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    13 views34 pages

    Physics World - 2023 - Vol 36-03

    Uploaded by

    DrC

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 34
    errand rf physicsworid evar URS AMPS UC Cue es Eek ee} € Shifting principles How Leo Szilard changed his view on nuclear weapons Baby science Applying physics to conception, pregnancy and toddlerhood Chatbot revolution Are large language models a help ora hindrance for physicists? Contents: March 2023 physicsworld Quanta Research Updates Muon se er yptogzanty «Entanglement aps uons ‘Quast fundin-foxsaned ning ‘Themalonductty rps eth pressre «Wind energy ‘oudpowerMars base Nows & Analysis 8 UKplansXay ee -elecrn laser «New UX hash Nh rewert agency NIST aces deficient, sas repo. ‘Europe advances quantum echnaoges'»UCereatas ‘edad soence mini» Dear eloknear ight ‘The latbotrvluton: Mat Hodgson tas bute Denes ‘and danger oar angsage models orphyses ‘Gravational nave seaentocontnue Comment, 15 Pro bute Forum a The pele with briiance in pss Any Si Transactions 18 EMieneyversuscstlames MeMencie Critical Point 19 Tyner changes obo Cesce ears Fc Seen acer Features Ithappens more than you think ‘arel ren hghghts te stuglesPAD tudes fae, om ‘estore en finding problems tones sues an ‘elves The surprising physics of babies 27 Meet rks okt examen cance pregnancy and styood fom a plea tence perspective, hichis ‘rod sh insghsina the capabitiesofftehunan boy ‘When Leo Szilard changed his mind a1 ‘eo Selard amas) ced forte development of meer ‘weapons before shifts stance on wheter should be {ied Bute fen are his ews, as stan Haga expans Reviews 36 ‘WhoWed Geer Bec? Ants Chandan om echtearto teat leader Nate Groner 2 Careers a Guide generaton stonomes Rob Les ‘Aske ayting Jessie Janes. Recruitment 44 Lateral Thougnts 48 iden vais on Randal Multimedia sua wine ysis nos ety psa of 16 Fearne Fteen cae pata, reagan Quanta Seen and heard Forhighereducation and research, = there are no new opportunities and ofthe waveguide, findingthatabouta ith ‘no actual possible upsides from Se tae gtt se Se rare ae tn depo ge ee umecare Serre ae ere ee, I 0 nan oar nena Shape siting rat Se emul ince Nee Neat woeatytosaynich | imc racmercae_ welanieearerae fife conaesvae ‘Stam incncngne Serene raped On| fcreyyentie eee pees hetero Sei cnanang an Soarhcacenncnmlaets. hte Cineshearva ILcisshoel ready, endifyou gyeus | Mntetstcannyandecebiy —_oloertempersturin myo Chine ‘the money, we're going to build it 0.10164}. matt.2022.12.003). First, they concise, The study found that the ere Stee aewbatandlet ne eee eater ee | ence sgt Re eee alan deer een era era chao jeter, eetedeernta tec ennai ere Ne aie ee eeeeer eg | eee eserecd tases ate tenance | ee ean oesteaterat Sate ee Ee | sear ces vot eo aaaey neers seston SaIan er a bakes Fence heehee tobe detected by the recipient, Howard —_results in oscillations that never repeat ~ Birageseystat te ely atmahings tical calleagsa the Unveritywithcomputesimulatonsofthe ecu eeiteep ndonanay enact Exteryandhaveaow foundaposile diplyingchotc haps call range mokas Rsv etn Tatton tothisoptclspent (Pe Rew stracloe:Aterpey goldmithsto "Bort00) by fitngacepesting cylindrical cet the atractor terns proved That appicationwas actualybom —jatemflatnsepulseeTheovealeect_ too tek wang traditional ehniqus ‘tof personal experience ceterpipeati-dny stat Teese area D pag Fngne' tony Chengtom bem Site | ssroundeacoresfunpertarbedairat | cesesmould hat he galdsntisthen they qed ay Kigherdenity Inoter words, theyiad_aedtocresethe designs Tereae even Cree eretnattrsedaren, made moptalwavepudethitactemoch —planefranexhbtion basen chaos hat araectscuesocnrmstoavosmedin WeanopicafibreTotettrelfeacyatanbealapedforisterational museums, sae reaee transmitnginfrmation the teaumflued_ withthe tam sayingthat the jewelery Inuchweskerlighpulertroaghthecore could se or edcstioal rps Pen we 2022 3 Research updates Muons used for cryptography system ‘Anew scheme that encodes and decodes messages using the random anival of cosmic-ray muons could be more secure than other ayptographic systems. Edwin Cartidge reports “Therandomarsnl time ofcosmi ray muons al the Harts sures an ‘Bouse o encode and decode cont ‘ential meninges. That according ‘Hoya Tanaka sttbeUniveety tenet mre secure than ber rypogrphic ster si does not pris larder ead ester of Imessage to exchange «sett key Uieneedoi101016 et 2022 105697, Having confirmed impor tant apts ofthe tchnolgy in the [abana thinks could be come mercialy