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BASIC ORTHOPAEDIC SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
CRC Press
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BASIC ORTHOPAEDIC SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION

MANOJ RAMACHANDRAN
with illustrations by Tom Nunn
 Dedication (First edition)
For Joanna.
Everything I do, I do is for you and you only.

Dedication (Second edition)

As always, for my gorgeous wife Joanna but now also for my three
beautiful children, Isabel, Mia and Zac.
 Contents

Contributors
Preface to Second Edition
Preface to First Edition
Foreword to First Edition
Acknowledgements in the First Edition
Abbreviations

1 Statistics
Manoj Ramachandran, Dan Perry, David Little and Fares Haddad

2 Genetics
Peter Calder, Harish Hosalkar and Aresh-Hashemi Nejad

3 Skeletal Embryology and limb growth

Rick Brown, Anish Sangrajka and Deborah Eastwood

4 Orthopaedic Pharmacology
Manoj Ramachandran, Daud Chou and Natasha Rahman

5 Inflammation and Infection

Vikas Khanduja, Sertazniel SinghKang and Manoj Ramachandran

6 Imaging Techniques
Manoj Ramachandran, Dennis Kosuge, Navin Ramachandran and Asif
Saifuddin

7 Orthopaedic Oncology
Nimal Maruthainar, Rej Bhumbra and Steve Cannon

8 Ligament and Tendon

 Cheh-Chin Tai, James Hui and Andy Williams

9 Meniscus
Vijai Ranawat, Patrick Schottel, Anil Ranawat and John Skinner

10 Articular Cartilage
Tim Waters, Nima Heidari and George Bentley

11 Nerve
Mike Fox,Caroline Hing, Sam Heaton and Rolfe Birch

12 Skeletal Muscle
Mike Fox, Steve Key and Simon Lambert

13 Basics of Bone
Peter Bates, Bjarne Moller-Madsen, Ali Noorani and Manoj Ramachandran

14 Bone Injury, Healing and Grafting

Peter Bates, Andrea Yeo and Manoj Ramachandran

15 Intervertebral Disc
Will Aston, Alexander Montgomery and Rajiv Bajekal

16 Basic Concepts in Biomechanics

Manoj Ramachandran and Paul Lee

17 Biomaterial Behaviour
Subhamoy Chatterjee, Toby Baring and Gordon Blunn

18 Biomaterials
Subhamoy Chatterjee, John Stammers and Gordon Blunn

19 Biomechanics and Joint Replacement of the Hip

Mark Mullins, Thomas Youm and John Skinner

20 Biomechanics and Joint Replacement of the Knee

 Alister Hart, Joshua Lee, Richard Carrington and Paul Allen

21 Biomechanics of the Spine

Amir Ali Narvani, Arun Ranganathan, Brian Hsu and Lester Wilson

22 Biomechanics and Joint Replacement of the Shoulder and Elbow

Mark Falworth, Prakash Jayakumar and Simon Lambert

23 Biomechanics of the Hand and Wrist

Nicholas Saw, Livio Di Mascio and David Evans

24 Biomechanics and Joint Replacement of the Foot and Ankle

Rohit Madhav, Amit Amin, Deborah Eastwood and Dishan Singh

25 Friction, Lubrication, Wear and Corrosion

Gurdeep Biring, Iain McNamara, Marcus Bankes, Jay Meswania and Gordon
Blunn

26 Gait
Pramod Achan, Mark Paterson and Fergal Monsell

27 Prosthetics
Manoj Ramachandran, Imad Sedki, Jo Dartnell and Linda Marks

28 Orthotics
Manoj Ramachandran, Kyle James and Lisa Mitchell

29 Inside the Operating Theatre

Manoj Ramachandran, Steve Key and Alan White

30 Basic Science of Osteoarthritis

Chetan Jayadev and Andrew Price

31 Biomechanics of Fracture Fixation

Nick Aresti, Paul Culpan and Peter Bates
Appendix
Common Bone and Joint Disorders
Peter Bates, Prakash Jayakumar and Manoj Ramachandran

Index
 Contributors

Pramod Achan
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Clinical Director
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Paul Allen
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Princess Alexandra Hospital
Essex, UK

Amit Amin
Consultant Foot and Ankle Surgeon
St George’s University Hospital
London, UK

Nick Aresti
Specialty Registrar in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Will Aston
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Honorary Senior Lecturer
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Rajiv Bajekal
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Barnet Hospital
Herts, UK

Marcus Bankes
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Guy’s Hospital
London, UK

Toby Baring
Consultant Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon
Homerton University Hospitals NHS Trust
London, UK

Peter Bates
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Honorary Senior Lecturer
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Professor George Bentley

