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Coastal Research Library 24
Camilo M. Botero
Omar Cervantes
Charles W. Finkl Editors
Beach
Management
Tools - Concepts,
Methodologies
and Case Studies
Coastal Research Library
Volume 24
Series Editor
Charles W. Finkl
Department of Geosciences
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
The aim of this book series is to disseminate information to the coastal research
community. The Series covers all aspects of coastal research including but not
limited to relevant aspects of geological sciences, biology (incl. ecology and coastal
marine ecosystems), geomorphology (physical geography), climate, littoral
oceanography, coastal hydraulics, environmental (resource) management,
engineering, and remote sensing. Policy, coastal law, and relevant issues such as
conflict resolution and risk management would also be covered by the Series. The
scope of the Series is broad and with a unique cross-disciplinary nature. The Series
would tend to focus on topics that are of current interest and which carry some
import as opposed to traditional titles that are esoteric and non-controversial.
Monographs as well as contributed volumes are welcomed.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8795

Camilo M. Botero • Omar Cervantes
Charles W. Finkl
Editors
Beach Management
Tools - Concepts,
Methodologies
and Case Studies
Editors
Camilo M. Botero Omar Cervantes
School of Law Facultad de Ciencias Marinas
Universidad Sergio Arboleda Universidad de Colima
Santa Marta, Colombia Manzanillo, Mexico
Charles W. Finkl
Coastal Education and Research Foundation
(CERF)
Fletcher, NC, USA
Department of Geosciences
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, FL, USA
ISSN 2211-0577 ISSN 2211-0585 (electronic)

Coastal Research Library
ISBN 978-3-319-58303-7 ISBN 978-3-319-58304-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58304-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955424
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
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Foreword
We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches.
(Speech to the House of Commons, 4 June 1940, by Winston Churchill)
The Stratton Commission (1969) presented US Congress with a report in the field
of coastal management, and this eventually culminated in the US Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1973. This act was a baseline in preserving and developing US
coastal communities and resources where they were under the highest pressure, and
it marked the commencement of coastal management programs in the USA. Since
then the subject has gone global. Currently it is being subsumed into the area of
marine spatial planning. The Rio Summit (3–14 June 1992) provided a big impetus
to the subject; for example, with respect to the Mediterranean Sea, the revised
Barcelona Convention (1995) introduced the second phase of the Mediterranean
Action Plan, which was followed by a European Union-funded Demonstration
Programme on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (CZM; 1995) and imple-
mented a year later. This aimed to provide technical information regarding the sus-
tainability in CZM and to provide a stimulus among the European actors in this
discipline. The end result of the above has been a plethora of global research activi-
ties, from which many tools and instruments varying from simple to extremely
sophisticated have evolved, together with diverse approaches, e.g., “community/
ecosystem based” and the Japanese “satoumi.” From this background, a subset of
coastal management emerged, the one we call beach management.
The management of beaches is essentially looked at from an anthropogenic
viewpoint, as, without any help, nature has managed beaches for countless millen-
niums, erosion and deposition being constant processes along shorelines. Beaches
are part of the complex dynamic coastal system, and man enters the system by, for
example, the insertion of a coastal defense protection structure which alters the
water/land dynamics, such as river dams which cut off sediment input to beaches.
One of the criteria for the establishment of national parks is usually the superb natu-
ral scenery that exists within their boundaries, but the magnificent Seven Waves
Bay, located in Tayrona National Natural Park in Colombia, has its beach draped in
v
vi Foreword
a mosaic of litter items, including logs, fishing gear, and the ubiquitous plastics – all
having an anthropogenic origin. The quote given above by Churchill might be apt
for the fight against litter, but this is but one of a large item list that beach managers
have to tackle. Bascom (1964, 1), in his classic book, posed the question, “is there
anyone who can watch without fascination the struggle for supremacy between sea
and land?” At this junction, the many varieties of world beaches that come in a
variety of guises are found. Beach Management Tools gives an exemplary account
of the many and diverse ways in which sound management of this priceless asset
may be achieved.
The book is divided into two sections (24 and 24 selected papers, respectively),
the first covering general management tools and the second dealing with specific
management tools. Parts I–III of the first section cover papers relating to tools
within ecosystems (8 papers), geomorphology (8 papers), and risk (8 papers), while
Parts IV–VII of the second section cover innovation (5 papers), governance (9
papers), environmental quality (5 papers), and users’ perception (5 papers). A dip
into the contents of these two sections reveals an amazing diversity of countries,
e.g., Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, the US East Coast,
Morocco, Italy, India, and Costa Rica, to name but a few. This is eclipsed by the
sheer eclectic variety of what is involved in the term “beach management”; exam-
ples of topics covered are governance, models, dunes, recreation, perception, fuzzy
logic, morphodynamics, waves, remote sensing, perception, and health, to name but
a few, all authored by some of the main authorities within the country concerned.
Whew, a veritable feast! Beach Management Tools is needed for many diverse rea-
sons, as the term has many interpretations, i.e., what is the purpose of managing a
beach, e.g., is it for recreation, conservation, preservation, fishing, ramblers, and
liaison with farmers? The list is endless. This book provides a holistic viewpoint
that encompasses the bulk of the myriad issues that face such managers. The incor-
poration of coastal scientists and experienced managers makes for a rock-solid
foundation encompassing ideas, and the book reader will benefit from viewing the
approaches that have been impressively demonstrated by examples from the host of
countries on display.
This scholarly work is an excellent book and one that should be in a prime posi-
tion on the bookshelves of any serious coastal practitioner/academic. However man-
agement is viewed, I leave the last words as an apt quote from one of the world’s
greatest poet-dramatists (Shakespeare) because the shoreline, where beaches may
be found, is an area where sometimes the “rocky shore beats back the envious siege/
Of watery Neptune,” but occasionally anthropogenic help in the form of sound
beach management is needed!
Swansea, Wales, UK Allan Williams

