INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

PRELIM

I. Introduction

1. Animals in the Ecological System

[God commanded, “Let the earth produce all kinds of animal life: domestic and
wild, large and small” – and it was done. (Gen. 1:24)]

 Animals interact with the other components of the ecological system (e.g.
man, plants, soil, water, sunlight, air).

2. Animals and their Economic Utility

 As Food
 Non-food role

3. Animal Agriculture and Population Problem

 As human population increases, demand for animal products and by-

products also increases

4. The Animal Industry

Cattle- Predominantly backyard type (91% backyard vs. 9% commercial)

Carabao - Raised in backyard farms (99.8% backyard vs. 0.2% commercial)

Swine- 79% are raised in backyard farms and 21% are raised in commercial
farms.

Goat- 99.6% are raised in backyard farms and only 0.4% in commercial
farms.

Chicken- The major chicken producing regions are Southern Luzon, Central
Luzon, Western Visayas, Central Visayas, Northern Mindanao and
Southern Mindanao (65%).

Ducks- 79% are raised in backyard farms and 21% are in commercial farms.

II. Anatomy and Physiology of Farms Animals

1. Introduction
 Definition of Terms:
Anatomy - science which deals with the form and structure of
Organisms. Literally, it means “to cut apart”.

Physiology - study of the integrated functions of the body, and the

Functions of all its parts (systems, organs, tissues,
Cells and cell components).

Histochemistry - combination of chemistry and microscopic anatomy.

Gross (Macroscopic)
Anatomy - study of the form and relation of structures of the body
That can be seen with the unaided eye.

Comparative
Anatomy - study of the structures of various species of animals,
With emphasis on characteristics that aid in

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 Classification.

Embryology - study of developmental anatomy (from conception to

birth).

Histology - also refers to microscopic anatomy.

Ultrastructural
Cytology - deals with the portion of cells and tissues viewed under
electron microscope.

2. External Anatomy of Farm Animals

a) The head
b) The trunk
c) The tail

3. Internal Anatomy of Farm Animals

3.1 The Skeletal System

Skeleton - framework of hard structures which support and protect

the soft tissues of animals.

Osteology - study of the bones which collectively make up the

skeleton.

3.1.1 Classification of Bones

a. Long bones - elongated, cylindrical form with enlarged

extremities.
b. Short bones - similar dimension in length. Width and
thickness.
c. Flat bones - expanded in two directions
d. Irregular bones - irregular in shape

3.1.2 Functions of Bones

a) Protection of vital organs

b) Gives rigidity and form to the body
c) Acts as levers
d) Storage of minerals
e) Site for blood formation

3.2 The Muscular System

Myology - study of muscles and their accessory structures.

3.2.1 Kinds of Muscle Tissue

a) Voluntary Striated muscles

b) Involuntary striated muscles
c) Smooth muscles

3.2.2 Functions of Muscles

a) source of protein
b) provide power for movement of various body parts (e.g.
extensor muscle straightens body parts, flexor muscles causes
body parts to bend, abductor muscle moves away from plane
and adductor muscles draws parts toward the body plane).
c) Expel or force out secretions of organs, except endocrine
glands (involuntary muscles).

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 d) Provide impetus for movement of ingesta
e) Responsible for uterine motility
f) Aid in expelling fetus at parturition
g) Causes contraction of the heart and increase or decrease the
diameter of blood vessels (regulates blood flow)

3.3 The Nervous System

3.3.1 Importance

 Responsible for functional relation between the organism and

its environment
 Coordination of various parts or body systems

3.3.2 Divisions of the Nervous System

1. Central nervous system

a) Brain
 Cerebrum (cells of cerebral cortex or gray matter)
 Cerebellum (centrally-located or the white matter)
 Brain stem (medulla oblongata)

b) Spinal Cord – caudal continuation of the medulla

Oblongata

2. Peripheral nervous system

 Includes all nervous structure outside the brain and
spinal cord.

Spinal nerves -
supply sensory and motor fibers. The
appendages are supplied by braidlike
arrangements of nerves know as plexuses.
a) Brachial plexus
b) Lumbo-sacral plexus

3. Autonomic nervous system

 Part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates

smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands, subdivided
into:
a) sympathetic nervous system
b) parasympathetic nervous system

3.4 The Endocrine System

Hormone - chemical substance produced by endocrine glands that

are carried by the circulation to target organ.

