12

JUSTICE
sigrufica nt pla ce in the pnn '-~-1·P,t:s ,,
. . . occup 1·e(;.,, a ve ry , . . .
, . _t of '1 ustKe \ve lJ as ea ste rn po hb ca l ph dos ophit'.S
Th e ca~cep . ter n as - h ts. B€S-ld · ~~.,
s - · 1- 1 th· es .
· liti ca l so en ce . In we ted wi th et.h1cal an d eg a ou g
. 6~1n~
po . . . 1 . . . , _ eth .
- nce pt of JUS. t1ce ts .re a jus ti ce 1s ess en ba_ lJ y• rel a ted w1 th I;

LO
_· J .
1
de a,. . . . . tq
co nc ern ed wJth po1htt ca ti(e h
. .
1 1 ·
the
- ,
pr im itiv e ag e of the ov il1 satton , 1us . ltt\J
fro m . _
.
.
0 -
"tg _ Th e mo st nnn ort
ph1)osoph y too
• s p-o bJ eni ot the hu ma n so oe ty. . . . r -in{
been the mo st sen ou • n of all 1-L.u•~.
. h d- m ti m es is ·ud
J ici al sy ste m. Th e ad m1nrstrat1o . .
. .
problem in t c mo e·ustice- . tself It 1s pe rm an en t an d co mp ·
u lso r\· in ec1eh ·,t 1.., .
\l it'
.• - b d on I · .
cou ntn es 1s ase 1 ma ry du ty of the state. In
en t is co ns ide red to be the pn
an d its att ain m is
jus tice , ev en the jm ag ina tio n of a sta te or hu ma n society
the ab sen ce of 'S thJt
Ex p res s jng tl} e-- sig nif ica nce of jus tic e, St. . Au ~a s~i ne Sd}
no t po ssi b le. voic~ of
u t jus tic e js sj mp ly a gro up of rob be rs. an d JUsb ce 1s the
a state wj tho
Co d.

MNning and Definition of Justice

th,1n thv
Grc -ck wo rd 'Di ka aio syn e' is mo re co mp reh en siv e an d w1dll
Th e
. Th e En gli sh ter m 'ju sti ce' ha s be en de riv ed from the
English wo rd 'ju sti ce'
' or jus ' wh ich lite ral ly me an s 'to bin d', 'to co ntract ', or in
La tin wo rd 'ju sti tia
ng co- ord ina tio n am on g va rio us da sse s an d jnd ivi du als, imthe
oth er wo rds to bri l
R,1 pha il be lie ve s, the ide a of jus tic e is rel ate d wi h the genera
societ y. As t1,
soc iet y. In Gr eek lan gu ag e, the wo rd 'D ike ' is us ed for 'jwtic
system of the e' implies
me an s 'ne are r to rig hte ou ses s'. Th us, generally, the wo rd 'justic
which
s' (cu sto ms ) , or in oth er wo rds , it me an s jus t con du ct, faimejsor
·following o1 no rm
<'Xercise of au tho rjt y in ma int
en an ce of rig ht

•in ter pre tin g jus tic e is a him ala ya n tas k be ca us e on the onf
1
De fin ing an d
er hatldi
pri ma ril y a pro ble m of mo ral pru los op hy , an d on the oth
h_and _it is iou s problem ol
_lt has tc be iut ple n1 ent ed by a po liti cal ord er, it is als o a ser
~in cr
. Of ten , jus tic e ha s be en int erp ret ed as wi ll of God.
ro ll tir al ph ilo sop hy · ate d. It is als o ela bo rat ed a6 '
cep t f · ti· · · co mp lic
Ac UJ11v, , the con · 0 JUs ce 1s qu ite
ablis1'
diu
_ on , in wh ich pro pe r co- orc tin ati on is att em pte d to est · ·,,.al
~oci Jl con - pohtJ..,
etw~t:'.n 1nd ivi do a1 ' 5 con d· uc t an d soc ial we lfa re . To an cie nt .,...1~... ta
hi\o
P sopr xr, Th ras ym a -hm ~~,_ "Jus ti.ce 1.s the int ere st of str on ge r.'' Accoru.u •
--,8 ·
iJ1
Foster "J - . Pla to
l ·
,
-
ral ity . or _
, u .~tx e
·he
1n
G me ~n s ve ry n ea rJy wh at we me an by mo ,e tfl
oth er Yl'O i -J ,
ph '°r Pl a t o tr·te d to de fin . e 1us . e as vu , ...
