“Facts are nσt science - a s the dictiσnarg is nσt 1iterature.

”
Martin H. Fischer

CHAPTER 1
chemical Reactions
and Equations
。n 院 ider t 上 e f。ll。wing 院 it 山 ati。n 院。f daily life and t 上 inkw 上 at
C上 a 抛抛 en 院 w 上 en -

. milk i 员 left at r 黄 黄 m temperature during 员 u m m e r 员 .

. an ir 黄 n tawa/pan/nail i 员 left exp 黄员 ed t 黄 humid atm 黄员 phere.
. grape 员 get fermented .
. f 黄 黄 d i 员 c 黄 黄 ked.
. f 黄黄 d get 员 dige 员 ted in 黄 ur b 黄 dy.
. w e re 员 pire .

In all t 上 e ab。ve 院 it 山 ati。n 院，t 上 e nat 山 re and t 上 e identity。f t 上 e initial

院山 b 院 tance 上 ave 院。mew 上 atc 上 anged. we 上 ave already learntab。山 t 抛上 y 院 ical
and c 上 emicalc 上 ange 院。fmatter in。山 r 抛 revi。山院 cla 院院 e 院. w 上 enever ac 上 emical
c 上 ange。cc 山 r 院，we can 院 ay t 上 at a c 上 emical reacti。n 上 a 院 taken 抛 la c e .
Y。山 may 抛 er 上 a 抛院 be w。ndering a 院 t。w 上 at i 院 act 山 ally meant by a
c 上 emical reacti。n. H。w d。 we c。me t。 kn。w t 上 at a c 上 emical reacti。n
上a院 U T I 求抛
C Ataken : Thi 员
N lace? LetA山院
c t i y i t抛 e e d 员院。me
erf。rm
y n c h e r ，员
t h e t e aactivitie a 员员
院 t。find i 员
t上 e an
t a n院
c e .wer 黄
I t wt。 uld be better if 员 tu dent 员
t 上 e 院 eq 山 e 院 ti。n 院.
wear eye pr 黄 黄 n.
tec ti
. C l e a n a m a g n e 员 i u m r i b b 黄 n a b 黄 ut 2 c m l 黄 ng by rubbing i t w i t h 员 andpaper .

. H 黄 l d i t w i t h a pa i r 黄 f t 黄 ng 员 . Burn it u 员 ing a 员 pirit lamp 黄 r b u r n e r a n d c 黄 l l e c t the a 员 h 员黄 f 黄

eye 员 .

. what d 黄 y 黄 u 黄 b 员 erye?

Figure 呈 . 呈
号 u 了 ning afa magne 员 ium 了 i 乃乃 an in ai 了 ana 想 a11e 想 tian
afmagne 员 ium axiae in a 山 at 想 h 陶 g1a 员员
 m u 公 t h a v e a b 公 e r v e d t h a t m a gne 公 ium ribban burn 公
yau
with dazzling white flame and change 公 inta a white pawd er Thi 公
a .

pawder i 公 magne 公 iu m axide It i 公 farmed due ta the reactian between

.

magne 公 ium and axyg en pre 公 ent in the air .

. Take a few zinc granule 示 in a c 心 nical fla 示 k 心 r a te 示 t tube .

Add dilute hy dr 心 chl 心 ric acid. 12 〕 心 r 示 u l p h u ric a c i d t 心 t h i 示 (Fig . . .

. 示心 luti 心 n in a te
Ta ke l e a d n i t r a t e C A示
U T It 求
t u b eN : H a n d l e t h e a c i d w i t h c a r e
.
.

Add p 心 ta 示示 i um i 心 d i d e 示 心 l u t i 心 n t 心 t h i 示
D 心 y 心 u 心 b 示 e r y e a n y t h i n g h a p p e n i n g a r 心 u n d t h e z i n c granule 示
. .
.

what d 心 y 心 u 心 b 示 erye
T 心 uch the c 心 ni cal fla 示 k 心 r te 示 t tube I 示 there any change in it 示
. ?

. temp .

Fram the abave three activitie 公 ， we can 公 ay that any

af the fallawing ab 公 ervatian 公 help 公 u 公 ta determine
whether a chemical reactian ha 公 taken pl a c e -

cork
. change in 公 tate
. change in calaur
. evalu tian afa g a 公
Glass tube
. change in temperature .

A 公 we ab 公 erve the change 公 araund u 公 ， we can 公

ee that there i 公 a lar ge variety af chemical reactian 公
taking pl a c e a r a u n d u 公 we will 公 tudy aba ut the varia u
.

公 type 公 af chemical reactian 公 and their 公 ymbalic

conical flask repre 公 entatian in thi 公 chapter .

Dilut e sulphuric acid

zinc granules

Figure 呈 2
1 1 CHEMlCAL E QU ATloNS
.

Fa 了 matian afhga 了 、

agen g a 员 乃 g t h e a 想
t i a n a f ailute 员 ul 抄 hu 了 Activity 1 1 can be de 公 cribed a 公 when a magne 公 ium ribban i 公
. -

i 想 a 想 ia an z i n 想 burnt in axygen，it get 公 canverted ta magne 公 iu m axide Thi 公 de 公 .

criptian af a chemical reactian in a 公 entence farm i 公 q u i t e lang It can

.

b e w r i t t e n i n a 公 harter farm The 公 imp le 公 t way ta da

. thi 公 i 公 ta write
it in the farm afa w a r d equatian - .

T h e w a r d e quat ian far the abave reacti an wauld be

- -

Magne 公 ium + oxyg e n Magne 公 iu m 常 (1

〔reactant$)
.

axide
The 公 ub 公 tance 公 that under ga chemical change in the reactian (
1 1) ， m a gne 公 ium and axygen ， a r e t h e r e a c t a n t 公
. The n e w 公 u b .

公 tance ， magne 公 iu m axide ， farmed during the reactian ， i 公 the

praduct .

A ward equatian 公 haw 公 change af reactant 公 ta praduct 公 thraugh

-

an a r r a w pl a c e d b e t w e e n t h e m T h e r e a c t a n t 公 a r e w r i t t e n a n t h e l e f t
. -

hand 公 ide (LH 员 ) with a plu 公 公 ign (+) between them 员 .

imilarly，praduct 公 are written an the right hand 公 ide (RH 员) with a plu -

公 公 ign (+) between them The arrawhead paint 公 taward 公 the praduct
.

公，and 公 haw 公 the directian af

the reactian .

丰 cie n
1、1、1 writing a chemical Equatian

I 员 there any other 员 horter way for re 抛 re 员 enting chemical equation 员?

equation 员 can be made more conci 员 e and u 员 eful if we u 员 e
chemical
chemical formulae in 员 tead of word 员 A chemical equation re 抛 re 员 ent 员 a .