Foreword vii
References
Barcelona Convention (1995) The Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Marine
Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean. ec.europa.eu/environment/
marine/.../regional...conventions/barcelona-convention/ind...
Bascom W (1964) Waves and beaches. Anchor Books, New York, 260 pp
E.C. (1995) European Union funded Demonstration Programme on Integrated Coastal Zone
Management. ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/demopgm.htm
Rio summit (1992) www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html
Shakespeare, W.S. Richard II, Act 11, scene 1
The Stratton Commission (1969) The model for change in National Policy, 6 pp
US Coastal Zone Management Act (1973) NOAH, Office for Coastal Management,
UDGovy.https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/ac
Preface
Beaches are one of the most intensely used coastal ecosystems, and they are respon-
sible for more than a half of tourism incomes in the world. However, their manage-
ment in several cases is not supported in techniques specifically designed for current
beaches, usually pressured by massive tourism, traditional fishermen, environmen-
tal activists, and real estate speculators, all interested in the same common and wor-
thy good. Beaches have three dimensions, as what Ariza et al. (2010) state, all of
them equally important and complex. First of all, beaches are ecosystems with all
ecological functions and structure of any other coastal ecosystem and several times
with strong links to dunes, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs. Secondly, beaches
are the most natural defense to extreme climate events, protecting inland areas and
recovering itself as an example of resilience. Finally, beaches are the most valuable
unit of production over any ecosystem in the world. Several studies have demon-
strated that a square meter of beach could produce up to 12,000 euros per year and
have an inestimable value for local communities and their traditions. Therefore,
managing this very complex and worthy coastal system should be done with right
and powerful tools.
Although several authors describe beach management as a type of coastal man-
agement, the truth is that the majority of ICZM strategies and tools are not suitable
to a microlocal scale of beaches. When a coastal manager has to deal with chal-
lenges on the beach, he/she needs more than a policy cycle described by GESAMP
(1996); beach managers need fast and simple tools to face daily situations. An over-
view of beach management tools could include carrying capacity, beach nourish-
ment, environmental and tourism awards (like Blue Flag and others), bathing water
quality, functional zoning, beach typologies, quality indexes, users’ perception,
interdisciplinary and citizenship monitoring, coastal legislation, shore protection,
social and economic indicators, ecosystem services, and coastal governance (applied
in beach’s case studies), among others. Many of these tools are described and ana-
lyzed in this book.
From a scientific perspective, there are several efforts to understand beaches
from disciplines, mainly natural sciences and engineering; however beach managers
need tools to face interdisciplinary challenges. Therefore, this book seeks to show
ix
x Preface
the best knowledge about tools that reach a wide range of solutions for problems
like coastal erosion, tourist development, urban growth, and local conflicts, just to
define some of them. This book is divided in two sections. The first section is related
to general tools to manage beaches, such as ecosystem services, coastal modeling,
or geographical techniques. This first section has three parts: (a) Ecosystem
Management, (b) Geomorphology, and (c) Risk Assessment. Meanwhile, the sec-
ond section is focused on specific tools designed for beach management, such as
certification schemes, microbiological indicators, or users’ preferences. This second
section has four parts: (a) Innovative Tools, (b) Governance, (c) Environmental
Quality, and (d) Users’ Perception. This distribution of sections and parts seeks to
make it easy for readers to find chapters about tools with similar approaches, even
though several chapters have links with others within the book.
A special feature of this book is the first chapter of each of the seven parts. We,
as editors, did a state of the art of every topic related to the chapter’s title, to give the
readers a context of the groups of tools presented by the authors. In consequence,
this exercise is wider than deeper, without entry into detailed descriptions or exhaus-
tive lists. All state of the art were done with the same tool called tree of science,
which allows to create a diagram of literature related to any topic (Robledo et al.
2014). This tool uses graph theory to measure three variables of linking: input
grade, intermediation, and output grade. References with high input grade and zero
output grade are called roots and show the first publications in the topic; publica-
tions with a high degree of intermediation are termed trunk, and they are strong
references for several papers; and finally, articles having a high output rating and a
zero input rating are referred to as leaves, which show a perspective of the topics
and subtopics developing.
Part I, included within the first section, contains eight chapters that are examples
of beaches as units we need to protect through an ecosystem-based approach.
Chapter 1 (“State-of-the-Art Beach Ecosystem Management from the Tree of
Science Platform”), by Omar Cervantes, Camilo M. Botero, and Charles W. Finkl,
shows a robust tree of science with two roots, three trunks, and four leaves high-
lighted. Chapter 2 (“A DEcision MAking [DEMA] Tool to Be Used in Ecosystem-
Based Management System [EBMS] Applications”), by Rafael Sardá and Juan
Pablo Lozoya Azcárate, features a new tool for beach management called DEMA,
which is based on an ecosystem-based management system for decision-making
process. Authors merge in this tool techniques from risk assessment, ecosystem
services, and uncertainty assumption. Chapter 3 (“Dune System Restoration in
Osório Municipality [Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]: Good Practices Based on Coastal
Management Legislation”), by Luana Portz, Rogério P. Manzolli, and Javier
Alcántara-Carrió, discusses the implementation of a coastal management plan in
Osório Municipality (north of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) for the restoration of the
foredune. This example is a demonstration of good practices of dune management
plans and also a warning to promote the legal protection of foredunes which protect
also beaches. Chapter 4 (“Environmental Analysis and Classification of Coastal
Sandy Systems of the Dominican Republic”), by Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar, José
Ángel Martin-Prieto, Antonio Rodríguez-Perea, and Oliver Olivo Batista, calculates
Preface xi
the vulnerability index and the management measures in 99 beach-dune systems of