Emeritus Professor and Director, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal-
Skeletal Science,
University College London
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon (retired),
Royal National Othopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Rej Bhumbra
Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Professor Rolfe Birch

Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon (retired)
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Gurdeep Biring
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Wycombe Hospital
Bucks, UK

Professor Gordon Blunn

Professor of Biomedical Engineering
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Richard Brown
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Cheltenham General Hospital
Gloucester, UK

Peter Calder
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Steve Cannon
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon (retired)
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Richard Carrington
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Joint Reconstruction Unit Lead
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Subhamoy Chatterjee
Consultant Spinal Surgeon
Chase Farm Hospital
Enfield, UK

Daud Chou
Specialty Registrar in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Paul Culpan
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon (Lower Limb and Pelvic and Acetabular
Service)
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Jo Dartnell
Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust
Kent, UK

Deborah Eastwood
Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and Royal National
Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex UK

David Evans
Consultant Hand Surgeon
The Hand Clinic
Berks, UK

Mark Falworth
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital Middlesex, UK

Michael Fox
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Fares Haddad
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Divisional Clinical Director - Surgical Specialties
University College London Hospitals
London, UK

Alister Hart
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK
Sam Heaton
Specialty Registrar in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Nima Heidari
Consultant Foot, Ankle and Limb Reconstruction Surgeon
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Caroline Hing
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
St George’s University Hospitals NHS Trust
London, UK

Harish Hosalkar
Attending Orthopedic Surgeon,
Director, Centre for Hip Preservation and Children’s Orthopedics
California, USA

Brian Hsu
Consultant Spinal Surgeon
Children’s Hospital at Westmead
Sydney, Australia

James Hui
Head, Senior Consultant and Professor
Division of Paediatric Orthopaedics
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
National University Hospital
Singapore

Kyle James
Medical Director and Orthopaedic Surgeon
Beit Cure International Hospital Malawi
and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Trauma Sciences MSc Programme
Queen Mary University of London, UK
Chetan Jayadev
Specialty Registrar in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Prakash Jayakumar
Specialty Registrar in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Steve Key
Specialty Registrar in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Vikas Khanduja
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Associate Lecturer
Addenbrookes Hospital
Cambridge, UK

Dennis Kosuge
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon Princess
Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust
Essex, UK

Simon Lambert
Consultant Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon
University College Hospital
London, UK

Joshua Lee
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon (Lower Limb Service)
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Paul Lee
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon (Lower Limb Service)
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

David Little
Senior Staff Specialist
Department of Orthopaedics
The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Australia
Conjoint Professor Paediatrics and Child Health University of Sydney, Australia

Rohit Madhav
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
London Orthopaedic Surgeons Ltd
The Princess Grace Hospital
London, UK

Linda Marks
Consultant in Rehabilitation Medicine (retired)
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Nimal Maruthainar
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal Free Hospital
London, UK

Livio diMascio
Consultant in Upper Limb and Hand Surgery
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Iain McNamara
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Honorary Professor
The Norfolk and Norwich University
Hospitals NHS Trust
Norwich, UK

Jay Meswania
Department of Biomechanical Engineering
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Lisa Mitchell
Clinical Specialist Orthotist
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
London, UK

Bjarne Moller-Madsen
Consultant and Professor Department of Children’s Orthopaedics
Aarhus University Hospital NBG
Denmark

Fergal Monsell
Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children
Bristol, UK

Alexander Montgomery
Consultant Spinal
Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Mark Mullins
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Morriston Hospital
Swansea, UK

Amir Ali Narvani

Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Ashford and St Peter’s Hospitals
NHS Trust
Surrey, UK
Aresh-Hashemi Nejad
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK
Ali Noorani
Consultant Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgeon (Upper Limb Service)
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Tom Nunn
Consultant Trauma and Orthopaedics Surgeon
Royal Alexandra Hospital
Glasgow, UK

Natasha Rahman
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal Sussex County Hospital
Brighton, UK

Manoj Ramachandran
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Honorary Reader
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Navin Ramachandran
Consultant Radiologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer
University College London Hospitals NHS Trust
London, UK

Anil Ranawat
Associate Attending Orthopedic Surgeon and Associate Professor of Orthopedic
Surgery
Hospital for Special Surgery
New York, USA

Vijai Ranawat
Senior Medical Practitioner
Department of Orthopaedics
The Repatriation General Hospital
Adelaide, Australia

Arun Ranganathan
Consultant Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgeon
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Mark Paterson
Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon (ex)
Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Dan Perry
Senior Lecturer in Orthopaedic
Surgery and Honorary Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Alder Hey Children’s NHS Trust
Liverpool, UK

Andrew Price
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Professor
Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre
Oxford, UK

Asif Saifuddin
Consultant Radiologist
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex UK