If you recall formulae of magne 员 ium， oxygen

chemical reaction . and
magne 员 ium oxide，the above word equation can be written a 员 – -

Mg + o2 常 Mgo ( l 2) .

c ount and com 抛 are the number of atom 员 of each element on the
LH 松 and RH 松 of the arrow I 员 the number of atom 员 of each element the
.

员 ame on both the 员 ide 员 ? If not， then the equation i 员 unbalanced becau 员 e
the ma 员员 i 员 not the 员 ame on both 员 ide 员 of the equation 松 uch a chemical .

equation i 员 a 员 keletal chemical equation for a reaction 及 quation ( l 2) i 员 . .

a 员 keletal chemical equation for the burning of magne 员 ium in air .

1、1、2 Balanced chemical Equatians

R ecall the law of con 员 erv ation

of ma 员员 that you 员 tudied in c la 员员 I X；ma 员员
can neither be created nor d e 员 troyed in a chemical reaction That i 员，the .

total ma 员员 of the element 员 抛 re 员 ent in the 抛 roduct 员 of a chemical reaction

ha 员 to be equal to the total ma 员员 of the element 员 抛 re 员 ent in the reactant 员 .

In other word 员，the number of atom 员 of each element remain 员 the

员 a m e ， b e f o r e a n d a f t e r a c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n H e n c e ， w e n e e d t o balanc e a
.

员 keletal chemical equation . I 员 the chemical 及 q . ( l 2) balanced L e t u 员

. ?

learn about balancing a chemical equation 员 te 抛 by 员 te 抛

T h e w o r d e q u a t i o n f o r A c t i v i ty l 3 maybe re 抛 re 员 ented a 员
.

– . -

zinc + 松 ul 抛 huric acid 常 zinc 员 ul 抛 hate + Hydrogen

The above word – equation may be re 抛 re 员 ented by the following
chemical equation -

zn + H 松 o 常 zn 松 o + H ( l .3 )
2 4 4 2

Let u 员 examine the number of atom 员 of different element 员 on both

员 ide 员 of the arrow .

Number of atoms in
及 1e ment Number of atoms in products 〔 RH$)
reactants 〔 LH$) 1
1 2
zn
2 1
H
1 4
松 4

Let u 员 try to balance the following chemical equation -

Fe + H o 常 Fe o + H ( l 4)
.
2 3 4 2

A 员 the number of atom 员 of each element i 员 the 员 ame on both 员 ide 3

chemi 从
员 o f the arrow，
a 1 Re a 从 ti 黄及
n网 l .3 及i qu
q (and 员 ati
a黄 balanced
n网
. chemical equation
) .
 step Ⅰ：To balance a c 上 emical equation，fir 员 t draw boxe 员 around eac
上 formula. D o n o t c 上 a n g e a n y t 上 i n g i n 员 i d e t 上 e b o x e 员 w 上 i l e b a l a n c i ng
t 上 e equation.

H 0 Fe
0 H (l.5)
2 2
8
Fe + 常
4

s t e p ⅠⅠ： Li 员 t t 上 e number of atom 员 of different element 员 施 re 员 ent in t

上e unbalanced equation (l. 5 ) . i n re a c t a n
N tusm b( LeH atoms in products (RH$)
及 Number
1e ment of atoms r $o) f
1 3
2 2
1 4
Fe
H

step ⅠⅠⅠ： It i 员 often convenient to 员 tart balancing wit 上 t 上 e com 施

ound t 上 a t c o n t a i n 员 t 上 e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f a t o m 员 It maybe a .

reactant or a 施 r o d u c t In t 上 at com 施 ound ， 员 elect t 上 e element w 上 ic 上

.

上 a 员 t 上 e maximum n u m b e r o f a t o m 员 U 员 ingt 上 e 员 e criteria，we 员 .

elect Fe 0 and t 上 e element oxygen in it. T 上 ere are four oxygen atom
8

员 on t 上 e rH 松 and only one on t 上 e L H 松

4

To balance t 上 e oxygen atom

Atoms of
员
Ⅰn reactants
-

Ⅰn products
oxygen

(i) Initial

(ii) T 精 balance
1 (in H 2 黄 ) 1x4 4 (in Fe 3 黄 4 ) 4

To equali 员 e t 上 e number of atom 员，it mu 员 t be remembered t 上 at

we
cannot alter t 上 e formulae of t 上 e com 施 ound 员 or element 员 involved in t
上 e r e a c t i o n 员 For exam 施 le ， to balance oxygen atom 员 we can 施 ut
.

coefficient ‘ 4 ， a 员 4 H 0 a n d n o t H 0 or ( H 0 ) Now t 上 e 施 artly .

2 2 2

balanced equation
4 4

become 员 -

(l.6)
H 0 Fe
0 H balanced equation)
2
8 4
2 〔partly

s t eF
p eⅠ v+ ：
4
F e a n d H常a t o m 员 a r e+ 员 t i l l n o t b a l a n c e d p i c k any of . t上e员e
element 员 to 施 roceed furt 上 er Let u 员 balance 上 ydrogen atom 员
. in t 上 e 施
artly balanced equation.
To equali 员 e t 上 e number of H atom 员，ma k e t 上 e number of
molecule 员 ofA t上
o mydrogen
s of a 员 four on
Ⅰtn上
r ee
a crH
t a n松.
ts Ⅰn products
hydrogen

2 ( i n 2 Hx 2
)
4

T 上 e equation would be -

(l.7)
H20 Fe H 〔partly balanced equation)
8
0 4
2

4
Fe + 4 常 + 4

丰 从 ien
 ⅠAntⅠ
omn s
of

step v：及 xamine the a b ove equation and 抛 ick u 抛 the third element which
i 员 not balanced . You find that only one element i 员 left to be balanced ，

that i 员 ， iron.

(i Initial 1 (in Fe〕

3 (in Fe 求 〕
〕 T 黄 balan 想 e 1x3 3
3 4

(ii
〕

To equali 员 e Fe，we take three atom 员 of Fe on the LH 员.

3 Fe + 4 H 0 常 Fe
0 + 4 H (l.8)
2 2
3 4

step vⅠ：Finally，to check the correctne 员员 of the balanced equation，we

count atom 员 of each element on both 员 ide 员 of the equation.