the Dominican Republic. This work demonstrates the risk of beach erosion and
ecosystem degradation to which the most visited insular tourist destination in the
Caribbean is currently exposed. Chapter 5 (“Environmental Services of Beaches
and Coastal Sand Dunes as a Tool for Their Conservation”), by Natalia Rodríguez-
Revelo, Ileana Espejel, Concepción Arredondo García, Lina Ojeda-Revah, and
María Alejandra Sánchez Vázquez, illustrates the importance of ecosystem services
for beach management in Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Authors evaluate 350
selected papers with explicit and implicit mentions to ecosystem services, to con-
clude which of them are more quoted in scientific literature. Chapter 6 (“Evolutional
Trends and the Current Management of the Beach-Dune Systems Along the Western
Polish Coast [Southern Baltic Sea]”), by Leszek Kaszubowski, refers to Świna Gate
Spit (western coast of Poland) to describe the evolutional trends and current man-
agement of a beach-dune system. Through several images and calculation of an
index, the author compares the attractiveness of seaside resorts for tourists in a rela-
tively straightforward manner. Chapter 7 (“Recreational Beaches as Factors of
Involvement in a Coral Community: Colima Case Study”), by Marco A. Liñán-
Cabello and Jesús Emilio Michel-Morfin, analyzes how a coral community in the
central Pacific coast of Mexico is affected by pressures generated in the surrounding
recreational beaches in the area. Several negative ecological impacts are showed,
reinforcing claims for an ecosystem-based management of tourist and recreational
activities. Chapter 8 (“Spatially Explicit Models in Local Dynamics Analysis: The
Potential Natural Vegetation [PNV] as a Tool for Beach and Coastal Management”),
by Francisco Gutierres, Pedro Gomes, Jorge Rocha, and Ana Cláudia Teodoro,
applies the concept of potential natural vegetation in two study areas of Portugal, to
demonstrate the power of this approach for habitat restoration. Two Natura 2000
network areas were analyzed in this chapter.
Part II contains eight chapters which revolve around geomorphology and its use-
fulness for beach management. Chapter 9 (“State-of-the-Art Beach Geomorphology
from the Tree of Science Platform”), by Omar Cervantes, Camilo M. Botero, and
Charles W. Finkl, shows a robust and balanced tree of science with three papers in
roots, three in trunk, and three in leaves. This tree demonstrates how strongly
research about geomorphology is related with beach management. Chapter 10 (“A
Hybrid CA-ANN-Fuzzy Model for Simulating Coastal Changing Patterns”), by
Jorge Rocha, Francisco Gutierres, Pedro Gomes, and Ana Cláudia Teodoro, posits a
method to simulate both the coastline and the land use/cover evolution, by coupling
cellular automata (CA) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network
(ANN) with fuzzy set theory (CA-ANN-Fuzzy) in a GIS environment. The method
proposed by the authors predicts high shoreline drawbacks, with an overall accuracy
of 86% (14% of error in 60 years). Chapter 11 (“Assessing Shoreline Change Rates
in Mediterranean Beaches”), by Fernando J. Aguilar, Ismael Fernández, Manuel
A. Aguilar, and Andrés M. García Lorca, assesses shoreline rates in a heavily
human-influenced coastal sector of the Mediterranean coast at Almeria Province,
Spain. This study case combines two kinds of sources to derive shoreline positions:
(i) digitizing the high water line (HWL) through orthoimage interpretation and
xii Preface
(ii) automatically extracting a contour level from a LiDAR-derived coastal elevation