. t1c . rs: .....
- ree. k phiJ oso - '-'
·
 247
sr1C6 .
. .
JU al ~o ral ity . In his bo ok 'Re pub lic ', Pla to def in ed JUs t1ce as o f
·on JJ• I ·h · . . ind ivi du al w Id ne o the
is op1n1on, an
•
ve.Jl tl cialisatton. n . . ou rende
coJl l spe . fitt ed an d t . r Justice if
for wh ich he wa s we ll
t.,octiona d his dut ies
. rai ned for ·. For hi rn,
f rme I d h nd an d aim at an orgaruc .
ed
per .O a quaIity of the sou an ab1t of mi
JI.#
i.e
,, . . s0~1ety.
ard ed jus tice as the sup rem e vir tue . Fo r Ar isto tl Jus sist d
·ostice is 1 d . e, tice
.
con
e
J he reg es
'
mo ra ut1 es tow ard s com mu nit y H nti one d two
fhtlS, t·i~ ent of on · • e me
ful 1 .lJ• •
de rst an din g of the te rm. p·1rst 1s .
for ha vin g a pro pe r un
iJl the f ·us tice .
s
o J
. n J·ustice , w
h' h giv
JC
·
es to ev ery ma n his du e acco r ct·ing to his
type • 1. . . .
. tributI0 . •
soC Jety . 1ts im p ica t1o n JS pro po rtio nat e equ a1·1ty wh ich
dtS . 0 to the
ibut10 als an d likewise un equ a1s sh oul d
contr sthat equals sho uld no t .be tre ate d as equ · e the
111~~ treated as e_quals. An ~ ideal
or practicable stage should accommodat
e to th e d egree
no 'd ls and d1ffere nce s 1n tre atm ent s sho uld be pro po rtio nat _
. .
. divt ua
ivi dua ls dif fer 1n rel eva nt res p
_ ect s. Th us, his em ph asi s is on th e
1n h'ch ind A. 1' sec on d cat ego ry 1s . kn ow n as correcti·ve • t·
toW t nal J·ustice • es JUS Jee,
...,; . ris. tot • . •
rop01 uO . It can be
ch is con cer ned wi th bu sin ess tra nsa cti on s hk e hir e, etc
~hi justice
esit atin gly con clu ded _th at_ for ~re :ks the re wa s no difference bet we en
unh gas tin e
~n -~erms of Ch ris tia nit y, St. Au
and morality. Int~,rp~eting J~s tic e
t tru e Jus tice do es no t exi st 1n a pag an sta te wh ich den ies Go d his
lieved tha ian political
::e of worship and obedience. According
to him, only a Christ
we alt h, - for it ful ly im ple me nts
the
omrnunity can be a tru e co mm on
o~iited. that justice gives the state its
:dispensable requ!re~ertt_ of Ju~tice. He He
is. For him , JUSbce 1s 1n con for mi ty wi th a pro per hu ma n order.