3Fe + 4H 0 常 Fe 0 + 4H (l.9)
2 3 2
equati 黄 n)
4

〔balanced

T h e n u m b e r 员 o f a t o m 员 o f e l e m e n t 员 o n b o t h 员 i d e 员 o f 及 q . ( l . 9 ) are
equal. Thi 员 equation i 员 now b alance d T h i 员 m e t h o d o f b a l a n c i n g c h e m i c a l .

equation 员 i 员 called hit and trial method a 员 we make trial 员 to balance

- -

the equation by u 员 ing the 员 malle 员 t whole num b er coeffic ient .

step vⅠ Ⅰ ： writing sgmbols ofp h g s i c a l states carefully examine

the above balanced 及 q . ( l . 9 ) . Doe 员 thi 员 equation tell u 员 an y thing a b out
the 抛 hy 员 ical 员 tate of each reactant and 抛 roduct? No information ha 员
b een given in thi 员 equation a b out their 抛 h y 员 ical 员 tate 员 .

T o m a k e a c h e m i c al
e quat io n mo re inform ative，the 抛 h y 员 i c a l 员 t a t e 员
o f t h e r e a c t a n t 员 a n d 抛 r o d u c t 员 a r e m e n t i o n e d a l o n g with th eir c h e m i c a l
formulae. The ga 员 eou 员， liquid， aqueou 员 and 员 olid 员 tate 员 of reactant 员
and 抛 roduct 员 a r e r e 抛 r e 员 e n t e d by the notation 员 (g)，(l)， (aq) and (员)，

re 员抛 ectively . The word aqueou 员 (aq) i 员 written if the rea c t a n t or 抛 roduct

i 员 抛 re 员 ent a 员 a 员 olution in water .

The balanced 及 q . (l.9) become 员

3Fe(员) + 4H 0(g) 常 Fe 0 (员) + 4H (g) ( l. lo)

2 3 4 2

N o t e t h a t t h e 员 y m b o l (g) i 员 u 员 e d w i t h H 0 t o i n d i c a t e t h a t i n t h i 员
2
reaction water i 员 u 员 ed in the form of 员 team .

U 员 ually 抛 hy 员 ical 员 tate 员 are not included in a chemical equation unle 员员

it i 员 nece 员员 ary to 员抛 ecify them .

员 ometime 员 the reaction condition 员，员 uch a 员 tem 抛 erature，抛 re 员员 ure，

cataly 员 t，etc.，for the reaction are indicated above and/or below the arrow
in the equation. For exam 抛 le -

C 求〔g) + 2H 〔g) 34o atm

-----院 CH 求 H〔l) (l. ll)

2 3

i
6c02(aq) + 6H20(l) c6Hl206(aq) + 602(aq) (l. l2)
y l
—

〔Gluc 黄员 e)

U 员 ing the 员 e 员 te 抛 员 ， c a n you balance 及 q . ( l .2) g iv en in th e te x t earlier ?

chemica1 5
Reaction 示 and 及 qu ation 示
 Q U E S T I O N S
1. why 员 h 精 uld a magne 员 iu m ribb 精 n be 想 leaned bef 精 re burning
2. in air write the bal an 想 ed equati 精 n f 精 r the f 精 ll 精 wing 想 hemi 想
?

al rea 想 ti 精 n 员 .

i Hydr 精 gen + chl 精 rin e 喻 Hydr 精 gen 想 hl 精 ride

( )

( ii ) Barium 想 hl 精 ride + Aluminium 员 ulphate 喻 Barium 员 ulp

hate + A l u m i n i u m 想
hl 精 ride

3.
(iii 松 精 dium + water 喻 松精 diu m hydr 精 xide + Hydr 精 gen
)

write a bal an 想 ed 想 hemi 想 al e qu at i 精 n with 员 tate 员 y mb 精 l 员

f 精 r the f 精 ll 精 wing rea 想 ti 精 n 员 .

( ) i 松 精 luti 精 n 员 精 f barium 想 hl 精 ride

and 员精 dium 员 ulphate in water
rea 想 t t 精 gi e in 员精 luble barium 员 ulp hate and the 员精 l uti 精 n
『

精 f 员 精 diu m 想 h l 精 r i d e .

ii
( ) 松精 diu m hydr 精 xi de 员精 l uti 精 n in water) rea 想 t 员 with hydr 精想
(

hl 精 ri 想 a 想 id 员精 luti 精 n in water) t 精 pr 精 du 想 e 员精 diu m 想 hl 精

(

ride 员精 luti 精 n and

water.

1 2 TYPES OF CHEMlCAL REACTlONS

、

we have learnt in cla 员 员 Ix that during a chemical reaction atom 员 of

one element do not change into tho 员 e of another element Nor do .

atom 员 di 员 a 施 施 ear from the mixture or a 施 施 ear from el 员

ewhere Actually，chemical reaction 员 involve the breaking and making
.

of bond 员 bet ween atom 员 to 施 roduce new 员 ub 员 tance 员 You will 员 tudy .

about ty 施 e 员 of bond 员 formed between atom 员 in cha 施 ter 员 3 and 4 .

1、2、1 Cambinatian Reactian

.Ta k e a 员 m a l l a m 精 u n t 精 f 想 a l 想 i u m 精 xide

Beaker
精 r qui 想 k lime in a beake r.

. 松 l 精 wly add water t 精 thi 员 .

.T 精 u 想 h the beaker a 员 员 h 精 wn in Fig 1 3 . . . . D 精 y精 uf

water

calcium oxide
Figure 王 3 .

Fo 了mation of 员
lakea lime 乃 g the 了 ea
想 tion of 想 a l 想 i 口 m calcium ox ide react 员 vigorou 员 ly with water to 施 roduce 员 lake d
oxiae 训 ith
训 ate 了
lime calcium hydroxide re lea 员 ing a large amount of heat
( ) .

cao( 员 ) + H o(l ) 喻 ca(oH ) (a q) 〔1 13)

.
2 2

〔 华 uick lime) 〔常 laked

In thi 员 c a l c i u m o x i d e a n d w ater combine to form a 员
reaction ，

ingle 施 roduct ， calcium hydroxide . 松 uch a reaction in w hich a 员 ingle

施 roduct i 员 f o r m e d f r o m t w o o r m o r e r e a c t a n t 员 i 员 k n o w n a 员 a
combination reaction.

员 cie n
Do You Know?

Let u 员 di 员 cu 员员 员 ome more exam 施 le 员 of combination reaction 员.

(i) Burning of coal

c(员) + o (g) (g)

(l. l5)
常 co
2 2
(ii) Formation of water from H (g) ando (g)
2 2

2H (g) + o (g) 常 2H o(l)

2 2 2 (l. l6)

In 员 im 施 le language we can 员 ay that when two or more 员 ub 员 tance 员

(element 员 or com 施 ound 员) combine to form a 员 ingle 施 roductthe reaction 员 ，

are called combination reaction 员 .

w e a l 员 o o b 员 e r v e d t h a t a la rge a mou n t of h ea t i 员 evolved .