Anish Sangrajka
Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
The Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Trust
Norwich, UK

Nicholas Saw
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Princess Alexandra Hospital
Essex, UK

Patrick Schottel
Orthopedic Surgeon and Assistant Professor
The University of Vermont Medical Center
Vermont, USA

Imad Sedki
Consultant in Rehabilitation Medicine
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Dishan Singh
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Sertazniel SinghKang
Consultant Trauma & Orthopaedic
Surgeon and Associate Lecturer
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust
Cambridge, UK

John Skinner
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

John Stammers
Specialty Registrar in Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery Royal London Hospital
London, UK

Cheh-Chin Tai
Hip & Knee Orthopaedic Surgeon
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
University of Malaya
Malaysia

Tim Waters
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Clinical Director for Trauma & Orthopaedics
West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust
Herts, UK
Alan White
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Southend University Hospital
Westcliff-on-Sea, UK

Andrew Williams
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Trust
London, UK

Lester Wilson
Consultant Spinal Surgeon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital
Middlesex, UK

Andrea Yeo
Consultant Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgeon
St George’s University Hospital NHS Trust
London, UK

Thomas Youm
Clinical Assistant Professor and Director of Hip Arthroscopy
NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases
New York, USA
 Preface to the second edition

I am extremely proud to be able to bring you, the reader, the second edition of
the Basic Orthopaedic Sciences book. It has been another labour of love but this
time, I have had constant and incredible help from Tom Nunn who has kept me
going through this process but has also signficantly enhanced the book with his
amazing illustrations. Thanks Tom!
I’ve tried to correct any and all the mistakes from the first edition but if any
creep through, do let me know. There are new chapters and updated concepts
throughout and I hope this book continues to be as comprehensive as the first
was.
You may have noticed that the title of the second edition has been shortened to
Basic Orthopaedic Sciences. This is for two reasons. The first is that all the new
contributors (each chapter has had at least one new contributor added whose job
was to refresh the text, approaching it with new eyes) came from institutions
around the world, which made this book a truly global effort. Therefore, I
wanted to stay away from a title that implied parochialism. Secondly, I have
been a Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon for more than ten years now, primarily
at the Royal London and Barts and The London Children’s Hospitals, Barts
Health NHS Trust in London, England and although the concepts for the second
edition matured during my time here, I still wanted to keep the title general and
not allied to any particular institution.
Finally, I want to thank all the contributors, new and old, for making this book
what it has become and I hope you, the reader, find it helpful for building the
solid foundations of your orthopaedic knowledge and practice.

Manoj Ramachandran
manojorthopod@gmail.com
London 2017
The first edition of this book is legendary, the sacred text of orthopaedic basic
science. I am convinced it is the reason I, and many like me, passed the
FRCS(Tr&Orth).
In the preface to that edition, as here, Manoj suggests the reader send any
feedback they may have in order that he may improve upon the edition. This is
not mere editorial rhetoric. He means it. In 2009 I met Manoj at what was then
the pre-exam revision course based upon his book. I gave my “feedback” on the
diagrams, and a few emails and years later, I found myself entrusted with
reconceptualising and producing pretty much every image in the book.
I am not a formally trained illustrator, I am an orthopaedic surgeon just like
many of you. I do however know the importance of a good diagram and have an
enthusiasm for them and the role they have in the learning process. The English
idiom “a picture paints a thousand words” may often be over used, but here I feel
it is entirely appropriate. Drawings have three main uses as I see it: to aid in the
understanding of a concept, to help in the recollection of that information, and to
allow one to relay that same information quickly and easily when needed (to an
examiner for example). The diagrams I have produced will hopefully deliver on
the first two and I would implore you to not shy away from using them for the
third.
I hope you enjoy this book as much as I have enjoyed helping produce it, and do
send your feedback. Who knows, in another few years, it could be you sitting
here writing an entry for a future edition!