ethical bas
er hu ma n ord er and
for mi ng to the -pr op
said that true justice is inh ere_n t in con
's obl iga tio ns pro per ly. He pro po un de d tha t the Ch urc h is the
rendering one and
e aut hor ity to lay the pri nci ple s of jus tic e to the ind ivi dua l , society
suprem on for
dit of sep ara tin g justice from. religi
the state. Thomas Aq uin as ·ha s the cre
e. Th e anc ien t Ind ian (H ind u) ph ilo sop hy too pos tul ate d the ide a
the first tim adl y
in the ir con cep t_of Dh arm a, me ani ng wh at is rig htl y, or bro
of justice
. As reg ard s the 'dh arm a' of ind ivi dua l, it had bee n der ive d
speaking duties old
cas te of his bir th. Ac cor din g to thi s concept, King's du ty is to uph
from the
ous nes s. By int erv eni ng in the affairs
'dharma' which me ans th~ spi rit of rig hte
por atio ns, ne w cas tes , rel igi ous o_rgan isa tio ns, foreign settlements,
of guilds, cor
ath eist s and her eti cs, wh en it con tra ven es or is am big uou s to pub lic
group of toms
the ms elv es in accordance to their cus
interest otherwise the y cou ld con du ct
reg ard s the Bu dd his ts vie w, it als o agr ees wi th the Hin du view
and usages. As
g's du ty to up ho ld 'dh arm a' wh ich is equ iva len t to the ide a of
of the Kin
def ini tio n and con ten t pu t forward
'dharma' but it con dem ned the cas te- bas ed
phi los oph y. As reg ard s the Isl am ic phi los oph y, it postul~ted
by ~e ~in du .things
ice is the mo st pri vil ege d eth ica l ide a im ply ing ma int ena nce of
~t J~st
n of pra cti cal life in acc ord anc e with th e
th
I.I\ err proper sta tio ns an d
reg ula tio 5t
. Th us it is qu ite cle ar an d acc ept abl e that ju ~ce
re~uirements of stability . . • a I gov ernme nt ' while
· d rat ion
• · '
c ms
affir th
. e maintenance of .bo th rehg1ou.s an
apnce fosters injustice.
 248 Potn-1c}
. . . the
. "l ¾
. "JusttCe 1~ bou nd whi ch hol ds a soc· ~(\
Sabine says, . -..1: . duals, each of who m has fo und ~ 1etv t
0
. h.· . &~th
harmonious uni·on of inw Vl fitness and hts .
trau ung . Accardi ts hfe--\vart.
• • ,, ~~
,ith the natura1 . 1
accordance '' ·· th regular V1rtue wlu.ch pro duces a geng to D\l'f\T\i,; ~,
desc
--Justice was · ribedalas de order in con duct. " In ·. . nera t h ~~11
and gener goo the words of Roct ~th\..
in character . the . . ee, A ··!\Ji~
. "Justil'.e meat15 exis tenc e of idea l rela t10ns an"' l1d~h.
and Crn ston, t1 t te " Barker is of the opm . . ,ong 01 -~.·
between men and 1e s a . 1on that justice 1, «n~t\i
. . f political values. s noth in ~l
the co-ordinatio no &b~1 ,
,
di ssion brings out this fact that in bro ade r
The abo~the sfcu nee to the total beh avio ur in sense . .
looked at WI re ere society. In this ' Justice~
. . . . .. . way, i .
. hteousness or V1rtue. In this sense, 1t 1s Vlew
understood as ng . .· I
ed from ct· tis
. al cial econ onu c and po 1 d ·
1tica , an It helps m jud . ffer~t . 1
angles vi z. mor , so , . . . ·
'
and bad ru 1es, val ue s and conduct of man and mshtutions. The broaderging gewu
. . . . rnean
"\J\l
. .f. . .~ Wl·th truth and morality
identI 1es JUSuce . , wit h ideals and v1rtues Thi· in~
. . . . · s notion
. •~ce is not associated pnm auly with man but wit h the social syste"'
Of JUSu
. . . J ''
w hole. Th e bro ader . .connotation does .not VIew Justice mer e y as a legal pro asa
1

. . . cess or
as legal justice. In this context,. mainly there are
view regards it as an eternal or absolute. con
two view. po1~ts-the first
c~~t, which 1s like truth
I
unchangeable, infallible and gove1 ned by ~erta_i~ spea
f1c rule~; the second view
postulates justice as a relative concept, which o.1ffers
from soa ety to society and
keeps on changing with the ~an ges of time and circ
umstances, with changes in
values. But the narrow connotation of justice is esse
ntially associated with the
legal system and the legal process prevailing in a
society. This narrow meaning
views justice in relation to man and with referenc
e to the law making process,
legitimate laws, an independer.t and impartial judi
cial system, the equality 01
law and equal protection of law. In short, the nar
row sense considers justice
mainly as a legal aspect.
