Tutorial # 3

Electrical Machines-I
Collected and prepared by: Dr. Salwa Baserrah, 2 nd Semester 2017/2018

Q1: The following data were obtained when a 25-kVA, 2300/460-V, 50-Hz
transformer was tested:

Voltage(Volt) Current (A) Power (Watt)

Open-circuit test: 460 1.48 460
Short-circuit test: 108.7 10.87 709

Determine the approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from (a) the high volt-
age side and (b) the low-voltage side. Also draw the exact equivalent circuit.

Answer: RH = 3 , XH = 4 ,
RL = 120 m, XL = 159.99 m,
RcL = 460 , XmL = 421.61 
(L: means low voltage side & H: means high voltage side)

Q2: A 25-kVA, 4000/400-V, 60-Hz transformer has the following parameters:

Rp = 18 , Xlp = 25 , Rs = 180 m, Xls = 250 m,
RcH = 15 k, and XmH = 25 k.
If the open-circuit and short-circuit tests are performed on this transformer,
what are the readings of the measurement-instruments in each case?
Note: RcH is the core loss resistance at high voltage side and XmH is the
magnetizing reactance at high voltage side.
Answer: a = 10, Voc = 400 V, Ioc = 3.11 A, Poc = 1066.67 W
Isc = 6.25 A, Vsc = 385.07 V, Psc = 1406.25 W.

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Q3: A single-phase generator with an internal impedance of (23 + 92j) m is
connected to a load via 46-kVA, 230/2300 V, step-up transformer, a short trans-
mission line, and a 46 kVA, 2300/115 V, step-down transformer. The impedance
of the transmission line is (2.07 + 4.14j) .

The parameters of step-up and step-down transformers are:

RH XH RL XL RcH XmH
() () (m) (m) (k) (k)
Step-up: 2.3 6.9 23 69 13.8 6.9
Step-down: 2.3 6.9 5.75 17.25 11.5 9.2

The system operates at full load and 0.866 pf lagging. Use Per-Unit computations
to calculate the voltage regulation of the entire system.

Answer: 30.34%

Q4: A 100-kVA, 2500/125-V, 50-Hz, step-down transformer has the following

parameters:
RH = 1.5 , XH = 2.8 , RL = 15 m, XL = 20 m, RcH = 3 k, and XmH = 5 k.
The transformer delivers 85% of the rated load at a terminal voltage of 110 V
and a power factor of 0.866 lagging.

Determine:
a) the core loss,
b) the copper loss,
c) the efficiency of the transformer,
d) if the transformer is operating at full load and 0.85 leading power factor,
what is its voltage regulation? Hint: use per-unit quantities.
e) Draw the phasor diagrams for the lagging and leading power factor cases.

Answer: a) 2110.458 Watt, b) 8771.139 Watt, c) 85.6%, d) 3.369%

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Q5: A 230-kVA, 2300/230-V, 60-Hz, step-down, two-winding transformer has
the following parameters:
RH = 1.2 , XH = 3 ,
RL = 12 m, XL= 30 m,
RcH = 2 k, XmH = 1.8 k.
a) If the transformer operates at half load at its rated terminal voltage with
a unity power factor, what is its efficiency?
b) If the transformer operates at full load and 0.95 pf leading. Determine its
voltage regulation and efficiency using the per-unit quantities.
c) Draw the phasor diagrams for parts (a) & (b).

Answer: a) 92.8%, b) 5.561%, 86.7%

Q6: A 320-kVA, 240/4800-V, 60-Hz transformer yielded the following infor-

mation when tested:

Voltage(Volt) Current (A) Power (Watt)

Open-circuit test: 240 39.5 1200
Short-circuit test: 195 66.67 3925

Find the equivalent circuit of the transformer as viewed from (a) the low-voltage
side and (b) the high-voltage side.

Answer: RcL = 48 , XmL = 6.125 , RcH = 19.2 k, XmH = 2.45 k

ReL = 2.208 m, XeL = 6.971 m, ReH = 0.883, XeH = 2.788 ,

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Q7: The following information was obtained when a 60-VA, 120/208-V, 60-Hz
transformer was tested:
Voltage(Volt) Current (A) Power (Watt)
Open-circuit test: 120 25.07 2
Short-circuit test: 16.85 300 4.7
Determine the equivalent circuit of the transformer as viewed from (a) the low-
voltage side and (b) the high-voltage side. Draw the exact equivalent circuit em-
bodying an ideal transformer using equal power-loss criterion.

Answer: a = 0.577, RL = 8.691 , RH = 26.11 , XH = 10.338 , XL = 3.441 

RcL = 7.2 k, XmL = 6.408 k, RcH = 21.632 k, XmH = 19.251
k,

Q8: The following data were taken for a 12-kVA, 480/120-V, 60-Hz trans-
former:
Voltage(Volt) Current (A) Power (Watt)
Open-circuit test: 120 1.71 72
Short-circuit test: 73 25 937.5
Determine the equivalent circuit of the transformer:
a) as viewed from the primary side,
b) as viewed from the secondary side,
c) Draw the equivalent circuits for open-circuit test and short circuit tests.