Tom Nunn
tom@nunngeo.com
Glasgow 2017
 Preface to the first edition

How many times have you heard a colleague say, “I once knew everything about
articular cartilage/hip biomechanics/statistics (substitute any orthopaedic basic
science topic here) but I seem to have forgotten the exact details. Anyway,
you’re the one sitting the exam, not me!” Oh, how trainees love to hear those
dulcet tones of encouragement …
I like to think that learning orthopaedic basic sciences is somewhat similar to
learning anatomy at medical school. It is certainly better to have learnt once than
not at all. Equally, it is better to have understood concepts than to have
committed facts to rote memory. Having spouted all these wise words though, I
still feel that there is an awful lot to learn in orthopaedic basic sciences. The aim
of this book is to tease out the pertinent points that are relevant both to exam
situations and day-to-day clinical practice. Although originally conceived with
postgraduate orthopaedic exams in mind, the final text has evolved into a primer
in basic sciences for all health professionals with an interest in orthopaedics,
mainly as a result of the input from all the contributors.
This first edition has drawn from and expanded on the popular “Stanmore Basic
Sciences course” run at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in Middlesex,
UK. The book’s scope and focus were determined by feedback from candidates
on the course and from field-testing at its various stages of development (which
makes it sound much more impressive than it really was!). Ideas such as bold
highlighting of key words and concepts, and the use of only five key references
for further reading, were added along the way. Diagrams have been kept simple
for ease of reproduction as and when required. Although the book is not
exhaustive, and indeed does not claim to be, a working knowledge of the text
should serve the readers well in their journey through the quagmire that is basic
sciences.
Finally, a personal note. I wanted to put together a text that doesn’t insult the
reader by aiming too low and omitting key information. Equally, aiming too high
(as some books do) would be disastrous. I’ve settled for a happy medium. I urge
you, the reader, having read this book, to rest safe in the knowledge that you are
at the higher end of the orthopaedic basic science Gaussian curve. And from this
vantage position, from where you can attack any exam-related or basic science
query, I urge you to send me feedback so I can improve upon this edition and
perhaps even invite you onto the panel of authors on the next one.
Now all you have to do is start by learning how exactly a Gaussian curve is
defined …

Manoj Ramachandran
manojorthopod@gmail.com
London 2006
 Foreword to the first edition

Knowledge of basic science is an essential platform on which to build an

understanding of orthopaedics. It is necessary for day-to-day clinical work,
research, publications and examinations. This book has been developed to cover
the major areas of basic science required by orthopaedic surgeons and all those
associated with musculoskeletal function and dysfunction.
Although it would be impossible to cover every facet of basic science, the
sections are wideranging, from statistics to biomechanics and from
pharmacology to gait analysis. Sections on all the musculoskeletal tissues have
been included, together with sections on the functions of all the joints. Relevant
areas of biomaterials, friction and lubrication, together with the basic tools of
research, including statistics, have also been included in a form that provides the
essence of knowledge required of the trainee.
The majority of the chapters have a junior and senior author. Each senior author
has an expertise in the area covered, while the junior author has provided the
focus required for postgraduate orthopaedic examinations. Each section is well
organized and easy to read and contains a wealth of information essential to the
reader. The viva questions are useful in assessing the reader’s understanding of
the section with an added essential reading section for the examination
candidate.
Basic Orthopaedic Sciences: The Stanmore Guide has been ably edited by
Manoj Ramachandran, Paediatric and Young Adult Fellow on the Stanmore
Rotation, who is to be congratulated in bringing together such a disparate group
of topics, along with the contributors for making many difficult topics so
understandable.
I am sure this book will become a necessary addition to any library for those
requiring information on orthopaedic basic sciences in a concise and readable
form.

George SE Dowd MD MCh(Orth) FRCS

Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon (ex),

Royal Free Hospital, London, UK

 Acknowledgements in the first edition

I’d like to start by thanking all the authors for putting up with my constant
nagging about deadlines. I hope you all think it was worth the effort. The senior
reviewers did a great job too. I must single out Dishan Singh as the book’s
catalyst during its embryonic stages. The conversations we had back in 2002 are
the reason why this book even came into being. In addition, Deborah Eastwood
worked tirelessly (as always!) in the latter stages of the book’s development to
ensure that deadlines were met and people were chased up.
I’d also like to thank and congratulate the team at Hodder Arnold for making this
book happen. Finally, I must thank everyone in my personal life for putting up
with me during my multiple projects. My deepest gratitude though goes to my
wife, Joanna.
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LF206.
Doctor in distress. Rank Organisation Film Productions, Ltd.
England. 102 min., sd., color, 35 mm. © The Rank Organisation Film
Productions, Ltd.; 4Aug63; LF206.

LF207.
The Informers. Rank Organisation Film Productions, Ltd.
England. 105 min., sd., b&w, 35 mm. From the novel, Death of a
snout, by Douglas Warner. © The Rank Organisation Film
Productions, Ltd.; 24Nov63; LF207.

LF208.
Nothing but the night. Charlemagne Productions, Ltd. Released by
Rank Film Distributors, Ltd. England. 90 min., sd., color, 35 mm.
From the novel by John Blackburn. © Rank Film Distributors, Ltd.;
14Jan73 (in notice: 1972); LF208.
 LP
REGISTRATIONS

LP43637.
Herbie rides again. Walt Disney Productions. Distributed by
Buena Vista Distribution Company, Inc. 88 min., sd., color, 35 mm.
Based on a story by Gordon Buford. © Walt Disney Productions;
4Feb74; LP43637.