model (CEM). Chapter 12 (“Florida and US East Coast Beach Change Metrics
Derived from LiDAR Data Utilizing ArcGIS Python-Based Tools”), by Quin
Robertson, Lauren Dunkin, Zhifei Dong, Jennifer Wozencraft, and Keqi Zhang,
investigates coastal metrics for almost 3,300 km of US coastline, between two time
periods, with an innovative toolbox called JALBTCX. This study mixes LiDAR
images with Python language and ArcGIS tools. Chapter 13 (“From Sediment
Movement to Morphodynamic Changes, Useful Information from the Modeling
World to the Beach Management Practice”), by Isaac Azuz-Adeath, Norma Muñoz-
Sevilla, and Alejandra Cortés-Ruíz, reviews empirical and numerical models ema-
nating from the coastal engineering arena that can be useful in the practice of local
beach management. Background for this work stems from the fact that beaches
respond in several time and space scales to physical phenomena like wind, waves,
tides, storm surges, littoral currents, river discharges, and sea level rise. Chapter 14
(“Mexican Beach Sands: Composition and Vulnerability”), by Arturo Carranza-
Edwards and Leticia Rosales-Hoz, highlights the importance of knowing the varia-
tions that control beach characteristics, by analyzing several examples in more than
11,000 km of Mexican coastline. Chapter 15 (“Nourishing Tourist Beaches”), by
Enzo Pranzini, Giorgio Anfuso, and Camilo M. Botero, deals with the challenges
and opportunities of beach nourishment, through several examples around the
world. Special attention is given to sand color, as an important parameter rarely
included in nourishment projects. Chapter 16 (“The Morphodynamics Behavior of
a Cross-Shore Sandbar in a Microtidal Environment, Anjos Cove, Arraial do Cabo,
Rio de Janeiro – Brazil”), by João Wagner Alencar Castro, investigates the evolution
of an offshore sandbar located off Anjos cove, Rio de Janeiro, within a time span of
55 years. After several quantifications and analysis, the author concludes that if the
same deposition condition is preserved, the formation of a barrier island in the sand-
bar area will be expected.
Part III is composed of eight chapters, which deal with the examples and tech-
niques of risk assessment on beach environments. Chapter 17 (“State-of-the-Art
Risk Assessment on Beaches from the Tree of Science Platform”), by Omar
Cervantes, Camilo M. Botero, and Charles W. Finkl, describes current patterns of
research in risk assessment, through a growing tree of science. The tree, with several
leaves, shows a wide spectrum of recent studies which link risk assessment and
beach management issues. Chapter 18 (“Assessment of Potential Impacts in Tourism
of the Increase in the Average Sea Level”), by Pedro Gomes, Francisco Gutierres,
Jorge Rocha, and Ana Cláudia Teodoro, proposes an approach for assessing poten-
tial impacts of increase in average sea level to tourism in a coastal area. Tripartite
methodology was designed and applied to a case study on the beach of São Jacinto,
in Aveiro, at the Portuguese coast. Chapter 19 (“Beach Management Practices and
Occupation Dynamics: An Agent-Based Modeling Study for the Coastal Town of
Nags Head, NC, USA”), by Ayse Karanci, Liliana Velasquez-Montoya, Juan
F. Paniagua-Arroyave, Peter N. Adams, and Margery F. Overton, focuses on an
agent-based model to exemplify its usage and capabilities for beach management
practices in coastal towns subjected to storms and sea level rise. The model has
Preface xiii
three interactive sub-models: (1) natural processes and coastal landforms, (2) beach
management, and (3) household decisions. Chapter 20 (“Beach Safety
Management”), by Enzo Pranzini, Giorgio Pezzini, Giorgio Anfuso, and Camilo
M. Botero, correlates several aspects of beach management which deal with the
safety of users in the beach. Examples all over the world are used to demonstrate
how a wide and complex beach far from casualties and accidents could be main-
tained. Chapter 21 (“Impacts of Coastal Erosion, Anthropogenic Activities, and
Their Management on Tourism and Coastal Ecosystems: A Study with Reference to
Karnataka Coast, India”), by K. S. Jayappa and B. Deepika, discusses about the
positive and negative impacts of coastal erosion structures for tourism activity.
Karnataka Coast, in India, is taken as a reference to show the application of beach
management strategies against coastal erosion. Chapter 22 (“Management Tools for
Safety in Costa Rica Beaches”), by Isabel Arozarena Llopis and Alejandro Gutiérrez
Echeverría, focuses on drownings as an effect of insufficient risk assessment and
management on beaches. An exhaustive research allows to get information on the
casualties in Costa Rica beaches and a mapping of rip currents which are the main
cause of drownings. Chapter 23 (“Risk Assessment to Extreme Wave Events: The
Barranquilla-Cienaga, Caribbean of Colombia Case Study”), by Nelson Guillermo
Rangel-Buitrago, Giorgio Anfuso, Allan Williams, Jarbas Bonetti, Adriana Gracia,
and Juan Carlos Ortiz, reports a research which examines the interacting physical,
socioeconomic, conservational, and archeological/cultural characteristics, in a risk
assessment framework. In a sector of the Caribbean coast of Colombia, a hazard
index and a vulnerability index are analyzed, which together constitute a single
numerical measure called coastline risk to extreme waves. Chapter 24 (“Seawalls
and Signage: How Beach Access Management Affects Rip Current Safety”), by
Sarah Trimble and Chris Houser, demonstrates what happens when developers do
not consider beach and nearshore geomorphology in their designs for beach access.
Examples from the USA, Costa Rica, Australia, and the UK suggest that developers
may force unsuspecting and unaware beach users toward the rip hazard, increasing
the potential for drownings.
Part IV is one of the shortest of the book, five chapters, but at the same time, it
deals better with the spirit of the book. Chapter 25 (“State-of-the-Art Innovative
Beach Management Tools from the Tree of Science Platform”), by Camilo
M. Botero, Omar Cervantes, and Charles W. Finkl, illustrates the growth of innova-
tive tools specially designed for beach management. From the metaphor of tree of
science, this chapter deals with a young forest of fast-growing small trees, which
could become a mature science area in the coming years. Chapter 26 (“Analysis of
Blue Flag Beaches Compared with Natural Beaches in the Balearic Islands and
Canary Islands, Spain”), by Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar, Pablo Fraile-Jurado, and
Carolina Peña-Alonso, discusses the application of a worldwide-known ecolabel,
Blue Flag, in natural beaches with relevant geo-environmental or scenic values.
Eighty-one beaches are analyzed in Canary and Balearic Islands (Spain) by measur-
ing 15 variables focused on their conservation status and their artificiality, to obtain
conclusions about the achievement of environmental quality of Blue Flag beaches.
Chapter 27 (“Counting Beach Visitors: Tools, Methods, and Management
xiv Preface
Applications”), by Damian Morgan, highlights the importance of suitable tools and

