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    Physics World - 2015 - Vol 28-12

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    DrC

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    physlesworld.com Volume 28 No 12 December 2015 physicsworld Christmas books Colliders, cosmonauts and erystallographers Follow the flow chart So what kind of scientist are you?’ Flat-pack physics How origami is shifting from art to application Lovely bubbly Six scightific secrets of champagne Fane Quanta 3 Frontiers Sn tretorbeam marpuate abet nisi «racing mystery ofthe Giants Caseway stones eats baloons ppoacthespeevofcoond «raphe popergnes tas ‘Portablebralnseameallons Pet inneton News & Analysis 6 Dito quits Web Observatory UIT secon oss on Nouna ea Now expres untied GranSaeo ‘taweteamsup wth Uk grphene iit Stud ds ‘ung elnue ran eomtwiners «Chit tsiees coy »Sientstspstve ve new Canaan giver ‘Now dct or energy efeiency «Europe as plama fact «son or Mean ysis Enoqu Cabres Menaaza Comment 13 Champagne moments» Seeingfutherand fer Forum 15 Leaving legacy orient Critical Point a7 Retinal We logo Robot Pree Feedback 19 Comments onto mgationf ysis obetiaeats tect ene outenchand more ts: December 2015 UHganmchngeiaeprte 1-26 Conn ys eh 32-42 Features Flat-pack physics 21 Using te ars of erga an hia researchers refolding ond ‘spin wayto mater wth war properties whichhove plans tom stetzhablececuolsto medal tsa Simon Pers repons ‘Sixsecrets of champagne 26 With fest season approaching ar LisoBelo examines ‘hesoenceofchampagre, iuing wy aogsppess when ou op pen abot, what ane you shoulpurthewine at, ad howimonybubbles ee are cal os ee Christmas Books 32 “Thovingthe book tbe dea The greathig-nery we ‘Pryscsintofamly «Drpping wth sieae The Set ie ‘space «Natures upard dawns Between ees ‘hisinss speci Careers 4 “eochng nth technology Hise Con Ramsen + Once pysest:EnanuolDerman Recruitment a7 Lateral Thoughts 52 hatin scent aryou? Eugene Hickey and Paulson Multimedia Leisbatetsscssestreseenor con explaesinuritesigoaeast Inte gta eatin at nenbesio ore oesete eset ‘We need to inspire more young people to ask about the stars Usps arc bape strony rt te Wiese ‘hans res ers an ube lp ind eptae yee tee ‘Sinmer easy anc pose” Itwe change our minds inthe next ‘vee or four years, my bei is that ‘wore doomed Stes Chane ln psig te ‘ner Arran Pes ns ‘len ae acetate homnsto Science is an ongoing race between ‘urinventng ways to fo! ourseies, ‘and our inventing ways to avoid fooling ousetves nest Care, Bry acrontycet ‘nectarines Pests tat when sot ak tant ‘hescette mabe peo geal he do ‘Shan tea tse poi People nate physics; they hate bat; allyou've done i allowed poopie to hat things more efficiently yoo Sin igo Seon srs canst nba ‘eg 203 en oa ‘fear eto min. | would fel comfortable making a profit out oft; the whole point had been to prasarve ni quality of fe nen uta an ys nay ing inmeteopes Maysonet Pace Mone ete fogs bout Hooshus= Fotgy nent be tenor longest epg We are the avantgarde of solar Mata ead asters ori Horan olen oe si te amcan onstage wes get ‘orcad soe pte wl rons sony y 2020 OMSon canvas "eve aleady faa LEGO model of ihe giant CMS dtetrat CERN tage Hadron Cae (LHC) Bt aw Une of Let moern irate lant Genevieve Legon has tempted ogo one beter by creating eng of eC detector made © fom een bets Using tems ch ‘a beast ater, pont por, Ether, matlesand oe pens ‘ou Chrisman bls, Laneroesays ‘Rewasingpred ncrestethecolage Meracelng photo the fous detector ina newspaper apd wan sek Iylts"bauty nda” awl athe "oundbreshing scence done tthe TC: Lveeon ol Ps Word hat