3.4.1 The Pituitary Gland

 Also called hypophysis cerebri and is located at the base
of the brain.
 Consist of the following:
a) Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)
b) Intermediate lobe (pars intermedia)
c) Posterior lobe (Pars nervosa or neuro-hypophysis )
 Secretes the following hormones:

Lobe Hormone

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 Anterior o Somatotropin (STH/GH), Thyrotropin (TSH),
Andrenocorticortropin (ACTH),
o Gonatropins: Follicle-stimulating (FSH), Luteinizing (LH or
ICSH)

Inter mediate o Intermedin (MSH)

Posterior o Oxytocin

o Antidiuretic(ADH or vasopressin)

3.4.2 The Adrenals

 Hormones of the adrenal cortex:
Hormone
о Glucocoticoids
о Mineralocorticoids

 Hormones of the adrenal medulla:

Hormone
о Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

3.4.3 The Thyroid

Hormone
о Thyroxine
о Calcitonin

 Lack of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) causes:

a) dwarf condition (critinism)
b) delayed puberty
c) irregular estrus
d) decreased fertility in females
e) decreased spermatogenesis, testicular growth and
semen quality

 Excess thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) causes:

a) increased metabolic rate
b) loss of weight with normal or increased appetite
c) irritability
d) protrusion of the eyeball (exophthalmos) in man
 Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) due to iodine
deficiency and certain drugs (sufonamides) and vegetable
(cabbage, soybeans, peas, peanuts and lentils) containing
compound called goitrogens or antithyroid compounds.

3.4.4 The Parathyroid Glands

Hormones
о Parathormone (PTH)

3.4.5 The Pancreas

 Hormones of the pancreas:
Hormones
о Insulin (From β cells)
о Glucagon (From α cells)

3.4.6 The Gonads

 Hormones of the sex glands:

Hormones
о Estrogen (From Follicles)
о progesterone (From corpus luteum)
о Antrogen or testosterone (From testes)

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 о Chorionic gonadotropin (From placenta)

3.5 The Cardiovascular System

3.5.1 The organ of Circulation

The Heart - Central pumping organ located in the mediastinal space

of the thoracic cavity opposite the 3rd and 4th ribs.
 Partially surrounded by serus sac, the pericardium which:
a) prevents overditation of the heart
b) provides smooth surface for hearts’ action
c) holds the hearts in fixed position
d) assist in the relaxation of the heart

 Layers of the heart

a) Epicardium
b) Myocardium
c) Endocardium

 Chambers o he heart – separated by septum

a) Right and left atria
b) Right and left ventricles

 Valves of the heart

a) Atrio-ventricular (A-V) valves
 The left s bicuspid
 The right is tricuspid
b) Semilunar (S-L) valves – prevents blood from returning
into the ventricles
 Aortic S-L valve
 Pulmonary S-L valve

The Blood Vessels

 Arteries and arterioles – carry blood away from the heart
 Veins and venules – carry blood toward the heart
 Capillaries – tiny tubes acting as selective membranes which
lies between the arteries and veins.

The Lymph vessels or Lymphatics

 Carry tissue fluid and lymph
 Consist of:
a) Longer lymph vessels (thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct)
b) Lymph capillaries

The Lymph glands

Filtration of lymph fluids and production of lymphocytes

3.5.2 The Blood

 Composed of the following:
a) Plasma – fluid portion of blood
b) Corpuscles – the red and white blood cells

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

 Non-nucleated
 Biconcave circular disc
 Contains hemoglobin for transport of oxygen and red Color

White blood cells (Leukocytes)

 Nucleated

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  Independent movement
 Classified as: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

 Functions of blood:
a) Conveys nutrient to the tissues
b) Carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon
dioxide from tissues to the lungs
c) Carries waste products to excretory organs
d) Transports hormones to target organs
e) Helps control body temperature
f) Helps maintain water balance
g) Helps maintain constant pH in tissues/fluids
h) Aids overcome diseases

3.5.3 The Pulse - a wave of dilatation of an artery as blood flows into it.
 Pulse rate is determined by:
a) Pressing superficial artery with thumb
b) Use of Stethoscope
 Factors affecting pulse rate:
a) Age
b) Excitement
c) Muscular exercise
d) High environmental temperature
e) Digestion of food
f) Sleep
g) Disease/illness

 Take pulse rate at:

a)External maxillary artery – for horse, cattle and carabao
b)Femoral artery – for sheep, goat, dog and cat

Tachycardia - considerable increase in pulse rate/heart

rate
Bradycardia - considerable decrease in pulse rate/heart
Rate

3.5.4 The Lymphatic System

 The lymphatic system is composed of Lymphoid tissues and

Lymph vessels
 It is also made up of the following:
a) Lymph - a liquid between the tissues and the blood
vessels (capillaries)

b) Lymph nodes - a lymph gland through which the

lymph passes.