methods to measure beach users for improving beach planning and management at
different levels. This chapter analyzes several aspects about data sets of human uses
of the beach environment and how they can improve management. Chapter 28
(“Remote Sensing Data and Image Classification Algorithms in the Identification of
Beach Patterns”), by Ana Cláudia Teodoro, Francisco Gutierres, Pedro Gomes, and
Jorge Rocha, verifies that conjunction of remote sensing from two satellites and one
aerial image with image processing algorithms could be a powerful tool to accu-
rately identify beach patterns. Chapter 29 (“The Prospect of Nautical Recreational
and Beach Tourism Service Providers About the Beach Certification: At Gaviotas
Beach, in Mazatlán”), by Juan Pablo Mariño Jiménez and Marcela Rebeca Contreras
Loera, analyzes the relationship between tourism service providers and implemen-
tation of the Mexican beach certification scheme. This study reveals that certifica-
tion of the beach does not guarantee an evolution in the working conditions of the
service providers nor the visit of tourists with better purchasing power.
Part V contains nine chapters regarding the importance of integrating a bottom-
up approach in decision making for beach management. Chapter 30 (“State-of-the-
Art Beach Governance from the Tree of Science Platform”), by Camilo M. Botero,
Omar Cervantes, and Charles W. Finkl, describes main scientific references that link
governance with beach environments. A tree with many small leaves and roots, and
two strong references in the trunk, suggests a topic of high importance in the near
future. Chapter 31 (“Beach Management, Beyond the Double Standard for Client
Demands and Environmental Sustainability”), by José R. Dadon, features the trends
of the sun and beach tourism and the relationships among three of the main change
drivers (the quality service demand, the public use and enjoyment, and the environ-
mental sustainability) under the assumption that the economic profits are positive.
After a brilliant analysis, this chapter demonstrates that the search for high-quality
services and massive enjoyment derives from either selective elitism, environmental
degradation, or both. Chapter 32 (“Interdisciplinary Criteria and Indicators to
Identify Priorities for Beach and Dune Management”), by Patricia Moreno-Casasola,
Rodolfo Silva, M. Luisa Martínez, Debora Lithgow, Edgar Mendoza, Rubí
Esmeralda Martínez-Martínez, Ileana Espejel, Gabriela Vázquez, and Jorge López-
Portillo, presents a group of indicators, which authors consider as critical to deter-
mining management priorities in beach and dune environments. This work was
done in nine coastal cells in the same number of municipalities of Veracruz, Mexico.
Chapter 33 (“Microscale Governance and Temporal Regulations in Beach
Management”), by Isaac Azuz-Adeath, Norma Patricia Muñoz-Sevilla, Evelia
Rivera-Arriaga, Lidia Silva-Íñiguez, Oscar Arizpe-Covarrubias, Omar Cervantes,
Gisela García-Morales, José Alfredo Arreola-Lizárraga, Laura Martínez- Ríos,
Alejandra Cortés-Ruíz, and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio, discusses the processes and
structures of nearshore and coastal governance by focusing on microscale situa-
tions, inside the Mexican legal and regulatory context. The study area covers several
study places in the Mexican Pacific coast, Gulf of California, and Gulf of Mexico,
most of them urban touristic beaches. Chapter 34 (“Pacific Island Beaches: Values,
Threats, and Rehabilitation”), by Joanna Ellison, gives interesting examples of the
Preface xv
high value of beaches in the Pacific Islands and what their main threats are. Through
rehabilitation strategies, the author raises attention to ecosystem-based adaptation
strategies and increasing the resilience of beaches. Chapter 35 (“Privatization of the
Mexican Coast, the Case of the Municipality of Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, from
the Perspective of the Public Administration and Everyday Life Practices”), by
Ulsía Urrea-Mariño, highlights a negative situation occurring in Mexico, where sev-
eral coastal areas are becoming private property, which is against the national and
local regulations. This study is focused on tens of small actions done by people or
companies, which prohibit free access to beaches, and the role of public administra-
tion within this conflict. Chapter 36 (“Sources of Information for the Management
of Coastal Territory in Mexico”), also by Ulsía Urrea-Mariño, identifies main
sources of information used by public authorities in charge of coastal management
in Mexico, by analyzing each kind of administrative action. Chapter 37 (“Strategies
for the Management of the Marine Shoreline in the Orla Araranguá Project [Santa
Catarina, Brazil]”), by Samanta C. Cristiano, Luana Portz, Pedro C. Nasser, Adelina
C. Pinto, Paulo R. da Silva, and Eduardo G. Barboza, features a case study on the
south Brazilian coast, in which coastal management is covered for a national strat-
egy called Orla Project. A detailed description of the Araranguá Project is done, to
suggest improvements for better conservation of the coastline. Chapter 38
(“Sustainable Coastal Zone Management Strategies for Unconsolidated Deltaic
Odisha, the Northern Part of East Indian Coast”), by Nilay Kanti Barman, com-
prises several methods of coastal research, to detect the appropriate beach manage-
ment tools for a case study on the northern coast of East India. This study was done
at a small spatial scale, where the author considers that it may be feasible to put into
practice a beach management program.
Part VI contains five chapters related to environmental quality and some impor-
tant parameters to measure it on beaches. Chapter 39 (“State-of-the-Art Beach
Environmental Quality from the Tree of Science Platform”), by Camilo M. Botero,
Omar Cervantes, and Charles W. Finkl, describes a tree with few and weak roots,