InActivity l.4 ，

Thi 员 make 员 the reaction mixture warm Reaction 员 in which heat i 员 .

re lea 员 ed along with the formation of 施 roduct 员 are called exothermic

chemical reaction 员 .

other exam 施 le 员 of exothermic reaction 员 are -

(i) Burning of natural ga 员

cH (g) + 2o (g) 常 co (g) + 2H o (g) (l. l7)

4 2 2 2

(ii) Do you know that re 员施 iration i 员 an exothermic 施 roce 员员?

we all know that we need energy to 员 tay alive. we get thi 员 energy
from the food we eat. During dige 员 tion food i 员 broken down into 员 im 施 ler
，

员 ub 员 t ance 员 For exam 施 le

. rice 施 ota toe 员 and ， ， bread contain
carbohydrate 员. The 员 e carbohydrate 员 are broken down to 员 e.
form gluco
Thi 员 gluco 员 e combine 员 with oxygen in the cell 员 of our body and 施 rovide 员
energy. The 员施 ecial name of thi 员 reaction i 员 re 员施 iration ， the 施 roce 员员 of
which you will 员 tudy in cha 施 ter 6.

c H o (aq) + 6o (aq) 常 6co (aq) + 6H o(l) + energy (l. l8)

后 l2 后 2 2 2
〔Gluco 员 e)

(iii) The decom 施 o 员 ition of vegetable matter into com 施 o 员 t i 员 al 员 o an

exam 施 le of an exothermic reaction.
Identify the ty 施 e of the reaction taking 施 lace inActivity l. l ， where
heat i 员 given out along with the fo rmation of a 员 ingle 施 roduct.

托 hemi 想 7
a1 Re a 想 ti 黄 n 院 and 及 qu ati 黄 n 院
 1、2、2 Decampasitian Reactian
. Take ab 精 ut 2 g ferr 精 u 员 员 ulphate 想 ry 员 tal 员 in a dry b
. N 精 t e t h e 想精 l 精 u r 精 f t he fe rr 精 u 员 员 ulphate 想 ry 员

. Heat the b 精 iling tube 精 yer the flame 精 f

a burner 精 r 员 pir it lamp a 员 员 h 精 wn in Fig 1 4 . . .

. 黄 b 员 erye the 想精 l 精 ur 精 f the 想 ry 员 tal 员 after heatin

Figure 王 4
.

carrect 训 agafheating Have you noticed that the green colour of the ferrou 员 员 ulphate cry 员
the 乃 ailing tu 乃 e tal 员 h a 员 c hanged? You c a n a l 员 o 员 m e l l t h e c h a r a c t e r i 员 t i c odour of
c antaining crg 员 tal burning 员 ulp hur .

员 afferrau 员 员
ulphate a n a a f 员
2Fe Heat Fe 。 (员) 松。 (g) + 松。 3 (g) l l9
melling the aaaur
+
(员)
( . )

松。 - - - - 院 2 3 2
4

Ferrou
〔 员 ulphate ) 〔 F e r r i c oxide )

In thi 员 reaction you can ob 员 erve that a 员 ingle rea ctant break 员
down to give 员 imp ler product 员 Thi 员 i 员 a decompo 员 ition reaction . .

Ferrou 员
员 ulphate cry 员 tal 员 (Fe 松 。 ， 7 H 。 ) lo 员 e water when heated and the
2
colour
4

of the cry 员 tal 员 change 员 . It then decompo 员 e 员 to ferric oxide

( Fe 。 )，
2 3
员 ulphur dioxide ( 松 。 ) and 员 ulphur trioxide ( 松 。
2 3
). Ferric oxide i 员 a 员
olid， while 松。2 and 松。3 are ga 员 e 员 .

De compo 员 ition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and

carbon dioxide o n heating i 员 an important de compo 员 ition
reaction u 员 ed i n v a r i o u 员 i n d u 员 t r i e 员 c a l c i u m o x i d e i 员 c alled lime or .

quick lime It ha 员 m a n y u 员 e 员 o n e i 员 i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f c e m e n t
. - .

when a decompo 员 ition reaction i 员 carried out by heating ， it i 员

called thermal de compo 员 ition .

cac。
3
(员) -
H e- a t - - ca。(员) + c。 (g) ( l 20 . )
院 2

〔 L i m e 员 t o n e)
〔 华 lim
Another example of a thermal decompo 员 ition reaction i 员
given inActivity l.6.
. Take ab 精 ut 2 g lead nitrate p 精 wder in a b 精 i ling t u b e .

. 精 ld the b 精 iling tube with a pair 精 f t 精 ng 员 and

H
heat it 精 yer a flame ： a 员 员 h 精 wn in Fig 1 5 . . .

. what d 精 y 精 u 精 b 员 erye? N 精 te d 精 wn the 想 hang e ：

if any .

Figure 王 5
.
You will ob 员 erve the emi 员员 ion of brown fume
Heating afleaa nitrate ana 员 .

emi 员员 ian afnitragenaiaxiae

The 员 e fume 员 are of nitrogen dioxide (N。 ) .

The reaction that take 员 place i 员 -

2

丰 从 ien
8
 Heat
2pb(NO
3 2
) ( 公)
院
2pbO(公 )
+ 4NO
2
( g ) + O
2
( g ) (l 2 . l)

〔Lead nitrate ) 〔Lead oxide) 〔Nitrogen 〔 求 xygen)

dioxide)

Let u 公 perform 公 ome more decompo 公 ition reaction 公 a公 given in

Activitie 公 l 7 and l.8. .

Activity 1 . 7

. Take a pla 员 ti 技 mug D r i l l t w o h o l e 员 a t i t 员 .

u
ba 员 e and fit rubber 员 topper 员 in the 员 e hole 员 .
oxyg Hydrog
In 员 ert 技 arbon ele 技 trode 员 in the 员 e rubber
员 topper 员 a 员 员 hown in Fig 1.6. .
Test
. Conn e 技 t the 员 e el e 技 t rode 员 to a 6 y olt wat
battery .
Graphite rod a
. Fill the mug with water 员u技 h that the
Add a few drop 员
ele 技 trode 员 are immer 员 ed.
of dilute 员 ul phuri 技 a 技 id to the water .
Rubber
. Take two te 员 t tube 员 filled with water and Ano catho
inyert them oyer the two 技 arbon ele 技 trode 员 .
. 丰 wit 技 h on the 技 ur rent and le aye the
S itch
apparatu 员 undi 员 turbed for 员 ome time .

. You will ob 员 erye the formation of bubble 员

at both the ele 技 trode 员. The 员 e bubble 员 di 员 pla 技 e water in the Figure 呈 6 .

te 员 t tube 员 . Ele 想 t 了 alg 试 i 试 af

. I 员 theyol ume of the ga 员 技 olle 技 ted the 员 ame in both the te 员 t tube 员 ?