Functions of the lymphatic system:

a) For draining tissue fluids
b) Assists in the control of interstitial fluid pressure
c) Acts as defense mechanism against noxious materials.

3.6 The Respiratory System

3.6.1 Importance
 Involves exchange of gases between the blood and the external
environment
 Animals may survive for days without food but only for minutes
without oxygen.

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 3.6.2 The respiratory organs/apparatus
1) Nostrils/nares
2) Nasal cavity
3) Pharynx
4) Larynx or voice box
5) Trachea or windpipe
6) Lungs
 Divided into lobes:
a) apical (cranial)
b) cardiac (middle)
c) diaphragmatic (caudal)
d) intermediate lobe (right lung)

[NOTE: Lungs of horses have no subdivisions, except for

intermediate lobe]

3.6.3 Regulation of respiration

 Involves both external and internal respiration

External respiration - the thin membranes of the alveolar

wall and capillaries facilitate the movement of oxygen into the
blood and movement of carbon dioxide into the alveolar air
(exchange of gases between the environment and the lungs).

Internal respiration - oxygen from the blood is diffused to the

tissues for cellular oxidation and the resulting carbon dioxide
diffuses into the blood (exchange of gases between the blood
and tissues).

 The process involves the following:

Inspiration - the taking in of O2 into the lungs

Expiration - the outflow of air from the lungs

3.6.4 Forms of respiration

1) Apnea- no respiration
2) Eupnea - normal quiet respiration
3) Dyspnea- difficult respiration
4) Hyperpnea- increased depth or rate of breathing or both
5) Polypnea- rapid, shallow breathing
6) Coastal/Thoractic breathing- considerable movement of ribs.
7) abdominal/diaphragmatic breathing- visible movement of
abdomen.

3.7 The Urinary System

3.7.1 Importance
 Responsible for excretion of many waste products of the body

3.7.2 The organs of urination:

1) Kidneys
2) Ureters
3) Urinary bladder (absent in avian species)
4) Urethra

3.7.3 Urine formation

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  Theories of urine secretion:

1) Bowman-Heidenhain’s theory
“Urine is formed by specific secretory activity of kidney cells, e.g.
cells of glomeruli capsule secrete water and salt; cells of renal
tubule secrete most of solids of urine (urea, uric acid).”

2) Ludwig’s theory
“Glomeruli act as simple filter and tubule forms urine by returning
the water to the blood.”

3) Cushny’s Modern theory

“Glomeruli acts as filter and renal tubule make filtrate
concentrated by selective absorption – the liquid containing the
rejected substance is the urine.’

3.8 The Reproductive System

3.8.1 Importance

 Knowledge of the reproductive system makes efficient

reproduction of animal species

3.8.2 The female reproductive system

1) Ovaries
2) Uterine of Fallopian tubes (oviduct, salpinx)
3) Uterus
 Consist of:
a) cervix (neck)
b) corpus (body)
c) cornua (horns)
 Types of uterus:
a) Duplex - two cervices, no uterine body,
horns
are completely separated (e.g. rat,
mice, rabbit, guinea pig).
b) Bicornuate - one cervix, uterine body small (e.g.
pig)
c) Bipartite - one cervix, uterine body prominent
(e.g. cow, ewe, dog cats, mare).
d) Simplex - one cervix, body very prominent,
horns absent (e.g. primates, humans).
4) Vagina
 Divided into:
a) Vestibule - outemost part
b) Paterior - extends from the urethral opening to
the cervix.
[NOTE: A hymen is formed between the vestibule and
posterior vagina]

5) Vulva or urogenital sinus

 External portion of the female genitalia
 The ventral commissure of the vulva conceals the clitoris, a
very sensetive organ.

3.8.3 The male reproductive system

1) Testes- Male generative organ
2) Epididymis- Long tub connecting the efferent duct of the testis
with vas deferens.