but strong trunk and leaves, signaling a topic which could split into new trees of
science in the medium term. Chapter 40 (“Beach Litter Characteristics Along the
Moroccan Mediterranean Coast: Implications for Coastal Zone Management”), by
D. Nachite, F. Maziane, G. Anfuso, and A. Macias, investigates litter accumulation
and quantification on 14 sandy beaches, including the most important and emblem-
atic touristic destinations along the Morocco Mediterranean coast. Results about the
number of items, litter categories, and patterns during autumn and spring are pre-
sented in detail. Chapter 41 (“Beach Sand Quality and Its Associated Health Effects
of Port Dickson Beaches (Malaysia): An Analysis of Beach Management
Framework”), by Sarva Mangala Praveena, Siti Shafiqa Shamira, and Ahmad
Zaharin Aris, deals with a very well-known microbial indicator, to indicate beach
sand quality along Port Dickson coastal area (Malaysia) and how beachgoers per-
ceive health risk symptoms. The method used to understand the beach management
framework is a SWOT analysis. Chapter 42 (“Environmental and Health Risk by
the Presence of Parasites in the Sand of Cartagena Beaches”), by Ganiveth
Manjarrez-Paba, Jorge Iván Blanco Herrera, and Betsy Paola González Arrunategui,
xvi Preface
i nvestigates the presence of parasites of health interest in the sands of three beaches
in Cartagena (Colombia). Authors identify what the three parasites’ dangers were
and give a proposal for the mitigation, minimization, and control of these microbes.
Chapter 43 (“Temporal Space Behavior of Three Environmental Quality
Determinants from Touristic Beaches in Cartagena, Colombia”), by Juan Carlos
Valdelamar Villegas, Kevin Andrade-Quintero, Claudia Díaz-Mendoza, and
Ganiveth Manjarrez-Paba, describes the temporal space behavior of five environ-
mental quality parameters and the relationship among them. Results from 1 year of
monitoring are showed and discussed.
Part VII contains five chapters related to a polemic and worthy area, users’ per-
ception, and its application to beach management. Chapter 44 (“State-of-the-Art
Users’ Perception on Beaches from the Tree of Science Platform”), by Omar
Cervantes, Camilo M. Botero, and Charles W. Finkl, describes a tree of science with
a very strong trunk, many leaves of small and medium size, and some weak roots.
Chapter 45 (“Integrating Social Perceptions in Beach Management”), by Elisabet
Roca and Míriam Villares, aims to go beyond traditional reductionist approaches
and includes a social dimension in beach management. A set of methodologies
describes how expectations of local authorities and public bodies, tourist sector and
other economic stakeholders, beach users, and environmentalist groups can all be
met. Chapter 46 (“Recreational Preferences of Estonian Coastal Landscapes and
Willingness to Pay in Comparison: A Good Tool for Creating National Beach
Management Strategy”), by Mart Reimann, Üllas Ehrlich, and Hannes Tõnisson,
discusses values of the coastal landscapes of an ex-Soviet republic, using two meth-
odologies about the same shore types. This chapter compares users’ preferences and
willingness to pay only to discover that sandy shore is the most preferred shore type
and had also the highest WTP. Chapter 47 (“Users’ Perception of Beach
Characteristics and Management in Summer and Autumn Seasons: The Case of
Gran Canaria Island [Spain]”), by Carolina Peña-Alonso, Eduard Ariza, and
Luis Hernández-Calvento, investigates the feedback from users of twelve beaches
located on Gran Canaria Island (Spain) in relation to the importance of some beach
characteristics. One of the main results establishes that some opinions of users indi-
cate that characteristics evaluated as most important are also perceived as the most
problematic aspects. Chapter 48 (“Utility of Users’ Data and Their Support for
Differential Beach Management in South Africa”), by Serena Lucrezi, Linda-Louise
Geldenhuys, Peet Van der Merwe, and Melville Saayman, closes the book with a
loop to ecosystem services but focuses on users’ data and their potential to assist in
the differential management of recreational sandy beaches in South Africa. This
chapter also shows a demonstration of the tree of science as a users’ perception tool,
which was also included by the first author (Serena Lucrezi) in two of the biggest
leaves.
What is presented in these two sections is the top of the iceberg, with hundreds
of examples of beach management tools in action still unpublished. Nevertheless,
these 48 chapters cover contributions from authors and case studies from the five
continents. Some general statistics show that 102 researchers participated in this
book, from 19 countries, in which Mexico, Spain, and Colombia have the bigger
Preface xvii
numbers. About case studies, presented here are 39 study areas in 15 countries, from
big countries such as India or the USA to small islands in the Pacific Ocean. This
wide geographical coverage is complemented with a wide spectrum of topics and
tools. The ecosystem service approach highlights the importance of managing
beaches as a socioecological system, with some clear threats, such as erosion or
pollution, but also a hidden risk to its stability, such as disorganized tourism and
cultural conflicts. Some regions of the world are more dependent to beaches than
others; fortunately, several of them have already begun to study, understand, and
manage beaches from an interdisciplinary and holistic view; several chapters in this
book are a proof to this. We are optimistic about the future of beach management,
about the scientific community which is working on that, and about the transfer of
this knowledge to stakeholders. These 48 chapters demonstrate a maturity for a
really interdisciplinary topic that follows the path marked by Allan T. Williams and
Anton Micallef in 2009.
Santa Marta, Colombia Camilo M. Botero