Kinds of Justice
. l
\]
Jt: 1tice is basically one. But even then on the basis of ddminist
rative c1spect
and practical view, various kinds of justice hav
e bee n enumerated under
political science and jurisprudence. Brecht divi ded
justice.into two categories-
traditional and trans-traditional. Ancient Greek
political thinker Aristotle
mentioned two types of just ice- one dist ribu tive
or political, and the other
corrective or remedial. Distributive justice implies
that the state should divide 1
or dis~~ute goods and wealth among citizens acco
the political posts
rding to merit and should fill
according to civil qualifications and the services
the~; as rega re~dere~ by
rds the corrective or remedial justice it is esse
ntially negative,
which consiS ts in re 5toring to each person the lost
ri~hts due to infringement on
·the part ?f ther individuals resulting in the
?
Fam violation of the rights of otl,~rs-
. . ous Junst Salm on d narrated four kmd .
s of . .
Just . , 1 11\oral
Justice legal · ti • . . ice viz. na~u ra or d
' Jus ce, pubhc JU~tice and private justice. Mo ' · te
dem scholars reJec
 2~
~o . n of S,1lm ond JS they rega rd it .
'1•
., . . '"' un1u st nnd ,
t?r" ct.i.' '' thret? kind~ oJ __1usllc~socu1J, economic and poljf improper
•·(,~'1t10 , and
~tit~t.J f 1·u,tire w1ll he d1scusse d in deta,·1 . .ica l. Some of these ,
l\~l' r~ ' 0 - ~
. \\).; t, f
,'t ~ · · 1 Justlce-TradiHonall y. the moral aspe, O JllShce is d
ct f . .
. '110f8 ~ l · ·, T . ·u t' - .a opted,
1. : ·~ k,nt),,rn a~ natu ra ,1ustice. he basic concept of
J s ice believes that
,,-~id'\!' n,. rtain universal, .inflexible and . ultim ate natu ral ruJes h'
~ t..~ rel . 5~ o f 1n . d' .
~v1d uals m righ t and w 1ch
~ft' • mutual ation corre ct man T
te t}le · s and natu . '1g . s IS moral . . o
ral .· ht . ner.
~:U)3 . . !l'(iin a to thes e natu ral rule
r~ a~xo -''O • •
.. Justice.
~J .1 1•J.. . . is Ieac in acco rdan ce w1th the natu ral law s of l'f J e it is i 't If
our Be and if our conduct is cont rary to it that . .' · · n t se
Wllef' 1JU!> , ·•tice , 1s against the m
}()f'd . , . •
r th . . ora1
~ n ~ e t'-mes of conduct, which are. incl uded unde e mora l Justice a
. • -~ !'<)ffl ; r
~tl• n,nle , to speak truth , sym path etic ·cond
uct for all creatures t f, lf~e
d'1ng to prom ise, to express lib , 0 U 1JI
· r e_\11 '1" r .
to! . . . nts to act acco era 1 attit ude to
1nutn'e
1 '"'
•
lit '
tc Thus, it is eV1dent that mor al justice and mora Y are mutually
.
,\.,0
-~-tint"e. e · . . . .