tte poet tok ee monato crest Sent rd £1003 the aes ‘tain was apparent on er daghe ‘owas smennat el ph bg Jnomette CMSnthe lunge" Anyone Frerestedtose nego sclage tosccan head io te unica Phys depute, where il be on permanent ly Takingtothe seas sola spray that ofthe IndianaswopiysiesSubraanyan Chandrasekhar Aged 1 be boarded ‘hip o England in 930 and on Sevelope hey about the nate tate orc he wavered the Nobel eae or Pies 3 years ae, ‘Wel now jou ca perp aon (Ghindrekers ootsep aod acer ‘heer workings ofthe nese by ingen a dedeatedstarszingcrue ‘ih Petcae Crane Thy vs teamed ‘pwn theDsconsy Chanel asnch Hine asda themederuser called "Dicer at ea The programe was inde mcoaboation wn asuopiit ie oye i F seis ot atopy videos that Hakser Ose rom Fora Insite ol Tecinalgy, wi ar ao recoded Passengers can natch nth rooms ‘Thestargaring esis ae held on "ea Topehor ih warpeing specie ‘tho pin oat consonant anower {questioe. Wellworth te money ten Defategate revisited Neumayer "deftcpe” irc corer yer digi tnanapts catenin at {iNew gn Pate a hen ‘Shantag dtl bani deceit naanry No, fyi het ln en Sutera Iauieea Users US hana ‘notte phot hb ed nth ional Lege Tealshore 2a atthe aldpk argon toda abut dog" nage tat Gtarertect can cn tales ed ‘tet Alainclutes that would ‘eeleeund om, Yi mesa ‘Sis ofthe op- aint ane essa Teo ny tcoalaued3a more bard ean techange tbe oats gue yey santo chungshow fara gaartoack “ovith hb ou wold eed sTomadbstalwie mao 0 whch wal go hopping" Now Sha nga es a, Te eet pera Avenger Agcy Ubon, arunaing oe et noone can it {her hammerapar Xcestrmpiredy the "Nowa of thnaa at thd oe ame Now Allen Pana Los Angeles based “relaee ener elec mercenary {an imapnation mane hast Fein fhe Mijn, Thanks to some Iden electromagnet batteries nd Ilngerpit ease Pa pats the hammer ‘onto meta sursce an ans people kitup With the mage on pases by Se unabic ott et woea Pan puts ier omrthe sen he magnet nat ling him tea pick tp mich o ‘ebemnement fhe who ae les, an old Pes Word hat the hammer ont S200 and ook hace month fake Sometimes bran does at awa, = hiplowyUvaCT Frontiers In brief MAVEN soo sty ars Tian she na tg Si hn tc Torresen sng te pant ‘seaming ato besason fue 00k fee suc by Iba st an gent storms ‘espe out att tes 10h “ult con me tn oo Hawes th te zone atta ISnerrnyin agnor coupe ‘hen eseernecer serous tne bl ee sO 1e/omeu a3 srectoscapiea reel Sctonss crt tog ree go ‘Svnnetomnntncoton nator ‘sonny ie btn ‘omoss pa poems eb insane oat snde 03078 ‘Td perdtotng eg ite near ppd Soe Scene lero ‘sctlan gate somevantonst ‘tosbopon nr teenporn Teton nas awe et Shite pened bse eins nce prin oie ‘tsar 345, Bouncing topltspoere by eapratin ‘eo! aia nage Srtsten, netomeat eee sey Nir ets eee a Conse ras ty seo mets ‘oa tt natreptrt Rete o shies be ones Meese omit Sratetnwn be dota sae ae fnstornr ny hath st ‘it Tebainegiteninzoe the wel. Iowa cera cl erty opt ea ents abo aaa Sueraremingpan wom beles he flea pat wan so nig Ses re 10 103/973 ‘ann pees Sonic tractor beam levitates objects Althauhsound a previouly been sed oleate objects requ paicestobe i eeateray ores Singles evitators have only managed oer I lite el speaker (realy mae for patkng sensor) cooled bya prosrast [Eabe ray of ansducers, developed by §£ Ulrabapies spin-on company tom the 4 Unies of rs Dayag gn ezaetnctaon stings hips ultanoud waves By cae ‘edpareice ‘ul ontalling the output ofthe speak es, these holograms canbe adjusted to A“tector beam” that ses soundwanesto_ hol rotate a ove bjs i mia ‘evitaterose anne abectsinmlipte The team created thre diferent soos ‘iretonshosbeendevelopedbyresesreh- te