Manzanillo, Mexico Omar Cervantes
Fletcher, NC, USA Charles W. Finkl
Boca Raton, FL, USA
Contents
Part I Ecosystem Management Tools

1 State-of-the-Art Beach Ecosystem Management
from the Tree of Science Platform�� 3
Omar Cervantes, Camilo M. Botero, and Charles W. Finkl
2 A DEcision MAking (DEMA) Tool to Be Used
in Ecosystem-Based Management
System (EBMS) Applications�� 21
Rafael Sardá and Juan Pablo Lozoya Azcárate
3 Dune System Restoration in Osório Municipality
(Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): Good Practices Based
on Coastal Management Legislation�� 41
Luana Portz, Rogério P. Manzolli, and Javier Alcántara-Carrió
4 Environmental Analysis and Classification of Coastal
Sandy Systems of the Dominican Republic �� 59
Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar, José Ángel Martín-Prieto,
Antonio Rodríguez-Perea, and Óliver Olivo Batista
5 Environmental Services of Beaches and Coastal Sand
Dunes as a Tool for Their Conservation�� 75
Natalia Rodríguez-Revelo, Ileana Espejel,
Concepción Arredondo García, Lina Ojeda-Revah,
and María Alejandra Sánchez Vázquez
6 Evolutional Trends and the Current Management
of the Beach-Dune Systems Along the Western Polish
Coast (Southern Baltic Sea)�� 101
Leszek J. Kaszubowski
xix
xx Contents
7 Recreational Beaches as Factors of Involvement

in a Coral Community: Colima Case Study�� 145
Marco Agustín Liñán-Cabello and Jesús Emilio Michel-Morfin
8 Spatially Explicit Models in Local Dynamics Analysis:
The Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV) as a Tool
for Beach and Coastal Management�� 159
Francisco Gutierres, Pedro Gomes, Jorge Rocha,
and Ana Cláudia Teodoro
Part II Geomorphology Tools

9 State-of-the-Art Beach Geomorphology
10 A Hybrid CA-ANN-Fuzzy Model for Simulating
Coastal Changing Patterns�� 197
Jorge Rocha, Francisco Gutierres, Pedro Gomes,
11 Assessing Shoreline Change Rates in Mediterranean Beaches�� 219
Fernando J. Aguilar, Ismael Fernández, Manuel A. Aguilar, and
Andrés M. García Lorca
12 Florida and US East Coast Beach Change Metrics Derived
from LiDAR Data Utilizing ArcGIS Python Based Tools�� 239
Quin Robertson, Lauren Dunkin, Zhifei Dong, Jennifer Wozencraft,
and Keqi Zhang
13 From Sediment Movement to Morphodynamic Changes,
Useful Information from the Modeling World
to the Beach Management Practice�� 259
Isaac Azuz-Adeath, Norma Muñoz-Sevilla,
and Alejandra Cortés-Ruíz
14 Mexican Beach Sands: Composition and Vulnerability �� 273
Arturo Carranza-Edwards and Leticia Rosales-Hoz
15 Nourishing Tourist Beaches�� 293
Enzo Pranzini, Giorgio Anfuso, and Camilo M. Botero
16 The Morphodynamics Behaviour of a Cross-Shore
Sandbar in a Microtidal Environment, Anjos Cove,
Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro – Brazil�� 319
João Wagner Alencar Castro
Contents xxi
Part III Risk Management Tools

17 State-of-the-Art Users’ Risk Assessment on Beaches
18 Assessment of Potential Impacts in Tourism
of the Increase in the Average Sea Level�� 349
Pedro Gomes, Francisco Gutierres, Jorge Rocha,
19 Beach Management Practices and Occupation
Dynamics: An Agent-Based Modeling Study
for the Coastal Town of Nags Head, NC, USA�� 373
Ayse Karanci, Liliana Velásquez-Montoya,
Juan F. Paniagua-Arroyave, Peter N. Adams,
and Margery F. Overton
20 Beach Safety Management�� 397
Enzo Pranzini, Giorgio Pezzini, Giorgio Anfuso,
and Camilo M. Botero
21 Impacts of Coastal Erosion, Anthropogenic Activities
and their Management on Tourism and Coastal Ecosystems:
A Study with Reference to Karnataka Coast, India �� 421
K.S. Jayappa and B. Deepika
22 Management Tools for Safety in Costa Rica Beaches�� 441
Isabel Arozarena Llopis and Alejandro Gutiérrez Echeverría
23 Risk Assessment to Extreme Wave Events:
The Barranquilla – Cienaga, Caribbean of Colombia
Case Study�� 469
Nelson Guillermo Rangel-Buitrago, Giorgio Anfuso, Allan Williams,
Jarbas Bonetti, Gracia C. Adriana, and Juan Carlos Ortiz
24 Seawalls and Signage: How Beach Access Management
Affects Rip Current Safety�� 497
Sarah Trimble and Chris Houser
Part IV Innovative Tools