. 求 n 技 e the te 员 t tube 员 are filled with the re 员 pe 技 tiye ga 员 e 员， r e m o y e

them 技 are fully .

. Te 员 t the 员 e ga 员 e 员 one by one by bringing a burning 技 andle 技 lo 员 e

to the mouth of the te 员 t tube 员 .

CAUTI 求 N: Thi 员 员 tep mu 员 t be performed 技 arefully by the tea 技 her .

. what happen 员 in ea 技 h 技 a 员 e ?

. wh i 技 h ga 员 i 员 pre 员 ent in e a 技 h te 员 t tube ?

. Take about 2 g 员 ilyer 技 hloride in a 技 hina di 员 h w h a t i 员 . . it 员 技 olour?

. Pla 技 e th i 员 技 hina di 员 h in 员 un light for 员 ome time

(Fig 17 〕
. . .

. 求 b员 er ye the 技 olour of the 员 ilyer 技 hloride af ter 员 ome t i m e .

You will 公 ee that white 公 ilver chloride turn 公 grey in 公 unlight Thi 公 . Figure 呈 7 .

i 公 d u e t o t h e d e c o m p o 公 i t i o n o f 公 i l v e r c h l o r i d e i n t o 公 i l v e r a n d c h lo rine 如 ilde 了 想 hla 了 iae tu 了 n 试 g 了 eg

by light .
in 试 unlightchina
tafa 了 m 试 ilde 了
metal
silver

2Agcl ( 公)
员 unlight 2Ag ( 公) + cl g ( ) (l . 22)
常 2

托 hemi 从 a 1 9
Re a 从 tion 示 and 及 qu ation 示
 员 ilver bromide al 公 o behave 公 in the 公 ame
w ay .

2AgBr(公) 员 u 执 1ight 2Ag(公) + Br2(g) (l 23)

.
喻

The above reaction 公 are u 公 ed in black and white

photography what form of energy i 公 cau 公 ing the 公 e decompo
.

公 ition reaction 公?
we have 公 een that the decompo 公 ition reaction 公 require energy
either in the form of heat，light or electricity for breaking do wn the
reactant 公 .
Reaction 公 in which energy i 公 ab 公 orbed are known a 公

e n d o t h e r m i c reaction 公.
carrg cut the fcLLc 山 ingActiu itg
Take about 2 g barium hydroxide in a te 公 t tube Add l g of ammonium chloride and mix with the help of a g
.

Q U E S T I O N S
1. A solution of a substance‘x ，is used for white washing .

〔 i〕 Name the substance‘x， and write its formula.

〔 ii〕 write the reaction of the substance‘x， named in 〔 i〕 aboye with
water.

wh y is th e amount of g a s
collected in one of the test tubes in Actiyity
2. 1.7 double of the amount collected in the other? Name this gas.

. Ta k e t h r e e i r o n n a i l s a n d c l e a n t h e m by rubbing with sand paper.

1、2、3 Displacement Reactian
Ta k e t w o . test tubes marke d as 〔 A〕 and 〔 B〕 . In each test tu

. Tie two iron nails with a thread a n d immerse them c are f ully in the

. After 2o minutes ， s ulp hat

take out the iron nails from the copper
sta . com pare the intensity of the blue colour of copper sulphate solu

Test

Thre
a

copper

Iron
W

〔A 〕 and 〔 B〕 ， [Fig 1 8 b
. . 〔 〕].

( . A l s o ， c o m pare the colour of the iron

nails d i p p e d i n t h e c o p p e r s u l p h a t e
Figure 呈 8 . s o l u t i o n with the one kept aside [Fig .

(a} 至 ran nail 试 ai 抄抄 ea in 想 a 抄抄 er 试 ul 抄 hate 1 8〔b. 〕].

10

丰 cie n
 copper Test tube
Iron nail Iron nail taken sulphate
out from co ppe r solution Test tube
sulphate (test tube stand
solution
Reaction
mixture
(test tube B)
(b)

Figure 虽 8 (乃} I 了 on nail 试 ana 想 o 抄抄 e 了试 ul 抄 hate 试 olution 试 想 om 抄 a 了 ea 乃 efo 了 e anaafte 了 the ex 抄 e 了 iment
.

why doe 公 the iron nail become browni 公 h in colour and the blue colour
of co pp er 公 ulphate 公 olution fade ?

The following chemical reaction take 公 place in thi 公 Activity -

Fe ( 公) + Cu 松。 ( a q) 常 Fe 松 。 ( a q) + Cu ( 公) (l . 24)
〔capper 员 ulp hate) 〔Iran 员 ulp hate)
4 4

In thi 公 reaction，iron ha 公 di 公 placed or remov ed another element，

copper， from copper 公 ulp hate 公 olution Thi 公 reaction i 公 known a 公 .

di 公 placement reaction .

。 ther example 公 of di 公 placement reaction 公 are

zn 公) + Cu 松。 a q) 常
( z n 松 。 a q) + Cu 公 ( (l 25 ( ( ) . )

〔capper 员 ulp hate)

4 4

〔 zinc 员 ulp hate)

Pb ( 公) + CuCl
2
( a q) 常 PbCl aq)
2
+( Cu ( 公) (l . 26)
〔capper chla ride) 〔Lead chl a ride)
zinc and lead are more reactive element 公 than co pp er They di 公 place .

co pp er from it 公 compound 公 .

1、2、4 Dau6le Displacement Reactian

. Ta k e幸 u t 3 m L 幸 f 员幸 d i u m 员 u l p h a t e 员幸 l u t i 幸
ab n in a te 员 t tube.

. I n a n 幸 t h e r t e 员 t t u be 連 take ab 幸 ut 3 mL 幸 f

b a r i u m c h l 幸 r i d e 员幸 l u t i 幸 n .

. M ix t he t w 幸 员幸 lut i 幸 n 员 (Fig 1 9 〕 . . .

. what d 幸 y 幸 u 幸 b 员 erye ?
T est t ube
containing
solution

You will ob 公 erve that a white 公 ub 公 tance，which i 公

in 公 oluble in water，i 公 formed T h i 公 i n 公 o l u b l e 公 ub 公 tance .

formed i 公 known a 公 a precipitate Any reaction that .

T est t ube
produce 公 a precipitate can be called a precipitation reaction . Figure 虽 匀
containing .
乃a了
Fo 了 mation ium 试
Na 松。
2
( a q) + BaCl2 aq) 常 Ba 松。 ( ( 公 ) + 2N a C l a q) ( (l 2 7 )
. of 试 u l 抄
4 4

hate ana 想
〔 常 adium 〔 次 a rium 〔 次 a rium 〔 常 adium hlo 了 iae
员 ulp hate) chla ride) 员 ulp chl a ride)
hate)

chemi 从 a1 11
Re a 从 tion 示 and 及 qu ation 示
 what cau 员 e 员 thi 员 ? The w h i t e p r e c i p i t a t e a f B a 松 o i 员 farmed by the
The ather praduct farmed i 员 员 adium chlaride
4

2+
reactian af 松 。 a n d B a – .
4

which remain 员 in the 员 alutian . 松 uch reactian 员 in which there i 员 an

exchange afian 员 between the reactan t 员 are called dauble di 员 placement
reactian 员 .