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 3) Vas/ductus deferens- Connects tail of epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct.

[NOTE: Vas deferens is only a part of the spermatic cord;

cutting of this organ is called vasectomy]
4) Penis- Male copulatory organ, made up of erectile tissues
5) Urethra- Found inside the penis.
6) Accessory sex glands:
a) Ampullae
b) Seminal vesicles
c) Prostate gland
d) Bulbourethral or cowper’s gland

3.8.3 Puberty and estrus cycle

 Puberty - the age of first breeding potential or when

gametes are already produced.
 Estrus cycle- the period from the beginning of one heat to the
beginning of the next heat.
 Phases of the estrus cycle:
a) Proestrus
b) Estrus
c) Metestrus
d) Diestrus

3.8.4 Pregnancy and parturition

 Pregnancy- is the time in which the female carries her developing

young within the uterus (also called gestation) until
delivery.
 Parturition - the act of giving birth to young by the mother

3.8.5 Lactation

 Lactation or milk production is associated with parturition

 Factors affecting lactation:
a) Inheritance or genetic h) Estrus
constitution of the animal i) Disease
b) Secreting tissue (udder j) Dry period
size) k) Body condition at
c) Stage and persistency of parturition
lactation l) Environmental temperature
d) Frequency of milking m) Feed
e) Pregnancy n) Preparation for milking
f) Age o) Stress
g) Animal size p) Suckling stimulus

3.9 The Digestive System

3.91 The digestive system of monogastric animals
1) Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small intestine
6) Large intestine

3.9.2 The digestive system of ruminant animals

 Ruminants differ with monogastrics in that they have
compound stomach rather than simple.
 The stomach has four compartments, namely:

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 a) Rumen (Paunch)- no secretions
b) Reticulum (Honeycomb)- no secretions
c) Omasum (Manyflies)- no secretions
d) Abomasum (True Stomach) - secretes HCI and ezymes
 The first 3 compartments represent the esophageal region; the
cardiac, fundus and pylorus are in the abomasums.

3.9.3 The digestive system of avian species

1) Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Gullet (esophagus)
4) Stomach
5) Small intestine
6) Large intestine

[NOTE: Bursa of fabricus is well-developed in the young (4

mos) and disappears in adults (1 yr old)].

3.9.4 Accessory organs of digestion

1) Salivary glands
2) Pancreas
3) Liver

[NOTE:Horses have no gall bladdes].

3.10 The Integumentary System

3.10.1 The Skin- External covering of the body continuous with the
exterior membranes of the respiratory, urogenital and
digestive tracts.
 Functions of skin:
a) protection of sensitive d) regulates body
tissues temperature
b) prevents the penetration of e) contains ergosterol which
toxic liquids and gases helps form Vitamin D.
c) protects the body from the f) organ of touch
adverse affects of light. g) prevents delicate tissues
from dying
 Layers of skin:
a) Epidermis or cuticle
b) Dermis or corium

 Glands of the skin:

a) Sweat glands (sudoriferous)
b) Sebaceous glands

[NOTE: Cerumen – a kind of sebum in the air (wax)

discourages insects and prevents passage of foreign bodies].

3.10.2 The Appendages

1) Hair
2) Hoof
3) Horns

3.11 The Receptive System

3.11.1 The general senses

1) Sight or vision (visus)- Consists of the eyes and its accessory
organs
2) Hearing (auditus)- Consists of:

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 a) External ear (Auris exterma)
b) Middle ear (Auris media)
c) Inner ear (Auris interna)
3) Smell (Olfactus)- Consists of the nose and nasal cavity as the
olfactory region.
4) Taste (Gustus)- Formed by the microscopic taste buds
5) Pain or touch- Pain is received by naked terminal branches of
sensory neurons.

3.11.2 The special sense

1) Proprioception
 Also called muscle sense which indicates the relative
positions of various parts of the body without using the
eyes.

2) Myelination and spinal tracts of peripheral sensory nerves

 Tendency of nerve fibers carrying impulses for touch, pain,
heat or cold to be grouped in specific tracts of the spinal
cord.

3) Visceral sensations
 Involves structures within the body cavities

3.12 Body Temperature Regulation

3.12.1 Homeotherms vs. Poikilotherms

 Homeotherms -
warm-blooded animals (e.g. mammals)
- also called endotherms which maintain their
internal temperature constant in the face of
widely changing external temperature.
 Poikilotherms - cold-blooded animals (e.g. frogs,
crocodile, etc)
- also called ectotherms which has the ability
to adapt themselves to variations in their
environment temperature.

