008
‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃ Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ၮ፟ ፑƂƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 1999ūƧ ࢖ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2001ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ
‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࢧ ࢝ۑ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
ࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖ࠧ ࡴݑ‬ƥߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߙޟ‬ƣ ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƓ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀơ ࣠‫ޢ‬ଐଌᑑ ᐽƍƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢࠦހ‬ƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߙޟ‬
ƅ ܻ༨༦ ƀƣ ƀ ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ଘଓƄ߃ࠧƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ Ƨ Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ፥ ጕܻఱ ఝଗଓƄಒ౷ߦࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࢵࠦߙޟ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
ࠦ‫ ࢵࠦߙޟ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƆƎ߄ ߘၒল ࣠‫ޢ ࣐ࠦކ‬ఱ చƟ ƥ࢖ߙ፥ ፕ ܻ೘ೆᓘƥūࠢ‫ކ‬Ƅƍಒ౷ߦࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึଘଓࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬ƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߙޟ‬
ࠦ‫ހ‬ƎܻߥޯࡷƥࠦᐱᏳܻࣃ ჴࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫୍ ࣊ހܻࡩޯ ࠑ ࢧ ࢝ۑ‬ง୹ ୪፥ ጕܻఱ ఝƂƔ ୍ܻงƎƄ࣠ࠧƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈݊ ࡷ
ơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
ᚻ ݇ ‫ݽ‬
Ɓ༜་Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ଘଓଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ ࢖ߦࢵ ƀƥ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫ ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST) ፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬
:(30 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƅ፥ ጘଜଓƄࡼ ‫ݑ‬
210
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(30 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST) ፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N)ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
ެ଍ଉƁ
.58326 3.8530 ። ጏ୶ ‫ݎ‬

౭ౄၦ - 101 ૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
.428 140.509
ቼቮƁƉ .795 ơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁ
.44175 3.9187 ཬཉީࠂ Ž
56
ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ T ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 30 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠƥ
ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬
‫ۑ‬ƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƢ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦހݘ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ ࡼކ‬ያዧ ƌ ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡷࢇ ߙƄ࣠ޯࡩƄƣ ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ūܻᐱᐟࡷƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƆƌܻᐳ႖ે ઻ၮƄॅळࢧ ࠁ ཯དྷࡩƄኆ ቷީࡩƄࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ހ‬ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ƈ ܻၴ Ǝƌ
ᑑ ᐽƍūࡴ ᐱᏹܻ‫ܻހ‬ၴ Ƃ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙƧ ƀƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƣ ƥƌƆ߄ ၰ Ƅƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀƨ୍ܻ෺୹ ‫ ࢪ ݌‬ყࡩƥ
žܻ๻๬เଘଓƄࠦߥ‫ߥޢ‬ஊै ƥūžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠༨ீ Ƈ Ƅ࢖ߥߙܻᐱᐢެࡺࢥ ‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƥযওߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬ƣ ॅळ޲๻๬ึ Ɔ߄ ၰ Ƅƥࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿƣ ॅळࡺ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱ᏶ƀ
ơ ࣠ࠁ Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙƣ ƥਔ ৹ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ Ꭸ᎙ᑑ ᐽኅ ቱūࡼ ࣍ ࣠ࡩƄƥƀ௪ ௎ኆ ቱƄ፥ ጿžƄ࣠ࢵ ࡴ ࠩ‫ݘ‬ዙ၅ဤƧ ኅ ቱƄ
मक࣓‫ݹ‬ଘଓᑑ ᐽƍƥūܻᐱᐢ‫ޟ‬ყჅƥܻᐱᐢߙܻߥୖกࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ࡼ ࡷƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƆƌܻᐳ႖ࡣ ‫ ࢧޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿࡴ ࠩߙൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝࡴ ᐱᏹƄमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬
࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ܻࡷݘޯࠢހ‬༬ဂ ࣠ࢥ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮࢇ ዙኸ ࡼ ‫ࠦݑ‬༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩࡴ ࠩࡺࠩߙ፥ ጿ
ߎ ࡯ޯ੆੅ਰܻࠧबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥܻᐱᐢ‫ࡩޯެࡺޢ‬౰౗ࡁ ƀƢܻࡺޯࠧƀ፟ ፑƂࠦၴ ܻ༨ဂ ፥ ፕ ƥūܻࠩ࡯ዙ၁ဤ཯དྷࡩƄƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄƆƌܻᐳ႖Ǝƥ߄ ࢢ ƣ ᇴᇍ ࡷࡼ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ‬Ƅ
‫ࡺ ࡓެࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࡣ ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢵ ࣠ࡩƄ
പ ୥ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁ። ጼƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ ᚸࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ 
211
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ƥ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ
บ คᇴᆝƥ ONE WAY ANOVA Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
:(31 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿሯሡሁࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄ
(31 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
፥ ጿƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ (ONE WAY ANOVA)Ƨ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N)ƣ ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬
ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ ࠣࡷ‫ߕޟ‬ ࣇ ࢲ ࣝެ଍ଉƁ
‫ف‬ Ɖ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ެ଍ଉƁƄ ܸ‫ࡴ ࢽެࣝݶ‬ ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
ࠣ‫ߣ ࣌ޟ‬ᑀᐺƁ ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ( F) ። ጏܸࢽ இॅ Ɓ
Ƥ Ƌܸ‫ݕޟ‬
଍ଉƁ
.5036 3.743
39 (5 – 1)
ቼቮƁƉ ౭ౄၦ 9 6
.5341 3.892
33 (10 – 6)
1.66 6 4 ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ
.192
7 .5475 3.931
85 (10ࡹ ࡴ౭౔࠾ Ž
6 2
.5365 3.876
4 4
(0.05 ࡹ ࡴࡠ ߕŽቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ

ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ F ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 31 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ (0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬
ū፥ ፑॅळᐱᐜࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
(2012, ፥ ጒ࢖ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2009ūƣ Ƅ߄ ዙ዇ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2009ūࠦዙ዇ ൎ൉ଐଌƄƥƇ ܻߦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၯ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2013
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧࢪ ყࡩࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎ ኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ቧሼ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ࠁޢ‬
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค ݊ ࡷ ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ Ƥ߃ ࠧ ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ ހ‬Ɔ౰౎உै Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࣀ ࡩ Ʀ ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ࢵࠦ ކ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ࠦެ‫ ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ Ʀ ኆ ቱ
212
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬2001,፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2012, Ƨ ƏॅळࡩƄ
‫ॱॺܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬५ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥƌƄƏžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ Ƈ ƌƄƏܻ൞ᇅᆝࠢ‫ރ‬ƀƥ Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ߙ ࢇހ‬Ƅ࣠‫ކ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬Ƈ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
ે઻ၮमक࣓‫ݹ‬ଘଓƄ߃ ࠧƣ ܺߙƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄƆ౰౎ၯ Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƏƠ ܻެࠧƣ ᇴᆝ ܻ൞ᇅᆝࠢ‫ރ‬ƀે ઻ၮࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥ ቿቱଘଓƌቻቱƟ ܻߦ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄƄ߃ ࠧƥ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƦ ߄ ࡷ໠ ໄ୍งࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱࡴ ࠧਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈
፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄࢇ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅၒল ࣠‫ࠦކ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃ୹ ‫ࡷ ࣃܻݑ‬፥ ፕ ƥū‫ߘ࡯ ݝ‬Ƣƀܻᐱᐕߙࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏹ౰౎ၯ Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ Ƈ ƌƄƏžƄ࣠ࢵ ࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫୍ܻ ࣍ࠩ ࡴހ‬งƎƄƦ ߄ ࡷƥܻᐱᐕߙࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬இॅ Ɓࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ -ƍ Ɖܸࢽ ࡦƁ౭ౄ‫ݐ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ƥ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩƥ
ࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄบ คᇴᆝƥ ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫ ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST ፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ƄᎨ᎙ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
:(32 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ፥ ጿሯሡሁ
(32 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ࠒ ߦࡩ໠ ໄޯ࡯ߥޯࣀ ࡷ໠ ໄޯჱ‫( ࡩݘޢ‬T.TEST)፥ ገܻޯࡩƄƎܻީޯࠀ ଘଓƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
(157=N)ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ެ଍ଉƁ
ެ଍ଉƁ
ࠣ‫ ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ž

.48142 3.9580 106
ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁ
ቼቮƁƉŨ .006 155 2.807 ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬இॅ Ɓࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ
Żܸࢲ žƋ
.60663 3.7069 Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁ
51
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ
(0,05 ࡼ ࡷࡣ ߘƀቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
213
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌ T ࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ፟ ፑƂ 32 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅ౰ేఴ ఠ
ਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ
ቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࡼ ࡷ౰౎ࡁ ƀ፥ ፕ ƥ 2.807) (T ࠦࡺ‫ݓ ݝߘޢ‬
࡯‫ ࠁޢ ݟހ‬ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌ
ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ขƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ 0.05)
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƇ ቧሼ ƀ཯དྷࡩƄ 2010ū཯ཏࣀ ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ
ၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
Ƈ ቧሼ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬2005ūƖ Ǝܻߙ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌࠦީࣀ ჱࡩܻ‫ ހ‬2006ūࠦ‫ ࢵࠦ ࠁެ࣠ރ‬ƄƎƌ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ
‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦࠦۑ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬
ơ ࣠ࠁ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ Ƈ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࢇ ީࢵ ܻያዪ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
፥ ፕ ƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ކ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ
ܻᐱ᏶ƀၒল ࣠‫ކ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙ፥ ፕ ƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ Ƨ ࣠ߘžଘଓ࣠‫ހ‬ƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ मअƣ ܾ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢࠦހ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈
ࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƥƎ߄ ߥ‫ݹ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ߙܾݑ‬ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷ፥ ጘƄኅ ቱƄƠ ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽߎ ࢢ ࣠ࡁ Ƈ žܻၴ
ūƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌࢪ ߦެࡩࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎमअ߄ ߥ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ ࡼކ‬༧࿻ मअ߄ ߥ୓กࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀमअ߄ ߥ‫ޯ࡯ ߎݑ ࡼކ‬༧ீ मअ߄ ߥ୓ก્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ᑃᐽࡴ ᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌƣ ƥƎ߄ ߥ‫ޢࠦݹ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƥ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐳ ႞ߦ‫ ࢵࠦރ‬ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬
ƅ Ǝܻߥ‫ކ‬ཀྵཏ‫ ࡣࡷݘ‬ዙ၁ေࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌܻᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬༨༤ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ
ࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬Ɔƌ߄ ഷവറƄቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ଛଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƥžƄƎſ
ūƆ߄ ၰ Ƅƥࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄƥࠦߙܻߥ޲ࡩƄƅ Ǝܻߥ‫઻ ેކ‬ၮơ ਔ ৲ܻ೘ೆܺߙž࿃ ႖ે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍơ ƌƣ ᓘƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ࡩީݘ‬ƄƇ ܻࠩࠅ ƥ፥ ጿ࢛ ‫ ࡴݑ ࡼހݘ‬ᐳႮ ‫ހݘ‬౮ే೘಼Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƖ ࣠ެޯࡩƄે ઻ၮƥ
࣐ࠦ ‫ޢ‬ఱ చƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙࡣ ࣏ ‫ܻކ‬ᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ႅ ޯࢵ Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬༨༤ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄƟ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥࠦࢢ ൎ൉ၯ ƥ
࢝ ༧࿻ ܻࡺ‫ߙޢ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƣ ᇴᆝ žƄ࣠ࢵ ūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƥžƄƎſ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɩ ࣠ެޯࡩƄƥƅ ƎܻߥޯࡩƄƦ ߄ ࡷၒল ࣠‫ކ‬
žƄƎſƟ ܻߦ‫ކ‬Ƅƥū ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄƥūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ƥūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄƥū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ
Ƨ Ǝ࣠༨ீ ൎᇩᆝ ፥ ጿ Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅ Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ࢝ ༧࿻ ܻࡺ‫ ࢵࠦߙޢ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥƥ
214
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ ‫أ‬ƣ ƀƥūƆ߄ ၰ Ƅƥࠦ‫ޟ‬ყჅ፥ ጿࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱযওܻࠧߦଐଌƄƥࠦߙܻߥ޲ࡩƄƅ Ǝܻߥ‫ކ‬ཀྵཏ‫ ࡣࡷݘ‬ዙ၁ေቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
݊ ࡺޯࠖ ዙኤ ཯ཏ৤ৈষƄ݊ ࡺޯ഻വറƄƇ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀƥযওߥ‫ࡩݘࡺޢ ࢇހ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄ፥ ጿࡼ ዙኒ ‫ ࡴݹ‬ᐱᏬኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ƣ ƀሯሡሁ ūƢൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄܻᐱᐢ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใે ઻ၮቧሼ ƀࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄযওߥࡩܻ‫ޯ ݊ހ‬๻๬ึࣉ ߙܻ༨ீ
Ƈ ܻ࣐ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷƇ ƥܻߦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݑ ࡼކ‬Ƅ࢛ ‫ݓ‬
‫ޢࠦހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎܻᐱᏳ݊ ޯ๻๬ึࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ƄƎࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀযওߘࡣ ዙ၁ေࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄƤ߃ ಛಗƇ ܻၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ
215
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ᚹ ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬

ƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ߁ ީ‫ୃࠣ ݎ‬෴ܸࢤ ߾ ſቼቮକଐƉƄ ƁƊࠣߕോെၫƝ ܸީࠤࡠ ࠤ ࠟࢤ ‫ހ‬Ƥ ኂ ቮƁࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁૄ સၫࠣ‫ݽ‬
ܸၱ ൊᑆᐺ
ƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ߢޟ‬ᑀᐺŻܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƅ ܸ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ Ɵܸࢽ ߕŽŻܸࢲ žƋࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
0.05 ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ
Źࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣީ‫ ݎޟ‬ƉƁ࢓ߖŽ࢓࣌ ‫ ࠂࠦࠣހ‬Ƣࡹ ࡴࠣ‫ݕ‬
ᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ž
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƣܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫୍ܻ ࣍ޢࠦހ‬งƎଘଓƄࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽ
ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩ‫ࠧޢޟࠦا‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƥࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄܻᐱᏹଘଓܻੋ੅ਰࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄบ คᇴᆝƥūƣ ࣠ࢵ ౰ే‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦࡷݘ‬Ƅ‫ ߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥ
(33 ƞ Ƣ߁ ၱ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄቿቱଘଓƌ࢝ ஊ஀ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ Ƅ କଐܸ༩஽
ࠣ‫ߣ ࣌ޟ‬ᑀᐺƁቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁ ቼቮକଐኃ ቮƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ Ƒ ܸ୊คƋକଐƁࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬Ɓ
ቿቱƄƌ .049 .158(*) ። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
ቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ .380 .071 ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ
ቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ .078 .141 ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
ቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ .381 .070 ࠣ‫ݶ‬
ቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ .705 .030 ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
ቿቱƄƌ౰ేၩ .210 .101 ࠣ‫ݕ‬
(0.05)ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬ơ ƄƌƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄ
Ƅ߄ ၮƔ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄƇ ൎ൉ࡷܻ‫ޢ ݊ࡷݘ‬ସବଣ ቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀ 33 ơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ༨༤ ࣠ଐଌƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ౰ేఴ ఠ
ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀᑑ ᐽƍ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ƥ 0.05 ࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀ፥ ፕ ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ
Ɣ ୍ܻงƎଘଓƄࡣ ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌቿቱଘଓኆ ቱƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦࡺ‫ߘޢ‬ƣ ƀƤൎ൉ၮƀơ ƥ߄ எै Ƅ፥ ጿၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ߄ ߥߙ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƔ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ཯ཏ‫ܻݹݘ‬ያዪ 0.05 ࡼ ࡷࡣ ߘƀ
໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢƄ߄ ‫ރݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คቧሼ࣓‫ކ‬ሯሡሁ ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌƥ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ഻ܻവറ
216
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮƬ
‫ܻࡷ ࡼ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ᐱᐢ‫ޟ‬ყჅƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ ܻ‫ ࢵܻހߥࠦހ‬Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค݊ ࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧߎ ࡯ޯ༧ဈ ƥ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 1999 ūƧ ਔ ৲༝༎Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2011 ūƧ ߄ ࡷܻ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ܻᐱᐟࡷ ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ 2012ū፥ ጒ࢖ஊै Ƅ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ Brown & Moshavy, 2002 ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ Luton,2010)
ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ wiza & Hlanganipai, 2014 ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ (Hemedoglu & Evliyaglu, 2012 )
ࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ፟ ፑƂƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƤ߃ ࠧၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ Ǝܻࢸ ƀ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬2005ūƣ ܻఴ ఓഃ೨ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌƥ (Shrestha,2011
Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ࠦހ‬୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖࣍
໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄū१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅࡣ ޲ࡷƦ ༇໩ ଛଓƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄžଘଓॅळࡩࠦߙƌƄ࢖ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬Ƅ
Ɖ ܻࡷਔ ৼƄ፟ ፑƂƌ࣠‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦކݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ Ƃƣ ƀƥūࠢ‫ކܻހݘޢ‬ƥਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬যওߥࡩƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ކ ࣐ܻހ ࢇރ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ࡷ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
݊ ࡷࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ࠧࢇ ߦ୓ข‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คžܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ܻࡩޢࠦހ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࠢޯީჷ჆ଘଓܻࡷ࣠ࠧƥ
፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ഻ܻവറࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƌ࣠ࠅ ƥƇ ୍ܻชܺᄣܻࠧഃ೨ƍࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค
ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎ܻ‫ހ‬ቿቷ޲ࡺޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࠦၴ Ǝƌƥ
ܻᐱᐟࡷƥࠦࡺ࣏ ެࡷƧ ƀ፥ ጿ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƠ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ቻቱ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥ
-ॡ ॐ࣐ ࢧ ଐଌƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƅ ƀƌܻࡷƄ߃ ࠧƥūࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƆƥ߄ ߘƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƄ࣠‫ݹ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƣ ƀ‫ ݪ‬༬࿻ ƆƌܻߥࡩƄƣ ܾ‫཯ހ‬ཏ‫ߙࠩ࣠ࡷݘ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
‫ࠧ ࡴۑ‬౰ేၩƥࠢ‫ܻހ‬ႁ ࢧ ࡩƄࡼ ࡷࠢၮ୍ܻงƀ݊ ࡷ -ࣰࣴ ࢲ Ƣࠟ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓૄ સ࢟
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ᒗᐽ 33 ơ ƥ߄ ၴ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƥ
ƣ ƀƣ ƥमअࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƥū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ ƎƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺଐଌ
ࠦߘൎ൉ၮܻಛಗࢪ ყࡩ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ Ƅ߄ ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
मकܾ୓෺ࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࠧ ࡴހ‬Ǝ࣠‫ ࢸݘ‬ƣ ƀƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹
ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƅ ܻީࢵ ൑ᑉᐽࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƏƥमऌࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƥ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄܻᐱᐕࡩƂƟ ࢖࣐ ୓ขᎨ፻Ʀ ༇໩ ƀࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ހݘ‬
ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻࡺ൞ᒑᐽߎ ࢢ ࣠ࡁ Ƈ žܻၴ ܻ೘ೆƂࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎્઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄߎ ࢢ ƥƣ ƀ -
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƤ߃ ಛಗ
217
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿ፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮࡣ ࢧ ࠁ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ୍ܻชƂ -
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƠ ॅळࢵ ે ઻ၮमक࣓‫ޢࠦݹ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƇ ܻߙྲ Ⴐ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀᑑ ᐽƍࠦ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
ࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯଐଌƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƎ ࣠ࢥ ஊै ܻ‫ރ ࢥީܻ ࣍ࠢހ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƆƥ߄ ߥࡩƄࡴ ᐱᚑܻࡷƀ࣠ࠩߙūᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠢ‫ޯ ݊ހ‬๻๬ึܻଐଌࠦ༬ဈ ܻ‫ރ‬፥ ፕ ƥūơ ࣠ߥࡩƄࡣ ީߘࡣ ‫ހܻࡩߦݘ‬౰ే‫ܻކܾމ‬ಛಗƆƥ߄ߥࡩƄƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦႁ ࡯ࢧ ଐଌ
‫޲ ࡣۑ‬ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬ƆƌܻߘƉ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀࡴ ᐱᐟࡷࡣ ‫ݘ‬༬ဈ ࠦ‫ޯࡺݘޢ‬༬ீ ƥࠦ‫୐ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬งƇ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ܻ ࢢࠦހܻࡩݘ‬உै Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Əƥमऌƣ ƀ -
Ǝ࣠ࢥ ஊै Ƅે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᏹƄžܻߥࡩྲ Ⴐ ඳච ൺƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū໠ ໄߙ࢖࣐ ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࢢ ࡣހ‬Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƥơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެߘߎ ‫ݑ ࡼࢠݘ‬ၖ࿟ ܻ‫ރ‬žܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
ƞ ƥ࢖࣌ ƥࡣ ዙኸ ƞ ƥ࢖࣏ ‫ݓ ࡣހ‬
ࣃ ჱࡷࡴ ࠩ‫ࡺޢݘ‬எ஀ ū࣊ ߥߙࡴ ᐱᐕࡩƂቿᇝᆝ࣠ଐଌƄƢܻࠩଐଌƄ߃ ‫୐ߦޢ‬งƥƇ Ƅྲ Ⴉ ܻഷവറƄžܻߥࡩଛଓ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࡁޢ‬Ǝܻࣃ ჴࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏹƄžܻߥࡩࡼ ࡷ߄ ༨ဈ Ʀ ༇໩ ƀ
Ƣܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చኆ ቷީࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ ࢵޢܻ ࢵޢ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ހ‬Ƅ࢖࣐ ࢠƄƥƇ ଘଓ࣠༨ဈ ‫ߘ ݝ‬ƥ፥ ጿžܻၴ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀࢇ ‫ ކ ࣐ީޢ‬-
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžܻߦ୓คܻ‫ޯࡺ޲ ࡣހ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈Əƥमऌ፥ ጿƨܻ༨༤ Ƅƥܻࢵ ᇴᇍ ‫ރݘ‬Ƅܻಛಗƣ ᇴᆝ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ
Ƣ߄ ၮ‫ ݪ‬ხఱ ఓࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ ݊ހ‬ዙ၅ေ཯དྷࡩƄࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƑ Ǝƥƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ხႾƎ߄ޯࡩƄၖᆆ Ƅ౰౎ࡩƄቿቷߘ -
ࠦ‫ ࡁޢߦޢ‬ƥܻࠧ౰ేၩƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬፥ ጿ౰ే‫ކܾމ‬ቻቱƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ ࡴߙޢ‬ᐱᚑܻࡷƀƆƎ࣠ࢧ ࡩƄƊ ࣠ࢠƥ
‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଛଓƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᐜ᠃Ǝਔ ৿፥ ጿƎ࣠ࢧ ߘࡼ ࡷƣ ࣠‫ ࡴݹݘܻރ‬ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ࢖ߙūܻᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪ
Ǝ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩƄࢪ ߦ‫ࡷ ࡼރ‬ƣ ࣠‫ݹݘܻރ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄᑑ ᐽቦሼƥūܻࠩߥ‫ ࡁޢߦޢࠦކ ࣐ީޢ‬ƥࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ว ෺Ǝ߄ ޯࡩƄࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᚑܻࣀ ߘƀžܻࢵ ƁƎࠢެࡷƣ ࣠‫ݹݘܻރ‬Ƨ ኅ ቱƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƤ߃ ࠧƏƥमऌ፥ ጿƎƥƌቻቱƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ܻݹ‬ᐱᏹଘଓܻ༬ீ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄযওܻࠧߦࡷƓ ࣠ዙኳ -
Ʀ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮơ ࣠ࠁ ၖ࿏ ܻ୓คࡼ ࡷࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬Ƃ‫ܻކ࣠ ࢢ࡯ ݝ‬ଐଌࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈ƥ
ࡣ ޲೘೉ Ƨ ኅ ቱƄƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࡼ ࡷࢪ ყႻ༟༎Ƅƞ ߄ ಛಗƄ‫ܻߘ ߄ ࠁߥߥ ݝ‬ᐱ᏶ܺߙūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ
໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ१ ॐ୐งࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƥūܻᐱᐕߦ‫ރ‬ƥƀࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ୍ܻชƂ፥ ጿ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿܻࠩߥ‫ކ ࣐ީޢ‬যঠ‫ݹ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦࡁߥޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
ūࠦ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५፥ ፑܻஊै Ƅ݊ ߘƄ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ࠩ࡯ީߘࡼ ࡷƐ Ǝ ܻያዪƎ࣠‫ܻࡷݘࠦࡁ ࣃݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡩࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄॡ ॏ୍งƥūܻࠧഃ೨ƍࢇ ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ‬Ƅƅ ܻީࢵ ൑ᑉᐽ
218
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦީࡁ Ƅ࣠ଐଌࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ ƎƌƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙƎƥबअ࢔‫ࠦࡩޯݘ‬ၴ ܻ༨ဂ ࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƣ ƀଘଓƂūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓॅळࡩ
‫ ࣯ۑ‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥ્઻ഷവറƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮࠦߥࠁ ൎ൉ޯଐଌƄƇ ଘଓ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄƥ࢖ࡺޯࣀ ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ
219
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ļ Ļ
:œŲ ŅōƓń ŭřǥ ȋ ń
ļ Ļ ļ ļ Ļ
ņ ŅŌľŅŉɧļŉŔļ ʆſ ńŻ ŷŔ ńŐŏƫńŷŘ ƀʆ Ō
ļ ǇļťȘļȣ ļ ŉŮļ
ņ ŅŌ ő ńŻ ņ ŅŉŘĿ ż ńŻ
220
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƈ ܻၰ ౰౔ߥଐଌƄƥƇ ܻ‫ࡩޯ࣠ ࢢޢ‬ƄƥƇ ܻၴ ܻޯެჴࢵ ଘଓƄƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦࢢ ൎ൉ၯ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƓ ࢖‫ޯݘ‬ఱ ఠࡣ ࢧ ߦࡩƄƄ߃ ࠧ፥ ጿ
፥ ጘଜଓƄ࣠ࠒ ެࡩƄે ઻ၮƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃቿቷࢧ ޯଐଌƄ
ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣ࢟ ോെၬ -ƥକଐƢŽ

Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ࠦކ‬ၴ Ǝƌࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ -
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥ ࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ƥ -
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽ ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ሯሡሁ -
ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬
Ɩ ࣠ެࡩƄ ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃ ቿቱƄƌ Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙ ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ ࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎ ݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ ፟ ፑƂ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ƥ -
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄūūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅū፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄ
Ƈ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
Ɩ ࣠ެࡩƄ ࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ Ƃ ቿቱƄƌ Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙ ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ ࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎ ݑ‬ᚻࡩƄ ፟ ፑƂ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ ‫ࠧ ߄ߙ ݝ‬ƥ -
ࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬ƄūƆ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ୍ࠦง༟༎Ƅū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄū፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄ
ࠦࠩࠅ ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌ ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ƥ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬
(191)ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݓ ݝݑޢ‬
࡯‫ݟހ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ހܾࡷܻރ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ݊ ࡺޯ༬ீ ࡣ ޲೘೉
ƆƄƌᇷᆝ ƣ ܻ‫ީޢ‬ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ‫߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅሯሡሁ ū१ ॐࢢ ࣠ࡩƄߴ ᐱᐟଐଌƄࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫߄ࡷ ݝ‬ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࡼ ࡷƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ݑ‬
(SPSS)ࠦ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢ‬ଘଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄƢƏ༟༎Ƅၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬౰౎‫ހ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ࡩީޢܻރ‬Ƅࠦஎै ܻ‫ࡷݘ‬Ꭸ᎙ƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫ܻރ‬୆ก݊ ସବଣ
ࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ūࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻ‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻߙƄ࢖༨စ ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ޟ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄࠦީࣀ ჱࡩƄū፥ ጒܻࣀ ஊै Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄࠦ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଛଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬
Ǝܻ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ƥūࠢ‫ ࢸܻߙޢ‬Ƨ Ǝܻ‫ࡷݘޢ‬ūƧ ƌܻၰ ଛଓƄ௪ ௎ܻީޯࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ ،T-test-Ǝܻީޯࠀ Ƅūƣ ܻࡷ౰ేީࢵ Ƈ ଘଓƌܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƥūƣ ࣠ࢵ ౰ే‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄ
߄ ߘƥūࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄቿቷ‫ ࢵޟ‬ƀે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻހ‬ၴ ଗଓƄࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷƥūƆƄƌଛଓƄƇ ୍ܻชƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƌ ୍ܻคƥഃ೨ ܻߦࡩƀቿቱƌܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ū LSD)
፥ ጘଜଓƄࡼ ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ߦࢵ ƀ
221
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ࢖ߙƄ࣠‫ ކ‬ᚸƥକଐƢŽ
୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ޯ༨࿻ ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ୆คܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄે ઻ၮ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ࢧ ࠁ ƥ 3.57 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹፟ ፑƥଛଓƄ
ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጘܾ‫ެࡺܻݹ‬ყჅ 3.44 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ࠦ޲ࡩܻ޲ࡩƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ፥ ጿܻࡺᐱᐕ࡯‫ݹ‬ƥ 3.56)
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄƠ ॅळࢵ ơ ܻ༬ீ ࡣ ޯ༨࿻ ƥ (3.43 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ހݘ‬Ƅ༟༎Ƅ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄ
‫ۑ‬3.11 ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯ೘ೃ࣐ࠦ ࢵ ࣠ޯࡷࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿƆ౰ేၯ ଛଓƄ୍ࠦง࢖ଐଌƄ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃƣ ࣠‫ޯݘ‬๻๬ึžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬Ƅƣ ܾ‫ ࢵࠦހ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ ᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
‫ۑ‬3.88 ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄžଘଓॅळࡩƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣊ ࢵ ࣠ޯଐଌƄ݅ ࡯‫ݟހ‬Ƭ ‫ ࡴ ࠁޢ‬ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ፥ ፑܻၮ࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬งžଘଓƥ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓ ࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀᚻƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬

Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
߄ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀƥ -
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ
ࠦၴ Ǝ ኆ ቱƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬Ƅ
ƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀ‫ܻࡷޢࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ޢࠦ ހ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ଐଌƄƍܻޯࢵ ଛଓƄƥ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓ค Ƈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ -
ūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଘଓƄܻࠧƎƥܻ༨ீ ƥƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05)
ၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀ‫ࡩߦ࢖دݹࠦ ࠁޢ ݟ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ Ƅ߄ ၮū࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࠁ ࣀ ݪ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ
ቿቱଘଓƌƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀƥ -
ࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ހݘ‬ƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬ƄܻࠧƎƥܻ༨ீ ƥƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05)
žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ހ‬ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷ‫ ࣀ ݪ‬༨ဂ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄ
222
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƣ Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬፥ ጿƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮ໠ ໄ࡯ࢢ ܻஊै Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀ‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄơ ܻ༬ீ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ხެࠅ ƀ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀƥ -
‫ۑ‬Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬Ƣܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌ
Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀƥ -
ūࠦ‫ܻࡷޢ‬ಛಗଗଓƄࠦ‫ߙݘޢ‬Ƅኆ ቱƄū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ ࠦ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݑޢ‬ƄܻࠧƎƥܻ༨ீ ƥƢܻၮᇯ ᇍ ఴ చࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎ࣠༨ீ ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 ቿቱଘଓƌ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩūࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ ކݘ‬໠ ໄࡓ ৤৕ষƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƇ ƄƎܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄƆƎܻ޲ჴࢵ ଘଓƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
ࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ūƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱଘଓƌƇ ƄƍƟ ƥ࢖ߙ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ -ƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
ūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ 0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬
Ɔ౰౎உै ƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ūƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁኆ ቱƄે ઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै Ƅኆ ቷ‫ހ‬ūࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝኆ ቱƄū፥ ፎ ܻࡺޯࠅ ଘଓƄƖ ࣠ެࡩƄ ࠦ୆งଜଓƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ކ‬
(0.05 Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ߄ ެ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ Ƅमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƠ ܻެࠧƣ ƀၖ࿏ ܻޯެࡩƄƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀƥ -
Ƈ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀܻᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ߙޟ‬ᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩ ࢝ ࢧ ࠑ ޯࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
Ƭ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ކ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷमअ߄ ߥ‫ކ‬ơ ࣠ࠁ
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ஊै Ƅࠦߦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƨܻ୆෷ܻࢧ ࠁ ƂቿቱƄƌƨܻߘƥ࢖ߙƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ
ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄၖ࿏ ܻ୓คƇ ࢖ࠩ࣌ ƀ ᚸƥܸࢽ ࡴܸၬ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ
ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ໠ ໄ‫ࡷ࣠ ࠅީࠦހ‬Ɣ ୍ܻงƎƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮƌ࣠ࠅ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ‫ޯ ݝ‬ხ჎ƀƬ
‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ žܻެ޲ჴࢵ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬
(.049 ‫ݓ ݝ‬
࡯‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦၴ Ǝƌƥ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅ
Ƅ ܸၱ ܸެީჱࢲ କଐƁᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬
౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે ઻ၮƀƥࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝਔ ৹ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƐ Ǝܻ೘಼ -1
ūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅܻࠩዙኸ ਔ ৿཯དྷࡩƄƃ ƌܻީଐଌƄƥ যওߥࡩƄƣ ॅळ޲๻๬ึࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƣ ƀ཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥ፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ
ࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƣ ࣠‫ߙݘ‬ਔ ৲‫ ࠁޢ ݟ‬ū፥ ፑܻ޲ଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩࡴ ᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷࡴ ᐱᏩܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀࠦߥ‫މ‬ƣ ࣠ީࣀ ჴࡓ ‫ ࡴݹ‬ᐱ᏶ƀሯሡሁ
ܻࡷࡼ ‫ݑ‬ၖ࿟ ܻ‫ࠧ࣠ރ‬ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࡼ ࡷƤ౰ేၩࡼ ࡷ౰౗ࡁ ƀࡣ ޲ଐଌܻ‫ހ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡴ ᐱᐢࢵ Ǝܻያዪơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ
‫ܻࠧࠩ ࡴۑ‬༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᐕࢵ ƥƁ୹ ୪ƅ ܻᅎഌ Ƃƅ ߃ ༬ဈ ࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ƄƎࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ Ƃƃ ƌܻީࡷƥযওߘࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ॅރ‬ळዙ၁ဤ
223
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ፥ ጿၒল Ƅ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩƄƏƥमऌ -2
Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ว ෺Ǝ߄ ୓ก፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƢܻࡺޯܻࠧ‫ހ‬Ǝ࣠ࢧ ߘƌ࣠ࠅ ƥᑑ ᐽƍơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥ
ܻᐱᐟࡷƥഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦୖ෺߄ ஊै Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ‫ ࢵܻࡩޢ ݪ‬ଘଓƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅે ઻ၮܻᐱᐕߙᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦެࡓ ࡺଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄžܻ࣐ ‫ݑ‬Ƃ፥ ጿƨܻߦ‫ࢠݘ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀ -3
ၒল Ƅ࣠ࡩƄƎ࣠ࢧ ߥࡩƄ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩ࣌ ࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ፥ ፑܻၮ࣯ ࡺ‫୐ ࣏ޢ‬งžଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ೘ೃᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ݊ ޯ๻๬ึ -4
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉ၮ߄ ၴ ࣠‫ކ‬ଘଓࠢ‫ރ‬ƀે ઻ၮࠦႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴެࡩƄƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷࡴ ࠩߥࠁ ፥ ጿ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ܾ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐢ‫ࠦࡩߥެܻݑ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈࣠ࠧƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ࡴ ᐱᏩଘଓ࣠‫ހ‬፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮƄƥቧሼ ƀࡴ ᐱ᏶ƀଘଓƂū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
࣐ࠦ ୍ง୹ ୪ࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ ൉ၯ ƀࠦ‫ࡷ ࡼ ࣍ީޢݘ‬žଘଓॅळࡩܻଐଌƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀે ઻ၮ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ Ƃܻࢵ ᇴᇍ ‫ރݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷቻቱܻଐଌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƤܻ༬ဈ
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕߙƨܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ Ƅ࣠࣍ ࢖༧စ Ƅƥࡴ ࠩࡺ‫ܻކݘ࡯ޢ‬ᐱᐕߙƄ࣠ߥ࡯‫཯ކ‬དྷࡩƄࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓൞ᒑᐽࡴ ᐱᏩܻߙ࣠‫ހ‬ƥūቻቱࡴ ᐱᏩܻ๻๬เܻ‫ހ‬ƣ ƥ౮౔‫ݹݘ‬௪ ௎ቧሼ Ƣൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓܻ‫ހ‬
ࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƠ Ƅྲ ႖Ƃ፥ ጿߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ࣏ ࠁ ൎ൉ࡷƥƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ၴ Ƃơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ -5
ƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡩࡴ ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ɛ ࣠൞൙ࡷ݊ ߘƄƥ࣠ࠧƥūࠦ‫ॱॺܻࡷݘ‬५࣯ භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƌƄ߄ ၮଛଓƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
‫ॱॺܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬५࣯ භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓƄ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳ႞ߦ‫ރ‬ƀƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƠ Ƅྲ ႖Ƃ፥ ጿƨƄƎ࣠ࢧ ߘ
žܻߦ୓คƂơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷᑑ ᐽƍ߰ ࢥ ୓෺ƥūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɔ࣠எ஀ ƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -6
཯ཏ‫ݹݘ‬ଘଓƥūᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀžଘଓƥƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄ໠ ໄ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹࠦހ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩެܻ ࠁޢ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷƆƌ࣠ࠅ ࣠ࡷࠦߘൎ൉‫ߘࠦࡷެݘ߄ࡷࠦߙܻࡩݘ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ƀ
ܻᐱᐟࡷū࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ ƣ ƥƌ‫ܻࡩ ݝ‬ၰ ƅ ܻީࢵ ƀƥࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬Ơ ܻެࠧƣ ƀଘଓƂ
ܻያዪūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎ໠ ໄ‫ ࢢ ࡣހ‬Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƥơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄƇ Ƅ࣠ެߘߎ ‫ࢠݘ‬
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩࠦ‫ࡩߦݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌƥ߄ ༨ீ ે ઻ၮमकƀ
࢛ ‫ހݘ‬ƥūࢪ ჱஎै Ƅƞ ൎ൉ޯࠀ Ƅࡴ ‫ ݌‬Ǝࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƦ ƁƎ໠ ໄ‫ހ ࣊ހ‬Ƅ౰౔ࡩƄƥࡣ ࡷᇴᇍ ޯࡩƄƥᄅ ྈܻႅ ޯࡩƄƎ࣠ࠩ࣌ -7
ࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠ࡷࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ܾ‫ ࡴހ‬ᐱᐢ‫ࠦࡩߥެܻݑ‬༨༤ Ƅƥቿቱଘଓƌ፥ ፕ ƥūܻಛಗƦ ࢔‫ކݘ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߙƧ ƀ࢖࣏ࠩ ‫ކ‬Ꭸ፻཯དྷࡩƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄ࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬Ƈ ܻࠩࠅ ƥે ઻ၮ౰ే‫ޟࠦࡷ ࡼކܾމ‬ყީࡩƄƆ߄ ၰ ࣠ࡩܻଐଌƥ
224
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ቿቱଘଓƌࡣ ዙ၁ေƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬

ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫ ࣀީࠦࡩީݘ‬ჱࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄ࢛ ‫ ࢵࠦࡩީݘ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀƇ ܻ‫ܻހ‬ၴ Ƃ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -8
যওܻࠧߦࡷƓ ࣠ዙኳ ƥࠦ‫މ‬Ƅ߄ ஊै ࠦ‫ࠦ ࣍ީޢݘޢ‬ႅ ‫ޢ‬ჴ჈፥ ፕ ƥūƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄƤ߃ ࢛ࠧ ‫ކ࣠ ࢢޢ ߎހݘ‬፥ ጿƦ Ɓ༟༎ƄƖ ࣠୐งે ઻ၮࠦ༨༤ Ƅƥ
‫ ࢵࠦۑ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠦެ‫ݑޢ‬ƌƄ࢖ߙƀ࢛ ‫ހݘ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ଘଓܻ༬ீ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄ ࠦ‫ ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ Ƈ ƄƎܻᐱᚑ मअ࣐࣠ ୓ก ƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ ߎ ‫ ࢠݘ‬-7
ࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀે ઻ၮƨܻީ࡯ࢵ मक࣓‫ࡷܻݹ‬Ƅ߃ ࠧƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪે ઻ၮࡴ ᐱᐜ᠃Ǝਔ ৿ƨܻࢢ ࣠ࢧ ࠀ ƆƎ࣐࣠ ޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᐟყჅܻࡺ‫ߙޢ‬ơ ƌܻީޯଐଌƄ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮࢇ ‫ކݘࡺޢ‬ƥ
Ƅ ܸ‫ࡦެࣝ ࢟ޟ‬Ɓᚸƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ხႾƎਔ ৿Ƈ ƄƎƥƌ߄ ߥ‫ݑ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใƥमअ࣐࣠ ୓กƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓƄ -
मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿƎƥƌܻಛಗƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ݹ‬ƣ Ƅࡼ ࡓ ࡺଐଌƄࡼ ࡷ཯དྷࡩƄƇ ଘଓ഻ܻവറƄߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ƥūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿ
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀે ઻ၮƨܻ‫ܻހ‬༬࿻ Ƃᑑ ᐽƍࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺ܻያዪࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎ߄ ߘƥࡴ ᐱᏹƄƎܻᐱᚑ
ࠦߘൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅबअ࢔‫ࡩޯݘ‬ധ ୨ఱ ఠ཯དྷࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࡴ ᐱᏹƄƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄ࣐ࠦ ఴ ఝଛଓƄƥၖᆆ Ƅ౰౎ࡩƄࠦࡷܻߘƂ -
ơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄࡣ ‫ࡩޯߦݘޢ‬ᑑ ᐽƍƧ ƌ࣓‫ܻݹ‬ያዪūᄎ ႞ߘƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ᇯ ᆝ Ʀ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌơ ॅळஊै Ƅƌܻ༬࿻ ଗଓūࡴ ᐱᐟყჅ
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏹƄƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƥžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ໠ ໄ‫ ࢢ ࡣހ‬Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƥ
Ƒ Ǝƥ߄ ߥ‫ݑ‬ơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ࣠೘ೆबअ࢔‫୓ݘ‬กƢܻࡺޯࠧଘଓܻ‫ܻࡷݘޢࠦހ‬எै ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࡣ ީߘࡼ ࡷƌܻஎै Ƅഭ ୨ࣀ ࡩƄ -
‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢߥܻࠩۑ‬ƣ ࣠‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓ཯དྷࡩƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻၰ ࣠ࡺ࣍ ƥࡴ ᐱᏹܻၴ ܻ‫ ࠁޯޢ‬Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦߦ࡯ޯ༧ீ Ƈ Ƅƥਔ ৼƥࡣ ዙኸ
‫ ࠁޢܻت‬ൎ൉ࢢ ࡴ ࠩࠒ ެ೘ೃࡴ ᐱᐟ‫ ࡓޢ‬೘೉ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƇ ൎ൉‫ޢ‬ᐳ႞ჴࡩƄᎨᎌ߄ ߥ‫ ކ‬-
ߎ ࡯ޯ༧ீ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࡣ ၯ Ƅƌࠦ‫ࡷޯ࣠ߘݘ‬౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄࡴ ࠧƌ࣠ࠩࠅ ơ ߃ ީࡩ౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄࡴ ᐱᏩƄƌƀે ઻ၮᑑ ᐽƍࢪ ࡓ ‫୐ݘ‬෺ܻያዪūࠦ‫ ࢵݘ‬Ƅƥ
‫ޯࡺ ݊ۑ‬഻വറƄࠦࡷ߄ ၯ ፥ ጿƣ ᇴᆝ ܻࡷūƢƀƨܻ‫޲ޢ‬༨ဂ ƥƀƨܻఱ ఓƎਔ ৿žƄ࣠ࢵ ࡴ ᐱᏳࠦ࣍ ܻެଐଌƄƎƄƥƌଛଓƄ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥ໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƥ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄࡼ ࡷࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ࡷƆƌܻߘƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃࠦ‫ ࡓޢߦޢ‬ᚻࡩࠦ‫ݹࠦࡷޯީݘ‬मअ࣐࣠ ‫ࡩޢࠦކ‬ſƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃ -
‫ۑ‬Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅơ ഻ܻവറƄ፥ ጿƇ ƄƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌࡴ ࠧƌƄ߄ ၮᓘƥࡴ ᐱᐜ᠃Ǝਔ ৿ƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩ‫ا‬
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै ƄƢܻ࣏ ‫ࢠ ݊ރ‬ƥ፥ ጿ࢖࣏ ެࡩƄƆƌܻၮƂ -
Ƅ ܸၭ ౭౑ߢ଍ଉƁᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ƁƋ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ ࡓ ࣃ ߎݑ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦࢵ ƄƎƌžƄ༇໮ Ƃ -
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄࠢ‫ࡩޢ‬ƂƟ ࢖࣐ ୓ขᎨ፻Ʀ ༇໩ ƀࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ݑ‬ƥƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯࡷࢇ ߙƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
225
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡼ ࡷžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࡁߦܻݹ‬ūࠦၴ Ǝƌਔ ৲߄ ႁ ޯࡩࠦࢵ ƄƎƌžƄ༇໮ Ƃ -
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏳൎ൉࣍ ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥࡼ ࡷƥࡴ ࠧ࢖࣏ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ‬ƥ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƊ ౰౔ߥࡷၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬मऌžܻ୐กࡼ ‫ ࢵࠦݑ‬ƄƎƌžƄ༇໮ Ƃ -
‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿमक࣓ଐଌƄ१ ॐശവറƄว คܻஎै Ƅࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌࠦࢵ ƄƎƌžƄ༇໮ Ƃ -
‫ܻࡩޢࠦۑ‬ஊै Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄܻᐱᐕࡩƂƟ ࢖࣐ ୓ขᎨ፻཯དྷࡩƄžܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
226
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
227
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣᚺୃ෾࢓ᚸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ࠂ Ɓ࢓଍ଉƁᚸƥକଐƢŽ
‫ۑ‬Ꭵᎉ ಏ౴ᚸࡦƁƠ ż࢓ߢࡦƁ .1
‫ޟ ߭ࡴ ࢽ ࣰࣴۑ‬༥༣ .2
ࠦ‫ࡩ ࢧ ࠒޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻݹ‬ၮ༟༎Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅ 2006 যওࠁ ༟༎Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ƣ ܻެࠁ ŨƤ ߁ ዖዄ ଘଐƁ .3
‫ۑ‬3 ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅū 13 ኆ ቷ഻വറƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅቿቷ഻വറƄ‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥଛଓƄ
Ɛ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑࠦ‫ࡩޯެࡺޢ‬Ɗ ౰౔ߥࡷƎ࣠ࢧ ‫ ކ‬2012) ƆƎܻީࠅ ơ ൎ൉‫ހ‬ūܸၦଘଐƁ .4
‫ࡷޢࠦۑ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ƈ ܻ࣏ ߙܻੇ੅ਰƈ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄቿቱᇴᆝ࣠‫ݹࠦހ‬ƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓƄ
‫ޢ ࡣۑ‬எै ƄƎƄƌƇ ƥ౰ే‫ހ‬ū6‫ ج‬،࣊ ‫ޢ‬ഷവറƄƅ ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƣ ܻࣀ ࡩ (1990 ࡣ ࢥ ߦࡩƄ࣠‫ހ‬ƀ௪ ௎ኆ ቱƄơ ܻዙዋ ŨƋࣝ࣌ ީࡴ௧ ௒Ɓ .5
ࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄƥ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅযওࡺࢧ ‫ ࣯ކ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅၖᅛ ܻެࡷ (2007 ߄ ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥ߄ ዙಟಝūࢪ ࣍ ަࡦƁūࡣ ࡷᇴᆝ ਔ ৲࢖ߙū୍ࠟ෷ƌ ࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž .6
‫ࠦۑ‬ၮܻީ࣐ ࡩƄƥ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ ႡჱᑃᐽƆ౰ేࣀ ଐଌƄƎƄƌ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ۑ‬፥ ገܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄ
ࢠ 2009 ௪ ௎ኆ ቱƄƊ ൎ൉ࢢ ߄ ዙಟಝŨോെ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ‫ ࢵࠦކ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬ƄƎƌ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮܻࠧमकƀƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬ ࡦƁ ࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž .7
፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ɩ ܻ࣐ ߘ፥ ጿࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄƆƎƄƏƥ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄžƄƎ߄ ଐଌƄે ઻ၮ
‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬-ࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬1‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ ط‬ଐଌƄࡣ ၯ Ƅƌ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࿃ ႞ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄযও‫ݑ‬ਔ৿ƥžܻ୐ก (2005 ߄ ዙಟಝ‫ࡷ߄ ࠁ ݝ‬Ũྯ Ⴍ ީࡦƁࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž .8
‫ ྲێ‬Ⴐ ࡷ‫ݹ ݊ۑ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ ႡჱᑃᐽƠ ƄमऒƂ
ᑃᐽƄ݊ ዙಣಝ‫ۑ‬፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄž࢔எै Ƅ࣊ ‫ࡩ࣠ ࢵޢ‬Ƅࡴ ࠖ ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ (1960 ƣ ƥ༇໩ ſƥযওࠧƄमऌƂūࢧ ფჅŽ .9
‫ ྲۑ‬Ⴐ ࡷ -Ɔ࢖ܻࠧߥࡩƄūࠦ‫ݓ‬
Ɔ࢔ࠩࠅ ଛଓƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅࣷࣳ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހܻࡩޯݘ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻߥ‫ߘࠦކ ࣐ީޢ‬ൎ൉ၮ 2013 ƣ ൎ൉ީߘ௪ ௕߄ ዙ዇ ،߭ ‫ߖ ࣍ޟ‬ƞ ‫ آ‬.10
ቿቱܻࢵ ‫ۑر‬Ɠ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎ܻ‫ހ‬Ƈ ƄƏƄ࣠ॺॱ५ࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬मअ߄ ଐଌƄƥƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷ൑ᑉᐽࠦࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬मअ߄ ଐଌƄે઻ၮࠦ‫ރ‬Ǝܻߥࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ‫ࡷެޢࠦۑ‬ଛଓƄ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ‫ࡷެޢࠦۑ‬ଛଓƄƢॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ‫ܻࡷݘࠦރܻݹ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁƌ
ࢇ ࣃ ࡷƌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 2010 যওࢵ ƥ߄ ዙಟಝū࿀ ႓ܸ‫ݽ‬
ƌƋܸ‫ݽ‬.11
(WWW.Pdf factory.com. ࣊ ‫ހ‬ƄƎે ઻ၮƊ ܻޯࡷ‫ݹܻۑ‬Ǝ࣠ࢵ ūƌܻࢧ ޯߘଘଓƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱ Ɔਔ ৯ܻࣀ ࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆଛଓ‫( ا‬2001 ߄ ዙಟಝࡼ ࣀ ࠁ ໠ ໄࣀ ࠁ žܻެყࢵ Ũ݇ ߖܸ‫ݽܸހ‬.12
‫ۑ‬ƣ ߄ ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ێ‬ƣ ߄ၮƥžܻ‫཯ ࢢެݘ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿ
228
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
߄ީ‫ࠦݑ‬ዙዋ मऒ -Ɔ࢖ܻࠧߥࡩƄ‫ࡩߦ ࠖ࢖ۑ‬ƄƎƄƌ‫ࠦۑ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄƦ ࣠ߥࡩƄžܻ୐กƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใ (2003 ࣠‫ߙ࣠ࡩޢ‬ƀ‫ۑ‬Ɖ ‫ۑ‬ƍ Ƣफउ .13
‫ۑ‬፥ ጹƄ࢔உै Ƅ߄ ዙ዇ ƀযওࡓ ஊै Ƅ
ࢠ 2013 Ʀ ྲ ྟ྅Ũ። ፎूरᐮᐙࡦƁ .14
ࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹ‬Ƅቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄžƄƎ߄ ࡷƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ܻ ހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ūࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬-ƒ ܻၯ ū፥ ጹ࣠ࡓ ၰ -ࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ހܾࡷܻރ‬
ࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎƌū‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ ߘޢ‬2009 ơ Ƅ࣠‫ރ‬ūƜ ോെၫࣝ‫ݽ‬.15
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ -ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Əܻ‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄƥžܻ‫ ࡓࠩ࢖ހ‬ᚻᑃᐽࠦ‫ݹ‬मंƄ࢔எै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ƣ ߄ ၮ
‫ۑ‬ƣ ܻެީࡩࠦީޯࡓ ࡷ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ۑ‬Ɩ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄƥࡣ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻᐱᚑƇ ܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀቿቷࣀ ࡯ࢵ (2008 Ƣ࣠‫ކ‬ūƌ౭౑ୃ෾ .16
‫ެޢࠦۑ‬৤ৈষƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩସବଣ Ƅ ࣬ ൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ‫ࡦަ ࠏݜ‬ƁƢ። ፎܸ‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ ‫( وزارة‬2007) ࡼ ৤ৈষƄ፥ ጿ፥ ጹ࣠ࡓ ஊै Ƅഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ .17
-࠯ ‫ޢ‬೘ೃ -ƆƎƄƌ്ᑉᐽࠦ‫ࠩެޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰౎உै Ƅഁ೨୹ ୪ 3Ɣ ‫ۑ‬ൎ൉‫ߙݘ‬ƥƨƄಒ౷ߙūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬Ƅ (2008 ƌ࣠ዙಟಝ ،ࢄ ‫ ރࣝߖޟ‬.18
‫ێ‬
ၖᆆ ܻ‫ރ‬मऌࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƌƄ߄ ၮƂ 2007 যওࠧƄमऌƄ‫ ݝ‬ჱჅƆ߄ ၴ ܻࡷūƤ ƉƢƋܸ஋ॅ Ɓ .19
በ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄūࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ūƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬ᑻ ᑧଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁƌቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ɗ ౰౔ߥࡷષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ƆƎƄƏƥ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄžƄƌƀ໠ ໄࣀ ༨ဈ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƥࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻଐଌƄ࢔ߙƄ࣠ஊै Ƅमकƀ 2011 ߄ ዙಟಝ߄ ዙ዇ ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ū࿀ ႐ܸࢽ ஋ॅ Ɓ .20
ે઻ၮƊ ܻޯࡷ‫ۑ‬፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ޯݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆คܻ࣐ ‫ݹ‬౰౎ࡩƄࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ‫ۑ‬ƣ ܻዙኸ ࠦެ࣐ ࡯ఱ చযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ
www.abhe,com.uk .࣊ ‫ހ‬Ƅ༟༎Ƅ
ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄࡴ ᐱᚑܻᐱᚑ࣠༨စ Ǝܻࡷƍࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎžƄƎſ 2010 ߄ ዙಟಝྲ Ⴐ ‫ރ‬ū૊ સ‫ޟ‬ᓆᒱၡ Ɓ .21
ūࢇ ࣃ ࡷƌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቷ༬ீ ‫ࡷ ࣃ ࢇۑ‬ƌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƥ
‫ۑ‬26ኆ ቷ഻വറƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ ࡓޢ‬ᚻ࡯ଐଌƄࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗܻ‫ހ‬Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࣷࣳ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ࡷƧ मअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ 2012 ߄ ዙಟಝ௪ ௕ƣ ܻ࣐ ࡯ࢵ ū። ጏ࢓இॅ Ɓ .22
ࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖ࠧ ࡴۑ‬ƥࡼ ࡷ໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ -बअ࢔‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ᑻ ᑧଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ -ࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ፟ ፑƂ
229
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ 2010 ߄ ዙಟಝ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ ߄ݑ‬ዙಟಝ ،ཬཌࢽ இॅ Ɓ .23
‫ۑ‬-žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ -ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กࠢޯߘൎ൉ၮƥ
Ɛ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷƦ ኆ ቱࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 2011 ߄ ዙ዇ Ƅ௪ ௕߄ ዙ዇ ƀ௪ ௕ྲ Ⴋ ܻ‫ ރ‬،߁ ଵଥଠ ‫ ا‬.24
ࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎ܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥƓ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎Ƅࠦ୐෺߄ࡷ፥ ጿࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ୓กଘଓƄ
‫ࡷޢࠦۑ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬௪ ௕߄ ዙಟಝƢܻࡷଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ -ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂ
ࠦ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄࠦ‫࢖ݹ‬ஊै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ 2008 १ ॐ ࣐ ࡩܻ‫ރ‬ƄƌūƠ Ɓ߁ ዖዄ .25
ࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣍ެޢ‬Ƅ Ɗ ܻႅ ެࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ޢࠦۑ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࣐ ࣀ ࡯ߙūࢪ ࡯‫ރܻހ‬፥ ጿ
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƢƄ౮౔ࡩଘଓƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ ߘޢ‬2006 ƌܻዙ዇ যওࠧƄमऌƂ፥ ጹܻࢵ ūࠣ‫ ߾ީࣝހ‬.26
‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ࡷޢࠦ ݌‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ɩ ܻ࣐ ߥ‫ޢࠦހ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅ
፥ ጿƆƌ࣠எै Ƅቿቷ༬ீ ‫ۑ‬Ǝƥኆ ቱƄƥƢ࣠ࠩߦଐଌƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ࣯ ೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄᄎ ႞ߥࡩƄ 2005 ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ƣ ܻ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ ،። ፎࣝஇॅ Ɓ .27
‫ۑ‬-Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬-2ƌ߄ ၮ‫ۑ‬1ኆ ቷ༬ீ ūࠦ‫ࡷޢ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅū፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ໠ ໄ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱžƄƌଛଓܻ‫ߘޯࠢހ‬ൎ൉ၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ 2007 ྲ Ⴋ ܻ‫઻ેރ‬ၮྲ Ⴋ ܻ‫ ރ‬،Ƥ Ƌ߁ ஆॅ Ɓ .28
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƔ ܻ೘ೆଛଓƄमकƀ 2003)ƌܻዙ዇ ƌܻ‫ݹ‬ƀū࣬ ࡷ‫ޟ‬ৡ৒঴ƁƢ ūቻᒗᐽƄƎܻၴ ഃ೨ ܻࢸ ،። ፎܸࣀ ஆॅ Ɓ .29
Ƣॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄቿቷ഻വറƄ‫ܻ ࢢࠦۑ‬உै Ƅࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮ
‫ۑ‬1ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅū6ኆ ቷ഻വറƄūࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢߥޢ‬Ƅ
ྲ ႡჱᑃᐽƆ౰ేࣀ ଐଌƄƎƄƌ -ƣ ƌƎଛଓƄ -ƣ ܻዙኸ ‫ۑ‬1‫ۑ ط‬፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅƥ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅ (2003 ߄ ዙ዇ ƀ ،‫ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ஆॅ Ɓ .30
‫ݹ ݊ۑ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥ
፥ ጿžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ࠩެޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެࡺޢ‬Ƅ݊ ߘƄƥ 2009 ࢖࣐ࠩ ࡷ߄ ዙಟಝࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬ၯ ،‫ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ஆॅ Ɓ .31
ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬ഭ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿቿቷࡷܻࣃ ࡩƄƆƌ࣠எै ƄƆƎƄƌƂž࣠ࢠ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ
230
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦހ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮ 2010 ཯ཏࣀ ࠁ Ꭸᎌ ഃ೨ ߄ ዙಟಝūߋ ࡬ၬ .32
ūƆ࢔‫ݓ‬
‫ࡷޢࠦހ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ࡷޢࠦۑ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ ྲݹࠦۑ‬ႡხࡩƄƌƎƄ࣠ଐଌƄƆƎƄƌƂ
ܻࢠ༟༎ܻ‫ߘޯࠢހ‬ൎ൉ၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ 2009 ߎ ࡯ၯ ཀྵཏࡷūࠣዖዄ ോെ଍ଉƁƢ ᅶै ܻࢢ Ɗ ܻޯߦࡩƄ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬،Ƅ ܸߣ‫࡬ޟ‬ၬ .33
،25ኆ ቷ༬ீ ūࢇ ࣃ ࡷƌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቷ༬ீ ‫ࠦۑ‬୆คƌƎଛଓƄࠦࢢ ܻஉै ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅ
‫(ێ‬4-3 ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƥƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ዙኸ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ 2011 ࡼ ࣀ ࠁ ߄ ዙಟಝūƄ ƁƉƁ༄໫ Ƣ ū߄ ዙ዇ ƀਔ ৲ܻၮ ،ƃኃ ቮƁࣝஆॅ Ɓ .34
ūƆƎ࣠ࢧ ެଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ūࠦ‫ࡩެ࣠ݑޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƈ ࣠ࠒ ީࡩƄቿቷ༬ீ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƑ ༇໮ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ơ ƥଛଓƄž࢔எै Ƅ 23 ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
፥ ጿࠦ‫ݑޢ‬ൎ൉࣐ ޯࢵ Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ‫ۑ‬१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎ܻ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ހ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌƄࠦߘൎ൉ၮ 2012 Ƨ ࣠ࢥ ‫ݹ‬ƎƐ ߄ެࢵ ū௧ ோ߽ࣝ .35
‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢࠦۑ‬ଘଓƄƣ ƥ࣓ࣃ ࡩƄƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƆƎƄƏƥ
ūƔ ƣ ƥਔ ৹ ‫ ࠅޯࡺܻݑޢࠦۑ‬ଘଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƥࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅࠦ‫ ࠖޢ‬ᐱᐟࡷ (2008) ࢓ೕೃफ़ ्࣍ ࢤ ࡴŨࢧ ዖኵ Ɖ .36
‫ۑ‬ƣ ᇴᇍ ‫ࡩݘީޢ‬Ƅū݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ ႡჱᑃᐽžƄ߄ ‫ ݌ޢ‬ƎƄƌūƣ ܻዙኸ
ࢠ 2005 ƣ ܻ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ ௪ ௕߄ ‫ ࢵݘޢ‬ūƤ ྯ ႐Ƣኃ ቮ‫ ا‬.37
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คƌƎଛଓƄƆ࢔ࠩࠅ ଛଓƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ߘޯࠢހ‬ൎ൉ၮƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƔ ࣠‫ݓ‬
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ‫ ྲߘޢࠦۑ‬ႡࡩƄࠦߥ࣐ ެଐଌƄࠦ࣍ ྲ ႖፥ ጒ࣠ࣀ ჱࡷે ઻ၮࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎƌ
‫ۑ‬Ɠ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎Ƅūࠦ‫ࡷެޢ‬ଛଓƄƢॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ‫ރܻݹ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ܻ‫ޢࠦ ހ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ Ƈ Ƅƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪ Ʀ ߄ ࡷ 2012 ߄ࡷܻၰ ơ ሯሡሁ ୹ ୪ܻࢵ ūฤ ෷ኃ ቮ‫ ا‬.38
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐢ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใࡣ ީࢵ ƥܻᐱᐢ᠊࣠‫ ࢢݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬-Ɔ୷ ‫ࠧ࢖– ݌‬ƏଛଓƄ
‫ر‬Ƅ߄ ࢢ Ƃ‫ۑ‬ơ ܻዙኸ ଛଓƄࡣ ၴ Ǝƥ ơ ܻ‫ࡩߦݘ‬Ƅमअ߄ ଐଌƄ‫ ࡁޯ ݪ‬Ƈ ܻࢢ ൎ൉ၯ ‫ۑ‬žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ౰ే‫( ކܾމ‬1996 ࠯ ‫ݹ‬Ǝਔ ৲࢖ߙ ،ኃ ቴࣀ ჱႻƁƋ .39
‫ۑ‬6ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࠦ‫ހݘ‬Ƅ༟༎Ƅࠦެࣀ ࡩƄ‫ۑ‬Ɩ ‫ۑ‬Ƣ‫ۑ‬Ɖ ‫ۑ‬Ɔ࢖ܻࠧߥࡩƄ Ɩ ܻ‫ࡩ ࣃݘ‬Ƅ ࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢൎ൉ၮ്ᑉᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበሼྲ ႡࡩƄ
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓࠦ‫ࠩެޢ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ࡩޯެࡺޢ‬Ƅ 2008 ߄ ‫ ߄ ࢵݘޢ‬ዙಟಝ‫ܻࡩ ݪ‬ၩūᎥ፸ܸၫƢ ે઻ၮࢇ ‫ކ࣠ߙޢ‬ŨƠ ܸࡴƉƋ .40
যও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƆƌ࣠ࠅ ƣ ܻࡺࢥ ࡩࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅቿቷ༬ீ ፥ ጿƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ‫ۑ‬ഭ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿቿቷࡷܻࣃ ࡩƄƆƌ࣠ॺॱ५ࡣ ၯ ߄ ࡷ
‫ۑ‬1 ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ 1 ኆ ቷ഻വറƄūࡼ ৤ৈষƄūܻ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƥƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ūഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅ
231
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ቿቷ഻വറ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑا‬ƄžଘଓॅळࡩƆƌ߄ ‫ޯݘ‬ଐଌƄƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄƥƠ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅࡴ ‫ݑ‬ኆ ቱƄ 2004 Ɛ Ǝܻߙƣ Əܻࡷū߁ ‫ ࢵޟ‬Ƌ .41
‫ۑ‬1ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ 11ኆ ቷ༬ீ ūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻߥࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 2012 Ɔबअ୷ ‫ݑ‬ūࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž žܻެࠧūƉܸߕ༜་Ɓ .42
Ƣॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ƈ ܻ༨ဂ ൑ᑉᐽƊ ܻႅ ެࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቷ༬ீ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀ໠ ໄࡓ ๻๬฽ܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ༟༎Ƅࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬5) ،26ኆ ቷ༬ீ ࠦ୆คܻఱ ఝଗଓƄ
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ჱ‫ࡩߦ࡯ ࣀ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ໠ ໄࡓ ๻๬฽ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅࠦߘൎ൉ၮ 2010 ߄ ዙಟಝƟ ƌܻࢢ ߄ ዙ዇ ƀū‫ߕ ݧ‬༜་Ɓ .43
‫ۑ‬-Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬-࢖ࠧƏଛଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ɩ ܻ࣐ ߥ‫ހ‬
‫ۑ‬ቿቷߘƎƥ ࠦ୐෺߄ ೘ೃࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎƌ ‫ࠩެޢࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻࣀ ࢵ ࣓ଐଌƄ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ݊ ߘƄƥ 2010 Ɔबअܻߙ ،Ꭵᎉ ƢƋ .44
मअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬౰౎༧ீ ūࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬मऒƥࠦ‫ރߦ ࣀޢ‬Ƈ ܻࢵ ƄƎƌū౰౎ࡺఱ ఓƌū5ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ‫ۑ‬ቿቷߘƎƥūƊ ܻ‫୹ހ‬୪Ƨ ߄ ࢢ ܻߘࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ūमंƄ࢔எै Ƅ
‫ހ࣠ݹࠦۑ‬౰౔ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩެߦ ࣀޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ
Ƣॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅቿቷ഻വറƄūࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎƌ ‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใ፥ ጿƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ౰ే‫࡯ޢ ࡣކܾމ‬༨ဈ 1999 ߄ ዙಟಝơ ƌܻၮū਑ ৯Ɓƌ .45
‫ۑ‬2)6Ƣࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺޢ‬ƄቿቱƄ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦၴ Ǝƌ 2009 ƣ ƄƏ࣠ࢵ ūƠ ܸ࣍ ࡬ࢲ Ƣ ūว งƄƎūƉࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢽ ࡦƁ .46
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕߙࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢޟ‬ಛಗƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ༟༎Ƅࠦ୆คƌƎଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬2+1 ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ -25ኆ ቷ༬ீ –ࢇ ࣃ ࡷƌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቷ༬ீ
ūमअ༇໮ ࠦީޯࡓ ࡷ‫ۑ‬3‫ێ ط‬਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁࠣၫܸީ࢟ (2003 ࢖ዙኸ ࡣ ࢧ ‫ߙޢ‬ūࡠ ‫ ߾ަޟ‬Ɓྯ ႓ܸ‫ݽ‬
Ƣ ū߄ ዙಟಝƟ Ǝܻ࣍ ،Ơ Ɓ਑ ৯ࣝࢽ ࡦƁ .47
‫ۑ‬บ ෺࣠ࡓ ᚻࡩƄƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ
Ɛ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ 2010 ߄ ዙಟಝƌ࣠ዙಟಝơ ܻެࡷū߭ ީެࡦƁ Ƨ ߄ᐱᚑ߄ީ‫ݑ‬Ɛ ܻީ‫ݑ‬،। ्‫ ྯݶ‬႞ࡦƁ .48
ቿቷ༬ீ ‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᐕ൞൙‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖ࡷݘ‬ƥࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƆ߄ ႁ ޯଐଌƄࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ƄƎܻࡷଛଓƄቿቱƥƌ፥ ጿࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹ‬Ƅ
‫ێ‬WWW.ULUM. NL.࣊ ‫ހ‬ƄƎે ઻ၮƊ ܻޯࡷ‫ۑ‬45ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ7ࠦެࣀ ࡩƄ‫ࠦۑ‬୆คܻఱ ఝƂƢॅळၮ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ žƄ߄ ዙኸ Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƄƥƌଛଓƄࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ Ǝƌ 2012 ࢖࣐ ࡷ߄ ዙ዇ ƀ ،Ƥ ࢓ࡷࣀ ࡦƁ .49
౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ ‫ ࠅࠩࠦރ ࣏࢖ࠧ ࡴۑر‬ƥࡼ ࡷᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅࡣ ‫ܻމ‬৤৕ষܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥบ ෺࣠ࡓ ᚻࡩƄ
‫ ࢵ ࣊ۑ‬ƥଛଓƄƟ ྲ ႡࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ūࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ
232
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ፥ ጿ‫ࡩީ ࠒ ݟ‬Ƅቿቷ༬ீ ‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬Ƅ࣠༨စ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ଘଓƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ (2000 )ࠦࢧ ࠁ ŨƜ Ɖܸ࢟ .50
‫ۑ‬293-663 ،(2)14ūࢪ ߦެࡩƄࣷࣳၮƥ
ūྲ Ⴁ‫ݑ‬Ɛ ƌܻࣀ ࡩƄƅ ܻຨ຀ࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƞ Ǝܻ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ‫ࡁޯ ݪ‬ቿቷࣀ ࡯ࢵ ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄ (2005 ߄ ዙಟಝ ،። ጼ౭ౄࢤ ࡦƁ .51
‫ ྲۑ‬Ⴐ ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ߄ެࡓ ࢵ ଗଓƄūࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƥኆ ቱƄƐ Ǝ࣠ࠁ ࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ 1Ɣ ūơ ƥଛଓƄž࢔எै Ƅ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿ፥ ጹൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƉ ƍ࣠৤৒ষƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƥƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀ (2008)፟ ፑ࣠ଐଌƄ߄ ީ‫ ܻࠧݹ ࡣݑ‬،Ǝ ࣝ࣍ ࣀ ࣊ .52
‫ݹ ݊ۑ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ Ⴁჱᑃᐽ Ƥ ߁ ީࡐ ᚸࡦƁƋƁƉ ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ۑ‬ƆƎƄƌଗଓƄƥ
ે઻ၮࠦ‫ ࢵࠦࡷ ࣀ ࠒޢ‬ƄƎƌƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄƖ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 2006 ݊ ‫ݹ‬बऌ߄ ዙಟಝū። ጶƌܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ .53
ࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ‫ܻࡷݘࠦރܻݹ‬ၴ ūƓ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎ƄūƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ၯ Ƅኆ ቱƄƆƎƄƏƥƣ Ƅ࣠‫ݹ‬ਔ ৹໠ ໄ୆ค߄ ଐଌƄ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
‫ࡷެޢࠦۑ‬ଛଓƄƢॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬Ǝ߄ެࡓ ࢵ ଗଓƄūࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƎƄኆ ቱƄ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ۑ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄƃ ƌܻީࡷ (2005 ௪ ௎ኆ ቱƄƊ ൎ൉ࢢ ū። ጻܸަࡦƁ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬.54
ޯࡩƄƆƎƄƌƂ፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƥƌ 2006 Ɵ ƥƏ୹ ୪௪ ௕߄ ‫ ࢵݘ‬،ཬཉფެ‫ݕ‬
ॡ ॏ ޯ࡯൞ᒑᐽࡣ ዙኸ ࠦߘƎƥ ‫ۑ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬ ࡦƁ .55
ࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ በ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ-Ɔ߄ ၴ ūƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄ ࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ ፥ ጿ मअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄ Ƈ ܻީ࡯࣐ ޯࡷƥ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄ ƆƎƄƌƂ ū‫ࡩ޲ܻࡩ ݟ‬Ƅ Ƨ ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅ
࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙƎ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬ხႾƎ߄ޯࡩƄၖᆆ Ƅ౰౎ࡩƄƎƥƌ 2008 ƣ ܻ‫ࡷ ࣃݘ‬௪ ௕ࢪ ዙ዇ ௪ ௕ࡣ ‫ࡷ ࣃݘ‬ūཬཉფެ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ .56
ߎ ‫ܻࡷݘࠦރܻݹ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ʀ Ǝ࣠ࣃ ࡩƄࢪ ࡯ੋ੅ਰ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࠦ‫ ࢵࠦࡷ ࣀ ࠒޢ‬ƄƎƌ‫ۑ‬
‫ࡷެޢࠦۑ‬ଛଓƄƢॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
Ƣܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƖ ܻ࣐ ߥࡩƄ໠ ໄ‫ރࠦހ‬Ǝܻߥࡷࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡼ ‫ࢠܻݑ‬༟༎Ƅƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ 1999 ‫ ݪ‬ყࢸ ߄ ࢸ ƄƎ ،࣬ ࡷࠓ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ .57
‫ۑ‬1ƌ߄ၮ 13 ኆ ቷ༬ீ ‫ۑ‬बअ࢔‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ᑻ ᑧଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቷ༬ீ ‫ۑ‬บ ෺࣠ࡓ ᚻࡩƄቿቱƥƌ፥ ጿƒ ܻஉै ƄƖ ܻ࣐ ߥࡩƄƥ
‫ ࡓޯ ݪ‬ᚻࡩƄᎨ፻ܻၮūྲ ႡჱࡩƄƥࠦၮܻީ࣐ ᑃᐽ߄ ‫ࡩ࣠ࡩޢ‬Ƅ௪ ௕ኆ ቱܻၯ ࠦީޯࡓ ࡷ‫ۑ‬4Ɣ ‫ۑ‬žƄ౰౎ࡩƄƥžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ (2006 ߄ ࢸ ୹ ୪ū። ጒܸࢵ ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ .58
‫ ྲۑ‬ႡჱࡩƄƥࠦၮܻީ࣐ ᑃᐽࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄ
ࠦ‫ރ ࣏࢖ݹ‬ž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿࠦ‫ެޢ‬৤ৈষƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘޢ‬எै ƄƇ Ƅƌܻ‫ߥޢ‬ᑃᐽƊ ౰౔ߥࡷષઔ੤Ǝਔ ৿Ƣܻ࣏ ‫ ރ‬2009 ཀྵཅ༨࿻ ࡼ ࣀ ࠁ Ʀ ߄ ࠧū। ्࡬‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ .59
‫ ࢪۑ‬ያዟ ໠ ໄၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁƌቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ
233
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܻࢧ ࠀ 2004 ƣ ܻࡺ‫ ݝ ࢵ࡯ޢ‬ჱჅࠦެ‫ࡷޢ‬ƀū࢓ࡷƩ‫ݕ‬

ࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࢝ ‫ݶ‬ ࡦƁ .60
ቿቱܻࢵ ‫ࡷޢࠦۑر‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬௪ ௕߄ ዙಟಝƢܻࡷଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓࠦ‫ݘެ࣠ݹ‬ଐଌƄƊ ƥ༟༎ܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥ
‫ࡷޢࠦۑ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬௪ ௕߄ ዙಟಝƢܻࡷଛଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷ
ࡩƄ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬Ũ። ጒƁ࢓ࡷ‫ݕ‬
፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࣀ ࡩƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƆƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ‫ ކ‬2004 ࡣ ‫ܻݑޢ‬ያዜ Ƃ߄ ዙಟಝ཯ཏ‫ݓ‬ ࡦƁ .61
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คƌƎଛଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩƤƄƎ࣠ޯࡁƌቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ހ࣠ݹࠦێ‬౰౔ࡩƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ
žܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ࣊ ৤৒ষƄƥᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ 1999 ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑީޢ ߄ݑ‬ūƤ ࢓ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ .62
ኆ ቷ༬ீ ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬ᑻ ᑧଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቷ༬ீ ūࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎƌ ‫ۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ ࢵݘ‬ᑻ ᑧଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ
(1)11
Ƈ ܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે઻ၮ१ ॐ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢ‬Ƅܻࢠ༟༎Ƅमकƀ 2008 ߄ ዙ዇ ƀƅ ܻᐱᏬ ƂŨࠣࢢ ‫ ݎࣝݶ‬.63
‫ࡷޢࠦۑ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ێ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ƈ ܻ࣏ ߙܻ༨ீ ࠦ‫ࠧ࡯ޢ‬ଛଓƄ
፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹ‬ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ࡷžƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƥƌ 2008 ߄ ዙಟಝžܻެࢵ ،ྺ ႛფၫ .64
‫ࡷޢࠦۑ‬ൎ൉ࢵ ଗଓƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬Ɔ୷ ‫ ݌‬Ƈ ܻ࣏ ߙܻ༨ீ
Ƣܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄ žܻࢵ ƁƎ Ʀ ኆ ቱ Ƨ ƎƄƌଗଓƄ Ɩ Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓܻ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢࠦ ހ‬Ƅ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ ࠦߘൎ൉ၮ 2013 žܻያዜ ƀ ،Ƥ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ .65
ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦၰ ܻީࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ -ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬೘ೃܻᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 2011 ્ ઻ၮ௪ ௕‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬௪ ௕ࡼ ࣀ ഷവറƄ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬ūƤ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ .66
౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ‫ࡷࠦۑ‬ಒ౷ᅚଌƄበ቎ࡷࠦߥ࣐ ެ೘ೃƌƥ߄ ஊै ƄƐ ༇໪ Ɔƌܻ‫ހߥޢ‬໠ ໄ୆คƄ߄ ‫ޢ‬ଐଌƄƔ ܻީࢥ ࡩƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ࡷެޢࠦۑ‬ଛଓƄƢॅळ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅߎ ‫ܻࡷݘࠦރܻݹ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ
‫ݹ ݊ۑ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ ႡჱࡩƄƥ݊ ީ࣐ ᑃᐽƆ࣠‫ݑ‬ኆ ቱƄƆƎƄƌࠦީޯࡓ ࡷࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ߄ ެࡓ ࢵ ଗଓƄ‫ۑ‬6‫ ࣀࣳࣷ ط‬ଐଌƄள ஭Ƭၯ (1999 ߄ ዙಟಝ ،። ፎƁ࢑‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ .67
‫ݹ ݊ۑ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ Ⴁჱᑃᐽžܻߙ࣠ࡩƄƎƄƌࠦީޯࡓ ࡷƆƎ࣠ࢧ ެଐଌƄ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ࡩެީ࣠ݹࠦۑ‬ƄƆ౰ేࣀ ࡩƄࠢߥߙ (1997 ߄ ዙಟಝ౰ేެࡷūƠ ܸަࢢ ‫ݐ‬
ࡦƁ .68
ቿቷၰ ࢖ଐଌƄƇ ܻ൞൙‫ࡷݘ‬Ʀ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥࠦ‫ࡩ ࣃ ࠑ ࢧޢ‬ƄƇ ܻࡺࣀ ࡩƄ 2005 ્ ઻ၮ‫ٷ‬ǍƮ‫ٵٶ‬Ƅ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬Ƣܻޯࠀ ūƟܸީ݉ .69
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ܻߙ ࣏ࠦރܻހ࡯ ࢪۑ‬༨ீ ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ࡷޢ‬ஊै ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄ፥ ጿࠦ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬໠ ໄ࣐ ࣀ ࡯ߙūࢪ ࡯‫ރܻހ‬ūࠦ‫ࡩ࣠ ࣍ެޢ‬ƄƊ ܻႅ ެࡩƄ
234
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กࠢޯߘൎ൉ၮƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ 2005 ߄ ዙ዇ ƀቻᒗᐽƄ߄ ީ‫ݑ‬Ʀ ƥƎƀūƓ Ƌܸߖ .70
‫ࡩ࣠ ࣌ޢߦޢࠦۑ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ެ ࣏ࡺޢ‬ଐଌƄƇ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ ࢢެݘ‬-ܻ‫ࡩޯ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƥƢॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ
‫ۑ‬2005 ࠦ‫ࠧ࡯ޢ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ߄ ܻࠧ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ Ơ ࣝ‫ ߕܸހ‬.71
(2007 ࠦ‫ࠧ࡯ޢ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄƥܻ‫ࡩݘ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ߄ ܻࠧ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ Ơ ࣝ‫ ߕܸހ‬.72
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፥ ጿ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬ƄƋ ܻެଐଌܻ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐢߘൎ൉ၮƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 2013 ƣ ܻᐱᐕࠅ ū። ጒܸ࣍ ࠏ ߢࡦƁ .73
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ -ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ࢢެݘ‬
(2‫ ࣯ۑ ط‬ଐଌܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƧ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƉ ƍ࣠৤৒ষƄ࣠༨စ ơ ࣠ࠒ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ (2008 ߄ ‫ ࢵݘ‬௪ ௕Ꭸ፻ܻࢵ ū። ጒܸ࣍ ࠏ ߢࡦƁ .74
‫ۑ‬Ɠ ܻ‫ݹ‬༟༎Ƅ
‫ݹ ݊ۑ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ Ⴁჱᑃᐽၖᅛ ܻެଐଌƄƎƄƌ -ƣ ƌƎଛଓƄ -ƣ ܻዙኸ 1Ɣ ‫ୖࠦۑ‬෺߄ ஊै Ƅࠦ‫ހ࣠ݹ‬౰౔ࡩƄƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ (2009 žܻެࠧū࿀ ႛფߢࡦƁ .75
ࡩƄ߄ ީ‫ࠦݑ‬ዙዋ मऒ‫ۑ‬Ɛ ܻެࡩƄơ ൎ൉ၯ ࡼ ࡷƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ (2010 ƣ ƥ༇໩ ſƥࡣ ‫ݹ‬ƌū࣬ ༩ဂ Ƌᇱᆚ .76
ƆƎƄƏƥūơ ࣠ࢸ ଛଓƄᅶै ܻࢢ ཯ཏ‫ݓ‬
‫ެޢࠦۑ‬৤ৈষƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩସବଣ Ƅࠦߙܻߥ޲ࡩƄ
ࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࠩସବଣ Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ‫ހ‬፥ ፑܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፥ ጿƆƌ࣠எै ƄƇ Ƅྲ ႖࣓ࡷ 2007 ્ ઻ၮ߄ ዙ዇ ƀūƠ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࠾ .77
Ɣ ܻ‫ހ‬༟༎Ƅūࠦ‫ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢ‬ଐଌƄƟ ܻߙଛଓƄƥƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ࢖೘೉࣓ࡷ፟ ፑƂƢ߄ ߥࡷ‫ ݟ‬༨ဂ ‫ۑ‬Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝ࣠ࣀ ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬40-1౰౎ࡺఱ ఓƌ 13-9Ɔ౰౔ߦᑃᐽᚻƅ ࢖‫ݓ‬
ଐଌƄ
‫ۑ‬मअ༇໮ ࠦީޯࡓ ᅚଌࠦ࣌ ࣠ߦ༨ீ ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə ࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ ႡჱࡩƄƥࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦዙዋ ౰౔ࡩƄ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ۑ‬ƭ߄ ༨ဈ Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ (2005) ౭౎ࢲ ࣝ‫ݽ‬
ƍ ƌࣝ࠾ .78
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄે ઻ၮܻࠧमकƀƥࠦ‫ࡩ޲ܻރ࣠ݹ‬ƄƐ ƎƄ߄ ଐଌƄƧ मअ߄ ଐଌ१ ॐ࣍ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅžᇴᆝኅ ቱƄƇ ܻ‫( ࡷ ࣀޯ࣠ݹ‬2012 ߄ ዙಟಝࠦ༬࿻ ߄ ၯ ūƤ ƌूरࡦƁ .79
Ƣॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ౰ేၩ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ‫ۑ‬ƣ ܻዙኸ ࠦያዩ ܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ࣏ࠦ ߙܻ༨ீ ፥ ጿ໠ ໄ൞൙‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ ࢵ ࣊ۑ‬ƥଛଓƄƟ ྲ ႡࡩƄࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ፟ ፑƂƢ߄ ߥࡷ‫ۑ‬žƄ߄ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎ࡣ ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌū໠ ໄߦ࣌ ࣠ଐଌƄƣ ƥ࣓ࢸ ƆƎƄƌƂ (2006) ‫ دري آر‬،݂ ީৡ৅঴ .80
‫ۑ‬ƣ ᇴᇍ ‫ࡩݘީޢ‬Ƅࠦީޯࡓ ࡷūࠦ‫ޢ‬ያዜ ༟༎Ƅ࿃ ႞ჱ჋ơ ߄‫ࡷޢ‬
ࠦ‫ࡷܻރ‬ଛଓƄযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ࣊ ‫઻ ે ࡩޯ ࠑ ࣐ޢ‬ၮଛଓƄ ࢪ ࡯഻വറƄ ،ࠦߦ࡯ޯശവറƄࠢၮƄ࣠‫ރ‬ƀūቻቷၰ Ƅ୹ ୪ūࠣ‫ީޟ‬ৡ৅঴Ɓࠣ‫ݶ‬Ƌࣝࠦଵ଩ଠ Ɓ። ጼবঐ࡬‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁƄ Ɓྯ ႓࣐ࡴ .81
‫ۑ‬2011ࢪ ࣐ ࣀ ‫ ݌‬ƀ 2010 -2009)Ƣܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽ‫ࡩݘܻࡷࠦۑۑ‬Ƅ
ࠦ‫ޯެࡺޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄžƄ߄ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄ (2003 ࡣ ࢧ ‫ߙޢ‬ƣ ܻࡺఱ చūƂ ࣝࠓ ༥஽ .82
‫ۑ‬-ྲ Ⴐ ࡷ -Ɔ࢖ܻࠧߥࡩƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄࠦ‫ޯެࡺޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄ
235
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ༟༎Ƨ ƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƎƥኆ ቱƄ (2004 ࡣ ࢧ ‫ߙޢ‬ƣ ܻࡺఱ చūƂ ࣝࠓ ༥஽ .83
‫ۑ‬-ྲ Ⴐ ࡷ -ūƆ࢖ܻࠧߥࡩƄūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄࠦ‫ޯެࡺޢ‬ᑃᐽࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คܻެީᑃᐽƄࠦ‫ ྲݹ‬Ⴐ ଐଌƄƎƄኆ ቱƄ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ۑ‬ഭ ୨ࡷܻஎै Ƅযও࡯‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƆਔ ৲߄ ၴ Ʀ ƁƎ (2009 ߄ ‫ ࢵޢ‬፥ ጹܻࢵ ūƉࣝዖಜಚ .84
ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ཯ཏࠩଐଌƄžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ዙ዗ƀ 2001 ƣ ܻၰ ྲ ႓߄ ዙಟಝū። ጼോെളലമƁ .85
‫ۑ‬180 ،120 ، 2‫ ع‬-17‫ م‬-ࢇ ࣃ ࡷƌࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቷ༬ீ ‫ۑ‬Ƈ Ƅ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ޯଐଌƄ࢛ ‫୍ݘ‬กࠢޯߘൎ൉ၮƥžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ፥ ጿ
ޯࡩƄƆƎƄƌᓘƥቿቷၮܻߦࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ (2009 ƣ ܻၰ ྲ ႓߄ ዙಟಝ ،። ጼോെളലമƁ .86
‫ۑ‬ƣ ƌƎଛଓƄūƊ ൎ൉ߦࡩƄࠦࣀ ࢵ ࣓ࡷ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ۑ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ܻ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ ࢵޢ ࡓ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࣀ ࡩƄࡣ ‫࡯ޢ‬༨ဈ (1995 ્ ઻ၮ߄ ዙಟಝযওࠧƄमऌƂūƤ ƢƁƋ࢑஋ॅ Ɓ ࢇ ‫ކ࣠ߙޢ‬྽ ႓࣠ࡷŨƠ ࣝࠤ߁ ଍ଉƁ .87
‫ࠦۑ‬୆กൎ൉࣐ ࡩƄƇ ܻࡷ߄ ॵॱ५፥ ጒ࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅഁ೨࢖ଐଌƄ .1‫ێط‬Ǝ࣠ࠩସବଣ Ƅƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ݘ‬ᑃᐽƨܻ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌƄƥ
ū݊ ‫ݹ‬Ə࣠ޯࡩƄƥྲ Ⴁჱᑃᐽࠦࡷܻࢵ ƀƎƄƌ‫ۑ‬1Ɣ ‫ۑ‬Ƨ ƎƄƌଗଓƄमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ Ƅ (2010 Ɛ ܻީ‫ݑ‬Ƈ ƥमक ،Ƌࣝᐰ႞ࡴ .88
‫ۑ‬ƣ ƌƎଛଓƄ
ࠦ୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎƌ ‫ࠦۑ‬୆คƌƎଛଓƄƇ ƄƎƄƏ࣠ࡩƄ፥ ጿ௪ ௎मअ߄ ଐଌƄƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄ 1999 Ɔƌ࣠‫ ࡼݑ‬೘಼ƀ ،። ጒܸ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁ .89
‫ۑ‬78‫ ع‬،21Ƣū࣊ ߥࣀ ࡷūƧ ƎƄƌଗଓƄቿቷ༬ீ ƆƎ࣠ࣃ ჱࡷ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ 2012) ࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࣠‫ࡩ ࣀݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅበ቎ᚻ࡯ࡺଐଌܻ‫ࠦހ‬ႁ ࢧ ࡩƄƆƎƄƏƥ཯ཌࣀ ჴެࡷॡ ॏޯ࡯ࡷ ݇ ߕࣝࡴ .90
WWW.E.MOH.COM ࣊ ‫ހ‬ƄƎે ઻ၮƊ ܻޯࡷ‫ޢࠦۑ‬භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄ
ƍܻ‫ࡷݘ‬௪ ௕Ɗ ൎ൉ࢢ ࠦዙዋ मऒ‫ࡩޯ ࣐ީޢ ࢇۑ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩެ ࣏࢖ݹ‬Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬ƎƄƌଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ (2006 ƈ Ǝ࣠‫ۑރ‬Ɖ ౰౔୆กūƍ Ƣܸࠤ .91
‫ۑ‬ƞ ࣠‫ݘޢ‬ଐଌƄ
፥ ጿ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬ ޯࡩƄࠦߙܻߥ‫މ‬ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ 2012 ‫ܻࡩ ݪ‬ၩ߄ ዙ዇ ƀ ،Ƃ ࣝަಘಔƁ .92
ޯࡩƄࠦߙܻߥ‫ߘ ݊މ‬Ƅ࣠ࡩࠦ‫࡯ޢ࡯ޢࠦރߥ ߄ݹ‬༨ဈ ࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ‫ۑ‬౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄ ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬
ޯࡩƄࠦߙܻߥ‫ࡩߦޢܻމ‬ƌൎ൉‫ܻࡷݘࠦߙޢ‬எै ྲ Ⴁ‫ࡩ ࣀܻހ ݊ݑ‬Ƅ፥ ፑƥኆ ቱƄ࢖೘೉࣓ଐଌƄ፟ ፑƂࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷࠦࢵ ƄƎƌ ‫ެޢࠦۑ‬৤ৈষƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
Ƈ ൎ൉޲৤৕ষƄ –ࡣ ࡷƄ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ –ࠦ‫ݹ‬ಒ౷ߦࡩƄ
࢛ ‫ހݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ୆෷Ƅ༇໮ ଗଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅષચ੤࢖࣏ ‫ރ‬ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ 2001 ፥ ፑൎ൉ಛಗƄ཯ཏყჅྲ ႡࡩƄū። ፎോെಘಔƁ .93
‫ݹ ࡣۑ‬मऌƂ 21 ƌ߄ ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅūࠦ୆ก࢖‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࡣ ީߥޯࣀ ࡷቿቷ༬ீ ‫ܻࡷݘޢࠦۑ‬எै ƄƇ ܻ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ
‫ ࢪۑ‬ያዟ ໠ ໄၮࠦީޯࡓ ࡷƆ࢖ܻࠧߥࡩƄ ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄ (2005 ߄ ‫ ࢵޢ‬،Ƥ ƋƁࣝಘಔƁ .94
236
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
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Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
116. Shrestha, ،Arjun ،Kumar ( 2012) Leadership Styles Subordinates