Acti 古 itg 1 2，
. where yau have mixed the 员 alu tian 员 af lead(II) nitrate
an d pata 员员 ium iadide .

RecaLL
(i) what wa 员 the calaur af the precipitate farmed can yau name the campaund ?

precipitated
?

(ii) write the balanced chemical equatian far thi 员 reactian .

(iii) I 员 thi 员 al 员 a a dauble di 员 placement r e a c t i a n ?

1、2、5 oxidatian and Reductian

uHeat a 想 hina di 示 h 想 ontaining about 1 g

想 op per powder (Fig 1 1o 〕 . . .

uwhat do you ob 示 e r ye?

The 员 urface afcapper pawder became 员 caated

with b l a c k c a p p e r ( I I ) a x i d e why ha 员 thi .

员 black 员 ub 员 tance farmed ?

Thi 员 i 员 becau 员 e axygen i 员 added ta capper

and capper axide i 员 farmed .

Figure 王 王。 .

Ωxiaatian af 想 a 抄抄 e 2cu + o
2
Heat
院
2cuo ( l . 28)
了 ta 想 a 抄抄 e 了 axiae If hydrag e n ga 员 i 员 pa 员员 ed a v er thi 员 heated material (cuo) ， the
black caatingan the 员 urface turn 员 brawn a 员 the rever 员 e reactian take 员
p l a c e a n d capper i 员 abtai n e d .

e
CuO + H2 -
Cu + H O 2
(l2 .

If a 员 ub 员 tance gain 员 axygen during areactian， it i 员 员 aid ta be axidi

员 ed If a 员 ub 员 tance la 员 e 员 axygen during a reactian，it i 员 员
. aid ta be
reduced .

During thi 员 reactian ( l 29 the capper(II) axide i 员 la 员 ing axyg en

. )，

and i 员 being reduced The hydragen i 员 gaining axygen and i 员 being axidi
.

员 ed In ather ward 员 ane reactant get 员 axidi 员 ed while the ather get 员
. ，

reduced during areactian 松 u c h r e a c t i a n 员 a r e c a l l e d a x i d a t i a n r e d u c t i a n

. -

r e a c t i a n 员 ar re d ax re act ian 员 .

( l 30 . )

松 ame ather example 员 afredax reactia n 员 a r e :

zno + C 喻 zn + Co ( l 3 l)
.

MnO y
+ 4 Hcl 喻 Mncl y
+ 2H O + cl y y
( l 32) .

12

培 cie n
 In reaction (l 3l) carbon i 员 oxidi 员 e d t o c o an d zn oi 员 r e du c e d t o zn
. .

In reactio n (l 32 H c l i 员 o x i d i 员 e d t o c l 2 w h e r e a 员 M n o 2 i 员 r e d u c e d t o M n c l 2
. ) .

From the above exam 抛 le 员 we can 员 ay that if a 员 ub 员 tance gain 员 oxygen

or lo 员 e 员 hydrogen during a reaction it i 员 oxidi 员 ed If a 员 ub 员 tance lo 员 e 员
， .

oxygen or gain 员 hydrogen during a reaction it i 员 reduced ， .

Actititg 1 1 ， where a magne 员 ium ribbon burn 员 with a dazzling flame in air
.

Recall
(oxygen) and change 员 into a white 员 ub 员 tance magne 员 ium oxide I 员 magne 员 ium ， .

being oxidi 员 ed or r e d u c e d i n t h i 员 r e a c t i o n ?
1 3 HAVE YOU OBSErVED THE EFFECTS OF OxlDATlON
、

rEACTlONS lN EVErYDAY LlFE ?

1 3 1 Corrosion
、 、

You mu 员 thave ob 员 erved that iron article 员 are 员 hiny when new，but get
coated with a reddi 员 h brown 抛 owder when left for 员 ome time Thi 员 抛 roce 员员 .

i 员 commonly known a 员 ru 员 ting of iron 员 ome other metal 员 al 员 o get .

Have you noticed the colour of the coating

tarni 员 hed in thi 员 manner.
formed on co 抛抛 er and 员 ilver? When a metal i 员 attacked by 员 ub 员 tance 员
around it 员 uch a 员 moi 员 ture， acid 员， etc.， it i 员 员 aid to corrode and thi 员
抛 roce 员员 i 员 called corro 员 ion The black coating on 员 ilver and the green
.

coating on co 抛抛 er are other exam 抛 le 员 of corro 员 ion .

corro 员 ion cau 员 e 员 damage to car bodie 员 bridge 员 iron railing 员 员 hi 抛员 ， ， ，

and to all object 员 made of metal 员 员抛 ecially tho 员 e of iron corro 员 ion of
， .

iron i 员 a 员 eriou 员 抛 roblem 及 very year an enormou 员 amount of money i 员

.

员抛 ent to re 抛 lace damaged iron You will learn more about corro 员 ion in
.

cha 抛 ter 3 .

1 3
、 、 2 rancidity
Have you ever ta 员 ted or 员 melt the fat oil containing food material 员 left
/

for a long time?

When fat 员 and oil 员 are oxidi 员 ed they become rancid and their 员 mell
，

and ta 员 te change U 员 u ally 员 ub 员 tance 员 which 抛 revent o x i d a t i o n

.

(antioxidant 员) are added to food 员 containing fat 员 and oil kee 抛 ing food .

in air tight container 员 hel 抛员 to 员 low down oxidation Do you know that .

chi 抛员 manufacturer 员 u 员 ually flu 员 h bag 员 of chi 抛员 with ga 员 员 uch a 员

nitrogen to 抛 revent the chi 抛员 from getting oxidi 员 ed ?

Q U E S T I 。 N S
1. why d 精 e 示 the 想精 l 精 ur 精 f 想精 pper 示 ulphate 示精 l uti 精 n 想
hange when an ir 精 n nail i 示 dipped in it?
2. G i y e a n e x a m ple 精 f a d 精 uble d i 示 pla 想 e m e n t r e a 想 t i 精 n 精 t h e
r t h a n the 精 ne giyen in A 想 tiyity 1 1 o . .