competitive fr use orer ‘hort dtc Cypiographic protocols invave generating and dsribting a secret Seythatinasdtoeneyptand decrypt essges Unfortunate conimonly ted eyptography syste could be racked by quantom computers of the fare One option for deaing ‘rh thstheet tous Hesenbergs {neertanty pepe to ensure cat tty would be eevedeoppercoanet Steal the key without revealing tee Preseneinthe proces oyever even this "ant key stb ba it le, Seti bare shows i psn to expat ‘weknesns in th encryption bard trae such shining bg ight on Sale photon detectors tun than foto casa devices The problem fanbeavided yang thd party {who need nt be trustworthy t feet key bts, bt hi aerangement Is'nore expensive than sight Keeand purty nero “Tanaka new propolis designed to defeat eavesdroppers by instead leeningtosatural and ever pert revouree of andomnere conc: Fay sors, Com ys cho Imanly protons, ran Joven on the Eth fom deep pace and peste showers of los andoter partis ‘nen they elie with nce nthe Stmogphere Those pons then deeay fntomuons vbichereheny versions tthe detron, These mons hit the Earths surface completly inde pendely of one another and ean ‘strong age amounts sl Pater whe only Tosa 3 all Fact ofthe energy By onng them "Taal dea is 0 postion the resis sender and receiver close Cougs together so that they are both exposed tothe same cone ay showers. They ean therefore mak hl own Separate detections ‘of spedic moon win a shower pay thse partes whose ecto costs the detectors a both Sndivale By each recording the trial ie of thore muons nd Sing he time stamp a the dom dita for eryptographie key, these and resercan npn Aenlygnerate the name secret keys thm hago send the ey to coeamiher nsing that sender and eevee tse th same muons terete the leyresson workingoutthe prec tume delay etree the two dete tos which done by knowing the dlutune between he detectors wile ffteluly synchronizing docks at ach eal. Synchronization can be Sched sing abl positioning Systeme coordinate the king of Ioealcckschaseeysalosllars. “Tana calls his ocnigue "Cor mle Ching ® Transfer” (COS. MOCAT) and uses two detectors ‘that measire mon arival with atc icntilstorsndsphotomul le tbe Carrying out tests on fu {ire days hestomedtht mons rive a andor pts ime = {he pray of abserng a ven telnet number of evets ina certain perod Efalowing « Poisson disrvution He alo showed thatthe wo dete: tor conaitey prods! he ams andor tne top weve, ig limitations in the GPS signals td the etic, sed to carryout the experiment, “Tanaka was ony able fo este Iu common muoe detections (as ‘opposed to intereeption of other ‘indom parties) i abou 208 of ses, Overcoming this problem favael the seo oog lt ‘le keys to Tey and decode given Inesage and then moving on the ‘ext message oly once the eter nd ignated sce, Ssmartldings ‘These exta steps ad time to the deeyption proces ands dow dow ‘he te at whlch data can Be ane Inited: Nevertheless Tanaka says {hat the sytem woul sl be con "ideal ike than existing tech ology. Indeed, agreed detetions tookplace tan average of around ott iplyog data ranenion ‘ateafat eat 1OMDps This ser than the kbps thas pel as Teel network system suc a Bae tooth Low Energy. He thinks that thie geser buh shoud ake the nw scheme tractive or short age vision comarenaton ck ‘sconnectingsensorswithin"soat™ buildings and securely exchanging Infomation daring the powering of fete ler vehi, Tanaka ackoledges that amon detection rates place limits on the tecncogy bat nits tha eles are doquatfowiess communication ter distances of uptoabout 1m. In Hr demonstration be use detectors ‘exchmeascingntomasizethe ‘Bteate However Tana reckons he ‘hal shrink the eestor tit tthe cumea seb upg tele ‘seneration ate fact of ee Se that he sho ave» working rape within the next Me year Research updates =a Quantum entanglement maps gluons inside nuclei nthe US hoe ue quate mnt to map te stun oon pas th taam ean eae the ons hl strc ul at eer ston the esi the neces recon than previ ose. The TAR eaaoraton 2 Bootes | Gatcanbe rated the poration ‘entantemet ot theoposten caged MR SJ othe ton ht oat interctes plone crated who ghee gd ' ‘th hon and rvs ational acl passer cose osahather, ‘atermaton sbout scan (Se.48 east {hogan thin tbo mcs. Toie Sezerdingto quantum home: permet semen epstion ‘antes, ons re modest fmision ography, beh eeles UMesvongneclearece tien binds Stings ashe he bua dy ‘iartsnieprtesennesrony,DolScndecor, ae arundady cede ptne ng pase gamma pone nda boléspretensond weutons eT) >0heai tate teary