~~: . A but there are cert ain diffe renc es also amo ng them Mora 11ty
'd th al . . . . · 1s
rdat('U4 pend ent of law
·ntv much more ·w 1 e ~ an mor Justice. It is definitely inde
~~ · -~ the consent ana help of the state.
andrcqui,~
by the state
2. Legal Justice:-J~stke duly r~o ~se ~ by the law legislated
e
. d as legal JUStice. The adm1n1strati. on or distribution of
thi's t ype of
•
1, nlif,
1

the significance of
~..tire is carried on_ by the cour_t, ~d the existence as well as
- ·, . stice is poss1ble only with in the state , not at all outside the state. All
tniwJU du ·c1 dd . this justice, which
~ niles and legal con ct are m u e 1n the _pu ~ew of
required to be followed. Thu s, ther e are two unphcations oi the concept of
arc · n or laws frame d by the government ought to
· 1atio
legal justi ce-first, the legis
be just second, execution of law or fram ed laws ough
t to be translated into
punishing the law-
O{al,1:ice in jus~ and prop er man ner. It means, that while
justice is a
breaker, one should not resort to any type of prejudice or bias. Legal ve ral
means of achieving natu ral justice, thou gh it is not possible to achie natu
ral justice is related
justice in the fullest sens e thro ugh it. For instance, natu
~iith truth and morality and legal justice in itself is the
incomplete attainment
of that truth. In the end, it mus t be emp hasi sed that it
is related to the law
one hand, it means
making process and the judicial syst em of society. On the
that law should be reasonable, and on the othe r hand, it
implies that each one
should get justice according to the laws.
ts. When two
3. Public Just ice-P ubli c justice is administered by the law cour
ts in the law courts
persons or two groups of indi vidu als lodg e their complain
of that controversy,
and the decision is deliv ered by that cour t in the context
~tis known as public justice. The question of public justi
ce arises only when an
individual fails to get justi ce und er priv ate justice.
Wr.at is intended to
ted by
emphasise and highlight in this context is that private law is implemen
Public law.
 - -, I l\..:A L
250 . · · h
Jlit{) I
rm priv ate Just ice 1s t at through ~1
f1ce-T he t e . .
4. Private Jus . h the othe r is dete rmi ned . Its 'Nh1c1 ..
erso n wit implerne t1 th~
relation of one p d . . ntati
. of th e co urts , or in other wor s it is not induct ect _an is
beyond the purview example, if some one takes loan from any perso '.n.th~
J·urisdiction of cour ts: Fo~
. t JUSttCe an
d in the J·urisdiction of the court. But if n, 1t 1s~
the field of pnva e b taken by him, this controversy will become a Person
t - the de t
refuses to re um who has extended the loan may take the ahcase01
. . . d the person
public Justice an . b k the debt. What is derr. ✓ed . s elte
rt for getting ac 1n this context . r01
.
the cou_ . . d d public justice 1s a means for achi.evin . is ti.-
g this end '~t
private JUsbce is an en an
.
. . Presence of all those circurrLStances which are essent'
5 Social Jus tice -
· .
welfare m socie . 15 . •al J·ustice. JustI.Ce m . . If
1tse stan
d f
s or a
.
Just socia
- 1a1for
l0
ty soci . . .
. . .
and social Justice re 1a tes to the bala nce betw een an 1nd1v1dual's rights rder
.
soaal contro 1 ensurm . g the fulfilment of the leg1.t11n .
ate expe ctati ons
· and
. . of th
individual under the existing laws. Social Justi.ce requires i
e
equal tr~atment With
. us pers ns dwelling in the society. It means a system
vario o - of society in whi h
rich-poor, small-big, weak-strong, ed~ cate d-u ned c
uca ted, developed.
undeveloped all must get equal opportunity f~r _the
development of their
personality without any discrin~nation ~n. the basis of cast
e, colour, sex or race.
As people belonging to vanous rel~g1ons, l_ang~ag
es, . r~ces, castes and
communities, reside in the society, social equality 1s
essential from the view
point of social security. Social equality itself is another
name of social justice.