3.12.2 Process of heat dissipation

1) Conduction
 Based on the principle that heat flows between warm and
cold objects.
2) Convection
 A mechanism by which heat is transmitted from one
molecule to another by physical contact.
3) Evaporation
 Most important means of heat dissipation during severe heat
exposure.
4) Cooling in non-sweating species
 Moisture loss by osmosis from the skin is very little.
5) Radiation
 A means of heat loss from animals to cooler objects and
heat gain by animals from warmer ones.

3.12.3 Physiological responses to heat and cold

 Responses to heat
a) sweating c) increased skin
b) increased respiratory circulation (vasodilation)
activity

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 d) change in temperature h) increased insensible
gradient water loss
e) cooler environment i) basal heat loss
f) increased air movement (conduction, convection,
g) increased radiating radiation, vaporization)
surface

 Responses to cold
a) exercise g) higher metabolic rate
b) shivering h) fever
c) increased secretion of i) increased food intake
adrenalin and thyroxine j) basal heat production
d) vasoconstriction (carbohydrates, fats,
e) erection of hair protein)
f) unconscious tensing of
muscles

 Another way of creating a balance in cold weather is to reduce

heat loss by:
a) reduced vaporization (no e) production of warm
sweating) coats
b) lower respiratory rate (feather,
c) shunting blood (surface hair, etc)
to interior) f) deposition of
d) huddling subcutaneou
s fats.
GENETICS AND ANIMAL BREEDING

GENETICS - A branch of biology that deals with heredity and variations of organisms.

A. Genes and Their role in Animal Productivity

Gene - mallest unit of inheritance, found as segments of DNA on a chromosome

DNA - found in the nucleus of cell, and forms the backbone of chromosome; spiral or
double helix structure composed of nucleotides (3 parts: deoxyribose sugar,
phosphate, and N base). The N bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G),
and cytosine (S).
Chromosomes - slender, thread-like strands that contain the units of inheritance
(genes); occur in pairs (homologous) of similar size and shape in body
cells, and have genes that code for similar information.
Alleles - are genes occupying corresponding loci on homologous chromosome that
affect the same trait but in a different way.

A.1. Functions of Genes:

1. Act as backbone of the chromosome, as part of DNA molecule.

2. To replicate when new cells are produced.
3. Carry genetic code for the formation of polypeptide chain of a protein.
4. To synthesize specific proteins and enzymes (structural genes).
5. To regulate the activity of the structural genes and the amount of protein
synthesized (regulator genes).

A.2 Role of Genotype and Environment on Phenotypic Expression of Genes:

Genotype - the genetic make-up of individuals; fixed at conception and expressed death
(except for possible mutation)
Environment - causes variations other than heredity (e.g. disease, nutrition, others).

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 Phenotype - expression of genotype; visible or measurable traits; differences in
individuals which are measured by means of senses (e.g. litter size, color).

A.3 Gene Action:

A. 3.1 Non-additive gene action

1. Dominance and recessiveness

 A gene is dominant when it covers the expression of its allele (gene occupying
the same loci but have different effects).

2. Lack of dominance
 Two alleles are not dominant to each other, and each expresses itself in the
phenotype.

3. Partial dominance
 Genes are not completely dominant to their alleles.

4. Overdominance
 Heterozygote is superior in phenotype to the homozygote.

5. Epistasis
 Phenotype expression due to the interaction of two or more pairs of genes that
are not alleles.

A.3.2 Additive gene action

 The effect of each gene that contributes to the phenotype of an individual for a certain
trait adds to the phenotypic effect of another gene that contributes something to the
same phenotype.

B. The mechanics of Inheritance

Gametogenesis - a process involving the production of gametes, the sperm cells
(spermatogenesis) and the egg cells (oogenesis).
Fertilization - the union of male and female gametes to from a zygote.

The Mendelian (Qualitative) Inheritance

 It involves 2 basic parts: the segregation of genes in the gametes, & the
recombination of genes in the zygote.

1. Law of Segregation & Recombination of Genes

 Two genes paired in body cells segregate each other in the gametes &
recombine in the zygote.

2 . Law of Independent Assortment or Random Assortment

 Two or more pairs genes & the traits they control will show up in the
succeeding generations in the same proportion as if they were acting alone.