Satisfaction with the Leader ،and Perceived Effectiveness. AStudy in a Nepali
Telecommunications Company. Kathmandu University School of Management
Occasional Paper No.
117. William ,Brown & Dan Moshavi (2002) Herding Academic cats : Faculty
reaction to Transformational and contingent reward Leadership by department
chaers‫ۑ‬Journal of Leadership & Studies, Vol.8,No.3, pp.157,161.
118. Wiza, ،Munyeka & Hlanganipai , Ngirande, (2014) The Impact of
Leadership Styles on Employee Organisational Commitment in Higher Learning
Institutions.University of Campus Private Bag
1106.727.masterwiza2000@yahoo.com1,hlanganipai@yahoo.com2.,.v5n4p13.
119. Yokl, Gary (2004) Leadership in Organizations. University at Albany State
University of New York.
120. Zakaria, Azzarina, (2011)Empowerment among Managers in Malaysian
Banking: The Role of Leadership Behaviour and Motivation. A thesis submitted
to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the
Faculty of Humanities,. Manchester Business School.
240
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
241
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬

‫وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
(1 ࢄ ࠏ ࡬ࡴ
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁƃƋࣝࢤ
‫ࡦاﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮي‬Ɓবঐࡐ
‫واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬ၾ ‫اﻹدارة‬
ެࡦƁࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ
‫ ﻗﺴﻢ‬Ɓ
‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺻﻨﻌﺎء‬
řƊŕॼʱŬƜƅʦȞʴʺƅŕǼřŰ ŕʵƅ§ª ŕƊŕॽʰƅ§
řॽʺƆŸƅ§řŠ±ʙƅ§ʟ ʸ ʵʱƅ§ʦŬƛ§
Ɵ౭౑ഴലമƁ Ƌࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁƊܸެࢲ ଘଐƁ

߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƥࠦީ‫ޢࠦ ࣍ޢ‬༨ဈ
Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫ ƣ Ƅ࣠ެ‫ހݘ‬፥ ጕƄ߄ ‫ ݟࡷޢ‬༨ဂ žƄ༇໮ ܺᄣࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬
ŻକଐࣝࡦƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࠣߕോെ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁૄ સၫƛ ࢓‫ݕ‬
ެࡦƁ፜ ፎſࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƛ ߁ ᐮ᏶Ƣ Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬
ࠣၱ ƋƉૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ ƁƄ ܸަ࡬࣍ ެ଍ଉƥକଐሬሞሐ ެࢲ Ɓࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ። ጕܻ‫ݶ‬Ƣ‫ێ‬Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬Ɓ
‫ێ‬Ƥ ࣝ‫ݽ‬
౭౑ࡦƁࣇ ‫ࡦެ ࠎ ࣍ޟ‬ƁƢƃƋƁƉଔଐƁ። ጼ౭ౄެࢽ ࠂ ܸ଍ଉƁ
ƞ ƢଘଐƁƋࣝഴലമƁ ૊ સ‫ݶ‬
ሬሞᇾ ܸዖዔ௧ ோƋࣝ༥஽ ࡹ ࡴࠣ‫ަܸހࠣࡴ ࡐࣝހ‬ჱࢲ Ɓࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁƄ ߁ ၫŽࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬Ƣ
ƥƁ࢓࣌ ‫ހ‬ƢŨƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߣࡦƁࡹ ࡴࠣၫࣝዖಠಚࡹ ࡴƋࣝ༥஽ ᇬ ᆚ Ơ ࣝࡐ ୐෷Ƣ ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƋࣝഴലമƁƢŨࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ
ం௴ ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫ݇ ߕƢ߁ ߢߖࠣࡷ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓం௴ ‫ܸރ‬ᐮᐒࠂ ࣝ‫ރ‬Ƣం௴ ‫ݳ‬ƁƋŽࡹ ࡴƃƉܸߣެࢲ କଐƁ። ጼܸީࡴࠣަ݉ ƋƢƞ ܸസലമƁƁ߀ ࠤ። ጼࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ ƁࣝࡦƁం௴ ‫ރ‬౭ో༤࿿ ܸީެߢޯࡦ
ࡹ ‫ݽࠣ ݎ‬
ܸၱ ଔଐƁƞ ോെၬ ࡹ ࡴࠣࡷ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓం௴ ‫ ߾ ܸ࣌ރ‬ോെࡴƁࣝࡴ߁ ߢ‫ރ‬Ơ Žࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁསཌ๸๩เƢࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ ଘଐƁƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖবঐࡐ ၾ ެࡦƋܸ‫ ߽ެޟ‬କଐƁ
። ፎܸެࡦƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁ
ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࡹ ࡴƥᇱᆚूरࢲ ƃƁƉଘଐƁ። ጼࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƋࣝ༥஽ Ƅ Ɓ࢓ߢߖࡹ ࡴƃ࢓ߢߖᇬ ᆚ ࡠ ޯೕೆࡠ ࠤ -1
፜ ጩ फंᑎ ᐺƊŻࣝ࢝ ૄ સၫƢŨ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƋࣝഴലമƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߣࡦƁࡹ ࡴƃ࢓ߢߖᇬ ᆚ ‫ީܸ ࢲ ݧ‬ჱჃࡠ ࠤƢŹࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬Ɓ
242
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ƞ ോെၬ ࡹ ࡴࠬ ‫ݶ‬

ŽƋࡹ ‫ ݎ‬౭ో‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬Ƥ ኂ ቮƁƠ ᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁ። ጼቸቮ‫ݕ ݚ‬
࢝ Ƣܸ଍ଉࠣަࢲ ܸީࡴƃ࢓ߢߖᇬ ᆚ ƟܸࡴŽ(√)ƃƋܸࢵ ſ݇ ࢝ Ƣ -
ࡠ ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬ެࡦƁŨࡠ ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬ެࡦࠣၱ ܸ༥࿿ ท กᇱᆚ ƁƊſŨࠣ༥༡ ƁƢ౭ౄၦŨࠣ༥༡ ƁƢŨ࣬ ࡷެხ჈କଐŨ࣬ ࡷެხ჈ ࠬ ࡴܸࡴŽƄ ƁƋܸ‫ޟ‬ஆॅ Ɓ
ƃ࢓ߢߣᑀᐺ‫ީܸ ࢲ ݧ‬଍ଉƁ
‫ێ‬ᑎ ᐺኂ ቮ߁ ‫ݕ‬
଍ଉƁࡠ ߢஇॅ Ɓ። ጼܸࠦ࡬‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬‫ރ‬፜ ጩ ౭ౄߖŨ
ƥോെ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬‫୐ ࣍࡬ ݧރ‬෿Ƅ Ɓ࢓ߢߣࡦƁ࢘ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Ơ Žƣ फए ‫ ࠾ީ ݚ‬ƁƊſ -2
‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟߖܸ࢝ ſ፜ ጩ ౭ౄߖࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ ଘଐƁ። ጼƉफएᎥ፸ࠣࡷᐮᚎƄ Ɓ࢓ߢߖŨƝ ܸީࠤƠ Žƣ फए‫ ࠾ީ ݚ‬ƁƊſ -3
‫ࢠݘ ݝ‬ƥ཯དྷࡩƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧ൑ᑉᐽܻࠩߥ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ Ʀ ߄ ࡷƥƆƄƌଛଓƄࠦ‫ߘޢ‬Ƅ߄ ࢧ ࡷࡼ ࡷቧሼ ܾޯࡩƄ፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜྋƞ ࣠ࢵ అ௷ ୓กܻၴ Ƃ
፥ ጘଜଓᇴᆝ ࡣ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄƣ ࣠ࡓ ޯࡩ࿃ ႓ܻସଧଣ ƄƇ ಒ౷‫ࡩޢ‬Ɛ ܻ‫ࡷߥޢ‬যওࡓ ႁ ޯࡩƄ߄ ‫ހݘ‬Ƣ߄ ႀ ޯࣀ ჴࢵ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƣ ƀƨܻ൞൙ၮ‫࡯ܻࠩۑ‬ၴ Ƅࡼ ࡷ
ࠣᚺᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ࠂ Ƌ਑ ৶ ƃ࢓ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ߢߣࡦƁ ‫م‬
ƃ߁ ఱ గࢄ ߖƁƢŽକଐ କଐ ਑ ৯ܸ༥஽ ࢄ ߖƁƢŽ ƃ߁ ఱ గࢄ ߖƁƢŽ ። ጼࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ። ጕƉܸ‫ࠤࠣߕޟ‬Ɓऩऌཬཌࡷᐮ᏶ -1
ࢄ ߖƁƢŽ ‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ
√
፥ ጿܻ࣐ ‫ ߄ݑ‬ዙ዇ ƀ፥ ጬ ܻ‫ރ‬ቻቷ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ
712862614 ߎ ‫ܻࠧކ‬
243
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁƄ ܸ‫ࡦަޟܸހ‬ƁƥକଐƢŽ
ࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ -1
ഃ೨ƍ
઱ઝ੮ƀ
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ -2
‫ۑ‬ƍܻޯࢵ ƀ
‫߄ۑ‬ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ
‫ۑ‬Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ
ơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ ƁƠ ᇱᇊ ࡴ -3
‫ ࡼۑ‬৤ৈষƄ
‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก୹ ‫ݑ‬ቿቱƥƌ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ხެࠅ ƀቿቱƥƌ
࢓ᚺᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ -4
‫ ࢵެࠦߙܾߘ ࡣۑ‬35 ( )
‫ ࢵެࠦۑ‬36 ( )
‫ ࢵެࠦۑ‬45 ( )
‫ۑ‬Ɵ ࣠ߙܻዙኽࠦެࢵ 46 ( )
ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ -5
ࡣ ߘܾߙ໠ ໄޯჱࢵ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ 6 ( )
Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ 7 ( )
‫ ࢵެࠦۑ‬11 ( )
‫ۑ‬౰౗ࡁ ܾߙࠦެࢵ 12 ( )
ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƓ ࣝ‫ ހ‬-6
244
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬

‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ
߄ ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ ว ෷ܻ‫ ރ‬
‫ޢ ߄ۑ‬ዙኸ
ܸᐮᐒߖࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
‫ཬރ‬ཏࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ -7
‫ࡩ ࣐ ݪۑ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ެ ߄ ࢵࠦۑ‬ಛಗƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ࠦۑ‬ၮƄƎ༝༎Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ۑ‬ƌܻࢧ ޯߘଘଓƄƥƆƎܻႅ ޯࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬Ƣൎ൉ၮଗଓƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก౰౔ࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ۑ‬Ƣॅळ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ۑ‬ƅ ƄƌଜଓƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ۑ‬ቿቱ߄‫ࡩ ࢧޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ۑ‬ƣ ܻެࢵ ଛଓƄ‫ޢࠦ ࣍ ݪ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄܻ‫ކ ࡓެ࣠ࡩ࣠ ࠅޢ‬ƥƅ ࣠ࢵ ܻஊै Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ
‫ݹܻࢠޢࠦۑ‬༟༎Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬ƣ ࣠‫ࡩߥܻރ‬Ƅƥࠦ‫ ྲݹݘ‬ႡࡩƄ
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ݓ‬
ᑃᐽƄ
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƋࣝ༥஽ ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ
245
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡠ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬ެࡦƁ
፜ ፎſƆ ܸެ༥စ ౭ౄၦ ‫وا‬ କଐ
ƍ ܸީ଍ଉƁ ࣬ ࡷެხ჈ ƃ࢓ᚻ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ߢߣࡦƁ
ࡠ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬‫ࠣ ރ‬༥༡ ƁƢ ࠣ༥༡ ࣬ ࡷެხ჈
‫ب‬
። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ
ᇬ ᆚ ܸࣀ ࡴ ૄ સၫ ‫ݐ࡬ ݧ‬
ެࡦƁ ። ጼ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ߁ ၫܸమ ఐ -1
‫ݽࠟێ‬
Ơ ࣝߢ୓෷ࡱ ࠦ࡬‫ݕ‬
༩࿸ ܸየዧࡱ ࠦ࡬ዖኵ
‫ێ‬቙ሹूरࢲ ። ጼૄ સޯ଍ଉƁবঐߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
Ɵ౫౑࡬‫ݶ‬-2
‫ێ‬Ƈ ܸୃคƋକଐܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ࢓‫ݕ‬
ఱ ఐ -3
‫ ࢲ ݧ‬ᇱᇊ ࡴ ࢄ ‫ ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬ơƊࣝߣ‫ ހ‬ƞ ോെ‫ݐ‬
ެࢲ Ɓ ‫ީ ݧ‬පච ൪ -4
‫ ࢤޟࠣێ‬༤೛
ࠣ‫ݶ‬žफउ። ፋ ܸଵ଩ଠ Ɓƍ ܸࢽ ߾ ଔଐƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ዖዔŽૄ સၫቤሹ࣐‫ݶ‬
Ũ-5
‫ޟࠣێ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁƢࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓቼቮܸࢲ ƋƢ
‫ޟࠣێ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ። ጼࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ࡴࠣ‫ߕޟ‬Ɓ߁ ࢤ ೕೀࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෷ -6
‫ࠣێ‬ၾ ‫ޟ‬༥༣ ࠣߢ‫ݽ ࣍࢓ݶ‬
ࠣၾ ‫ࡦ ࢤ ࠏޟ‬ƁŻܸ‫ ࢵޟ‬ଘଐƁࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬-7
ƀ Ɖܸަೕೀ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ƟƁ౫౑ࡦƁ ƃƋƢྯ Ⴆ ૄ સၫ ቤሹ࣐‫ݶ‬-8
‫ێ‬Ƥ ƋƁƉଔଐƁࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƜ ോെၬ ŽƢ
ࡦƁܸᐮᏰࡹ ࡴ࣐‫ݶ‬
ཬཏࡦƁবঐߢࡦƁƢƀ Ɖܸަ଍ଉƁƟ౭౑༥࿸ -9
‫ޟࠣێ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ። ጼ
ࡦƁ Ɠ ܸީߕᓕƢ ౭ౄ‫ݽܸࡦެܻކ‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬ၫ ƃƋ߁ ߕ ࠟ‫ݶ‬
ኃ ቮ-10
‫ޟࠣێ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋࢄ ‫ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬
ࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ࠣ‫ ࡐޟߣޟ‬ᚸࡦƥܸ༥༡ ƁƢƥƁƋࣝࢤ ‫ݶࠟރ‬
ኃ ቮ -11
‫ޟࠣێ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ
ၓ࿌ ܸެީᑀᐺ ࠟެߖ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ૄ સၫ ƥŻ୍ܸ෾ Ƅ ƁƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁ ߀ දච ൪ -12
‫ێ‬ƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁƁ߀ ಘಔࠣୃ෾ܸ༩࿸ ଔଐƁ
246
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ܸࡴޟ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ ౫ౄߣࠏ ެࡦƁ
বঐߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ ࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ࣇ ‫ݽ‬
फं -13
‫ߕޟࠣێ‬ോെၬ ଘଐƁ
ࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋ ཬཌძ჈ ૄ સၫ ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡴ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ݇ ࠓ ఱ ఐ -14
‫ ࡱێ‬ᐮᐟ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦࠣ‫ࡴ ࢽެߢަ࡬ޟ‬
‫ݶࠣێ‬
Ɖܸ‫ ࡱߕޟ‬ᐮ᏶ܸߖྯ Ⴍ ‫ރ‬Ơ Žໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ࢓‫ݕ‬
ఱ ఐ -15
ࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ Ƣƌܸ༩ဂ ſƃƋƢྯ Ⴆ ૄ સၫໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦŽ‫ݜ‬༥࿸ -16
‫ێ‬ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤଘଐƁ
‫ێ‬ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƄ ƁƋ߁ ߕƢƄ ܸ‫ހ‬ᇱᇊ ࡴſࠣ‫ޟ‬๸๦เ። ጼࡱ ᐰྙƩཻ -17
݇ ࡴƤ ߁ ၾ ެࡦƁƇ ƢƋࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƣ ኃ ቮ౭ౄ୓෷ -18
‫ێ‬Żോെࡴ༚་Ɓ
Ƈ Ƣफउ ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ૄ સၫ ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ݇ ࠓ ఱ ఐ -19
‫ࡦߣ࢓ݶ ࢄێ‬Ɓ
ૄ સၫƃƋ߁ ߢࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࡦƁƣ ኃ ቮƞ žܸߣެࡦƁƌ࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬-20
‫ێ‬ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤଘଐƁࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ
ܸᐮᏳŽ ૄ સၫ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ Żܸ࣍ ߽ Ž ݇ ࡴ ࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෷ -21
‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐜࡴƃƉܸߣެࢲ କଐƁࡹ ࡐ የዧࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ዖኵ Ƃ Ƌܸ༩စ
ƟܸࡴŽࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽƢࠣ‫ݶ‬ž༜་ơŻକଐƢ࢓ࠦ࣌ ‫ݶ‬-22
ࡦƁ
ࠟߢ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࡹ ࡴ਑ ৯फंܸೕೀࠟ‫ݕܸރ‬
ߕࣝ‫ݶ ࣌ࠦ࢓ރ‬-23
‫ ࢲެࠟێ‬ƋܸየዧƢ
247
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ
ࡠ ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬ެࡦƁ Ɔ ܸެ༥စ ౭ౄၦ କଐ
ࠣ༥༡ ƁƢ ࣬ ࡷެხ჈ ƃƋᚹ ᚼ ᚼ ަᚸ‫ݕ‬
ᚸࡦƁ
‫ީܸ ࢲ ݧ‬଍ଉƁ ࡠ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬ެࡦ ࠣ༥༡ ƁƢ ࣬ ࡷެხ჈
ࠣ‫ݶ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ
ࠣࠦࠂ Ɓࣝ଍ଉƃ਑ ৯߁ ஋ॅ Ɓࡱ ࠤƋᇱᇊ ߖŽƇ ࢓࣊ ૄ સၫໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ࠓ ఱ ఐ -24
‫ێ‬ƃ਑ ৯߁ ஋ॅ ƁƄ ܸ‫ݶ‬
߁ ၾ ެࡦƁ
‫ॳ ࡠێ‬८२ቼቴ‫ݽ‬
ܸߕໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠟၱ Ɓࣝ‫ߕ ߁ރ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݽ‬
ࣝ‫ݕ‬
࢟ Ƥ ŽƠ Ž၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬-25
ཬཏࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁƄ ോᇦᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƞ ूरஇॅ ƁƉܸ༩࿸ ſ። ጼŻܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬ଘଐƁ࢑ߣ༥࿸ -26
‫ ࠂࠦࠦ ࡱێ‬Ɓࣝ‫ރ‬
ࡱ ࠦ࡬‫ ࢲܸݳ‬ƢƢࡱ ࠦߖƁ߁ ࠤŽࠣࢲ ƁƋƉƃƉܸၫſૄ સၫࠟ‫ ݎ ࢢܸݳ‬Ž݇ ࠓ ఱ ఐ -27
‫ێ‬ƃ਑ ৯߁ ၱ ƢƃƋࣝ࣍ ެࡴࠣߢ‫ݽ ࣍࢓ݶ‬
ࡱ ࠦ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ރ‬። ጼƃ਑ ৯߁ ၱ Ɯ ࢓࣊ Ƌᇱᇊ ୐෾Ɓૄ સၫໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦŽ‫ݜ‬༥࿸ -28
‫ࡦ ࣍࡬ަࠣێ‬Ɓ݇ ࡴ
ࠟ࢝ ୶ ‫ ࢝ޟࠣ ݎީ ߁ ݎ‬Ɓ౭౑ߖƁቼቴ‫ݽܻ ࢲޜ‬
ࡦŽƉࣝࠦࠂ ౭ౄޯჱమ ఐ -29
‫ێ‬ቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƁ
݇ ‫ݶ‬Ƌܸࣀ ࡴ ፜ ፎſ ࡱ ࠤƋᇱᇊ ߖŽ ࡠ ‫ࣝݶ‬༥စ ፜ ፎſ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ ݇ ߖ਑ ৯ -30
‫ݕޟࠣێ‬
ߕƁƢ
ƉƁ߁ ၫଔଐƁ Ƣ ࣇ ‫ࡦެ ࠎ ࣍ޟ‬Ɓ ። ጼ ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ Ɲ ྯ ྜƩཻ -31
‫ޟࠣێ‬ᆼᇊ ᑀᐺ࣬ පඓ ൷Ɓ౭౑ࢲ କଐƁ
ࠣ‫ݶ‬
݇ ࡴྯ ႓ܸަ଍ଉƁࡠ ࢟ ƁࣝެࡦƁƢƇ ࣝެߣ଍ଉƁƞ ܸࢤ ‫ރ‬କଐƁࠣࢲ ܸ‫ݕެࡷ ߁ ࢲޟ‬
‫ݶ‬-32
ࡦƁ
‫ێ‬౫ౄ༥စ Ơ ƢƉໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ‫ޟ‬ዖ၂ဨࠟࡴܸࡷެࠤƁ። ፎࣝ‫ݶ‬-33
‫ެ࡬ߣࠣێ‬ളലമƁࡱ ᐮ᏶ܸަࢲ ܸީࡴࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƝ ƋܸఱƩఐ -34
ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽƢ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽ ໝ ແ‫ݽ‬
ࢄ ‫ࡦެࣝߖޟ‬Ɓ ૄ સၫ ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬-35
ࡦƁ
‫ێ‬ƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐƁࢄ ‫ߢޟ‬༥စ ߁ ީ‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ɖܸ଍ଉƁ౫ౄߣࠏ ެࡦƁࠣࢲ ܸ‫ݕެࡷ ߁ ࢲޟ‬
‫ݶ‬-36
‫ێ‬ቼቮżࢧ ფࡦƢƥܸ‫ܸހ‬మ చſơƋܸަެ‫ݽܸ ݎ‬
ࣝࢢ ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ݇ ࡴࡠ ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
୐෷ -37
248
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶࠣێ‬
߁ ༩࿿ ࠟ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁŻƁƋଙଐപ ୠࢤ Ʃ‫ݶ‬-38
‫ێ‬௧ ோ౫ౄࡷެ଍ଉƁໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
বঝᐮᏩ -39
‫ات‬Ƌܸᐮᚎ ። ጼ ࠣ‫ݶ‬
Ɖ࢓ߣࡦƁ Ɯ Ƣ࢓ߣࡦƁ Ƌܸަެ‫ ݎ‬କଐƁ ໝ ແ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ ݇ࢢ ‫ݶ‬
-40
ࡦƁƄ ƁƋ߁ ߕƢ
݇ ࡴ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ᑀᐺ ቝሹ౭౑ࣀ ࡴ ࠣ༥༡ ƁƢ ࠣ‫ݶ‬žƋ ƃƋूर‫ݽ‬
። ጼ ࡱ ࠤܸమ ఐ -41
ࡦƁ
። ጼ ࠣࡷࠦ଍ଉƁ ࡱ ᐮᐟዖዔܸࢽ ࡴƢ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ Ƅ Ɓƌܸ༩ဂ ܷᄠ ƛ ౭౑‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬-42
‫ݕࡷ ࡠێ‬
ࡦƁ
ໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ
ᑀᐺƄ ܸ‫ ߾ޟ‬ോെࢤ ࡦƁໝ ແࡐ ೕೆŽ߁ ަࡴ߁ ࡷެ‫ݕ‬
‫ݶ‬-43
Ƅ ܸ‫ ߾ޟ‬ോെࢤ ࡦƁŻࣝ࢝ ። ጼƃ߀ ၽ ެ଍ଉƁໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƄ ƁƋƁ࢓ߕƟ౭౑༥࿸ -44
‫ ࡱێ‬ಘಔࠣၭ ࣝީࡷ଍ଉƁ
‫ࠤܸێ‬Ɗܸ༤စ ƁƢƄ ƁƋƁ࢓ߢࡦƁࠣၫܸީ࢟ ። ጼໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƝ ྯ ྜཻ -45
ࡱ ᐮᏰ ࠣ࢟ ܸஆॅ Ɓ ࠣ‫ݶ‬ž༜་Ɓ ਑ ৯߁ ༥စ ࠣ࢟ ࢓ߖ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡦŽ ߭ ީೕಹ -46
‫ ࡱێ‬ᐮᐟ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦ
‫ێ‬Ƅ ോᇦᇊ ࣀ ଍ଉƁࡠ ၭ ። ጼƃŽƉܸަ଍ଉƁࡱ ‫ ݎ‬਑ ৯ -47
ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬Ƣ࣐ࢽ ଍ଉƁ݇ ࡴ‫ީܸ ࢲ ݧ‬ჱჃƄ ܼߖᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁƠ Žໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬- 48
‫ێ‬ƃ਑ ৯߁ ஋ॅ Ɓ
ƟƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ Ɓ። ጼܻ࣍ ஆॅ Ɓૄ સၫࠣަࢲ ܸഴലമƁƃƋƢྯ Ⴆ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺ၏য ࣝ‫ݶ‬-49
ࠣ࣍ ࡬ࢽ ࡦƁ
‫ݶࠣێ‬ƋƢྯ Ⴋ ࡦƁ౭ౄၦࠣ‫ݽ‬
ܸߕ༜་ƁƢࠣ‫ ࢽ࡬ ࣍ޟ‬ჱࡦƁࢄ ‫ݳ‬Ɓࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁቼቮƁƌଔଐത ୥మ ఐ -50
ܸࡴƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ Ɓࠣ࣍ ࡬ࢽ ࡦƁƟƁ߁ ၽ ެࢲ ƁƃƋƢྯ Ⴆ ໝ ແ࡬ࡴܸ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺቤሹ࣐‫ݶ‬-51
‫ێ‬
ƥܸ‫ߕޟ‬ോെၬ Ž
249
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƋࣝ༥஽ ƥܸޯࡦܸ‫ކ‬

ࡠ ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬ެࡦƁ Ɔ ܸެ༥စ ౭ౄၦ କଐ
ࠣ༥༡ ƁƢ ࣬ ࡷެხႻ ƃ࢓ᚻ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ߢߣࡦƁ
‫ީܸ ࢲ ݧ‬଍ଉƁ ࡠ‫ݶ‬
߁‫ݕ‬ެࡦ ࠣ༥༡ ƁƢ ࣬ ࡷެხႻ
ࡹ ࡴƥƁ਑ ৯୴ ୧ƞ ߀ ަࡦƉƁ߁ ‫ݕ‬
ެࢲ କଐƁᎥ᎖Žૄ સၫܸ‫ހ‬Ž-52
‫ཬێ‬ཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽࢄ ‫ࠦ ߁ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬஋ॅ Ɓ
Ơ ଘଐത ୥ࢲ ŽƢཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ࡠ ަߢެࢽ ೕೀƥƁ౭ౄޯ࠾ বঝࠤŽ-53
‫ܸێ‬ၭ ܸ༩ဂ Ƣƥܸࡴ߁ ߢ‫ރ‬౭౔࠾ ŽƠ ࣝࡐ ‫ރ‬
ࡴܸၱ ơܸ༩စ ࣬ ࣊ ܸ୊คƋܸ‫ݽ‬
Ƥ ࣝߕƤ Ƌࣝ‫ݕ‬
ࢵ -54
ơ߀ ࠤ። ጼࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁ‫ ࠾ ݚ‬फएƠ ſƥܸަ࡬ࢲ फऒܻ‫ ࢲܻރ‬-55
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ
སཏ߾ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓơ߀ ࠤ። ጼࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƝ फए߀ ަ߾ Žକଐ -56
‫ݶܸێ‬
Ɓ࢑଍ଉƁ። ፎƄ ࢓ߖࣝ‫ࡦࣝރ‬
ૄ સၫ ࣆ ߖܸ༥စ ཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ཬ ߕࣝݶ‬ཏߢ‫ ކ‬-57
‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐒߖࡠ ࡷ ‫ݕ‬
ᑀᐺ௧ ோ౫ౄࡷެ଍ଉƁܸᐮᏦܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ž
। ्‫ ࣉޟ‬Ƣࡹ ࡴŽ౭౔࠾ Žཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ƥܸࡴܸೕೆࢄ ‫ކ‬Ž-58
Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࡹ ࡴܸࠤ౭ౄၦࡹ ࡴ
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼᄂ ཻƋ߁ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ ݎ ࢢࣝࠤޟޜ‬Ɯ ࣝߢ߾ -59
‫ࠣێ‬ೕಹഀ೥ƃܸ‫ ߾ޟ‬Ƣࡠ ަߢެࢽ ࡴቸቮࡹ ࡴ࣐‫ރ‬
‫ޟࠣێ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ። ጕƉܸ‫ݽߢޟ‬
ࠣୃ෾ܸ༩࿸ ᓕƢࠣ‫ཬߕࣝݶ‬ཏߕോെၫ -60
Ə ോെၬ ſᇬ ᇊ ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼ૊ સዖኵ ƍ ƋܸࡴŽ-61
‫ێ‬ŻܸߖƢƢ
ത୥ࢲ ܻߖ૊ ᇠᆚ ܸࣀ ࡴ። ፒ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓᇬ ᆚ ܸࣀ ࡴ౭ోެ‫ ݎ‬Ž-62
‫ܸێ‬ಘಔƞ ूरၭ ࡹ ‫ަ ࠏݜ ݎ‬ᑀᐺ
ܸࠦࡷ‫ߕޟ‬Ƣ ܸᐮᏦƉܸަࡴƢ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ ࠣࢲ ܸ‫ރߢަ ࡠ ࢲޟ‬Ž-63
‫ࠣێ‬ၫܸީߕᇬ ᇊ ‫ݽ‬
Żܸߢަࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣၫܸީߢࡦƁƤ ኃ ቮƌ࢑‫ݕ‬
‫ݕࠣރ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣߖܸߢ‫ ކ‬-64
‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐒߖ
250
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣަ࡬࣊ Ɯ ࣝߣ‫ ރ‬። ጼ ࡱ ᐰྙཻ ܸೕೀ ƥƁ౭ౄޯ࠾ বঝࠤŽ-65

ࡴܸၱ
‫ߕ ݚ‬Ƣ౭ౄၦ። ጼ૊સዖኵ ። ጼ༄໦ ܻ‫ރ‬ŽƠ Ž። ጒ߁ ‫ݕ‬
మ ఐ -66
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼ࣬ የዙ ༜་ƁƟƁƢኃ ቮƁ
݇ ࡷެസലമƁ ። ጼƥƁफऒ࣐ࡴƥƁƋƢƉ Ƥ ኃ ቮ Ơ Ž ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࢵ Ž-67
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ። ጼƥƁࣝࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ƌܸަެ‫ݽܸ ݎ‬
። ጅോെࡴƌ݇ ࡴƥܸ༥࿸ ୶୧ƥƁࣝࠂ Ɖܸ༩࿸ ſૄ સၫࡱ ࠤܸࢲ Ž-68
‫ݕࠣێ‬
። ጼ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ ። ጕƉܸ‫ࠤࠣ ߕޟ‬Ɓऩऌ ཬཌࡷᐮ᏶ -69
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ
૊ સዖኵ ઴ગ੡Ɖܻ‫ރ‬Ż୍ܸงŽƃƉࣝ஋ॅ ƁƢƠ ܸߢ‫ރ‬ଔଐƁƣ ࢓༥စ Ž-70
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ૄસޯ଍ଉƁ Ƅ ܸ‫ݶ‬
ܸ‫ݐ‬ࡦƁ ࢄ ‫ ࡦެ ࠏߢޟ‬ƥܸࡴƢƉ ത ୥ࢲ Ž -71
‫ ࠂࠦ ߁ێ‬ᇬ ᇊ ‫ݽ‬
Ƣཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ
ࠟࡴ߁ ߢ‫ܸރ‬ೕೀཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ƃ ോെ࣊ ܸ࢝ Ƌ። ጒ߁ ‫ݕ‬
మ ఐ -72
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ
‫ࠤܸێ‬౫ౄೕೆƢࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓࠣ‫ݕ‬
የዙ ཬཌࡷᐮ᏶ -73
Ƅ ܸࡴ߁ ၬ ࡹ ‫ެࡷ ݇ ݎ‬സലമƁܸ࢝ फउƃƉܸ‫ݕ‬
మ గ࢓‫ݕ‬
ࢵ Ž-74
ࡴܸၱ
ƞ ܸ༩஽ ። ጼƋࣝ࣍ ެࡦƁƢ਑ ৯߁ ႂ ެࡦƁࠣަ࠾ Ɓࣝࡴƣ ࢓༥စ Ž-75
‫ݕࠣێ‬
ࡴܸॷ८२࣬ ൛ൖ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁ
ࡠ ࢢ ߖŽࠣࡴ߁ ߢࡴ። ጼཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ Ơ ࣝࡐ ‫ރ‬Ơ ŽསཌೕೆŽ-76
‫ێ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ஋ॅ Ɓ
ࠣ‫ޟ‬మ ఐƋ߁ ެࡦƁ Ɯ ࢓࣍ ࡦƁ ࡠ ࢢ ߖŽ Ꭵᎉ߁ ߢެࡦ ത ୥ࢲ Ž -77
‫ێ‬።ጏോെ࣍ ࡦࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁࠣၫܸߕ። ጼƃƋࣝ࣍ ެ଍ଉƁ
251
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࢄ ࠏ ࡬ࡴ
ໝ ແዖ኏ ഴലമƁƃƉܸࢽ ࡦƁŻܸየዙ ܻ‫ݽ‬
ߋ ࣀ ࠾
‫وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ واﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
¶
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬- ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺎء‬ ࢄ ࠏ ࡬ࡴ
ࠣୃ෴ܸᐮᐜࡦƁƃƋࣝࢤ ࡦƁবঐࡐ ၾ ެࡦƁࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ Ɓ
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻹدارة واﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻮي‬
Ɵ౭౑ഴലമƁ‫ۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑ‬Ƌࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁƈ ଘଐƁ