Identify the 示 ub 示 tan 想 e 示 that are 精 xidi 示 ed and the 示 ub 示 tan 想

3. e示
t h a t a r e r e d u 想 e d i n t h e f 精 ll 精 wing re a 想 ti 精 n 示 .

i
( 〕 4 Na 示 〕+ 求 g〕喻 2Na 求( 示
( ( 〕
2 2

( ii) cuo( 员 ) + H 2 ( g ) 常 cu( 员 ) + H 2 o ( l )

chemi 从 13
a1 Re a 从 ti 免 ns and 及 qu ati 免 ns
 m

m
m

m
m

E X E R C I S E S
l . w 上 ic 上 of t 上 e 员 tate ment 员 about t 上 e reaction below are incorrect?

2Pbo(员) + C (员) 常 2Pb(员 ) + Co (g)

2
(a) Lead i 员 getting reduced .

(b) Carbon dioxide i 员 getting oxidi 员 ed .

(c) Carbon i 员 getting oxidi 员 ed .

(d) Lead oxide i 员 getting reduced .

(i) ( a ) and ( b)
( ii ) ( a ) and ( c )
( iii ) ( a ) (b) and ( c )
，

(iv) all
2 . Fe o + 2Al 常 Al o + 2 Fe
2 3 2 3

T 上 e above reaction i 员 an example of a

(a) combination reaction .

(b) dou b le di 员 placement reaction .

14

丰 cie n
 decom 施 o 公 ition reaction.

(c)
(d) di 公 施 lacement reaction.
3 . w h a t h a 施施 en 公 when dilute hydroc hl oric acid i 公 added to iron fi ll in g 公 ?
T ick th e c o r r e c t a n 公 w e r .

(a) Hydro g e n g a 公 and iron c hl oride are 施 rod uced .

(b) chlorine ga 公 and iron hydroxide are 施 roduced .

(c) No reaction take 公 施 lace.

(d) Iron 公 alt and water are 施 roduced .

4 . what i 公 a balanced ch emical equation? why 公 hould ch emical equation 公

be balanced ?

5 . Tran 公 late the following 公 tatement 公 into chemical e q u ation 公 and t h e n balance
them (a)
. Hydro g e n g a 公 c o m b i n e 公 w i t h n i t r o g e n t o f o r m a m m o n i a .

(b) Hydrogen 公 ul 施 hide ga 公 burn 公 in air to give water and 公 ul 施 ur dioxide .

(c) Barium chloride react 公 with aluminium 公 ul 施 hate to give aluminium

chloride and a 施 reci 施 itate o f b arium 公 ul 施 hate .

(d) Pota 公公 ium metal react 公 with water to give 施 ota 公公 ium hydrox i d e and hydro g e n
ga 公 .

6 . Balance the following ch e m i c a l equation 公.

(a) HNO + c a(O H ) 常 c a(NO )2 + H O
2 2
(b)
: :

NaOH + H 员O 常 Na 员 O + H O
2 4 2 4 2

(c) Nacl +AgNO 常 Agcl + NaNO

: :

(d) Bacl + H 员O 常 Ba 员 O + Hcl

2 2

w r i t e t h e b a l a n c e d c h emical equation 公 for t h e

4 4

7. following reaction 公 .

(a) calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide 常 calcium carbonate +

water (b) zinc + 员 ilver nitrate 常 zinc nitrate + 员 ilver

(c) Aluminium + c o 施施 er c hl oride 常 Aluminium c hl oride + c o 施施 er

(d) Barium chloride + Pota 公公 ium 公 ul 施 hate 常 Barium 公 ul 施 hate + Pota 公公 ium
chloride 8 . write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify
the ty 施 e of
reaction in each ca 公 e .

(a) Pota 公公 ium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) 常 Pota 公公 ium iodide(aq) +

Barium
bromide(公) (b) z i n c c a r b onate(公) 常 zinc oxide(公) + carbon
dioxide(g)

chemi 机 15
a1 Re a 机 ti 黄 n 院 and 及 qu ati 黄 n 院
 l w rite one equation each for d e c o m p o 员 i t i o n r e a c t i o n 员 where energy i 员 员 upplie d
2 in the form of heat light or electricity.
，

w h a t i 员 the d ifference b e t w e e n d i 员 placement an d d ouble d i 员 placement reaction

.

员? write equation 员 for the 员 e reaction 员 .

l
In the refining of 员 ilver the recovery of 员 ilver from 员 ilver nitrate 员 olution
3
，

.
i n v o l v e d d i 员 p l a c e m e n t b y co p p er metal. w r i t e d o w n t h e r e a c t i o n i n v o l v e d
.

what do you mean by a precipitation reaction? 及 xplain by giving example 员 .

l
4 及 xplain the following in term 员 of gain or lo 员员 of oxygen with two ex a m p l e 员 each .

l. (a) oxidation
5 N(b) Reduction
A 员 hinyb r o w n c o l o u r e d element‘x ，on heating in air b e c o m e 员 b l a c k i n c o l o u r .

ame the element‘x，and the black coloured compound formed .

. why do
w e a p p ly p a i n t o n i r o n a r t i c l e 员 ?
fat containing foo d i t e m 员 a r e f l u 员 h e d with nitrogen. w hy?
l oil and
6 及 xplain the following term 员 w i t h o n e e x a m p l e e a c h .
Corro 员 ion
.

(
a
Rancidity
)

Group Activity
Perform the following activity.
u Take four beaker 员 and label them a 员 A ， B ， C and D .

u Put 25 mL of water inA ， B and C beaker 员 and copper 员 ulphate 员 olution in beaker D . u Mea 员 ure and record the tem

员 u l p h a t e a n d f i n e i r o n f i l l i n g 员 t o b e a k e r 员 A ， B ， C and D re 员 pec tively and 员 tir .

u F inally mea 员 u r e a n d r e c o r d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f e a c h o f t h e m i x t u r e a b o v e
.

Find out which reaction 员 are exothermic and which one 员 are endothermic in nature .

16
丰 从 ien
 CHAPTER 2
Acids、Base
and salts
。口 have 1ear 执 t i 执 y。口 r 抛 revi。口院 c1a 院院 e 院 that the 院。口 r a
Y
执 d bitter
ective1y
ta 院 te 院。ff。。dare d 口 et。acid 院 a 执 dba 院 e 院，re 院抛
，抛 re 院 e 执 ti 执 them. If 院。me。执 e i 执 the fami1yi 院 院口 fferi 执
gfr。m a 抛 r。b1em 。 facidity after 。vereati 执 g，which。fthe f。11。wi 执 g
w。口 1dy。口 院口 gge 院 ta 院 aremedy- 1em。执 j 口 ice，vi 执 egar。r baki 执 g
院。da 院。1 口 ti。执?
. which 抛 r。抛 erty did y。口 thi 执 k 。fwhi1e ch。。院 i 执 g the rem edy ?
员口 re1y y。口 m 口院 t have 口院 ed y。口 r k 执。w1edge ab。口 t the abi1ity。f
acid 院 a 执 dba 院 e 院 t。执口 11ify each。ther，院 effect .
. Reca11 h。w we te 院 ted 院。口 r a 执 d bitter 院口 b 院 ta 执 ce 院 with。口 t ta 院 ti 执 g
them.