The Non-Mendelian (Quantitative) Inheritance

 Quantitative traits are controlled by many pairs of genes (polygenic), each

having only a small effect. The relationship among alleles is usually of
“codominance” or “lack of dominance”. These polygenes increase the
magnitude of the value of the trait and are called additive genes which cause
“additive gene action’, in contrast to ‘dominance” and epistasis which cause
“nonadditive gene action”. It should be noted that polygenes segregate
independently and have specific effects, just as do genes with dominant and
epistatis effects.

C. Genes in Population

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 C.1. Genetic composition of animal population

The Hardly-Weinberg Law:

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0

“After one generation of random mating in a population where the frequencies of two
alleles are p and q, the genes will segregate to produce p2, 2pq, and q2 whose sum is equal
to 1.0 provided that no migration, mutation, or selections occur”.

C.2. Factors affecting changes in gene frequencies

1. Selection - either natural or artificial; choosing some individuals to leave

more offsprings than others.
2. Mutation - a chemical change in a gene resulting to the formation of an
allele. The gene no longer expresses its phenotype.
3. Migration - movement of a population sample from one location to
another. It introduces new genes into a population.
4. Chance or Genetic Drift - a change in gene frequency due to random fluctuations
caused by
chance in mating patterns or sampling errors.

ANIMAL BREEDING

A. Selection Methods

Kinds of Selection
1. Natural selection
2. Artificial selection

1. Individual selection - selection is based on individual merit or performance, which

is strictly phenotypic.
2. Family selection - the whole families are selected or rejected according to the mean
phenotypic value of the family.
3. Pedigree selection - done on the basis of individual’s records of inheritance; it
includes the performance record of immediate parents and also
grandparents.
4. Independent culling method - Minimum standards are set of several traits. A failure
of any animal to meet the minimum standard for any trait result in the removal from the
herd.
5. Selection Index - Evaluates important traits and combines them into one figure or
score. Higher
scores mean more valuable animal are selected for breeding purposes.
6. Tandem selection - Selection is practiced for only one trait at a time until satisfactory
improvement has been made.

B. Breeding Methods

Breeding – mating f animals to produce its kind; or simply defined as procreation.

Outbreeding – the mating of animals of different species or breed but are further
related to each other; synonymous to crossbreeding.

C. Breeding System

1) Inbreeding

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 2) Crossbreeding
3) Grading
4) In-cross breeding

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

A. Reproductive Cycle and Rate of Genetic Improvement

Puberty & Sexual Maturity - Puberty is the age at which sperm or egg cells start to be
produced; sexual maturity is the age when production of sperm
and egg cells is at maximum.

Ovulation & Fertilization - Ovulation is the process of release of ovum from ovary.
Fertilization is the union of male & female gametes to form a
zygote or new individual.

Pregnancy/Gestation - t is period from conception to birth of offspring.

Parturition - It is the act of giving birth.

B. Artificial Insemination
- Commercially used in the US in 1938, primarily in dairy cows.
- Popular in turkey (because of difficulties in natural mating), in swine (using fresh semen),
and in dairy cattle; less in beef cattle, sheep and horses.

C. Embryo Transfer

D. Cloning - The splitting of embryos for the production of identical twins or triplets, made
possible through advances in microsurgery & micromanipulation.

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 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

PRELIM ACTIVITY

Name: ____________________________________________Date Submitted: ___________

Course & Set: _____________________________________ Score: ___________________

Part 1: Identification: Identify the body parts or system or function of each hormone. 2pts
each.

____________________________1. Somatotropin (STH/GH)

____________________________2. Thyrotropin (TSH)

____________________________3. Andrenocorticortropin (ACTH),

____________________________4. Gonatropins: Follicle-stimulating (FSH)

____________________________5. Luteinizing (LH or ICSH)

____________________________6. Intermedin (MSH)

____________________________7. Oxytocin

____________________________8. Antidiuretic(ADH or vasopressin)

____________________________9. Insulin (From β cells)

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___________________________10. Antrogen or testosterone (From testes)

INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

PRELIM EXAM

Name: ____________________________________________Date Submitted: ___________

Course & Set: _____________________________________ Score: ___________________

Multiple choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. 2pt each.