߁ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬Ƣࠣަ‫ޟࠣ ࣊ޟ‬༥စ
Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦܸ‫ݽ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣߕോെၫ ƣ Ƅ࣠ެ‫ࠦހݘ‬୆คƄ߄ ‫ ࢵࠦࡷޢ‬ƄƎƌžƄ༇໮ ܺᄣࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄƢ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬
žଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƥ ࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ߘࠦހ‬ൎ൉‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮƞ ࢖‫ࡩޯݘ‬Ƅ፟ ፑƂࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ ߄ ᐱᏹƥ ( Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬
ે઻ၮơ ࣠ࢧ ஊै ƄƇ ܻީ࡯࣐ ޯଐଌƨଘଓሯሡሓ ޯࢵ Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ፥ ጘܾ‫ކ‬ƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄ࣊ ‫ࡩޯ ࠑ ࣐ޢ‬ƄƥƆƎƄƌଗଓƄ፥ ጿ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻଐଌƄࠦၴ Ǝƌ
ơ ƥଛଓƄƎ ࣠ഷവറƄ௪ ௎Ǝ࣠༨ீ ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ᅚଌƄࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄƆƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ୓กࠦ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄ‫ ࢵࠦߘܻࡷ ݝ‬ƄƎኆ ቱƄƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƥ
Ǝ࣠ഷവറƄƥūžܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ ƁƎƦ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƇ ܻ૮૓ॅळࢵ ࠦࢵ Ǝܻያዪࠦၴ ƎƌƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ܻ‫ހ‬ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬፥ ጕܻ޲ࡩƄ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƠ ॅळࢵ ࡼ ‫ݑ‬౰౎‫ކݘ‬Ɔ࢖ߥߙ 40 ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡷ ࡓ࣠ރ‬ƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ƀࠦࣀ ዙ዆ ે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƆƄƌƀƧ ࣠ޯ༨ဈ ƥ
(20 ࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢࡺ ࣯ߙࠩ ࣯ࡷ ࡓ࣠ރ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ƆƄƌƀܻࡷƀūࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƢܻࣀ ߘଛଓƄžܻࢵ Ɓ࢖ᑃᐽࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ۑ‬žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƦ ኆ ቱ࣯ ࡺ‫ࡩޯެ ࣏ޢ‬Ƅžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷƐ ܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ɔ࢖ߥߙ
252
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣᚻ ୊ค࢓ᚺࡦƁ
ࡠ ᚺᚼ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
ࡦƁƠ ᇱᇊ ࡴ ࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ᚸެࡦƁ ࡱ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ࢲ କଐƁ ‫م‬
ࠣᚸ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᚹ ࠾ ଘଐƁ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿Ɵ ࢖࣍ ƥၖᅛ ܻެࡷ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ Ơ ܸࢽ ߾ ߁ ዖዄ ŽƉ‫ێ‬Ž -1
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ ࠦ୆กमऒơ ࣠ࢢ ƀᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ Ƅ ࿀ ྙ྅ଙଐƁ߁ ዖዄ ŽƉ -2
žܻ‫ ࢢެݘ‬ƆƎܻႅ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ žܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ƃफं࢓ࠤࣝ‫ݽ‬
Ž߁ ዖዄ ŽƉ -3
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿Ɵ ࢖࣍ ƥၖᅛ ܻެࡷ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ݇ ަࢽ ࡦƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬
ࢲ Ɖ -4
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒࢪ ߦ‫ࣳࣷރ‬ၮ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ። ጒܸަხࢽ ࡦƁᅳॅ ܸ࢟ Ɖ -5
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ Ƥ Ƌࣝ‫ހ‬Ƈ ോെ࢟ Ɖ -6
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿Ɵ ࢖࣍ ƥၖᅛ ܻެࡷ ƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ። ጏƁ߁ இॅ ƁƉƢƢƁƉƉ -7
࢔‫ܻࡷݘࠦކݘ‬ၴ যও࡯‫ކݘ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ݹ‬ƌܻࢧ ޯߘƄƥƆƎƄƌƂ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬ ૊ સ༩஽ Ɖܸࢵ ƋŽ -8
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ‫ࡦ ࣍ޟ ݧ‬ƁƋܸަ஋ॅ Ɓ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ -9
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂ ߄ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ። ጼྯ ႞ࡦƁࡹ ዖዄ ༜་Ɓ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ -10
ࢄ ࡦܸஆॅ Ɓ ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬ Ɖ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂ ߄ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ -11
ࢧ ფၫኃ ቮƁ
‫ߕޟ ݧ‬༜་Ɓ ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ
࢔‫ܻࡷݘࠦކݘ‬ၴ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂ ߄ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ -12
Ƥ Ƣܸࡷࢽ ࡦƁ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ Ǝ Ɓ༄໫ ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ -13
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ƆƎܻႅ ޯࡩƄ žܻࢧ ࠁ ଗଓƄᄎ ႞ߘ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ። ፆ ܸ‫ࡦ ࢽޟ‬Ɓ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ -14
Ɲ Ƌܸަࡴ ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂᄎ ႞ߘ ƍܻޯࢵ ƀ -15
ཬདྷ‫ݐޟ‬
ࡦƁ
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ƨ ࣠‫ހ‬मऒ࣊ ‫ ࣐ޢ‬༧ဈ ƥƆƎƄƌƂᄎ ႞ߘ ߄ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ Ƌܸႂ ީࡦƁ‫ ٴ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬Ɓ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ɖ -16
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ Ꭸᎌ ࣠ߥ‫ކ‬ƥƐ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬ ౰ేޯࣀ ࠅ ܻࡷ Ƥ ƋƉܸߢࡦƁơ߁ ަ‫ ݎ‬Ž -17
253
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ƆƎܻႅ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ƆƎܻႅ ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᆝ ߄ ‫ޢ‬ዙኸ ƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ࣬ ೕಹƉଘଐƁƋࣝࢤ ީࡴƉ -18
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ࠦ୆ก౰౔ࡩƄ ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿Ɵ ࢖࣍ ƥၖᅛ ܻެࡷ Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ ࡱ‫ݕ‬
‫ހ‬Ž౭ౄީࡴƉ -19
žܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦ ࢢެݘ‬ၴ ‫ۑ‬࿃ ႞ߦެࡩƄƥƧ ࣠‫ހ‬౰౔ࡩƄƌܻࢸ ƎଗଓƄഁ೨୹ ୪ ߄ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ Ƥ Ɓ߁ ަࡦƁ૊ સၫྯ Ⴈ ܸ‫ހ‬Ɖ -20
ūƨܻߥߙƥࠦީࢵ ܻެࡷܻᐱ᏶ƀƣ ƥ߄ ߥޯ‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄࠦ‫ܻހ‬ၴ ଗଓƄ‫ ݝ‬༨ဈ Ɔ࢖ߥߙᇯ ᆝ Ƣܻࡷƀ (√)ƆƎܻࢸ Ƃ݊ ࢠƥఅ௷ ެࡷ፟ ጬ मअࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮƥ
Ƈ ܻࡷॅळ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙዋ ƣ ƀఅ௷ ᚻࡩƆቧሼ࣓ࡷƆƄƌଛଓƄƤ߃ ࠧƏܻ༬စ Ƃ፥ ጿఅ௷ ‫ރ‬ƥܻ‫ࡩީܻ ࠁ޲ࠦކݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࡷܾ‫ކ‬ƥźᑑ ᐽਓ ৹ࠦࢢ ܻஉै Ƅఅ௷ ‫ކ‬Ƅमअ߄ ߥޯࡩ
‫ߘޢߥࠦۑ‬ኆ ቱƄƥࠦ୆คܾޯଐଌƄࠦ‫ܻހ‬ၴ ଗଓƄఅ௷ ެࡷžܻၴ ༟༎Ƅ݊ ࡷ࣊ ߥߙࠦ‫ޢ‬൞൙ၮƓ Ƅ୹ ‫ ݌‬ଛଓଘଓƂࡣ ࡺ‫ޯݘ‬ఱ ఠࡼ ࡩܻᐱᏳƣ ࣠ࡩ߄ ޯࢵ ཯དྷࡩƄ
ం௴ ‫ހ‬Ƣܸ‫ݕ‬
‫ ߾ ࢽ ࡹރ‬ం௴ ᚸࡦ௧ ோഀ೥ ܸࢵ
። ጼܸ࣍ ‫ ߁ ݎ‬ዖዄ Ž። ጩ ܸ‫ހ‬ቸቴ‫ޟ‬ዖወ ࠣޯ߾ ܸަࡦƁ
712862614ߋ ‫ࠤܸރ‬
254
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦޟ‬ƢଘଐƁƄ ܸ‫ࡦަޟܸހ‬ƁᚸƥକଐƢŽ
:ࢧ ხ஋ॅ Ɓ -1
‫ۑ‬ഃ೨ƍ
‫ۑ‬઱ઝ੮ƀ
ࡦƁࠣၱ Ƌኃ ቮƁ -2
‫ۑ‬ƍܻޯࢵ ƀ
‫ۑ‬Ơ Ǝܻࣃ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ
‫߄ۑ‬ၮܻࣀ ࡷƍܻޯࢵ ƀ
࢚ ࢤ ࠎ ެࡦƁ -3
‫ކ ࣐ީޢߥޢࠦۑ‬Ƣॅळၮ
‫ࠦۑ‬୆คܻఱ ఝƂƢॅळၮ
ơƁƋࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁૄ સၫƞ ࣝࢤ இॅ Ɓኃ ቴ‫ݽ‬
Ũ-4
‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก୹ ‫ݑ‬ቿቱƥƌ
‫ޢࠦۑ‬ხެࠅ ƀቿቱƥƌ
:ƃ౭ోஆॅ ƁƄ Ɓࣝީࢲ -5
‫ۑ‬Ƈ Ƅ࣠ެࢵ ܻࠧਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ ፟ ጬ मअ
ࠣ‫ܸࡦޟ‬இॅ Ɓࠣߣ‫ࡦࣝ ࣉޟ‬Ɓ -6
‫ۑ‬ᄅ ཾƎਔ ৿ࠦ‫ ݑ ࢥ࣠ࠧޢޟ‬
‫ۑ‬ᄎ ႞ߘࢪ ყႻƎ
ܸᐮᐒߖࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬
‫ཬރ‬ཏࡦƁࠣ‫ޟ‬ᆼᇊ ࡦƁ -7
____________________________________ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄਔ ৲߄ ༨ဈ žܻၴ ༟༎Ƅ
255
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ơ ܸ‫ަޟ‬ჱࢲ କଐƁƋƢܸ༥஽ ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐ‫ ا‬Ɵܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ :ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ƢଘଐƁƋࣝഴലമƁ
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿
ࠣࢲ Ƌܸࡷ଍ଉƁࠣၱ ƋƉ
ƃ࢓ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ߢߣࡦƁ
ࠟ‫ ࢲޟ‬Ƣž୶ ୧ ݇ ࡴ ƍ Ƌܸೕಹ ཬཏ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ ። ጼ ࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁ Ƥ ਑ ৬ܸߕ -
ࠣ‫ࡦެܸࡦޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢽ ࡦƁ
ࡴ ࠩ࡯‫ݘ‬༬࿻ ܻያዪࡴ ࠩ࡯ዙኸ ᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ࡷે ઻ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬
ޯࡩƄ፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ߄ ၮܻఱ ఓ *-1
‫ހࠢۑ‬ƣ ࣠ߥୖ෺
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ࡷቻቷࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿે ઻޲ଐଌƄযওߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬Ƣ౮౔࡯‫ݹ‬ -2
‫ ࡴۑ‬ᐱᏩƄƌଛଓƊ ܻ୆งƎଘଓܻ‫ࡷݘࠢހ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴ ఓ -3
‫ࠦۑ‬୆ก༅໪ ƥƀࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ ‫ ࢵ ݪ‬ᇴᇍ ࡷࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬Ƥƍ࣠ߦ‫ރ‬ơ ൎ൉‫ݓ‬
ޯࢵ Ƅ‫ެ ݪ‬භඣ ൭ -4
‫ۑ‬
ƨܻ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩ߄ ࠩࠅ ࡼ ࡷࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱܻࡷ྽ Ⴐ ߘƀơ ߃ ୍෺ -5
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ࡷࠦ‫ߘޢ‬Ƅ߄ ࢧ ೘ೃࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺ -6
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै ‫ا‬፥ ጿࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄܻᐱᏳࡼ ࡷ࣓‫཯ݹ‬དྷࡩƄƃ ƌܻީଐଌƄƢ౰౔༨࿻ -7
ቿቱܻࢵ Ǝ ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ፥ ጿ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ Ɩ ܻެߘଗଓ ࠦ‫ߙޢ‬ᇴᇍ ࡩƄ ƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ ᑻ ᑧޯ೘಼ -8
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ
‫ۑ‬ƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄƄ߃ ಛಗࠦ୆กܻ༬࿻ ଗଓƄၖ࿏ ܻޯެᑃᐽቜሼ ƄƎƌƂે ઻ၮƨžܻ୐กƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄ߃ ඲ඣ ൭ -9
‫ߘޢࠦۑ‬ൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄযওߥࡩܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࣊ ‫ހ‬मअ -
*10
‫ࡩޢࠦۑ‬ƥ࣓ࣀ ଐଌܻ‫ܻࡷݘࠦހ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ࢖‫ݘ‬ఴƬఓ -11
‫ۑ‬௪ ௎༇໩ ଜଓƄ݊ ࡷࢪ ߙܻެޯࡩƄƊ ƥƎࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱ౰ేୖƬ෺ -12
‫߄ۑ‬ၰ Ƅ࣠ࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩߦ࢖ݹ‬ƄƊ ƥमऌࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ࠖ ఴƬఓ -13
‫ۑ‬ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƄࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩܻ‫ހ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƦ ኆ ቱơ ƁܻߦޯࡩƄƏ࢔‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ ݹ‬-14
256
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡼ ࡓ ያዪࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ƅ Ǝܻ༬ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀે઻ၮžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄžܻ࣐ ࠀ ƀ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺ -15

‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐟࡷƆƌܻߦޯࢵ ଘଓƄ
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƢܻࡷƀࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧଛଓƨܻ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮƨžଘଓƥƧ ߄ ୍Ƭ෺ -16
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ޯ࣠ߘݘ‬ᑃᐽƨܻ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮƨܻߦߥࢵ ݊ ࢠ࣠‫ހ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƇ ܻၰ ࣠ࡺ࣍ ࢔ߦ༨࿻Ƭ -17
ࠦࠩࠅ Ƅ࣠ଐଌ Ɔਔ ৲߄ எै Ƅ ࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙƀ Ɠ ୹‫઻ ે ݑ‬ၮ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ ݊ ࠖ ఴƬఓ -
‫ ࣀޯߥީ࡯ޢࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ ߄ݹ‬ႁ ޯࡩƄ *18
཯དྷࡩƄ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ Ƈ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ଐଌ ơ ॅळஊै Ƅ ƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃ ፥ ጿ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ ࢔ߦ༨࿻Ƭ -19
‫ ࠅࠩࠩ ࡴۑ‬Ƅ࣠‫ކ‬
‫ࡩ ࣐࡯ީࠦۑ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷࡴ ࠩ࡯ࡷܻ‫ކݘ‬፥ ጿࠦ‫ߘޢ‬ƄƎƟ ࢖࣍ Ǝᇴᇍ ୓กƄે ઻ၮžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ‫ ݟ‬༨࿻ -20
‫ۑ‬ቿᇝᇍ ࣃ ଐଌƄࠢࢠ୹ ‫ࢠޢࠦݑެ ߄ݑ‬Ƅ౰౔ߙƄቿቷ‫ހܾ ࢵޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƌ࣠ࠩࠅ ౰ే޲ჴఱ ఓ -21
‫ߘݘޢࠦۑ‬Ƅƥ݊ ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻࣃ ࡷ፟ ፑƂࡴ ࠧƎᇴᇍ ߙƀࡣ ‫࣠ݹ‬༨ဈ ፟ ፑƂžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ߙਔ ৲ -22
‫ॱॺܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬५࣯ භඖ ൺƄ౰౔ࢵ ଘଓƄƌƄ߄ ၮଗଓƄ፥ ጿࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƠ ྲ ྟƬཾ -23
257
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ƢଘଐƁƋࣝഴലമƁ݇ ަჱႻ

Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ࠣ‫ޟ‬ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƟܸࢽ ߕଘଐƁŻܸࢲ žƋƣ ኃ ቮࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢲ ࠣࢲ Ƌܸየዧࠣၱ ƋƉ
ࠦࢵ ƎܻࡺଐଌƄ ࠦၴ Ǝƌ ƃ࢓ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ߢߣࡦƁ

ࠟ‫ ࢲޟ‬Ƣž୶ ୧݇ ࡴƍ Ƌܸೕಹཬཏ‫ޟ‬ᆼᆚ ። ጼ࣬ ೕಹƉᇱᆚ ଘଐƁƤ ਑ ৬ܸߕ -
ࠣ‫ࡦެܸࡦޟ‬ƁƄ ܸ૫ૐूरࢽ ࡦƁ
݊ ࡷྲ ႖ܻީଐଌƄࡣ ࢢ Ƅ࣠ޯࡩƄƥƊ ࣠ޯߦଐଌƄơ ܻࢧ ‫ކ‬ଘଓƄࠦࢵ ܻ‫ ݹݘޯࡺ ߄ ࢵޢ‬-*24

‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ
‫ۑ‬žƄ࣠ࢵ ƪ߄ ၰ ે ઻ၮžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ዙ၅ါࠢࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄ፥ ፑ࣠Ƭ‫ ݹ‬- 25
‫ޯ࡯ߦࠦۑ‬ശവറƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻީࢵ ܻެࡷࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƠ ƎܻఴƬఓ -26
Ƈ ܻީ‫ ݌‬Ǝƥ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ᆿᇍ ࡩƄ ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀ ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯ࣠ߙޢ ࢇ ހ‬Ƅ ે ઻ၮ ࡣ ࡺ‫ݹݘ‬ -27
ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ߄ ެ‫ ݑ‬Ƨ ࣠ެ‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥ Ƨ ƌܻଐଌƄ ౮ేߦࠒ ޯࡩƄ ࠦࢵ ܻ‫ݹݘޯࡺ ߄ ࢵޢ‬ -28
‫ۑ‬Əܻ༬စ ଗଓƄ
‫ۑ‬ቿቱſࢪ ყࡩƥƨܻ‫ܻރ‬ఱ ఝƂƤƎܻީޯ‫ࡩݘ ࢥ࣠ހܻݑ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷࡣ ࡷܻ‫୓ݘ‬෺ -29
‫ ߄ݹࠦۑ‬༬ဂ ࠢ‫ࡷݘ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄžƄƎଛଓഭ ୣࢧ Ƭ‫ݹ‬ -30
‫ۑ‬௪ ௎౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓܻ‫ࠧޯࡺܻࡷࠢހ‬Ƅ࢖࣏ࠩƬ‫ݹ‬ -31
Ƈ ƄƎ߄ ߘ ໠ ໄ‫ݹࠦ ހ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄ Ɵ ƥ࢖ߦࡩƄ Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄ ໠ ໄ‫ݹ ࢥ ݊ ހݘ‬ -32
‫ࡩݘࡺ ࡣۑ‬Ƅ፥ ጿࠦࡺࠩଐଌƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƇ ƄƏܻ༬စ ƂƎ߄ ߥƬ‫ݹ‬ -33
‫ۑ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬൑ᑉᐽƇ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄ࣯ ࣐ ‫ݘ‬
Ƭ‫ݹ‬ *-
*34
258
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
Ƈ ܻ‫ ࠁޢ‬ൎ൉ࢧ ࡩƄž࣠ࢠ፥ ጿƆ߃ ႀ ޯଐଌƄžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƇ ƄƎƄ࢖ߘƢ౰౔༨࿻ - 35

‫ ࡴۑ‬ಛಗࠦၰ ࣠ެࡺଐଌƄ
‫୐ߦޢ ߃ܻࠧۑ‬งƥ Ƈ ƄƎƄ࢖ߥࡩƄࠦၮܻެࢢ ፥ ጿžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄƠ ྲ ྟƬཾ - 36
ࡴ ࠧƌ࣠ࠩࠅ ࡣ ‫ ࡷߥܻހ‬ቿቷ‫ ߘ࡯ޢ‬Ƈ ܿߙᇴᇍ ଐଌƄ ƣ ƀ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬൑ᑉᐽ ၒল ࣠Ƭ‫ ݹ‬- 37
‫ۑ‬ƆƏܻޯࡺଐଌƄࠦ‫ݑޢ‬Ƅਔ ৹ଗଓƄ
߄ެ‫ ࣐ܾ ݑ‬உै Ƅ ે ઻ၮ ࠦީࢵ ܻഷവറƄ ƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ ࠢ‫ݶ‬
ܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓ ၒল ࣠‫ݹ‬ -38
‫ࡩ ࣀ࡯ ࣐ࠦۑ‬ƄƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ
‫ݹࠦۑ‬Ǝƥྲ Ⴎ ࡩƄ౰ే‫ݓ‬
ࡩƄࠦ‫ ࣀ࡯ ࣐ޢ‬ჴࡩƄࢇ ‫ݶ‬
Ƅ࣠‫ࡩݘ‬ƄቿቱƄƏଗଓധ ୨ఱ ఓ -39
ܻࡷƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ ࣐ࠦ ࡯ࣀ ࡩƄ ƢƄ߄ ႀ ޯࢵ Ƅ ƆƎƥྲ Ⴉ žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬൑ᑉᐽ ቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬ -40
‫ۑ‬
ƨܻ‫ߘޢ‬ൎ൉ၯ ƀ
259
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
:࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ። ጒܸޯࡦƁƋࣝഴലമƁ

ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸ༩࿿ ᄂ ཻƋ߁ެࡦƁࠣ‫ࠤޟޜ‬Żܸࢢ ‫ ݎ‬Žƣ ኃ ቮ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ
ƣ ࣝެࢽ ଍ଉƁࠣၱ ƋƉ
ƃ࢓ᚺᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ᚼ ߢߣࡦƁ
૊ સ‫ݶ‬
ܸೕೀࡠ ޯ๸๩ำཬཏ‫ݕ‬
ࡴܸၱ ơܸ༩စ Ƥ ኃ ቮŻକଐࣝࡦƁƣ ࣝެࢽ ࡴ
ࠦၮܻߘ፥ ጿ ƆƎ࣐࣠ ޯଐଌƄ ࠦ‫ޢ‬ఱ ఓƎ߄ ޯࡩƄ Ɵ ࢖࣐ ࡩƄ ࡣ ࢥ ߙƀ Ꭸᎌ߄ ߥޯࡩ ധ ୨ࢵ ƀ -1
‫ۑ‬፥ጒൎ൉࣐ ࡩࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄ
‫ߙ ࢥ࡯ܻࠩۑ‬ƀƥƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦࡷ߄ ߥࡷ፥ ጿ཯དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƣ ࣠ࡓ ‫ކ‬ƣ ƀཀྵཏ೘೉ƀ -2
࣯ ൞൙‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦࢵ ƄƎኆ ቱƄơ ܻ༬ீ ፥ ጿƎ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƄƥਔ ৲߄ ႅ ޯࡩƄࠦީࡁ Ƅ࣠ࡷƦ ࢖༨ဈ ƀ -3
‫ॱॺܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬५
‫཯ۑ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƈ ܻࡷ߄ ၯ ࡼ ‫ޯࡺ ݊ݑ‬഻വറƄܻࢠमऌƆƌܻ‫ݘ‬ఱ చ࢖‫ ࢸݘ‬ƀ -4
‫ܻࠧۑ‬౮ే೘೉ƥࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦ‫ݘ‬ያዜ ཯ཏࡺᐱᏹ -5
፥ ጿ ࣯ ያዜ ༟༎Ƅ ƢƄƥኆ ቱƄ ‫ߘ ݝ‬ƥ ౰ేၩ ፥ ጿ ્ ઻ዙኸ ፥ ጿ žܻߥީࡩƄ ፥ ጕ߄ ‫ݘ‬ఱ ఓ -6
‫ ࠅࠩ߄ۑ‬ᇯ ᇍ ‫཯ހ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै ે ઻޲ଐଌƄƇ ܻ‫ݓܻݹ‬
ࡩƄࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƨܻࡷƥƌധ ୨ࢵ ƀ -7
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ፥ ጘƌܻ‫ࠧࠦߘޢ‬Ƅबए཯ཏࡺᐱᏹ -8
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿ્ ઻ዙኸ žƄƌƀžܻ୐ชƀƣ ܻߥ‫ކ‬ଗଓƄƦ ࢖༨ဈ ƀ -9
‫཯ۑ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ࠦީ࡯࣍ Ɵ ࣠ߦ‫ކ‬፥ ጿࡴ ᐳྜཾܻ೘ೃƨƄ౰ే޲ࡁ যঠࠧƀ -10
፥ ጿƨƄ࣠ࢥ ‫ݑ‬Ƨ Ǝܻީޯ‫ޯࡺ ݊ހܻݑ‬഻വറƄ፥ ጿƨƄमक࣓ࡷƨƄƎƥƌƧ ኆ ቱƣ ƀ࢖‫ ࢸݘ‬ƀ -11
‫ܻۑ‬ಛಗơ ॅळၰ ࡼ ‫ ݟݑ‬༨ဂ Ƅƥ્ ᇣᆝ ܻࣃ ࡷ፥ ፕ ࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅᇯ ᆝ ܻࣃ ࡷ౰౎ޯ‫ݑ‬ƀ -12
‫ܻۑ‬ᐱᐕߙžܻߥީࡩܻ‫ࠦހ‬ၮܻެߥࡩƄƧ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅࠦࢵ ܻ‫ ࢵޢ‬Ə࢔‫ ކݘ‬-13
‫ܻࡷݘࠦۑ‬எै Ƅमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƨƄƌ࣠ࠩࠅ ፥ ጘƌܻ‫ߘޢ‬ơ ߃୍งܻࡷ߄ ެ‫ݑ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ ࠁ ࢪހܻࡩ ࣀݘ‬ƀ -14
260
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
‫཯ۑ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ Ƥܻ༬ဈ ƨƄ߄ ၴ ፥ ጒܻ༬࿻ ƂƧ Ǝ࣠‫ࢸݘ‬ -15