shapes - teers vortex tht tape ‘ron the UR and Spain, Alou they jet att cre anda age Poirene ‘Snot popups th acum in space partis vangig a dames fom to ‘moveapucahpeor teridssonictator mm were controlled bythe ary. which eamseouidveawideragecpractial_wasstrog enough to old th pees and ses such at moving delete objects on a eounerac gravity om ay tection. ‘roti tine or tanspoting tiny dog The tractor beam ses ultrasound at ‘apes thro ving tse okie with nwmselenth of shout em "The tevrectwns iepued by a simi Driealer mw pase nreae te fe Jur acouste beam but as eat by Mike quan) and rede tbe wavelength otha Mictonaidat the Universi) of Dundee, sale parties cat be manipulated for Topher with collesguceweiivide fuse modal pplietions. An acai tractor Diinkwserathe Unies ofBxoLwho bear could be used fo move capsules nto ‘asimlvedinthenew work saysthalthey_anetoct eaionnthe boxy and thenbast Te built spon the work of MacDonsio®. them open oreleme dap orto manip Icom, whichasedansray of napeater. ate iy supa! istrument nid the toapiva re toapecij shaped mass body (Natur Cran 6660). i tein cracks dep a5 ach Modelling the causeway sicis""sc\sscoie i anaiy es {guia clos aires no “The formation ofthe spectacular her tote heap apes Wise ne ‘Evaro soul ion no Yeeeah ie thewalanteciansy wosew tod Ray Lec ist) edna incurs Patsacordog inti new aay Hofman sd col SrSeresemir tty moses sagt ie emt sks ow ch clam cold emerge wat wo 3D mae bared on te foment tectnguar pattern of Seay oie i rosters meson Cotlincoing tne ‘hse ereshoeenpars im emed wound elea year sgo tekaed ne proses: Ba wae et ffon mcrae i plean, Gea the dlpnes oie ats om the Suthsttelnesotecionm armed tarts teva Eleni cftheiyp ecco wy fn cote cashes Tecsualacackat hc sce “Ai io Mari Hofman of te ‘yt ths ate pen ‘eins Unrated tees ingot tho ‘Sop unc seu crs mont fn artes pce ot {ietperd reo Hom ie Cooag ac rope ago Balloon bursts approach the speed of sound echt ng aio ahh ped tgscicnae eg espn shonin narnia sha dt utero atralor S000 aneserooa ven don Stee pets blotathe tz aha nmap rests me Graphene paper walks — 3; soci. itor tes cong se par Insp organ esearctesin China ei GO sheet wih ol anes ot Sctaing, arial muerand robots, fom ie surrounding ai, When th mat pape fling and cio anion sia. einer s genoa tie CO.POR ‘eyinlelohomae pence, "ier ce Paper obs can be sstoxe hum cryand lig” mateo ove fe oo ect sregin Theses remade] “ae Tot) ij fede pophone ie (0), See Tat akpyss”onp Innovation Portable brain scanner allows PET in motion ‘herr none and ee ‘Saunt i The ee iebeedon Se ppc ee amir mos Fost emisanopasiy PET heh fue pesos mtsntaop ay) tron shits ants ae wn Sngsomane Cina ban gr ore gu = wasnt [SPET~ re ph esaon imager bt ‘ae apron campteo ‘gehen yo ‘eure ert ahve esp lon oy ures an en Vg Unversity emcee eects usr son ‘tmutipe SPH logy wes ‘escmagic nocnontan te ong bn St coir go, ‘aioe {te orgrol inal mesg on hee. ayo terse ate glngaties rep nee scant we gyn opuaore ore fa sve ange ee Dost, elgg de ‘eit esses ‘transients 25 Nae" Setanta ero ‘hat arma ean oer News & Analysis Arecibo boss ahs over funding clash The future of the icone Arecibo SEG! in tine onthe rai tlescope. Yet fervor sat stake foonigte Beat te NSE” Kor caine ~ inated ‘exignation of Robert Ker, the fai BBB tna accepting the deal would mean tor Kerr’s departure te reported ‘: ‘ion that cowl, according to Ker, shot wae Nona Sexo pe Endo the eso of scence ope Foundation (NSF), which owes tbe e Son, an pos cosa” fbaervatary, has sought alter "The NSE hs denied that thes, the sourees of funding to Keep te hough i concedes that cold {acy