LP43638.
Modern school mathematics film loops. Primary level. Houghton
Mifflin Company. Made by Davidson Films, Inc. 72 min., si., color,
Super 8 mm. in cartridges. Appl. au.: Houghton Mifflin Company,
employer for hire. © Houghton Mifflin Company; 25Mar74 (in
notice: 1973); LP43638.

LP43639.
Fury river. A Metro Goldwyn Mayer picture. 74 min., sd., color, 35
mm. Based on the novel, Northwest passage, by Kenneth Roberts. ©
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 27Apr61 (in notice: 1958); LP43639.

LP43640.
That’s entertainment! Metro Goldwyn Mayer. 128 min., sd., color,
35 mm. NM: compilation & additions. © Metro Goldwyn Mayer,
Inc.; 17May74; LP43640.

LP43641.
 The Guilty. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 10Sep73; LP43641.

LP43642.
Time of darkness. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 17Sep73; LP43642.

LP43643.
Broken image. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 24Sep73; LP43643.

LP43644.
Impasse. An Alfra production. Produced in association with MGM
TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro Goldwyn
Mayer, Inc.; 1Oct73; LP43644.

LP43645.
Clash of shadows. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 8Oct73; LP43645.

LP43646.
The Casualty. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 22Oct73; LP43646.

LP43647.
Stranger in two worlds. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 29Oct73; LP43647.
LP43648.
Child of violence. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 12Nov73; LP43648.

LP43649.
Woman for hire. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) Add. ti.:
Call girl. © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 19Nov73; LP43649.

LP43650.
A Life at stake. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 26Nov73; LP43650.

LP43651.
Nightmare. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 3Dec73; LP43651.

LP43652.
Deadly game. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 10Dec73; LP43652.

LP43653.
Web of intrigue. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 7Jan74; LP43653.

LP43654.
 Trial by knife. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 14Jan74; LP43654.

LP43655.
A Choice of evils. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 21Jan74; LP43655.

LP43656.
No escape. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 28Jan74; LP43656.

LP43657.
Dark warning. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 11Feb74; LP43657.

LP43658.
The Girl from bedlam. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 18Feb74; LP43658.

LP43659.
The Spectre. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 25Feb74; LP43659.

LP43660.
The Enemies. An Alfra production. Produced in association with
MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 4Mar74; LP43660.
LP43661.
The Conspirators. An Alfra production. Produced in association
with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro
Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 11Mar74; LP43661.

LP43662.
The World’s a balloon. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 25Mar74; LP43662.

LP43663.
Hexed. An Alfra production. Produced in association with MGM
TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical Center) © Metro Goldwyn
Mayer, Inc.; 1Apr74; LP43663.

LP43664.
Appointment with danger. An Alfra production. Produced in
association with MGM TV. 60 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Medical
Center) © Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Inc.; 15Apr74; LP43664.

LP43665.
Dear Kurt. Bob Cihi Productions, Inc. Released by Weston Woods.
24 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Weston Woods a.a.d.o. Weston Woods
Studios, Inc.; 15Sep73; LP43665.

LP43666.
Alcohol: the choice. Cathedral Films production. 15 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. Prev. pub. 1Feb74, LP43127. NM: revision & additions.
© Cathedral Films, Inc.; 1Jun74; LP43666.

LP43667.
 The House construction home movie. Professional Films, Inc. &
Silo Cinema, Inc. 11 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Silo Cinema, Inc.;
1Jan72; LP43667.

LP43668.
Your new job. Sandler International Films, Inc. 10 min., si., color,
Super 8 mm. in cartridge. (Bryant and Stratton vocational aids)
Appl. au.: Sandler Institutional Films, Inc. © Bryant and Stratton
Business Institute, Inc.; 22Nov72; LP43668.

LP43669.
What do we look like to others? Sandler International Films, Inc.
10 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. (Bryant and Stratton
vocational aids) Appl. au.: Sandler Institutional Films, Inc. © Bryant
and Stratton Business Institute, Inc.: 22Nov72; LP43669.

LP43670.
I want to work for your company. Sandler International Films, Inc.
10 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. (Bryant and Stratton
vocational aids) Appl. au.: Sandler Institutional Films, Inc. © Bryant
and Stratton Business Institute, Inc.; 22Nov72; LP43670.

LP43671.
What is business? Sandler International Films, Inc. 10 min., si.,
color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge. (Bryant and Stratton vocational
aids) Appl. au.: Sandler Institutional Films, Inc. © Bryant and
Stratton Business Institute, Inc.; 22Nov72; LP43671.