1. Science which deals with the form and structure of organisms. Literally, it means “to cut
apart”.

a. Histology
b. Anatomy
c. Histochemistry
d. Cytology

2. Deals with the portion of cells and tissues viewed under electron microscope.

a. Histology
b. Anatomy
c. Histochemistry
d. Cytology

3. Combination of chemistry and microscopic anatomy.

a. Histology
b. Anatomy
c. Histochemistry
d. Cytology

4. Framework of hard structures which support and protect the soft tissues of animals.

a. Skeleton

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b. Osteology
c. Trunk
d. Long Bones

5. Study of the bones which collectively make up the skeleton.

a. Skeleton
b. Osteology
c. Trunk
d. Long Bones

6. Classification of bones where it is expanded in two directions.

a. Skeleton
b. Flat bones
c. Short bones
d. Long Bones

7. Classification of bones where it is elongated, cylindrical form with enlarged extremities.

a. Skeleton
b. Flat bones
c. Short bones
d. Long Bones

8. Study of muscles and their accessory structures.

a. Gastrology
b. Anatomy
c. Myology
d. Cytology

9. The braidlike arrangements of nerves in the spinal.

a. Plexuses
b. Muscles nerve
c. Vain
d. None of the choices

10. Chemical substance produced by endocrine glands that are carried by the circulation to
target organ.

a. Enzymes
b. Hormone
c. Gastric Acid
d. None of the choices

11. Chemical substance produced by endocrine glands that are carried by the circulation to
target organ.

a. Enzymes
b. Hormone
c. Gastric Acid
d. None of the choices

12. One of the thyroid hormone.

a. Insulin
b. Oxytocin
c. Parathormone (PTH)
d. Calcitonin

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13. One of the Pancreas hormone.

a. Insulin
b. Oxytocin
c. Parathormone (PTH)
d. Calcitonin
e. Fluid portion of blood

14. Fluid portion of blood

a. White blood
b. Red Blood
c. Plasma
d. None of the choices

15. Central pumping organ located in the mediastinal space of the thoracic cavity opposite
the 3rd and 4th ribs.

a. Bones
b. heart
c. stomach
d. liver

16. Forms of respiration that has no respiration.

a. Dyspnea
b. Apnea
c. Polypnea
d. Hyperpnea

17. Increased depth or rate of breathing or both

a. Dyspnea
b. Apnea
c. Polypnea
d. Hyperpnea

18. It is the time in which the female carries her developing young within the uterus (also
called gestation) until delivery.

a. Pregnancy
b. Lactation
c. Parturition
d. Puberty

19. Its the time in which the female carries her developing young within the uterus (also
called gestation) until delivery.

a. Reproductive System
b. Repiratory System
c. Nervous System
d. Urinary system

20. It is the act of giving birth to young by the mother.

a. Pregnancy
b. Lactation
c. Parturition
d. Puberty

21. External covering of the body continuous with the exterior membranes of the respiratory,
urogenital and digestive tracts.

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a. Hair
b. Skin
c. Bones
d. Nose

22. A kind of sebum in the air (wax) discourages insects and prevents passage of foreign
bodies.

a. Epidermis
b. Sweat glands
c. Cerumen
d. Sebaceous glands

23. Also called endotherms which maintain their internal temperature constant in the face of
widely changing external temperature.

a. Poikilotherms
b. Conduction
c. Homeotherms
d. None of the choices

24. A branch of biology that deals with heredity and variations of organisms.

a. Histology
b. Anatomy
c. Genetics
d. Cytology

25. A slender, thread-like strands that contain the units of inheritance (genes);

a. Chromosomes
b. Gene
c. Alleles
d. DNA

26. Found in the nucleus of cell, and forms the backbone of chromosome; spiral or double
helix structure composed of nucleotides

a. Chromosomes
b. Gene
c. Alleles
d. DNA

27. The genetic make-up of individuals

a. Phenotype
b. Genotype
c. Chromosomes
d. DNA

28. A process involving the production of gametes, the sperm cells (spermatogenesis) and
the egg cells (oogenesis)

a. DNA
b. Fertilization
c. Gametogenesis
d. Epistasis

29. The splitting of embryos for the production of identical twins or triplets, made possible
through advances in microsurgery & micromanipulation.

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a. Fertilization
b. Epistasis
c. Embryo Transfer
d. Cloning

30. Mating of animals to produce its kind; or simply defined as procreation.

a. Breeding
b. Fertilization
c. Outbreeding
d. Parturition

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