‫཯ۑ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ቿቱܻࢵ Ǝࢇ ‫ࠩ ߄ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬எै Ƅࡼ ࡷƨƄਔ ৲୷ ୪ơ ߃ީࡩƩ߄ ‫ރܻࡷ ࣀޯݘ‬ƀ -16
‫ޢࠦۑ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄ፥ ጘƌܻ‫ࠦހߥޢ‬୆กܻ༬࿻ ᓘƥࠦ‫཯ߘ࣠ݹ‬དྷߘൎ൉ၮ -17
ࡼ ࡷܻࠧ౰ేၩࡼ ࡷƨܻ‫ ࣌ޢߦޢ‬ƥƨܻެࡷƀ ౰౗ࡁ ƀ ཯དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƣ ܾ‫ހ‬ƨܻࡷܻ೘೉ ࢇ ‫މ‬ƀ -18
‫ۑ‬Ƈ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ
ƪ߄ ၰ ે ઻ၮܻᐱᐕߙžܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ଛଓƄ݊ ‫ޢ‬ସବଣ Ɵ ࣠ߥஊै Ƅࡼ ࡷ࣓‫཯ކ‬དྷ‫ܻࡷݘ‬ၴ ƣ ƀࢇ ‫މ‬ƀ -19
‫ۑ‬žƄ࣠ࢵ
‫ۑ‬༇໩ ſƣ ᇴᇍ ࡷƧ ƀ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅે ઻ၮࠦ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ፥ ጿࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࡣ ࢥ ߙƀ -20
ࠣ‫ަܸހ‬ჱࢲ କଐƁ። ጼƃƉƋƁࣝࡦƁƄ ܸၾ ࡬࣍ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ 

ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ -
žଘଓ࣓ࠧƠ ƄƎƌƂƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷࢇ ‫ކݘࡺޢ‬ƥūܻ࣐ࠩ ‫ ࣃޢ‬ჱ჋ƥ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄƇ ܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄ݊ ‫઻ ેކ࣠ ࢵޢ‬ၮࡣ ࡺ‫཯ކݘ‬དྷࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ፥ ፕ
ūࠦ୆งƄኅ ቱƄࡴ ᐱᏹܻࡷܻࡺޯࠧƄࡼ ࡷ߄ ‫ހݘ‬ƀܻ࣠ࠧଐଌ࢖࣏ ެᑃᐽࡴ ࠩࡁ ƎƄ߄ ࡷ݊ ‫ࡷ ݊ކ࣠ ࢵޢ‬ūܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀƥࠦၮܻସବଣ Ƅࠦ‫ݹ‬Ɓ༟༎ࡴ ಛಗ࣠ީߘƥ໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅ
ࠢ‫ކ‬ƌ ܻ‫ߘޢ‬፥ ጿࡼ ࣀ ஊै Ƅࡣ ࡷܻ‫ࡩޯݘ‬ƄƥࠦީഷവറƄƥƒ ൎ൉ၯ ଗଓƄࡣ ޲๻๬ึ્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩܻߙūࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽƢܻ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅᅶै ܻࢧ ࡩƄࡣ ၴ ƀࡼ ࡷ
ƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬ƌܻஎै Ƅƥ౮ే৤৕ষƄƥžƄƌଛଓƄƊ ƥƎࢇ ‫ކݘࡺޢ‬ƥūࠢ‫ݹ‬ኆ ቱ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖ଐଌƄžƄƌƀमअ࣐࣠ ޯࡩƨƄ߄ ܻࠧၴ ധ ୨ࣀ ყߙūࠢ‫ ࢵޢ‬ƥƁ࢖ଐଌ
Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƧ ࣠ޯ༨ဈ ƥūࠢၮ୍ܻงƀƦ ኆ ቱ፥ ጾൎ൉ၯ ଛଓƄߴ ࢥ ެࡩƄƦ ࣠ޯࣀ ࡷ݊ ߙ༟༎્ ઻‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ‬Ƅਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄധ ୨ఱ ఓሯሡሁ ūࡴ ᐱᏬኆ ቱࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄ
፥ ፕ ƥࠦ‫ࡩޯܻࡩޢ‬Ƅƌܻ‫ހݘ‬ଛଓƄે ઻ၮࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅ
‫ێ‬። ፎܸޯ଍ଉƁ౭ౄ‫ࡦެܻކ‬Ɓ -1
‫ܸࡴޟࠣێ‬ಘಔଔଐƁࠣ‫ݕޟ‬
ߖƁኃ ቮƁ -2
‫ݶࠣێ‬ಏ౴ߣࡦƁƃƋܸޯჱࢲ କଐƁ -3
‫ݶࠣێ‬
‫ێ‬ໝ ແ‫ݕ‬
‫ݽ‬ܸެᑀᐺໝ ແࡐ ৡ৒঴Ɓ -5
࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ -
261
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ūܻࠩࡺ‫ߙ ࢇߘޢࡺࠩ ࡴހߥޢ‬Ƅ࣠‫ކ‬ƥܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧଛଓࡴ ಛಗ࣠ީߘƥūࡴ ᐱᐢ‫ܻࡷݘ‬༬ဂ ᄅ ཾƎ߄ޯࡩƄࠦ‫ࠧޢޟ‬žܻࢥ ‫ݑ‬ƀƔ ୍ܻงƎƄƦ ߄ ࡷ࣠ࠧ
ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᚑ߄ ߥ‫ܻࠧوކ‬౮ే೘೉ࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ે ઻ၮࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƥūܻࠩߙƄ߄ ࠧƀࢇ ‫ ࠅࠩ ߄ࠧ ࡴࡩޯ ࠒߥޢ‬྽ Ⴐ ߘƀơ ߃ ީࡩ‫ ࠁ ݪ‬ƥƒ ൎ൉ၯ ܺᄣࡴ ᐱᐕ‫ ࢵݘ‬ƥ
‫ۑ‬Ʀ ༇໩ ଛଓƄƇ ܻ‫ܻࡷݘ‬எै Ƅ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬
262
Żܸ‫ݕ‬
ީ࢟ ࠣ‫ݕ‬
ܺ୅ฃܺଏଋſ–ໟ ໃࡨभऋ –ࠥ‫ݸ‬Ƌ ܺࢦ ޮߗଗ଒ƃƤࠥ‫ࡨ ࢿޡܺ ࢴޡ‬ƃƤࠥ‫ޡ‬බඕ ൹ƃ౯౓ࢴ ଗ଒ƃƆ ܺࢴ ƃƍኅ ᒖᐼ፤ ጑࢕‫ࡨݗ‬ƃ࣮ ࣌ ƃ࢕ߤ೗಻ኅ ተƃഀ೧࢕ଏଋƃƆ ƃƍƃ߃ ࢡ Ɓ
263
‫لكا لحق ا ـوقا مـحفــ ا وظةا لـلـا نـاشـر‬
‫لملـركـزا لدلميقــرلطـيا للعـريب ا برلنيا –ا أملانيا‬
‫‪© Democratic Arabic Center‬‬
‫‪Berlin10315 Gensingerstr :112‬‬
‫‪Tel :0049-code Germany‬‬
‫‪54884375-030‬‬
‫‪91499898-030‬‬
‫‪86450098-030‬‬
‫‪book@democratica.de‬‬

علاقة القيادة التحويلية بالولاء التنظيمي لدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة صنعاء

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علاقة القيادة التحويلية بالولاء التنظيمي لدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة صنعاء

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‫ب‬ ‫ع‬‫ل‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬‫م‬‫ي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫م‬‫ل‬

‫المركر الديمقراطي العربي‬

‫لـدى أعضاء هيئة التدريس بجامعة صنعاء‬

‫جميلة ناجي أحمد عطافي‬ SUPERVISOR

‫اﻟﻨـ ـﺎﺷ ـﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮاﻃﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎدة إﺻﺪار ﻫﺬا اﻟﻜﺘﺎب أو أي ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻪ أو ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬

‫اﻟﻤـﺮﻛـﺰ اﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘ ـﺮاﻃـ ـﻲ اﻟﻌ ـﺮﺑـﻲ‬

‫‪Berlin10315 Gensingerstr :112‬‬

Ơ ᚹ ‫࢓ ݎ‬ᚺࢵ Ƌᚹ ࡷ ᚸ‫ێ ݎ‬Ž። ጏ࢓‫ݕ‬

34 ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƃܻఱ చƋࣝࠦࣉ ƥକଐƢŽ

106 ‫ێ‬ơ਑ ৬ƁࣝߖƢ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁࢧ ფႻܸߢࡴ

168 ‫ܸێ‬ᐮᐟࣀ ߕܸީࡴƢƞ ƢଘଐƁƞ Ɓ࣐ࢽ ࡦƁၓ࿌ ܸ୐กƐ ୶ ‫ݎ‬

University of Sana'a, and the degree of organizational loyalty among university

organizational loyalty among faculty members at the University of Sana'a,

ƨܻެࡷ࣓ࡷࠢޯެࠩଐଌƨܻީ༨ீ ūၒᅢ ܻެࡩƄƐ Ǝ߄ ଐଌƄ࢝ ‫ݶ‬

ܸᐮᐟ࡬‫ ࢲޜ‬ŽƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ࡴ -

ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ Burnz,1978,20 Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅߎ ‫ ކݘ࢖ݹ‬285،2009ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ƌƎ࣠‫ݹ‬

ਔ ৯ܻߘ࣠ࠧƥūࠦ‫ݹ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄƥơ ൎ൉ߥޯࢵ ଘଓƄࠢ‫࡯ޢ‬ၮ‫ݓ࡯ ݪ‬

LeadershipƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓ :ƞ ƢଘଐƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ

Ɔƌܻ‫ܻߘޢ‬ಛಗƥଘଓƂࠦၮ࣠ዙಣಝƧ ƀ߄ ༬စ ƣ ƀࡼ ࡓ ೘಼ଘଓ‫ݟ‬Ƭ ‫ ࠁޢ‬ūࠦ୆෷Ƅ߄ ީࡩƄࠢ‫ࡷެ߃ ࠁޢܻކ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƣ ܻఱ ఝଗଓƄƞ ୹ ‫ݑ‬

‫ࠦۑ‬ၮ࣠ࡺ഻വറƄ໠ ໄ‫ܻހ‬ᐱᐕ࡯ၮࢇ ߦޯࡷƥበሼ౰౔ࣃ ࡷƞ Ƅ߄ ࠧƀƌ࣠ࠅ ƥ -

‫࡯ܻࠩۑ‬ஊै ࠦࡷƏൎᑉᐽƄ࣊ ࣐ உै Ƅᄎ ႓Ǝƥࡣ ࡺ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƇ ൎᇩᇍ ࣃ ࡷે ઻ၮƆ࢖࣐ ‫ࡩ ࣀޢ‬Ƅ -4

(161, 2006 Ũƍ Ƣܸࠤ ࠣ‫࡬ޟ‬ၫܸߣެࡦƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƉܸ‫ݕ‬

ƆƌܻߥࡩƄ ໠ ໄ‫ހ‬ƈ ߄ ༨ဈ ཯དྷࡩƄࠦࢥ ‫ߥܻݹ‬ଐଌƄƥƀơ ƌܻީޯࡩƄࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ે ઻ၮቧሼ࣓‫ࡩޢࠦކ‬ƌܻީޯࡩƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅƥūቿቱƌܻީࡷƥƀࠦ‫ࡩޢ‬ƌ୍ܻงࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ࣠ࠧ

Transformational Leadership ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓࠣ‫ ހ ࣌࢓ݶ‬:። ጒܸޯࡦƁ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ

ᑃᐽƄཀྵཏ‫ݘ‬൞ᒑᐽ :ࠣᚸᚼ ‫ݐ‬

ơ ƥܻެჴႾࠢ‫ރ‬ƀሯሡሁ ūࠦެ‫ࡷݘޢ‬যওߘƥƞ Ǝܻ‫ࡷݘ‬ƥƎᇴᇍ ߙƀ཯ཏხ჋Ʀ ߄ ࡷ፟ ፑƂ (Intellectual ፥ ጕൎ൉ߥ‫ࡷ ࢧ ࣐࡯ ߰ݑ‬౰ేఴƬఓ

‫ۑ‬ਔ ৯ܻߥࡩƄƇ ܻၮܻީ࣐ ‫ރ‬Ƅ݊ ࡷࠦߥߙƄ࣠ޯࡷ໠ ໄ‫ࡩޯܻހݘ‬ƄƇ ܻၮܻީ࣐ ‫ރ‬Ƅ 7)

ƛ Ɓ߁ ࠤŽƃƋܸ‫ܷކ‬ᄠᑎ ᐺƊƢƠ Ƣܸ‫ݕ‬

૊ સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁߋ ‫ ࣉܸݳ‬Ƣᚸƥܸީࡴܸ‫ކ‬

(194,2009Ũ࿀ ႛფߢࡦƁ ࠦࡺ࣏ ެ൞ᒑᐽ໠ ໄࢵ ƥƁ࢖൞ᒑᐽžܻ๻๬เƄƥžଘଓƥે ઻ၮƀࢇ ߥ༨ဈ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ 3

ે઻ၮƄƥഁ೨मअƣ ƀഭ ୣީჱႾࡣ ‫ހ‬ūਔ ৯ܻߥᑃᐽ፥ ጘƄኅ ቱƄžܻࢠƎଗଓƄܻᐱᐟࡷƓ ࢖‫ݓ‬

ࠢ‫ކ‬Ə࢖ߙƀܻࡷƏमऌƀ፥ ፕ ƥūࠦߙ࢖‫ݘ‬ଐଌƄƥࣷࣳ‫ࡩݘ‬Ƅࠦ‫୓ܻ ࠅޢ‬คƄܻᐱᐟࡷƥƆ౮ేࡺޯଐଌƄƇ ܻႅ ޯެଐଌƄࡣ ࢥ ߙƀƌܻ༬࿻ Ƃે ઻ၮƆƎ߄ ߥࡩƄ፥ ፕ

ࠣ‫ރ ࡐީࣝࡦࣝ ࠂޟ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݶ‬

ྯ Ⴆ ܸஇॅ Ɓ‫ࡦࣝߕ ݚ‬Ɓ። ጼƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬

Ɔƌܻ‫ ࡁޢߦޢࠦߘޢ‬፥ ጿƨܻ‫ ࢵܻ ࢵޢ‬ƀƨƄ౰ే‫ݓޢ‬

ે઻ၮ౰ే‫ࡩޯܾމ‬Ƅࡼ ࡷࠦ‫ܻࡩޢ‬ၮࠦၴ Ǝƌࢇ ‫ߥޢ‬༨ဈ ࡼ ࡷܻᐱᐟࡓ ೘೉ƎƄƥƌƀƥƢܻࠩ೘ೃࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬Ƅࠦ‫ޢ‬೘಼ƌᇴᆝ ଛଓƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅ݊ ޯ๻๬ใ

Organizational Loyalty ࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ :ࢧ ࡴܸஆॅ Ɓ‫ަ ࠏݜ‬଍ଉƁ

‫ެ ࣏ࡺࠦۑ‬ଐଌƄࠦ‫ީ࣓ހߦݘܻࡩޢ‬ჱޯࡩƄ፥ ጿƨܻࡷܻࠧƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮ౰౎ޯ‫ ࡴݹݘ‬ᐱᏹܻࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƌƄ࢖ߙଛଓƄžଘଓƥƣ ƀ -3

ƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐƁƢࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬

ે઻ၮ(51,2009,Ɯ ോെၫࣝ‫(ݽ‬Staw and Salanik. 1977, ࠯ ୆คଘଓܻࢵ ƥƥܻޯࢵ Ɖ ƍ࣠೘ೆƀቧሼ࣓‫ݹ‬

ࠣࡴ߁ ஆॅ Ɓ። ጼবঐߢࡦƁƞ ܸၬ ƉſƂ ूरࢲ Ž Żܸ࣍ ߽ Ž݇ ߖƉ ࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬

(2009ŨƜ ോെၫࣝ‫ݽ‬Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ

ܻࡷว คܻၴ ፟ ፑƂūࠦࡺ࣏ ެଐଌƄƤܻ༬ဈ ࠦ‫ ࢧޢ‬༧ೞ ࢝ ‫ݶ‬

࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁ ʸʯŞƙ¦ ࠣ‫ހ‬ᇱᇊ ଍ଉƁ

(49, 2011, Ƥ ߁ ࡴܸ‫ݐ‬

ࠣ‫ࡦ ࣀ ࠎ ࢤޟ‬Ɓࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬

‫ێ‬26,2007Ƥ Ƌ߁ ஆॅ Ɓ Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ

࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁफऒŽᚸྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ɖܸஇॅ Ɓ

ܻ‫ݑ ࣐ܻݹ‬ƥܻ‫ݹ‬Ƅ୷ ୪ࡼ ࡷࠢޯࡺ࣏ ެଐଌࠢ‫ݶ‬

࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁߋ ‫ݕ‬

Żକଐूरࡦ። ጶോെࢲ ଔଐƁƆ Ɗࣝৡ৏঴Ɓ

ơ߁ ၭ Ƣࡠ ၱ Ƣ୴ ‫ ٴ ݎ‬Ǌƫ‫ٲٳ‬ŻକଐࣝࡦƁ

Ɵോെࢲ ଔଐƁ። ጼŻକଐࣝࡦƁ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ࡴ -

ū໠ ໄ࡯ࡷܻ‫ࡩݘ‬ƄƦ ኆ ቱžଘଓ࣠ࡩƄबअ࢔‫ކݘ‬ƥࠦ‫ޢ‬๻๩ใ፥ ጿūƨƄमक࣓ࡷƨൎ൉ࡷܻၮܻࠧƎܻީޯ‫ހܻݑ‬Ɔƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬ƄƖ ࣠ࢠ࣠೘ೃ໠ ໄ޲ࠁ ܻީࡩƄࡼ ࡷ౰ే޲ࡁ যঠᐱᏬ

ࠣ࢟ ോെஆॅ Ɓ

ࠣᚺࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁƓ ࣝᚻ ࢝ ࣝೕೀࢄ ᚺ࡬‫ݕ‬

‫ୃࠣێ‬෴Ɓ༄໫ ଔଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬

-Perceived Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational

- Herding Academic cats: Faculty reaction to Transformational and

ūྲ Ⴐ ࡷ፥ ጿߴ ‫ ࣀޢ‬ჱࡩƄƥơ ࢔‫ݓ‬

-An Analysis of Effects of Transformational Leadership

Ơ ᚹ ‫࢓ ݎ‬ᚺࢵ Ƌᚹ ࡷ ᚸ‫ێ ݎ‬Ž። ጏ࢓‫ݕ‬

34 ƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƟࣝࠦߣࡴƃܻఱ చƋࣝࠦࣉ ƥକଐƢŽ

ܸᐮᐟ࡬‫ ࢲޜ‬ŽƢࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ࡴ -

ࠦ‫࡯ޢ‬ዙኸ ܻᐱ᏶ƀ Burnz,1978,20 Ʀ ኆ ቱࠦ‫ࡩޯ ࠒ࣠ݹ࡯ޢ‬ƄƆƌܻ‫ࡩߥޢ‬Ƅߎ ‫ ކݘ࢖ݹ‬285،2009ū፥ ጿൎ൉ശവറƄ ƌƎ࣠‫ݹ‬

૊ સ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ‬Ɓ਑ ৬ܸߢࡦƁߋ ‫ ࣉܸݳ‬Ƣᚸƥܸީࡴܸ‫ކ‬

ࠣ‫ރ ࡐީࣝࡦࣝ ࠂޟ‬Ƅ ܸ‫ݶ‬

ྯ Ⴆ ܸஇॅ Ɓ‫ࡦࣝߕ ݚ‬Ɓ። ጼƄ ܸ‫ݕ‬

ƌܸ༩ဂ ଔଐƁƢࡠ ࡷ‫ݕ‬

ࠣ‫ࡦ ࣀ ࠎ ࢤޟ‬Ɓࡠ ࡴƁࣝ‫ݕ‬

‫ێ‬26,2007Ƥ Ƌ߁ ஆॅ Ɓ Ƌ߁ ࢤ ଍ଉƁ

࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁफऒŽᚸྯ ႞‫ ݎ‬Ƥ Ɖܸஇॅ Ɓ

࣬ ࡷ‫ࡦެީ ࣌ޟ‬ƁŻକଐࣝࡦƁߋ ‫ݕ‬

Ɵോെࢲ ଔଐƁ። ጼŻକଐࣝࡦƁ࢓ࠤܸ࣌ ࡴ -

ࠣ࢟ ോെஆॅ Ɓ

‫ୃࠣێ‬෴Ɓ༄໫ ଔଐƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƢࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƠ Ɓࣝީ‫ݕ‬

ࠣࢲ ƁƋኃ ቮƁቼᇚᇊ ࣀ ࡴ‫ ࡴ ࡹ ߾ޟݜ‬-

"42፟ ፑƂ32ࡼ ࡷ ‫ݹࠦۑ‬ƌ࢖ߦࡩƄࠦ‫ݹ‬Ǝܻީޯ‫ݑ‬ଘଓƄơ ܻ༬ீ ƨܻ‫ހݘ‬ƄƎ

ƃƁƉൎᑆᐺ ૊ સၬ Ɓኃ ቮƁƜ ܸమ ఝକଐƁ ። ጅܸީަࡦƁƜ ߁ ࢤ ࡦƁᚸƥܸ‫ݕ‬

.474() 58 .620() 38 .861(**) 18

.424() 59 .837() 39 .850(**) 19

ࠣ‫ޟ‬ძީࠂ ଘଐƁ݇ ࠂ Ɓ࢓଍ଉƁᚸƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

řƊŕॼʱŬƜƅʦȞʴʺƅŕǼřŰ ŕʵƅ§ª ŕƊŕॽʰƅ§

Ɵ౭౑ഴലമƁ Ƌࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁƊܸެࢲ ଘଐƁ

ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬ƁƋࣝ༥஽ ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

Ɵ౭౑ഴലമƁ‫ۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑۑ‬Ƌࣝެ࠾ኃ ቮƁƈ ଘଐƁ

Ơ ܸ‫ަޟ‬ჱࢲ କଐƁƋƢܸ༥஽ ƥܸୃกܸ‫ކ‬

ࠣ‫ࡦެ ࠏࣝݶ࡬ޟ‬ƁƃƉܸ‫ࡦߢޟ‬Ɓƞ ƢଘଐƁƋࣝഴലമƁ݇ ަჱႻ