LP43672.
Person to person, making communications work for you. Sandler
International Films, Inc. 10 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. in cartridge.
(Bryant and Stratton vocational aids) Appl. au.: Sandler Institutional
Films, Inc. © Bryant and Stratton Business Institute, Inc.; 22Nov72;
LP43672.
LP43673.
Birds of a feather. Stephen Bosustow Productions. 6 min., sd.,
color, 16 mm. Based on the book by Willi Baum. © Stephen
Bosustow Productions; 1Sep72; LP43673.

LP43674.
The Magic tree. Landmark Productions, Inc. Distributed by
Texture Films, Inc. 10 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (African folklore
series) © Landmark Productions, Inc., a division of Landmark
Educational Media, Inc.; 1Nov70; LP43674.

LP43675.
Anansi the spider. Landmark Educational Media, Inc. Distributed
by Texture Films, Inc. 10 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (African folklore
series) © Gerald McDermott Films, Inc.; 1Jun69; LP43675.

LP43676.
Black, white, gray. Thomas B. Barker. 6 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(With The Animated dead) © Thomas B. Barker; 21Mar72; LP43676.

LP43677.
The Animated dead. Thomas B. Barker. 6 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(With Black, white, gray) © Thomas B. Barker; 21Mar72; LP43677.

LP43678.
Welcome to Arrow Beach. A Brut presentation from Warner
Brothers. 99 min., sd., color, 33 mm. © Brut Productions, Inc.;
22May74 (in notice: 1973); LP43678.

LP43679.
The Bank shot. A Landers-Roberts production. Released by United
Artists. 83 min., sd., color, 35 mm., Panavision. From the novel by
Donald E. Westlake. © United Artists Corporation; 22May74;
LP43679.

LP43680.
Close that sale. Roundtable Productions, Inc. 13 min., sd., color, 16
mm. © Roundtable Productions, Inc.; 2Apr74; LP43680.

LP43681.
Conflict. Roundtable Productions, Inc. 33 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
© Roundtable Productions, Inc.; 2Apr74; LP43681.

LP43682.
Goggles. Weston Woods Studios, Inc. 6 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
Based on the book by Ezra Jack Keats. © Weston Woods Studies,
Inc.; 20Mar74; LP43682.

LP43683.
Attic of the wind. Weston Woods Studios, Inc. 6 min., sd., color, 16
mm. Based on the book by Doris Herold Lund. © Weston Woods
Studios, Inc.; 20Mar74; LP43683.

LP43684.
Tikki tikki tembo. Weston Woods Studios, Inc. 9 min., sd., color,
16 mm. Based on the book by Arlene Mosel. © Weston Woods
Studios, Inc.; 20Mar74; LP43684.

LP43685.
Luther. American Express Films, Inc. & the Ely Landau
Organization, Inc. in association with Cinevision, Ltee. Released by
AFT Distributing Corporation. 112 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Based on
the stage play by John Osborne. © AFT Distributing Corporation;
21Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43685.
LP43686.
Butley. American Express Films, Inc. & the Ely Landau
Organization, Inc. in association with Cinevision, Ltee. Released by
AFT Distributing Corporation. 130 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Based on
the stage play by Simon Gray. © AFT Distributing Corporation;
21Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43686.

LP43687.
Rhinoceros. American Express Films, Inc. & the Ely Landau
Organization, Inc. in association with Cinevision, Ltee. Released by
AFT Distributing Corporation. 104 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Based on
the stage play by Eugene Ionesco. © AFT Distributing Corporation;
21Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43687.

LP43688.
Lost in the stars. American Express Films, Inc. & the Ely Landau
Organization, Inc. in association with Cinevision, Ltee. Released by
AFT Distributing Corporation. 99 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Based on
the stage play by Kurt Weill & Maxwell Anderson & upon Alan
Paton’s Cry the beloved country. © AFT Distributing Corporation;
21Jan74 (in notice: 1973); LP43688.

LP43689.
Circle of love. Audio-Visual Specialties, Inc. 27 min., sd., color, 16
mm. Appl. au: American Temperance Society. © American
Temperance Society; 1Jun74; LP43689.

LP43690.
A Firefly named Torchy. Xerox Films. Made by Stephen Bosustow
Productions. 8 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Desire to read) Based upon
the book by Bernard Waber. © Xerox Corporation; 14Jul72;
LP43690.

LP43691.
 The Peasant’s pea patch. Xerox Films. Made by Stephen Bosustow
Productions. 8 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Desire to read) From the
translation by Guy Daniels. © Xerox Corporation; 23Jun72;
LP43691.

LP43692.
The World’s greatest freak show. Xerox Films. Made by Stephen
Bosustow Productions. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Desire to read)
Based on the book by Ellen Raskin. © Xerox Corporation; 16May72;
LP43692.

