Mech280final 2023

Mech 280, Final Exam: April 27th 2023
Name: Student number:

Exam duration 2.5 hours, closed book
Instructions:
1. Check that you have 16 pages and 5 questions. Answer all questions.
2. 3 single sided letter-sized sheets of notes are permitted.
3. You may use a calculator.
4. No wireless communication devices are permitted.
5. Write your answers on the same sheet as the question.
6. Put your name and student number clearly on the top of each sheet.
7. Write neatly and structure your answers in a clear way. State physical
assumptions that you make.
8. Underline or box your final calculated answer for ease
Useful data & information:
• 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 inch = 0.0254 m

• Patm = 101.325 kPa
• g = 9.81 m/s2.
• Water at 20C: 𝜌𝜌 = 997 kg/m3; 𝜇𝜇 =10-3 Pa.s
The Navier-Stokes equations for a two-dimensional incompressible flow are:
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
+ =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑢𝑢
𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 � = − + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + 2 � + 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑣𝑣
2
𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 � = − + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + 2 � + 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦


Question 1: (11 marks)
a) In turbulent flow past a flat plate, the velocity, 𝑣𝑣, as a function of distance 𝑦𝑦 from the plate is
assumed to depend only on the viscosity, 𝜇𝜇, the density, 𝜌𝜌, and the wall shear stress, 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 .
i. [2 marks] Reduce the above relationship using dimensional analysis, i.e. derive the
relevant pi-groups.
ii. [2 marks] Give a general non-dimensional relation for the velocity in terms of the distance
from the plate. Modify this relationship, assuming that 𝑣𝑣 varies approximately
logarithmically with the distance from the plate 𝑦𝑦.
iii. [2 marks] Determine the velocity 𝑣𝑣, at 𝑦𝑦=6mm if you know that 𝜌𝜌 =1.20kg/m3, 𝜇𝜇 =1.8E-5
Pa.s, 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 = 0.8Pa and 𝑣𝑣 =15m/s at 𝑦𝑦=3.6mm.


b) (5 marks) Consider the piping system
indicated. The pipes are concrete with
ε=5mm. The upper branch has length 1km
and diameter 20cm. The lower branch has
length 1.4 km and diameter 30cm. The total
flow rate between A and B is 500 m3/hr.
There is no change in elevation between A
and B. You should assume all minor losses
are negligible and that the friction factor is in
the fully rough regime.
Calculate the flow rates along each branch and the pressure drop between A and B.


Question 2 (8 marks):
(a) (3 marks) A cylindrical tank of diameter D=1m floats, as indicated in Fig a. What is the
weight of the tank?
(b) (3 marks) The very same tank (and air) is held so that the top surface is 3m below the
surface of the reservoir, as indicated in Fig b. Assuming that the temperature of the air in the
tank does not change, calculate the height y of the compressed air in the tank
(c) (2 marks) Calculate the forces on the top wall of the tank, both inside and outside of the
tank, for the case (b) as illustrated with the submerged tank.
You may neglect the thickness of the tank walls in calculating volumes. You may assume that the
experiment takes place at sea level and at 273.15 ˚K, where Patm = 101.325 kPa. You may assume
that the air density is much less than that of the liquid.


You are pumping water at 20C through 5cm diameter stainless steel pipe (roughness 𝜀𝜀 = 5 𝜇𝜇m).
There is an abrupt exit at the suction side tank with K=0.5, an elbow with K=0.2 and a smooth
entrance into the pressure side tank with K=0.1. The pump and pipe system is shown below.
(a) (2 marks) Assuming a flow rate of 20m3 per hour, use the Moody chart to calculate the friction
factor in the uniform pipe sections.
(b) (4 marks) Find the characteristic equation of the system (h vs Q) and plot it on the pump chart.
As an approximation, you may use constant friction factor from part (a).
(c) (4 marks) What is the pump head and power required from the pump, to deliver 20m3 per hour
of water? What is the approximate efficiency and electrical power that the pump would
require? (1HP = 746W) What pump impeller diameter would you choose?



Fluid flows along a channel between 2 porous walls at 𝑦𝑦 = ±𝐷𝐷/2. The two-dimensional velocity
field is given by:
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑢𝑢 = 𝑈𝑈0 𝑒𝑒 −𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋/𝐷𝐷 cos , 𝑣𝑣 = 𝛽𝛽𝑒𝑒 −𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋/𝐷𝐷 sin
𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷
a) (2 marks) For what value of 𝛽𝛽 is the flow incompressible?
b) (2 marks) For this 𝛽𝛽, show that the flow is a potential flow and find the velocity potential
c) (2 marks) Show that the pressure depends only on the variable 𝑥𝑥
d) (3 marks) If 𝐷𝐷 = 0.1m, 𝑈𝑈0 = 2m/s, 𝜌𝜌 = 1000kg/m3 and the pressure 𝑃𝑃 = 2000Pa at 𝑥𝑥 = 0,
at what distance 𝑥𝑥 is 𝑃𝑃 = 3000Pa?


In the sketched figure, the flow is two-

dimensional (assume unit depth in 𝑧𝑧). The fluid
has viscosity 𝜇𝜇 and density 𝜌𝜌. The solid block
of length 𝐿𝐿 has density 1.2𝜌𝜌. It settles under
gravity at a steady downwards speed 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 . The 2
narrow gaps at the sides of the block have
width ℎ.
a) (2 marks) Assuming that the weight of
the solid block is balanced by buoyancy
forces and by the viscous shear stress
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 at the vertical wall of the block,
write down the momentum balance in
the vertical direction and derive an
expression for the magnitude |𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 |.
b) (2 marks) Derive an expression for the
mean velocity 𝑉𝑉� , of the fluid moving
upwards through the 2 narrow gaps at
each side, in terms of 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 and
geometrical parameters.
c) (4 marks) The Navier-Stokes equations for a 2D flow are listed at the front of the exam.
Assuming that the flow in the 2 narrow gaps is fully developed and steady, simplify the
Navier-Stokes equations to an equation for 𝑣𝑣(𝑥𝑥) and the vertical pressure gradient. Write
down the boundary conditions. Solve for 𝑣𝑣(𝑥𝑥).
d) (4 marks) Determine the vertical pressure gradient in terms of 𝑉𝑉� , obtained by averaging
𝑣𝑣(𝑥𝑥) across the narrow gap. Then using (a) and (b), determine the settling speed 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 .

The End

Mech280final 2023

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mech280final 2023

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mech 280, Final Exam: April 27th 2023

Name: Student number:

Useful data & information:

• 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 inch = 0.0254 m

The Navier-Stokes equations for a two-dimensional incompressible flow are:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

In the sketched figure, the flow is two-

Name: Student number:

Name: Student number:

You might also like