polraedmspectic. erat ama dea paces. eguteramct twee, tise He STR eeagtetaetetienecet Ateats cael the propertoset_sbotinane ener silencer systems sect 86 apa te os an ce {sid otosandnantons. "NTSC | byl eetingtve opoing sharing une dstrbaton. Tr ‘sare hsetshare poor ‘eas of gdm oh ebsratns mathe p wthbeth tnderstndng aho o Bonswiin gateolie The paindptnens” hate! rae ‘rut i aceor mato Nevescie, —Spuemalga mils ean iy suture aswel ab xprinont Posts inthe SAR cotaorton Mctite ne qantas, menareent ing oh students it th leh on itrct whe gubesintehiqus The STAReoaberton aly Ls Relate ean Theothrmclosastpssoshy These Hopes tat arter wor wil eee ‘Car ch celts caged Intratons produce eto shot etn ere deta nage he leo ee sta Ines ch py deny Intro mc Racetonparinets a he lise Ino apaiefopeste cagedpon, Sam are Condensed matter . ee ere Natural quasicrystal found in ‘fossilized lightning 1g more conventional eubic atic 3 The quaserysal has equally spaced omic layer, each tha 1 ad Fotationa symmetry ~ something tistmponeinerdinaryeytls ‘ith rational symmety ‘Steinhardt and cllenger bive thatthe strona elect dichare ‘rageofentcmestunkalcecra)_ fmt the sme own, aluinimalo fom he power Indoptslpropertia Quaskysal With thechemslcompostion STORE Steaua ict ae rom he wrerefistidetfedin Ean ance May Shs,CoAh ue the ss fad. Soha tem hopes that Then several den tecoiqes or eral wae liter ied ie lcover coud ead to new ch ihelrgtbesshne been developed grin tapped inside the fuga ‘hue gles aythe Inching pour depositions the Toe the guar coxin th Sonim ‘ Wind energy could power human habitations on Mars wind energy coud help to power oud the wn slice aman enderourson Macy Fatt “the tenn loka ts hypotet thecondson ofa study hated cal generation ster tat compies tate modes of Mars tcl tbe colarpandeandantnercoa Bind ‘Bort tem andenonal vail of fF urne Theater sa dium sted ‘rind power tht woul be generated commercial vale sytem that byrturbines onthe ed plat The rotor diameter of 389 an "ocucher sugget thi the wld ated a power out of 30K oul supply stent energy ons fon Earth Hartwick snd elias ‘en or be ued in conjunction wih calculate at thc turbine could oper ‘ola or micleat pomer (Net. Atron. fe atansterage pertionl power ‘decor t0J0s4s0 022018514) ‘upto abot IOLW on Ma The revourilsofstevibltyore teu cacaitons sh tha he «red misono Mars ave fused bin wood increase the percentage fon acct to physical resources stime that the poe rom the com Inciting the svalablty of water lownanay Maran windhadotbeeareguded. bind system exceeds 24K from thle and hive not uecsarly ASolyoquns ave val coegy resource NASAS_ IM Gol arays soe 10 60-90% ACeounted forthe energy gecraton Catena Victoria Hartwick and collages. (ol ps winch, The aie 24K is CGpabiies of potential actions. ¥oMneanbietes have found, however that Sspte significa ees i considered Whiethetastecnatatoteseath SOOO Nar thin amospere, winds ae minimus power egulremen 1 fn solar and: miclar energy as USES Sullncongenough'oproduepover_ supports siren isin Maran engysoures naar °C, Scom lange pote ofthe Maran Whi he sty sows tat ead power harbours potential himan PEMME=SAHO Srfce The sady suggests that_gracratntspsaletwoukoniybe Filsandeurentodcrotutargy 22% ind could workin combination self culdbedane leans tec th energy storage cpa: ‘rth other energy sources such son Mars hit are sual fran ty to compensate or day ad “aro bospergecon This habitation, Hartwick eget that ‘inoal rats in generat, ould be eopecly heal daring saingacesnton of wind rbins Marlow stmorperc dna ical and global dst storms, when andorra cul allow isons sean that wind onthe plane! pro Soar power deceues end erable. floes trougoutalargpoton af ices sigaiicany kes force Cha Windpower nereaee Wind would. theplane. Sri! on Earth, Portis resson, the Mobeavieulesouredtnightend Cael anes Condensed matt Surprising heat transfer in new semiconductor under high pressure "ethmal condi fmatie semanas mats cone eneen tn st E ‘reciesenum arsed Srenigt panes Ieee Indestoeyeatirng Te tean__presreaaga West ‘tthe aor, ae {ontatsectney ha pees ovr tirfaingent he fe gts 0a ne nal “Sits after nto ethestvaseundr ene Cope tne este ‘owas btn ft ean re toomnedeniatnca foronareni thom oda ‘Soe pansein setenv Senta ‘yin stat a Thetgsu canst ay Truedangws tee te tutored nestndng ‘naan apron aneeaesgegecantunet stnencharae cst Sire codons sche eee itfarot pints hrm wenbe ‘Senator ier hrs ‘Soetoro onc tpraton Sretnnaemet pea ‘timate cangs ttowceiaesy nore etn ce np te tcrencrcer ny ogiat, festa dercpoetet