LP43693.
The Seventh mandarin. Xerox Films. Made by Stephen Bosustow
Productions. 13 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Desire to read) Based on the
book by Jane Yollen. © Xerox Corporation; 10Nov72; LP43693.

LP43694.
The Strange story of a frog who became a prince. Xerox Films.
Made by Stephen Bosustow Productions. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Desire to read) Add. ti: The Strange story of the frog who became a
prince. Based upon the book by Elinor Landor Horwitz. © Xerox
Corporation; 20Apr72; LP43694.

LP43695.
Quality, a constant search. Program aids library 42. National
Association of Purchasing Management, Purchasing Techniques
Committee. Made by The National Association of Purchasing
Management, Inc. 18 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (How to buy quality) ©
The N.A.P.M. Purchasing Techniques Committee; 1Jun73; LP43695.

LP43696.
The Little mermaid. The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc.
Produced in association with Potterton Productions, Inc. 25 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. Based on a story by Hans Christian Andersen. ©
The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc.; 4Feb74 (in notice: 1973);
LP43696.

LP43697.
They steal cars, don’t they? Universal City Studios, Inc. & Stacey
Productions, Ltd. Produced in association with Donlee Productions.
Distributed by MCA-TV. 26 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (The Partners)
© Universal City Studios, Inc. & Stacey Productions, Ltd.; 7Jan72 (in
notice: 1971); LP43697.

LP43698.
In case of emergency, notify Clint Eastwood. Universal City
Studios, Inc. Distributor: MCA-TV. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
(Jigsaw) © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 1Mar73 (in notice: 1972);
LP43698.

LP43699.
Kiss the dream goodbye. Universal City Studios, Inc. Distributor:
MCA-TV. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Jigsaw) Based on the novel,
Thin air, by Howarde Browne. © Universal City Studios, Inc.;
15Feb73; LP43699.

LP43700.
Girl on the run. Universal City Studios, Inc. Distributor: MCA-TV.
53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Jigsaw) From a story by John Thomas
James. © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 22Feb73; LP43700.

LP43701.
To stalk the night. Universal City Studios, Inc. Distributor: MCA-
TV. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Jigsaw) © Universal City Studios,
Inc.; 30 Nov 72; LP43701.

LP43702.
 A Badge on fire. Universal City Studios, Inc. Distributor: MCA-TV.
53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Jigsaw) © Universal City Studios, Inc.;
21Sep72; LP43702.

LP43703.
The Bradley affair. Universal City Studios, Inc. Distributor: MCA-
TV. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Jigsaw) © Universal City Studios,
Inc.; 2Nov72; LP43703.

LP43704.
Finder’s fee. Universal City Studios, Inc. Distributor: MCA-TV. 53
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Jigsaw) © Universal City Studios, Inc.;
21Dec72; LP43704.

LP43705.
Hard time. Universal City Studios, Inc. Distributor: MCA-TV. 53
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Jigsaw) © Universal City Studios, Inc.;
12Oct72; LP43705.

LP43706.
Buddy, can you spare a life? Pt. 1–2. A Harbour-UTV production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 106 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Ironside) ©
Harbour-UTV; 6Nov72; LF43706.

LP43707.
The Snoop Sisters. A Universal Studios presentation. Distributor:
MCA-TV. 53 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (World premiere) Appl. au:
Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 16Dec72;
LP43707.

LP43708.
Tenafly. A Universal Studios production. 80 min., sd., color, 35
mm. (World premiere) Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. ©
Universal City Studios, Inc.; 12Feb73 (in notice: 1972); LP43708.

LP43709.
Magic carpet. Westward Productions. Distributor: MCA-TV. 106
min., sd., color, 35 mm. (World premiere) © Westward Productions;
4Nov72 (in notice: 1971); LP43709.

LP43710.
The Judge and Jake Wyler. Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 106 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (World premiere)
Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City Studios, Inc.;
25Nov72; LP43710.

LP43711.
Let’s hear it for a living legend. Universal City Studios, Inc.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (Banacek) Created
by Anthony Wilson. © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 13Sep72;
LP43711.

LP43712.
The Devil and Miss Sarah. A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Movie of the
weekend) Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 1Dec71; LP43712.

LP43713.
The Adventures of Nick Carter. A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16mm. (Movie of the
weekend) (The Movie of the week) Based on the character Nick
Carter. Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 20Feb72; LP43713.

LP43714.
 See the man run. A Universal Studios production. Distributor:
MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Movie of the weekend) Appl.
au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City Studios, Inc.;
9Dec71; LP43714.

LP43715.
The Birdmen. A Universal Studios production. Produced in
association with Silverton Productions, Inc. Distributor: MCA-TV.
80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Movie of the weekend) (The Movie of the
week) Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 16Sep71; LP43715.