runing The NSP facing feduce funding i an organisation tight bodget constraints de othe b {Shsapamedd Accktabeerig: Contraction ofa faite sho. {ne Rees thal tbe NSF and SRE theLare SyrptieSureyTeescope Tetcetional~the contactor tat Inch alate October the apy operates the fait Together with ‘ec etr othe seeiiccomnms- ‘Eada artes ~-csed offcon- iy Yequsting “vane concept for {tetwihhimfaloinghiscomments the future [ot Arecibo} bythe end ating. NASA,forexample hrowsin_teppngdeme InSite American. Kerr eid ofthe yer Simenchyerionspportthehunor Raettontte sdiectorin October afer sighs [AreboisaS2earoiescope stcoatin coud eaten Earth, dieaeeioe’ponion aia investigate wwirs 308m collection dish bat avecibus cashflow was tuo not MeckoOtrvaay, "Adronomer Michal Nok rom Int sSikole depression a Puerto elped by the nced for tepals fal- taswagnedowt the Unies of Arionas Linat ico, Although work caiied out Invingamagaltudesikcarthguake dtogomans and Planetary Laboratory, who the facityted wo Russell Hulse tathittefacityinJanary 2018. stathothe preceded Ker 5 Arecibo directo, {tnd Joeph Taser winning the 983. "Earlier this year Ker who ad ‘sym fd Pier Word hat since Kart ‘Nobel Pie for Physic fr deny. teen dretorance 20: thot he. Sta Stopped, SI erst as ‘ring the ir binary par 42006. tadasoaton the Breakage {ale manggomenttaffokop the ‘sport fromthe NSF recommended. en prajet~a I en S100msearch Feet running Nolan admits that Seducing Areebos anual funding. neliget ie nthe universe that hedoestotkaow ony ogunzation {fom S105 to $40m. After lob was se yp bythe Ruslan eee thatwouldbewilingrotnkemerthe Ing trom researchers, the NSF was teur Yur Minera Sly Later tat operation of Are rm be WSE able to cobble together sufficient oh, Ker tld ScoafcAmercan earouene funds toleeptbecherstory per tattheprojestftretnbay ober ae Fess Teri year pote aid on Sct a he Tl whch od Third telescope to close atop Mauna Kea teenie ope i ir dncratonf te muna a May goereor of Waal Dei pe afar to Coe, sch need lamang aie ofthe arent tnd turning oes betas 6 ‘The University of Hawai has Gwrantoa eu mtking the the teescone Homan ce ‘thc mount secntyGecateweahoy te Iwi sbut down. UKIRT 38a gueaTNy et tecsooe and hs ecm under Unt sce, versity of Havas omnerahip for tne year, having previously Been pected bythe UK's Selene and Honalearsf observations Capable To make wa the Caltech Sub ‘Rehnolog Falites Counel and ‘of conducting wide ‘eld surveys of lneter Obseatory ceased opera talledthe Usted King Iaeated theskysteteesope has ben sed ons. on TS September while the ‘eescope Teteesspeuillbe de tostidy some of he cares ative Unters of Hwa a Hl Hobs tall, ind al assouited equ. [plnmies inthe eneree."UKIRT Kevedacasoml ace wil begin tment and hosing rome The fe Fethe mow proactive escape on decommissioning inca 20 "The srl then berewored to ae los MaunaKetandhasbecnfrtnelast communis of sonora plane oc to crgea ste Thre ears nys Green {ryan spce seni fre] paying "No schedule en se fr the UUKIETs clsute so make way an extremely high pice to Somply UUKIICTdoconmsioning process, forthe planned Thirty Meter Tele withthe manate"sys Gren, sough UKIRTaltector Ricard Scope (IM) which expoced fork, {Green expects at east seven a begin fall operation by 2003 Ears ton 6 Gran Sasso steps 7) hunt for r missing particles Psst workingathe Gran Sao atonal Laboratory ncenta ay the sae name ar oom to tant taking data rom two new exper Ioens Hac tty wiltarget ni ferent kind of ising mate: onc efextrmely rare nuclear proces Eerie dia [invalve two neutrons in coriin mc! decaying simultaneous ito two prone whlccmiting