Social justice demands that neither any discrimination shou
ld be made nor any
special facility should be provided to anyone on the
basis of religion, caste,
creed, birth-place, property, etc. Today, alm ost
all the countries are
endeavouring to establish social justice. Under it ·an atte
mpt is made to give
equal treatment to all and to see that no one.should suffer
more in comparision to
others. Social justice proves helpful in developing
the personality of the
individual, providing equal social status to all the indi
viduals, bringing about
effective social reforms, making the sod al equ ality
effective, facilitating
equality of opportunity, developing education and cult
ure, expanding public
health service, · making specific help in fadl itati ng
cheap and easy justice
available to poor, help1ess, shelterless, etc. Social justi
ce requires that no one
should be deprived, because of the differenc~s-of caste,
colour, creed or sex, of
those social conditions which are essential for social equ
ality and social rights
an~ th~se ~e dependent on economic equality and righ
ts. Supporters of ~e
soci~ Ju stice _are of the definite view that availabi
lity of social justice ~s
possible only m such a social order where the exploita
tion of man by man 15
~~n t and ~here privileges of a few are not built upo n
1s Just possible that 1·n th the miseries of manY• It
· al' .
e cap1t 1st soc1ety the class d1v1 . .s1on
. of the 5ociety
does not allow the ·a1 · ·
soci Justice to becor.ate a reality.
. 6. Economic .Just . ice-Econorm•~ Justi . . .
ce 1s a part of the soci.al justi'ce. In fact,,
without economic m ti .
s ce, social and political iustice cannot even be un . . 0_;• .-- ,r,.
1
• •
1
'·
 251
. among the residents of the state and socie .· .
j 1J11cE aht)' . . .
on any artifi cial groun d b
ty is ec
onom 1c
.
ic equ_ . n-discrimmatlon etween man d
ft-ono 111 . phes no paym ent for work . an .
,nee. Jt 1:ro. . terms, it connotes adeqd'uate • WI thou t any
n.1 . n0s1t1ve . t th of gene ral welf .
· at'- In r- ·f oods subJe ct o e con 1tion s
It requi res
oon o g n of we.alt h an d incom . are.
fl\
. ·butio e. Ther e are ct· .
dJ,,tribU
. ble d1stn . . , k . . iverse views on
u1ta . ~ce Liberal. th1n er~ are of the op1ru on that th d
eq ic Jusu · . . . e emands of
eeonomrnjc JUS . o·ce are satisfied 1f • the poor are prov ided with .~- .
. . ceHaJn welfare
eeon° f the state and the disp anhe s of incomes are red uce . d th
·ces o . . . . . . · rough
. taxati on by the state. Marx . ist think ers belie ve th t .
set"lress1ve · . a econo rruc
prog be made possi ble only whrn pnva te prop erty is abol'1sh ed and
. stice can . . , . ,
I ~ , t· t relations of prod' uctio n and exploitation come to its end. It must "--
capita is . ti' . e
lit:
.
sised that economicf th JUS ce may exist only when econo mic ·ustic
J

l h .. . • . . . • 1s
ernP a on that political and legal justice is not
red. Liberahsts are o • e. op1ru . . p 1· .
ensu .
depend ent u~on soao -eco no~c Justic e. o 1ticaJ and le~al. justice is essentiaUy
cic1ted W1th the democratic form of government and It 15 assumed that once
asso 1. . . h .
olitical and lega JUStic e IS t ere, socio -economic justice will invariably
the
follow. Abolition of prop erty is not essential for economic justice. On
contrary, right to private prop erty is in accordance with the demands
of
the
economic justice. As regards Marxists, economic justice is associated with
mode of production in society. They have the belief that economic justic
e can
to
only be had in an exploitation free socialist system and it is not possible
and
achieve in a society which is divid ed into the rich and the poor, exploiters
the exr>loited. As regards the comm unist society, the principle
'from each
according to his capacity and to each according to his capacity and
to each
of
according to his needs' will govern and this principle will form the basis
justice
economic justice. Thus, Marxist thinkers essentially associated economic
with the abolition of private prop erty cmd with the institution of comm
unism.
the
In this context, this fact shou ld be specifically remembered that
ble
establishment of the economic jus~ce ~ e real se~e of the t~rm is pos_si
e
only when just and proper limitations are imposea on the nght to pnvat
property.