no mats or avplecicratoperaretteee Seam ‘mortem ita ‘Trae tapispcedbotwantre SEs ‘Sr done state dlamonisnannate ayer” Sse} ‘fumes ‘amined the stm wraens 85 “ones atoms eertagtherhest__ eran reesarerone olsun, tthe ryt latin change th ‘noes though the vt fasey offal terracing Inctesing presses opt 320Pa ‘tomy stn nam reser plt Toot they ese ava Thorsaleaeosugenst tate abate ume News & Analysis UK kicks off X-ray laser design Researchers have started work on the conceptual design review fora new UK-based X-ray {free-electron laser to see whatscience the facility should focus on. Michael Banks reports The UK bas officially Ince ul your ow the start of design work fora next. Fra resulta the growing demand eneraion Key freer er 2 fr xr the Scene and Technol {EL} ity. Over 150 eeserchers "ogy Facies Counc (STFC) ~ one ‘etatthe Roja Solty sn ate ama ihenine revere fundingagences ytoducas plana forthe UK sed Inthe UK condacedaterslecton KXPEL that if given the go ahead, laser srt review, which com ould be bit inthe coming dade. edn 2016 Therevew oncaded [Researchers wil now hold a series ee thatthe UK shuld ensures ina of meetings across the UK to gauge pasion ota he fn decison on Inurestinsck iit and dss ‘hathr obi an XFEL" by 2000, hat ind ofsclenceit ny produce "The UK mised that deadline ‘WihilesynchetonsuseXaysto erator that can eclerte electrons. SMngeM but id publish» UK XTEL sence produce sate images orsnapsots. Yo 1.5GeV. The ality produces factarar tie cae that year More thin 10 ste {fa sample under investigation, pseeofXrays27000timerpereesepesor ts frm around the wort helped XPELS cam study dynamial pro” onfitheich pulelistinglesban weet ace to Graf the reports which tect ess because they geneate ples 10feIn2022morethan ladarices MMaMbueendedthe UK oulda machin tht fitensecoheren Rraybeamstens weepublshedbascdonexperments CHM. a6 Can produce Keays wilh am nergy ‘fthousndsaftinespersecond ee peformed atthe felt. topmnionsses Setyeen Oke and 150KeV ands box opposite) Fach pulse lasts ess The UK was inal noe than OD 0""shseichmeunethat_ the European XFEL by developing fesearchers can forexample, cate tehnolgy designing lstrumeat, afetona.cobemnt pale duration of 10attseconds rayoametenet PE pean october 2022 the UK XEBL movie of chemeal bonding po-cotibuing To contruction and ropoul wat boosted by €3.2m cesssor aalsethe sy vibrational jiningstercongota The UK Ds From UK Reseach and Innovation nergy owsacrosamateril. tn Light Source ia Oxford he umbels organization forthe TXEELs ave note, with the fit_alorts to KEEL haben the UK’ research councils = to carry suchficityocomeonlinebeingtse pial and ifeences—whete UK tuts concptsl design review tit Lins Coherent Ligh Source (LCLS) Uses the Europes XPEL arena ‘expected to tke some thre years tthe SLAC National Accelerator. ported with raining sample prepa tercomplete and wl lo involve Laboratory in the US. Constuc- falonand dataprocesing Uupdatingthescencecaze. Acoring tion began in 2005 and wer com- In 2018 the UK bea the 120 tophyai lan Walmsley, provost ‘lee four yearslte The ety countryto join the Eorpean XFEL, Inperial allege Landon the eke ‘how undergoing a major upgrade ~contrutng she E208 = or 2% Isan"importa ste frte projec. Krownas LCISII- hat wiliwaie_tovardstheeort of uldingthe Daring the eventtthe Royal soc boosting the number of Xray ules The U loge pay 2s esgich seal tended by some per sccond fom 120 in LCLS fo enna operating ost at 1S0proleonline sents outings Filion a Cit igure tas aw sn 0% th te shat new acy might ‘Other XFELs soon opened in Uk being involve ina snl pe ‘The wok inder quantum mater Japan, Germany, South Koren and. certageof experiment als dynamic tractor boogy and ‘Shiutland, meaning tha there ae The operational cons of XFEL ven as pips and XFEL oer ow five such wer flies around. facity canbe significant. The Ema McBee fom Queens Unt the weld In 2006 the UX epin to Euupean REEL, for example hs ‘ety Belt expaned = getting « look into Bowing so dedicated an annual running cost of C1, better undertanding of te cond XPEL but the pane fled to guin_eing tat the 100 experiments ons ine plants traction The UK instead chove to cai ot at the Ilys eur David Danning. a physicist Geom Join the European Xray Fee Ele ead cot sboat €L.4m to ron. Bt the Accelerator Science and Teh {eon Laser (European XFEI) atthe wih he European XFEL beng fie ology Cente (AST) at the STC DESY kbnear Hamburg, Germany. ines oversbaried thee ecapc Daresbury Laboratory lees tht The European XFEL, which tyfor