mules tows but no antinetrinos abe formal beta dey), impying tat the neutino fit on enter ‘de Duct turn oneal nex yea, ‘sare for dar matter net tos peo tha aestino ae their ‘ommantpartc ‘CUORE wll measure the energy "Then or dakar the my spectrum of clectoas emitted by terious sbstange belived t make Hike of tearm diode sur pabeut80soramatcrinteunt aegudeoaue expectedtobe about 1D timerrare rounded by radon net ead ‘se bt no yet dteted drat Sense than fs 1g predecessor blocks recovered from Roman ship Wilbecared ot nig XENON. {SiperimentandaroundaOtimesbet- tha snk 3000 yeaa, ‘Tascaporinent wel was onogy terihan tne woridy ccrent leading» Meanie, toward the rated fa even a ran Samo dlskimacer detector the S70Kg_ 2016 another group of sea ‘month, consis of 3. tonne oi Latge Underground Xenon expen Gra Ss sould take delivery of Uiduenon Us desgaed omcasuzo Amero meat in South Dube, Us. Dac to shout Th of erm oxi pone, ‘ery fn flashes of light that ae smawtan —sartakingatiy theeadot arch whch te wl place several mets brenatfwheneepatlestomthe saretésctos, ext ear, XENONIT wil ether below th Hoes neutrino dele {Ecmater halo ofthe My Way Astect dark mater o place severe. tor The Shor Daten Nevting falid with the venom moc. The uestrintsonthepropetcsttheo- Osilitians nih Boenno ener ‘enon wl be sored ats temper ‘etelyfavouredweaiyintracing_ meat Wil ook fra smi ike fore of about “100°C a eyetat ‘use purty says collaboree varaon in he tomer interac sndvarroondedty wsncontising tion spoesperson Elena Apele of ton generated win the detector ‘Se tonnes of purfiedwater to {Columbia Unters inNow Yorks by netrino from the eadonctie ‘ininize background iiocty. “The other pew experiment ate spmature of hypothe "un yan ineration collab Gran Sms isthe Cooenie Under “serie” ating rato of 130 reearber rm more ound OtseratoryforareEvens nin Cartge than 22 stitutions, XENONTE {CUORE}, which wil ook foram. foe Inaustey atest cary out wert on phos China and UK to develop Braphene te on Hao nes nih ets ew ‘mtn tana canta trot (Os traaten snd commits ae sndetectrne om Rave Bs Shes, Taga sere nthe ym Soe 1600 a, mange LE ‘ir tise eta : tisk Nows & Analysis. Top universities form funding ‘clique’ ‘A.sindy of excess physica nce grant proposals UK has ‘fund that asa umber ower Seta hevst major tu ing forming gue” The ty rontemtiansinthe Un a tins ad pina investors on {rant proposals. They dscoveced That nding was highly skewed, ‘itharoundlffallgnmesgnento jis ofboth nations a prin ofa andi was aarded ost Div of nto (PNAS HLT) ae 81365112. "Vo ator of Queen Mary Uni versity af London and eoleages amined more than 83000 pro 213 wy the UK Engloceriag 2nd Frys Scenes Reseach Counll, (EPSRC) The researchers found {hatte tosis reseving the ost funng formed ache ge positions between otherwise ‘dsconnected insittons "A et ores ick bsbavour if {hepodes ith te largest number of Tins the dominant elements he hin Physicists dream etn pp wart Sent tonya aboot 10a 6 sit ana te oi rt etn ann coli PE he ‘tony en con om eet ‘ut ea erlpmen pl eh Sct pay is "he cies patos common host Encvorrses cay ech cir aon Coon 2 Sorteoin-ceomrne cote ‘he hnee easom of Sones Instat ohh ry Pye IR) 8 ‘Ried communides” say Lats, “The study found tat he number of ttons among an isin researchers and i endo ink tween he quam amd pact of ta spt in he ih ub net Inga athe quali. The oumber treearch areas arid ot at an insitoonnassofoundtoinceae tive tthe umber yeas the Three universes ~ Imperial Cllege London and the urs tes of Cambridge and Manches- ter showed a tarked eviation Ie ther index tore, however, Stperoraing