LESSON

CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO DUE TO OXYGEN AND HEAT (GRADE 5)

Lesson Outcomes:
1. Investigated and described the changes that happen in materials under the following
conditions: (1) presence of oxygen and (2) application of heat; and
2. Developed awareness of what oxygen can do to us.

Engage
Try this simple activity:
Given a piece of paper think of what you can do to change this paper in several way(s). You can
make use of the table below when presenting and discussing your plan and expected results.
3
Plan of Action:
Material
What will you do?
What will happen to
the paper?
Is it still the same
paper?
Paper
Your responses to the challenge will lead you to the next investigation where you will observe
and describe the changes that materials undergo due to presence of oxygen as well as the
effect of added heat on them.
Explore
Work with your group when performing the 2 activities simultaneously or one after the other.
Activity1: What Makes the Apple Turn Brown? Materials Needed:
one small size apple
knife or cutter • saucer or plate
Procedure: Step 1. Get a small piece of apple. Cut the apple into half and place them in a
saucer.
Caution: Be careful in handling the cutter or knife to avoid accidents.
10
1.1. Observe closely the color of the cut apple. 1.2. Let it stay for about 5 minutes. 1.3. Observe
again the color of the apple. Recall its color when you have
just cut it.
Step 2. Fill out the table below. Then answer the questions that follow.
Color of freshly
cut apple
Color of the apple after it was left
aside
Explanation
Kind of Change (Physical or chemical)
Q1. What changes did you notice in the color of the apple? Q2. What makes the apple change
its color after cutting and setting it aside
for a while? Q5. What does this discoloration of apple mean? Q6. What kind of change is this?
Explain your answers.
Activity 2: Sugar and Heat - What Comes Next? Materials Needed:
• candle or alcohol lamp
box of matches
a spoonful of sugar • metal bottle cap (be sure to remove any plastic or cork lining of the cap
before using it) tong or clothespin toothpick
Procedure: Step 1.
1.1. Place the sugar in the metal bottle cap. 1.2. Using tongs or clothespin to hold the bottle cap
over the alcohol burner.
Observe what happens to the sugar while it is being heated.
Caution: Be careful when heating the sugar in the bottle cap to avoid being burned. Do not
ingest or eat the resulting material.
1.1 Stop heating the sugar when you see that a black material has formed.
Allow this black material to cool. 1.2 Using a toothpick, scrape a little of the black substance.
Smell and taste
Step 2. Fill out the table below. Then answer the questions that follow.
Material
| What did you do?
What happened
to it?
What was produced?
Q1. What changes did you notice in the sugar after heating? Q2. What made the sugar
changed? What was produced? How did it smell
and taste? Q5. What kind of change took place? Explain your answers.
Present the results of the two activities for discussion in the class.
CAR Explain
Matter can also undergo chemical change. What can cause such change? Are chemical
changes good or bad?
Changes in Matter Due to the Presence of Oxygen and Application of Heat A. Presence of
Oxygen • Chemical change is a change in matter that results in the formation of
one or more new substances. The new material has a different composition when compared
with the original material. Recall the first activity when one of the possible suggestions to be
done on a piece of paper to change it is by burning. Burning can transform the paper into ashes
and water entirely different from the original material. Oxygen is a part of the air that surrounds
us. It has effects on different materials. The presence of oxygen in the air can cause chemical
change on materials.
Take the case of Activity1: What Makes the Apple Turn Brown? When the apple was cut or
damaged, oxygen in the air is introduced into the fruit's damaged tissue material. When oxygen
is present in the cells of the fruit, the enzymes (polyphenol oxidase or PPO) in the chloroplasts
rapidly oxidize the phenolic compounds naturally present in the apple tissues to o-quinones
(ortho-quinones), a colorless precursors or antecedents to brown-colored secondary products.
O-quinones then produce the well observed brown color by reacting to form compounds with
amino acids or proteins in the material as in this case, apple fruit. The browning of the fruit is the
start of the food spoilage.
In some cases, there are some apples which seem to brown faster than others. Nearly all plant