move machine ~ prompting UKXPEL operating an 4 epee achieved fist ightin 207 eatress_theKtostrere-ctminngthecae ondictinglnesaeclrto-would 2m mapercondactingliner ace fre owa XFL, over alt ofthe sence bse that Nows & Analysis ame out ofthe urvey of potential ‘ers, Tht energy requirement wil ow beled daring eco ‘cepa design reve ‘Community ongagomont ‘survey af esearch groups inthe Uk, condacted as part of the UK XFEL slence case, indicated that ‘tive lvavement in REEL ince inthe lst decade. But fon Maran fos fom Imperial Calege London, to UK XFELs alence en, ays rile creil inthe cong yes tobroaien heengagement ofthese aif commanity to make sure that SXPEL scence dove not tan into 4 ‘ligqueot ser. As ptf the concept design revi serie of "ow-all”le rents and workshop wil now terheld around the county. The STFC hops these meetings wilt 1 explan fo siete aboot hat these machines can do, One event ‘Akeytheme toemergeatthe Roya Society meting wat the need ee the UK to thnk as cay as posable Shoat the necesny regulatory pro Paley Now an X-ray free-electron laser works ‘ets why acelaang hues feletesin aes ‘lrartgiplebone {hen poised hough "at There ‘wl soso pahandent sere atin. ‘sth ots ae aly chet and ect ted oe sharowrnge ofwoengs, els antec erase pity arses no Somaru ono slapd Whee ctor ave ugh te ut, the et ‘teyom iene ntheerantaoung beard eprint poston ad pas the The ‘eet eats bre up st je ard ns ‘eden phase ar Hr monty. Tht hes yao EL sone iOoaesefmapatde gotta easy rater scien igtsanes Tre wove te be scandy catalog tery cokratorrte mage fide rds a gece Xj a vaogth as fea tlm intel ces gen tht UKXFEL Wl rob ship haveto be bull tes in part, nage are, im Cake fom ASTEC highligh ted that st ‘ity will a bes key prt of esi Thiscould include for exam ovegerpimcirs ea Feguoncy caves hat can operate dec attrac above. ‘ilcnat theLondon ne wre cen to acho that he an ‘mgucnent ors OK XPEL i hat I Should hare capable ot ee rely posible eer, That iw Irhcked up by LOLS director ike Dan, wok deletes ht ino Sexe genrtin gow Cs Ik the 2030s or 2040 maybe ‘ry dirt today henge “Thedcaontottwerkona co cept desig reve doe how ver men that a UK XPEL wil be SSH Repent atthe Royal Sst meeting made deat. the review mgt cnc that he machin i thoexpenivesndtatabeterpton would eto suport developments Tiddeepentet ether ty. Baile Ui-besedopon deed the Best bet and there fading ‘ble the next tp would bean inecing dein on the oar op sr nly eieig to Scratch the surface of wht these Imachinescan dos notes ede UK creates ‘high-risk, high reward’ research funding agency Ane hig ih ear” scence fa techtog nang be athe UR ‘ho ndvoeed esearch a ive ‘gene ABA) bch a ee ace Theat ienthing and ong revutaoaratene an tecnlg at ‘eed om wariectess sees. bureaucracy bmi hres ors peal pleat Mere" ‘hatean per pant ny ther Uandng gees. The UK Sorat sys emt AIA {Serote-tantomatinal rcoteh ‘rogrmees th tpt | {reat ntact apis {arte benett otha ‘rnew tenes th gees beard ae alo been amoung Tay E Inco te be pre vinnie {hives asso management opr ‘Stephene an aah ante, otal intra pb oy a. the {iogfnde oon ate” ‘Thyra Hate Bigham ore ‘hire be UK cies kre; and “ian tice oft Ut atone ergy ater. lr as RU ee! {nan ind operaons few ‘Conlin te borate |g xsncnverar reo mesma rei announced apelin ek aloes, the UR erat ‘hfs ser nar ‘trae and at Co eet ‘sect othe tla ene et xeon Fst srg th fencnment sci te tr = ‘ARWs oaite eit ase tar fede rpc demosttes Usa eat oat hentia npn et, sth contain sreneaeat ‘ecarch ae" Teal etapa eter ead actos to ovesce AR formation,” ote Gaede ‘tn agomet AA mae ble Bets that erage stngts et ‘theresa stom oa wo ‘hanging beakthouz” al News & Anal Freie strata egies er Cos ‘rom Vest of Cerat, NIST labs are ‘deficient’, says report ss. Instohabodstat tatitis "sere" ompremling the ogee yo tanto Tate cncsin report he US Hatin eadeias ot ‘cnc, Engeering ant ede, y {nal the natnface cunt and ‘icin hte wis PEA ‘hmunghatenen he aad “he pael endef NIST nro iver ante eas plan tat eon the US Congress Ides hav dostojetnsrumants Reporte taprnide on eta $300-AD0eia Datgontions. eedthengneytoabandon STs IST wie porto theUs ‘Dasameat tom tatvarteeder— Naesane DapartnentofCommarce at astlar tesrchonquatameoneting toa reco ctenment wih norhatDrnghad wate cetsts Mtn Islbstovngseferleatothe phe esmetimoserntadtwapond Es Mabelps tthe 18-agn report, isnt ate pretentpome one", aes, ich weld aera invest work Teor sr yo Teste tS archi anu oye Ts, th reper sass ang siieon impairment» ayy seat 8 months do poe "aan oats