ee ain ‘ogo 480 sents tom 128 ‘aan cunt tute ear he EPC cout 240 a hg” (Serato of gs en (Snes canbe recy ess ‘otal funding was compared with ‘he number of yan the ih lu, ‘geting het outstanding unig profiles enabled them to generate Neamityrae fugue contling most esarees ‘Sot ene unfavourable Those ite affiliations tat have saeco fully become very ich seem to ‘Scachandunmlaegly ‘out tat other welefunded isi ‘ons which might havelesscaacty teeapnt recom ene slitesthrqgh the ich eae” TEPSHC prorarime decir Les: ming ey Thompson Phis Word that ‘icpstes as ae that most of funding batherstgons gosto mcore group of nstetons feat Oe orth the oattome of und Sramemans propose ese auld rt ‘Shes tht the 12 uaesties hat EPSRC cane a itr trumework tniversties (which ecelve nary {ee of ts fing) tats ret Hime, “ar do those ntti Sty whith bold a furber 208 ‘tout porto" Thompson ads thet EPSRC looks for hgh impet research "wherever tt found In UUiunteates we current fond ‘ecient research in 102 ners Pysests bape evant agraie EPC Teaser eter tot (SPP) peraig te lider igendbtar worn rewrote Mose patetg nso Cree» “sas that the CEC gt ng, feminaena jaar net ocompete Pri sonapn eign ropa ee H Schnmoyee Teche and engin eine ‘sumone oudbereay 9 2020. ‘siae ces el constant be cole bon 2021, wt th ng "eben tare pot of ‘Ge sc whe Caines hip-nee sets re utd aot ho EPC, {ie poets tact {Everman hashing ee, {Sota rein design oat ‘Se aed yop ‘eye ‘canada New government raises science hopes Canada's seme commmunky bas ‘welcomed the cuts new Leal [ovement -ledy pine minster Sis Trodeas ater it promised ing than inthe revows decade of won October's ection with ely {of ofthe poplar ots posing {he Conserve goverment ied Under Harper science only had 1 junior ane Inthe indy, fetence and economle develop tment department But trough his bine appointments, Trudeas ‘qucky started ofl pledge he Tier goveenment He his already chosen Kiisty oncan ~ 1 medical geographer fromthe University of Toronto — [sty of envionment and climate ‘hung thereby recognaingan se {atthe previous goverment had Taney ignored. Wiel se et promis i te {2s Adam Sart associate dean at SiMany’s Univer ad present ‘of the Canadian Aasoclation of Piss (CAP): CAPS executive Aretor Prancne Ford says that the ‘evatonof iene to acabint eve ‘atthe ale for decison naling ‘Meanwhile, Kristin Podusta pists rom the Memoriel Unt= ‘ny of Newfoundland who also ‘lends ple sectors CAP. aye pate from idsry ad ioc ‘lion a the sence ity wil Toeasmoreon pure sence the mins of novation, ence and conomie developmedt wil covet spied scence The new mini, ‘tment groups a science elie People el they have someone 10 fi Tm the run-ap tthe election, & pressure prop. Inunched hy the Eitan Ametttionf Unity “Teacher called Get Scence Right impalgnd spaast wat called me “te native impact ofthe feral ‘smlalstaton ha prevented po men, university sles and “crwronmentalists from discussing fees related fo research and st clonee advising on government ‘Sablon making ack of een ‘sed decisions indie decontac Hog of federal government scence Fnwitaions such a6 the Nationa councils mandate, he continues, “ahunged To bog move of com legendary rater than fous- fngon orginal esate ‘ets do ot expt nme ate hogs the memes Smounts[devied wo scene] s95 Pods, “We ned to hosp Cans ian pubic support for stence In inetong term: (rent ah howe angen ‘dene Barack Oba ijt the Keystone XL pipeline projet ast month on envionment! ground, Harper had made approval ofthe Pili dengned ary i rom (f Meco erat ia inte ing Canadin

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