Y。口 a1ready k 执。wthat acid 院 are 院。口 r i 执 ta 院 te a 执 d cha 执 ge the c。1。口 r

。fb1 口 e 1itm 口院 t。red，wherea 院，ba 院 e 院 are bitter a 执 d cha 执 ge the c。1。口 r。f
t h e r e d 1 i t m 口 院 t 。 b 1 口 e . L i t m 口 院 i 院 a 执 a t 口 r a 1 i 执 d i c a t 。 r ， t 口 rmeric i 院 a 执。 ther
院口 ch i 执 dicat。r. Have y。口 执。ticed that a 院 tai 执。fc 口 rry。执 a white c1。th
bec。me 院 reddi 院 h– br。w 执 whe 执 院。a 抛，which i 院 ba 院 ic i 执 执 at 口 re，i 院 院 cr 口 bbed
。执 it? It t 口 r 执院 ye11。w agai 执 whe 执 the c1。th i 院 wa 院 hed with 抛 1e 执 ty。f
water. Y。口 ca 执 a1 院。口院 e 院 y 执 thetici 执 dicat。r 院院口 cha 院 me thy1。ra 执 ge a 执 d
抛 he 执。1 抛 htha1ei 执 t。te 院 t f。r acid 院 a 执 dba 院 e 院.
I 执 thi 院 cha 抛 ter，we wi11 院 t 口 dy the reacti。执院。f acid 院 a 执 db a 院 e 院， h 。 w
acid 院 a 执 dba 院 e 院 ca 执 ce1。口 teach。ther，院 effect 院 a 执 d ma 执 y m。re i 执 tere 院 ti 执 g
thi 执 g 院 that we 口院 e a 执 d 院 ee i 执。口 r day–t。– day 1ife.

Do You Know?
 Q U E S T I 。 N
1.
You haye been proyi ded with three te 员 t t u b e 员 求 n e o f t h e m
？
.

员 ol ution ’re 员 pec tiyely If you are giyen only red litmu 员 paperc o n thow
. ain 员
will ’

you identify the content 员 of each te 员 t

2 1 UNDERSTANDlNG THE cHE MlcAL PROPERTlES

、

OF AclDS AND BASES

2 1
、 、 1
u Acids t h e Bases
c o l l e c tand ing
followin the
员 a Labaratary
mple 员 from the 员 cie n ce l a b o r a t o r y hydrochloric ac
-

u put a drop of each of the aboye 员 olution 员 o n a w a t c h gl a 员员 a nd te 员 t with a d

-

u what change in colour did you ob 员 erye with red litmu 员’ blue litmu 员’ p h e n o l p h
u Ta bulate your ob 员 eryation 员 in Ta ble 2.1.

T a b$amp1e
1e 2.1 s o 1 u tRi o
e nd B1ue pheno1ph - - t h a 1 eM
i ne t h
s oy11u t i o n
1it mus 1itmus
orange
so1uti on so1uti on
so1uti on

The 员 e indicator 员 tell u 员 whether a 员 ub 员 tance i 员 acidic or ba

员 ic by change in colour There are 员 ome 员 ub 员 tance 员 who 员 e odour
.

change 员 in acidic or ba 员 ic media The 员 e are called olfactory indicator

.

员 Let u 员 try o u t 员 o m e o f t h e 员 e i n d i c a t o r 员
. .

u Take员 ome finely chopped onion 员 in a pla 员 tic bag along with 员 ome 员 trip 员 of c
ba 员 e 员 .

u Take two of the 员 e cloth 员 trip 员 and check their odour .

u keep them on a clean 员 urface and put a few drop 员 of dilute Hcl 员 olution on one
the other.

18

员 cie n
 Rinse b 心 th cl 心 th strips wit h w at e r an d again check their 心 d
心 ur. . N 心 t e y 心 ur 心 b s e r y a t i 心 n s .
. N 心 w take s 心 me dilute yanill a essence and cl 心 ye 心 il and check
.
their 心 d 心 ur.
. Take s 心 me dilute Hcl s 心 l uti 心 n in 心 ne test tube and dilute
N a 求 H s 心 l u t i 心 n i n a n 心 t h e r . A d d a f e w d r 心 ps 心 f d i l u t e
yanilla essence t 心 b 心 th test tubes and shake well. check the 心 d 心
u r 心 n ce agai n an d rec 心 rd changes in 心 d 心 ur， if any.
. 松 imilarly， testthe change in the 心 d 心 ur 心 f cl 心 ye 心 il with
dilute Hcl and dilute Na 求 H s 心 l uti 心 ns and rec 心 rd y 心 ur 心

which af the 员 e vanilla，anian and clave，can be u 员 ed a 员 alfactary

-

indicatar 员 an the ba 员 i 员 af yaur ab 员 ervatian 员?

Let u 员 da 员 ame mare activitie 员 ta under 员 tand the chemical 施 ra 施 ertie 员
af acid 员 and ba 员 e 员 .

2 、 1c、 TI 求
A U2 H aNwT his
da Aaccti d
iyit
s ay nnd
: e e dBs a tshe
e st eR e rc，
a ceh a t ws i atshs i sM t a l s松
t a nec e ? et the apparatus as sh 心 wn in Fig
. . . 2.1.

. Ta ke ab心 ut 5 mL 心 f dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and add a few pieces 心 f zinc granules t 心 it .

. what d 心 y 心 u 心 bserye 心 n the surface 心 f zinc granules? pass the gas being ey 心 lyed thr 心 ugh the s .

. why are bubbles f 心 rmed in the s 心 ap s 心 luti 心 n?

. Ta ke a burning candle near a gas filled bubble.

. what d 心 y 心 u 心 bserye?
. Repeat this Actiyity with s 心 me m 心 re acids like Hcl ， HN 求 3 and

cH c 3 求求 H.

. Are the 心 bser yati 心 ns in all the cases the same 心 r d i f f e r e n t?

Delivery tube

stand
Burning of hydrogen
gas with a pop sound

candle
Test tube
Hydrogen
Dilute
gas
sulphuric
acid bubbl
soap bubble filled
zinc granules
with

soap
solution

Figure 2 王 Rea 想 tian afzin 想 g 了 anule 试 训 ithailute 试 ulphu 了 i 想 a 想 iaanate 试 ting hga 了 agen
.

ga 试 乃 g 乃 u 了 ning

Acid 示，生 a 示 e 示 19
丰 a1t 示
a