eva ST sok IsscontnsIasen after morng chlrngs ison entre nove lb nsoude forexamyle, temoro modern abs IS at ete soniye ‘itom crop eae, Srcurgenaietingnaie® —wlchea rye ya Wns ‘crmewcerinapeneaiay” Mal battoapht eer esate Europe is at the forefront of quantum-based technologies mpeg the cop San tet i comircandoerthingrelto ent uanem bod moog, Teese Seopa eco One Xda s ae part fom Een oth ser ethedeoneta iSinpen!ConmisicnThe pert moter font eres fcaminrtervebel@ yearby ages eh terataees ‘Quantum ‘Technologies Flagship "HES hs teny tips Oihswarelhc nce pred Sime to Boost quantutn research in 2S0-ims swe eopeuctyping prodactiowend Non quantum echnologes suchas ‘Someot those sues wiltacledby ceestum seming commuteton Durngefinttieepenvate the Fuopenn Chips fc wh Scompaat rogrnine the fapip ed 25 appre dewey of ed There eiesthe acts [agrees eens ad pletion nae darth agi op oy pe 131 spp wh another urngend ting quai cp Elin ander the Hort 2023 Rastnlaftotcmtecerwee Area peal or onmnneton out tts moran 1503 Sontrncs‘or enichops were ye ieee hain ee ‘ean core srpitel The Maghipvao ail thine rated ee ‘ee 7p iemsand sere {Shane parted tl ates sche he bene Cepinton Tipe bdo inguin chal fghipewetar ganna ‘SRD oct that an om 28 ‘cing te pr coord Wingy tum rena foi ton snd weston! poets angromt tania stay oconmec pian Thame enn SE pankidicrecaigwnduteosape horses x Science elevated to cabinet position in government retary of state for digital, culture, MieleDonean, ‘Torn Grinyee, group chief execu- » Anew report by the Institute ls 0 sent to minh That tet mong met Onoda Cock vay 10sec it eange see 2o10.en a 100 senda me The teste mars the ss pao bel stems ming n 147 Tnabows sys sista aus ewan Uae, hier ening tesa "as's ening west eseaitncf tent tere ety ata heb aps inte vars undomning ts agse nc he "beakdnnof ban ane nstatersneaseta ngs ss see sts th aercngtechnges nd aloes! News & Analysis Enter the chatbot revolution ‘Theoretical physicist Matt Hodgson from the University of York talks ‘to Hamish Johnston about the role that large language models, or chatbots, can play in physics {What are arg langage model or chatots? ‘large lnguage modal (LL is ‘jpeotartclimeligence. ego ofthe moda isto generate human liketertinresponseto prompts ‘oer Thicould beantwering ques ‘ions writiige-mallsapd even weit {ngpoore snd stories One LLM th Fas ben making headline recently [ChatGPT ishighiyadancedast letuinedanan entemousameountl ata wth the current vero sing Internet data upto 202, How dou bocome iteresteain chathts? have ben using neural networks ~ stypeot artical intlgence to Untuk althoghnatwhattisdegnedtods Jook at complex mathematical ear Phoietit i¢candobaie mathe. woul abwaye onships Simla chabots learn Heong eyo tae designed for ater. language baedsltionsips and Satesinhdsty cy Woliant Alpha, wht has been recently aware ofthe poten ®t proven tak rcod tia of chathots and specially (ChatGP, thanks tos cllaboctor What abut computer code? eho specializes in AI then began Yer found parca wef or Experimenting with ChatGPT snd ‘wring computer code You could Aidcovered that cou be uf in {Sk ChatGP took ove our ce many daly take id Wenty mistaken I aot Tike having eva tutor who eas ‘Any xamples? spot your miter and tel you howe Tre them fo wt ais sum TDimpeoreyoureode marzealonge-mall i dont have {hetimeto red meshingato Doyou ave any examples? fe aleture and gta portant [as wetting a lecture on solving atleast hat Schridingers equation and T gave bottosummarie in jet couple of the mathemati fot my sha bul pots writen abt or Homo Cat Tand asked tow sconfrnceandi realize actualy ‘Python code tha generates GI Hed 00 characte ot 100, Inswarabe to wnt code ew andifThavletiiothelast mint, econ isnt ht col have ‘anghveittochtbotandsay"nake tenth code sb ste thst 500 character” eons. Consuming, Wha wold hae taken aysreend the ouput justo make ‘me 30 mines before naw theses Sure the chatbot har intrdaced than five mines an saving that ‘nything dost He lime has gen se the opportenity to improve the quality of my lee Can chathts be used for maths? torerandistrodacemoreinteetng Chabot ae anguage-bsed mod ‘ramplestomystdents, dls so you ant enpect itt solve vanced mathematical expres Aro chathots widalyused in Sone: Howcret ths been tine cadens? ‘examples where people have per They arent used as muchas hey formed mathematic derivations show eI fet that we have bee ‘aught off guard ite bt by the ‘explosion of ChatGPT, Wee now lyingcath-up pesto whichistry Ingto protect the cade inegety cofoue