LP43716.
The Screaming woman. A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Tuesday movie of
the week) (Movie of the weekend) Based on the short story by Ray
Bradbury. Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 27Jan72; LP43716.

LP43717.
A Little game. A Universal Studios production. Distributor: MCA-
TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Movie of the week) (Movie of
the weekend) From the novel by Fielden Farrington. Appl. au:
Universal city Studios, Inc. © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 28Oct71;
LP43717.

LP43718.
Duel. A Universal Studios production. Distributor: MCA-TV. 80
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Wednesday movie of the week) (Movie of
the weekend) Based on Richard Matheson’s published story. Appl.
au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City Studios, Inc.;
13Nov71; LP43718.

LP43719.
 The Astronaut. A Universal Studios production. Produced in
association with Silverton Productions, Inc. Distributor: MCA-TV.
80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Movie of the week) (Movie of the
weekend) Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 6Jan72; LP43719.

LP43720.
The Deadly dream. A Universal Studios production. Distributor:
MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Movie of the week) (Movie
of the weekend) Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal
City Studios, Inc.; 22Sep71; LP43720.

LP43721.
Death takes a holiday. A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Movie of the
weekend) Based upon a play written by Alberto Casella. Appl. au:
Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 20Oct71;
LP43721.

LP43722.
The Hound of Baskervilles. A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Movie of the
week) (Movie of the weekend) Based on the novel by Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle. Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 12Feb72; LP43722.

LP43723.
The Failing of Raymond. A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Movie of the
week) (Movie of the weekend) Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc.
© Universal City Studios, Inc.; 25Nov71; LP43723.

LP43724.
 A Very missing person. A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Movie of the
week) (Movie of the weekend) From the novel, Hildegarde Withers
makes the scene, by Stuart Palmer & Fletcher Flora. Appl. au:
Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City Studios, Inc.; 4Mar72;
LP43724.

LP43725.
What’s a nice girl like you? A Universal Studios production.
Distributor: MCA-TV. 80 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (The Movie of the
week) (Movie of the weekend) From the novel, Shirley, by E. V.
Cunningham. Appl. au: Universal City Studios, Inc. © Universal City
Studios, Inc.; 16Dec71; LP43725.

LP43726.
The Dogfather. A DePatie-Freleng production. Produced in
association with the Mirisch-Cinema Company, Inc. Distributed by
United Artists. 7 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (Dogfather series) ©
United Artists Corporation; 27Jun74; LP43726.

LP43727.
Strange on the range. A DePatie-Freleng production. Produced in
association with the Mirisch-Cinema Company, Inc. Distributed by
United Artists. 7 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (Hoot Kloot) © United
Artists Corporation; 17Apr74 (in notice: 1973); LP43727.

LP43728.
The Badge and the beautiful. A DePatie-Freleng production.
Produced in association with the Mirisch-Cinema Company, Inc.
Distributed by United Artists. 7 min., sd., color, 35 mm. (Hoot Kloot)
© United Artists Corporation; 17Apr74 (in notice: 1973); LP43728.

LP43729.
 Running wild. A C.V.I., Ltd.-Communicating Ventures
International production & Golden Circle Films, Ltd. 103 min., sd.,
color, 35 mm. © Golden Circle Films, Ltd.; 31Jul73; LP43729.

LP43730.
The Parallax view. Gus Productions, Inc. & Paramount Pictures
Corporation. Produced in association with Harbor Productions, Inc.
& Doubleday Productions, Inc. 102 min., sd., color, 35 mm.,
Panavision. Based upon the novel by Loren Singer. © Paramount
Pictures Corporation; 19Apr74; LP43730.

LP43731.
Josephine Baker at the Folies-Bergere. Folies-Bergere. 9 min., sd.,
b&w, 16 mm. © Film Archives Company; 14Nov73; LP43731.

LP43732.
White dawn. Paramount Pictures Corporation. 109 min., sd., color,
35 mm. Based on the novel by James Houston. Appl. au: Global
Production Services & Martin Ransohoff Productions. © American
Film Properties; 10May74; LP43732.

LP43733.
Death wish. Dino De Laurentiis Corporation. Released by
Paramount Pictures Corporation. 93 min., sd., color, 35 mm. From
the novel by Brian Garfield. © Dino De Laurentiis Corporation;
17Jul74; LP43733.

LP43734.
Dirty Mary, crazy Larry. Academy Pictures Corporation. Released
by Twentieth Century-Fox Film corporation. 92 min., sd., color, 35
mm. Based on the novel, The Chase, by Richard Unekis. © Twentieth
Century-Fox Film Corporation; 2Jul74; LP43734.