tissues including other fruits, root crops like sweet potato, and eggplant contain PPO. However,
the level of PPO activity and concentration can vary depending on the kind or variety of fruits
and on the growing conditions and fruit maturity.
At home, enzymatic browning can be prevented by coating freshly cut apples, bananas, mango
and other fruits in sugar or syrup to reduce oxygen diffusion and thus slowing down the
browning reaction.
Rusting of iron is another chemical change brought about by the action of oxygen from the air
on the iron metal. Some materials can also change even under the condition of lack of oxygen.
B. Application of heat.
In Activity 2: Sugar and Heat - What Comes Next? Originally the sugar was crystalline white.
Upon exposure to heat from the burning alcohol lamp, it melted and turned into syrup. The
melting caused the breakdown of sugar into simple sugars such as fructose and glucose. This is
manifested by the delectable aroma it created. The continued exposures to heat ultimately
changed the color of the melted sugar from white to yellow and then brown, which is totally
different from the original material. This color change is caused by the further breakdown of the
sugar molecules and formation of caramel (pulot). The chemical change alters the color of sugar
along with the taste and consistency of the sugar.
Heat, as a form of energy plays an important role in chemical changes or reactions. Some
reactions need heat to start. For example, when cooking food, the firewood requires a match
and kindling to get fire to start. Other chemical reactions utilize heat or produce it depending on
the materials or chemicals involved. There are other proofs that a chemical change has taken
place. These include (a) production heat and light; (b) production of gas; and (c) change in
color.
(
Elaborate
This is a follow-up of the lesson. Perform the following home activity and answer the
accompanying questions.
Prepare two clear jars, 2 dishes or saucers, steel wool, and water. Pack the wad of steel wool at
the bottom of one jar. In each dish put the same amount of water about 2 to 3 cm. Turn the jars
upside down and stand them in the dishes.
Observe the changes in these objects and materials for 3 days. Identify the initial
characteristics, record the changes that occur, and indicate whether the changes are chemical
or physical and explain why. You may use the table below for your observations.
Materials
Observations At the start After 3 days
Explanation
Report all findings to the class after 3 days.
Evaluate
For Pre-Service Teachers A. Look around you. Observe keenly. Give common examples of
useful and
harmful chemical changes due to the presence of oxygen and application of heat that can affect
people's daily lives and the environment. Discuss your answers
to the class. B. Multiple Choice: Select the best answer among the choices given in every item.
1. Which of the following is a chemical change?
A. Breaking a glass B. Freezing of water C. Fermenting grapes D. Sawing a plywood into half
2. Which of the following is not a chemical change? A. Chewing a gum
bonne B. Formation of green leaves in plants
polo C. Using oxygen in body cells to maintain life D. Neutralizing stomach acid with an antacid
tablet
3. Which is not an evidence that could indicate a chemical change?
A. Change in color B. Change in shape C. Change in energy D. Change in odor
Which of the following is a common sign that a chemical change has occurred? A. A material
has changed size. B. A material has turned a different color. C. A material has become a
different shape material. D. A material has changed to a different state: solid, liquid or gas.
Y
5. Joy wants to experiment with sugar cubes. Which of the following causes a
sugar cube to only change physically and not chemically? A. Burning the sugar cube with a
match B. Crushing the sugar cube and dissolving it in water.
C. Chewing the sugar cube and consuming it D. Adding the sugar cube with sulfuric acid to
dehydrate the material.
For Grade 5 Learners Part A: Label the following as physical or chemical change. Give your
reason for
each response. 1. The rusting of a nail 2. The ripening of guava 3. The fermentation of coconut
juice 4. The setting of a jelly 5. The chopping of wood
Part B: What chemical changes due to the presence of oxygen and heat are
important in your daily life?
From the activities performed, let us reflect on the following questions:
1. Why do cooks recommend placing peeled apples and bananas in pineapple
juice before mixing them with other ingredients when preparing fruit salad? 2. Why do women
use vitamin C enriched cream in their faces as part of thei
beauty regimen?