course In physic we dont have the same problem that disc pln with more esay wring hve Yetwe aeady deal with advanced tool capable farting the works ght des on a diy basis, Por Bexample, Wolfram Alps has been round fora lng time, sn for 8 yes student that more ic five cheating tal ecase i can per form quite advanced mathemati derivations But we shoud become too complacent snd underestimate ‘ht habs can ds Isitgod or students tus thon? [isrealyimporanttat westreso Courstadens that they have o pac tie fundamental hls beloe they ase something like ChatGPT Understanding the wading con «pts and principe i necestary to he thee oa etetvety and inter ret thee results. Thisisas tre for (estes workssitiformathenats Thatinlodr wring apes sad per forminga itertareteview. Fyouget fs chatbet todo to ou oa netet learawhatagooditertrescvien's Weshoneediothinkandsbot hw ve are ping to change the way we earthing kb reports Do we ow tart lacking at osed book ab reports or do we set higher evel ‘ils s0 were looking fr the dep Alysha chtboteannot dot hate can chatot playin selec pblshing? Tibia there shoulda be aot of ence around this, but gui, we ‘Hoult become to complacent Byery tol designed to make work ror productive and we shoulda ‘ay entely om he fol todo the job, The tol there for people to {cand to create something beyond ‘what they could do without ew ‘hr ould tat Beste hese ‘thot ares acre, oorals ‘might se an enormous increase Uogaspapersthatarewriteneney bchatbs and that ould be eat problem, Youthen rn hii hat the chabot wees the paper andthe shatbt reads the paper and humans tuebypssed ently Like wth any thing fis abused to that extent, sa poblem. a News & Analysis Doyouthinkitsa goodideathat Vie ready _«ilnt ies, but then it fas tobe ing inlsve anguage you could Seretbeenratansa: WOAIRaCY ee epee fut et te asad sy Heemertpeboccrmmneg — SCUNTN — Spndinacdnicoringceimetiinaewabay nth to ocean thay Snbnphysce theses semain wary and tod og ‘used the chatbats? ‘tools capable ity of papers is poor compared to the entirely on the chatbot to do this for Srnec mpucrdihe ofasiting Gallet feu Wel eens SGicisessowiyiheaitmater the waka nulls olanecucltaa pw pysestaoes ral chtbae ohlp Synge tosis hem br you Mremtuetccbi races peed Geeeeraetay —_etendtithesart inde welttoncicboateness 2 We intipa Gacenstabutny eontuboybehecionna ‘dent, saya literature review that's. P@SIS- work, because there is some overlap chet writen A acon Riese ttc tk Aryeh heat Simatic le iRofhintandccattemtearar aor rc thee aed cha edith yond unde Tekh get ange Pieper nsedton weet Stelle Inprving tec tee Tat ey we a he eee Motte wre hnsberct_ sing esol erlainare Ictoppae oie wien dng eee cntseace caso. Sot gets ck tie deseo os ha etl ning chont. eth intone aor Natu tnghd ts opoed he Slalealy ung welt wt they med pring Tea cpa ‘Trp were becuse Kind of erasing pa 1 or ‘iechung: the ncsipot wha MOO peo bebe ago our ‘md chats be a god ter ‘ein Sop yn {Seeopmedent hae Engn ‘incre he seas te Gout tatingaget Coulthrobe vsysueswith tnt athe stent can Ma Thats feo chats Eaotn ego Ws spar thet ape tes Metal yes fu eh to be tsar at eae ‘Necubity fr ents whe oe erties tates theif tc chet Smt) hee bey ert gt SEStomomehtem divine? mpd are fetapbccson clo ‘Slvheberthadouehataqct come Exp ae pee whe oe itr oy tt poe cmmubiate ates ne ott uct fo sane SS ST "fesse some ae Tejon py and did tee Feces Search for gravitational waves resumes after COVID TloosmyetsatActatetin Sty nd austen ed coi Nomnanetate seo ecu nr enka tase ea vet etre fin Tenet berate athe beset eurth-was meant start Ietyear tnt ns pstponed to pment ees ‘gina lays resting om the ‘oMb-1 pane Then lenges ae, 8 ont rent ‘epends eres th ns we obec Tatts aneer a ie pata” Reserbesspotiedtfist ‘tert fart, boc fovtnonatnaein2016tome ‘Ihe unders em snags sectors ate expected SharylocklemerprSaeten _Jxpn cme operat 2019.1 ner orb opeatesprtela ‘other 92 etetonsbnebeen made jane pros run nab 2020 {athe cstngs sed on ho minors terthesbseratinal rns te lest|_ ott cnn asa shat ato "enw entings cre i8 ‘ohio coed nto 2020, tepanene avapeat pase, a Asso ‘ewe ofpgadestht tae been» Wa AORA cures pore ‘att othe he atte anfodeatto ta aedVige —thanVigeandUGDttecting Inmate The wpenmig] ‘eters epsteta dealer pavtatna woes, ts sent ‘lato he sentient be nati oveienstarmerges. lasso proviso deter Ineresed ie th cotngdsiens ‘Weeaspavtateales wee upad RAGRA wi operat ooe fae and then est ases are tetectadanetery chine monhlethe peng abel blng Popre ferth flsing rene Pearson chown