Answer: a = 4, ReL = 93.75 m, XeL = 156.58 m, ReH = 1.5 , XeH = 2.505 ,
RcH = 3200 , XmH = 1199.04 , RcL = 200 , XmL = 74.94 ,

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Q9: Final Exam of First Semester 2017-2018 (EENG341)
A single-phase transformer has the following ratings 1000 VA, 220/110 V, 50Hz.
The parameters of this transformer, which are referred to high voltage side are
found to be:
Req = 0.6 Ω, Xeq = 2.4 Ω, Xm = 6500 Ω.
Given that core loss at full load is 12 W and full-load copper loss is 16 W with a
lagging power factor of 0.8.
Calculate at full load the followings:
a) Efficiency,
b) Value of core resistance, Rc ,
c) Magnetizing current, I̅ ,
d) Sketch the corresponding phasor diagram.

Answer:

Q10: Final Exam of First Semester 2017-2018 (EENG343)

A 1 kVA, 200/100 V transformer has the following parameters referred to high
voltage side:
Req = 0.16 Ω, Xeq = 0.24 Ω, Rc = 1200 Ω, Xm = 80 Ω.
If the transformer is fully loaded at rated voltage of 100 V and rated kVA at
lagging power factor of 0.8.
Calculate the followings:
a) Voltage regulation,
b) Input current,
c) Copper loss,
d) Core power loss,
e) Efficiency.
Answer:

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Q11: Test I of First Semester 2017-2018 (EENG341)
A 1 kVA, 200/100-V, 50-Hz single-phase transformer has the following parame-
ters: Req= 0.40 , Xeq= 2 , Rc = 5.6 k, and Xm=3.6 k.
These values referred to high-voltage side. If the transformer is fully loaded at
100V and at 0.80 power factor lagging.
Calculate the followings:
a) Input voltage, b) Core loss, c) Copper loss.
Answer:

Q12: Test II of First Semester 2017-2018 (EENG341)

The following tests have been carried out on a single-phase Transformer that
has nameplate ratings of 25 KVA, 60 Hz, 480V/240V:
Open-circuit test Short-circuit test
(low voltage side) (high voltage side)
VOC = 240 V VSC = 37.2 V
IOC = 9.7 A ISC = 51.9 A
POC = 720 W PSC = 750 W
The dc resistances of the primary and secondary windings were measured, and
the values found to be:
RP = 0.11 Ω and Rs = 0.029 Ω, respectively.
Determine the followings:
a) Draw the equivalent circuits for both open-circuit and short circuit tests,
b) Calculate the parameters of the approximated equivalent circuit referred
to high-voltage side,
c) Assume that 0.8 PF lagging load can be modelled by a passive impedance
and the transformer primary is connected to a 480 V bus. Find out the
resulting load voltage and current using the approximated equivalent cir-
cuit found in part (b),
d) Draw the phasor diagram of part (c).

Answer:
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Q13: Test I of First Semester 2017-2018 (EENG343)
A 1kVA, 200/100-V, 50-Hz single-phase transformer has the following parame-
ters referred to high voltage side:
Req= 0.6 , Xeq= 2.4 
Rc = 10 k, and Xm=2.3 k.
At rated kVA and rated voltage and power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the
following:
a) Primary current,
b) Voltage regulation,
c) Efficiency of the transformer.

Answer:

Q14: Test I of First Semester 2017-2018 (EENG343)

A 10 kVA, 400/200 V, 50 Hz, distribution transformer has the following parame-
ters:
Rp = 1.2 , Xlp = 14 , Rc (@ high voltage side) = 1 k
Rs = 0.2 , Xls = 3  , Xm (@ high voltage side) = 200 
Draw the equivalent circuit showing the numerical vales of the parameters:
a) Referred to high voltage side,
b) Referred to low voltage side.

Answer:

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Q15: Test I of First Semester 2017-2018 (EENG349)
A 1 kVA, 200/100 V, 50 Hz transformer has the following parameters referred
to the high voltage side:
Req = 0.6 , Xeq =2.4 , Rc = 10 k, Xm =2300 
If the load impedance equals to Zs = 8 +6j and the load voltage equals 100 V.

Calculate the followings:

a) Input voltage,
b) Copper loss,
c) Core loss,
d) Input power factor.

Answer:

Q16: Answer the following short questions:

a) What is an ideal transformer?
b) Can a transformer be used to transform direct voltage and direct cur-
rent?
c) Why the primary mmf must be equal and opposite to the secondary
mmf in an ideal transformer?
d) Why does a non-ideal transformer draw some current when the second-
ary is open?
e) Why the core loss is not affected by the load, while copper loss varies
with the load?
f) Why it is assumed that Rp = a2Rs, when the resistive parameters of the
approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer are calculated from the
short circuit test?
g) What is the meaning of efficiency of transformer and what does voltage
regulation mean?
h) The no-load voltage is lower than the full-load voltage on the secondary
side of the transformer. Under what conditions can this happen?