7. Political Justi ce-P olitic al justic~ implies equal participatio~ of all
m
th e powers of the state and granting of political right to all. It desrre~ _a free
on of
and fair partic ipatio n of people in their politi cal life, It means5t~hti
t4J.Ilt
distinction among the citizens in the political field. The mo impor
objective of the state is the establishment of political juatic e. Ensurance of ~
·4 d · · p lemen dtation
1ts _im.
to all the citize ns an - •·t
avail bility of politi cal right 1
With_out any discrimination are the essentials of political_J_uShce . Udn :
d · . d tor the atize ns an p su a
several ies evise litical
types of freedom and facilit are 1
st
~Y em is evolved so that all the citize na may utilise lhe~ prol~ ~!~e :are of
f .
than one. Libera uw~ share
Justice d equal in
h counts every one as one and nol\,e or mDte
♦ Q ,,.;aw th :.t nnHti ral lllAtir P imnli es eau.al riaht to vote an
 POL1T1cAL
252 .. I lti~a~
. I
It also implies that po 1hca power shoul d b r
verrunent services. t ti'ves · of the peop1e wh o shou 1d be resp e e~
go 0 nsibJ ~q
ercis
repre sen a . . .
The political 1ushce believes that ultirnate soue ~~...1Q
b the
onlY Y . 1 •
ccountable to the peop e. e thems elves. 1t requr res that polit· tee Of
a .. . the peopl . . . 1ca1
th political power 1s e and pubhc op1ru on shoul d b . Po\ve
e · d th will of the peopl e give
should be base on e . t
olitical 1·ustice can be ensur ed only 1n the democ rati n diie
lace by th e ru Iers. P . c S'\J
P re right to vote for electmg the representa tive for run ... ~!stel'r\
of government• M 0 . . f th . . . . ~"llll
. t the real connotation o e. term po11tical .
Justice ACtu augthe
·
government IS no soc10 -econo m1c justice. It can Y, it
. . . associated with the issue of . . . Prev
1s intimate y 1 d' existe nce-r ul ~I
. a state m . which undermentioned con 1tions are 1n e of I
m .
. d d nee of 1·udiciary' popularly elected legisl ature and ex ecutivaw,
1n epen ~ .
·t· al .
parti ·es, freedom of criticism, powerful and. independent press ee,
pol1 1c ' tc,
·ghts, envrr·onment and facilit ies. for. the exercise of rights and freedo
Proper n . .
tns
are the essential requisites of pohtical Justice.

Justice and Law

Generally, Scholars are of the view that there isd' no difference betw
. . ch' . een
justice and law, because the~e ~s so ~u . 1~timacy an mter~ relation between
them certain aspects that It IS quite difficult to separate them from one
· b · d 'ff b
another. Actually, there are certain as1c 1 erences etween the two, Which
are as follows-
1. As the ultimate goal of law is the attainment of justice, it is means and
justice is end.
2. Law is not always justice, but as far as the question of justice is concerned
it is always justice.
3. Law is framed by the state, but justice is above the state and independent
of it However, it is essential here to mention some exceptions, like legal justice
public justice, administrative justice, etc. which dP.pend on the state for their
translation into practice.
4. The nature of law is flexible and it differs with government systems,
circumstances and social environment, but basic nature of justice is always one
and the same, which remain unaffected with the governmental, ecological and
environmental differences.
5. Law of the state keeps on changing with economic, social and political
circumstances of the state. The nature of law may change but the eternal
basic
elements of justice of any specific state remai n unaffe cted and the same despite
economic, social and political conditions. \