Stdoroinprvenets. Ms bepee eating expec abet hold owbeplled py toy. Sat tht KARA enon ferthe th breton, eh Ttepetvalvonssoboittom tenttves monn nxt yea. einen 2026. JapnnsRacaaetosy which” " "Motopeareataocartist ieee eyo wren 202 B Comment physicsworld STE aetna — ‘arnt ont peace Cv ha ope ‘an atnminting ‘inten Sipebeientsan tana Seiten, ‘nts apenas eo za3 Prato ari Scmetiee Pare etm encore esate meee Sa eooeaeot Sa sino mane dn i, ‘womb HOP Publishing PhD blues ‘Taday's Pu studonts face unprocedentod challenges but lack nough support youve ever done PRD in phys, yull know ican be tough experience Youre een the art of eeach and trying to get eal acetic eu frthe fit ten ourcaer There are theories to understand, experimental techniques to master and [Sitar codes ear, You might even be ina dillerent country, coping with new Tanguigeor culture. And then there can be workplace problems to contend with: i fcaltcallegues,uaplesint discrimination and unseen hierarchies. Bul life ae been eapectally hard for[ ‘day's PD sadents whose workchas been Hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. They ve ad fo cope with labs Being shut, expert rent stoping and conact with sper visors and colleagues belng disrupted. 1s Physics Word contributing colons arel Green describes ie pp2l-29), may students have not surprisingly, fallen tehind with thir workand struggled oye ‘enough results Sure, PRDs students have l= Always faced such problems, but they've Teen exacerbated the retictons imposed dung the pandemic ‘Green whois ding PRD inastrophysis, has based her arte not just one own cexperencesbutalso thse ofothersinasinilar postion toher own, Asshe discovered, Some students have simply ben ett sinko swim. Despite the COVID disruption, {nev not necessarily ben given ex money orenough ere ie towne wp thls Ds Andeveniftheyhave received additonal suppor they ve often bat Bight or tne fending or rackit down under heir own eam Stadents fe their problem are ster being ignored or swept under the carpet. Greens article undelines wider eoncerns rete very nature of PADS which were ‘ncescenasadoor into permanent acadencreseuch career for asec bandoftop students These days, however, universes to often see PAD students a frm of| ‘heap labour with nt enough consideration given to the ely tat may wll goon ‘bwork outside academia. What’ worse, PD projects aren always wel thought out rasperised withsomestadents collecting data without proper directo, seucture ‘rlypothess Forthore stent who successfllyampalltherehurdlerandasmitathess, there ‘ze further concerns ofr the nature ofthe PAD vt. Inthe UK, theres stan ‘ed length for this oral exam, while the sobjet knowledge of the examiner an vary Villy fom one student tothe net puting some aa disadvantage through no lt theicown, "Troubles those whoend upin academic posts havea reason to question what went ‘wrong fr those who struged you've gat your PRD, why worry about anyone who Tas? Bul hose who the system has led arin danger abel witha our a tuseintheir mouths, potentially quitingphyskcslhogether, And thatcannotbe god foranyone concerned abot the Ftureofthe subject Matin Da Forni, Pyses Word ‘iinet vcore ance enact Forum The problem with brilliance in physics ‘Amy Smith argues that we need to rethink how we mark achievements in physics Whips dierent from otherscences? ‘While our perception of who does science vebvosdenng at leastin terms of gender ur dealt image of ys emainn ely stack i the pst. Recet stds ave own that we il pict pps ae proplwio are mereianaly bila nare ocklly awkward and let collaborative than thocin oer sent dciplines These stereotypes are not only Wrong they can be damaging ad can een pat rospetivephyacrotadetsffeteingthe ject For those aed inthe el sich ereoypercan make them fa more uncer {ain about the pace ysles loge, But whee d these stereenypes came rom? ‘While the media ae len blamed for carleatured depictions of physi, and Sometins righty sth persatnce ofthe Uulancestereotypernay bedown tous Tone recent sty, undergradate physics students in the UK = along $ide thelr non-pysies peers - decribed ‘Pipseses egeiing moe ilipnce ad Eetgharderthananyothersclene je. Pethape we sould be surprised ven {hat you ned such god geese Hy physics at univers, whieh embeds the ‘otion af piss aan elite sujet and an pio ol forthe very best. Teis no all of phys, bower, that sen a elit. A sty eatied ot in 2020 {und that some py ciples such as tReretica phytcs wee seen a more

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