25 State-of-the-Art Innovative Beach Management Tools
Camilo M. Botero, Omar Cervantes, and Charles W. Finkl
26 Analysis of Blue Flag Beaches Compared with Natural
Beaches in the Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, Spain�� 545
Francesc Xavier Roig-Munar, Pablo Fraile-Jurado, and Carolina
Peña-Alonso
xxii Contents
27 Counting Beach Visitors: Tools, Methods

and Management Applications �� 561
Damian Morgan
28 Remote Sensing Data and Image Classification Algorithms
in the Identification of Beach Patterns�� 579
Ana Cláudia Teodoro, Francisco Gutierres, Pedro Gomes,
and Jorge Rocha
29 The Prospect of Nautical Recreational and Beach
Tourism Service Providers About the Beach Certification,
at Gaviotas Beach, in Mazatlán�� 589
Juan Pablo Mariño Jiménez and Marcela Rebeca Contreras Loera
Part V Governance Tools

30 State-of-the-Art Beach Governance from the Tree
of Science Platform�� 603
31 Beach Management, Beyond the Double Standard
for Client Demands and Environmental Sustainability�� 619
José R. Dadon
32 Interdisciplinary Criteria and Indicators to Identify
Priorities for Beach and Dune Management �� 635
Patricia Moreno-Casasola, Rodolfo Silva, M. Luisa Martínez,
Debora Lithgow, Edgar Mendoza, Rubí E. Martínez-Martínez,
Ileana Espejel, Gabriela Vázquez, and Jorge López-Portillo
33 Microscale Governance and Temporal Regulations
in Beach Management �� 659
Isaac Azuz-Adeath, Norma Patricia Muñoz-Sevilla,
Evelia Rivera-Arriaga, Lidia Silva-Íñiguez,
Oscar Arizpe-Covarrubias, Omar Cervantes, Gisela García-Morales,
José Alfredo Arreola-Lizárraga, Laura Martínez-Ríos,
Alejandra Cortés-Ruíz, and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio
34 Pacific Island Beaches: Values, Threats and Rehabilitation�� 679
Joanna C. Ellison
35 rivatization of the Mexican Coast, the Case
P
of the Municipality of Solidaridad, Quintana Roo
from the Perspective of the Public Administration
and Everyday Life Practices �� 701
Ulsía Urrea-Mariño
Contents xxiii
36 Sources of Information for the Management

of Coastal Territory in Mexico�� 719
Ulsía Urrea-Mariño
37 Strategies for the Management of the Marine Shoreline
in the Orla Araranguá Project (Santa Catarina, Brazil)�� 735
Samanta C. Cristiano, Luana Portz, Pedro C. Nasser,
Adelina C. Pinto, Paulo R. da Silva, and Eduardo G. Barboza
38 Sustainable Coastal Zone Management Strategies
for Unconsolidated Deltaic Odisha, the Northern
Part of East Indian Coast�� 755
Nilay Kanti Barman
Part VI Environmental Quality Tools

39 State-of-the-Art Beach Environmental Quality
40 Beach Litter Characteristics Along the Moroccan
Mediterranean Coast: Implications for Coastal
Zone Management �� 795
D. Nachite, F. Maziane, G. Anfuso, and A. Macias
41 Beach Sand Quality and Its Associated Health Effects
of Port Dickson Beaches (Malaysia): An Analysis of Beach
Management Framework�� 821
Sarva Mangala Praveena, Siti Shafiqa Shamira,
and Ahmad Zaharin Aris
42 Environmental and Health Risk by the Presence
of Parasites in the Sand of Cartagena Beaches �� 831
Ganiveth Manjarrez-Paba, Jorge Iván Blanco Herrera,
and Betsy Paola González Arrunategui
43 Temporal Space Behavior of Three Environmental Quality
Determinants from Touristic Beaches in Cartagena, Colombia�� 845
Juan Carlos Valdelamar Villegas, Kevin Andrade-Quintero,
Claudia Díaz-Mendoza, and Ganiveth Manjarrez-Paba
Part VII User’s Perception Tools

44 State-of-the-Art Users’ Perception on Beaches
45 Integrating Social Perceptions in Beach Management�� 875
Elisabet Roca and Míriam Villares
xxiv Contents
46 Recreational Preferences of Estonian Coastal Landscapes

and Willingness-to-Pay in Comparison – A Good Tool
for Creating National Beach Management Strategy�� 895
Mart Reimann, Üllas Ehrlich, and Hannes Tõnisson
47 User’s Perception of Beach Characteristics and Management
in Summer and Autumn Seasons: The Case of Gran
Canaria Island (Spain)�� 913
Carolina Peña-Alonso, Eduard Ariza,
and Luis Hernández-Calvento
48 Utility of Users Data and Their Support for Differential Beach
Management in South Africa�� 933
Serena Lucrezi, Linda-Louise Geldenhuys, Peet Van der Merwe,
and Melville Saayman
Part I
Ecosystem Management Tools
Chapter 1
State-of-the-Art Beach Ecosystem
Management from the Tree of Science
Platform
Omar Cervantes, Camilo M. Botero , and Charles W. Finkl
Abstract A State-of-the-Art of scientific literature related with beach ecosystem

management is presented, from utilization of the Tree of Science® tool (ToS). In a
search done in November 2016, 75 papers were found in the Web of Science® with
the combination of words ‘beach’ and ‘ecosystem management. Papers were classi-
fied by ToS in roots (high input degree; n = 8), trunks (high intermediation degree;
n = 10) and leaves (high output degree; n = 57). The Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science Journal was the most relevant journal, with 9 articles published (13.3%),
which make Elsevier the most relevant publisher in this topic (n = 34; 50%).
T.A. Schlacher was the most relevant author with 9 articles in roots, trunks and
leaves and participation in nine of papers revised closely followed by A. McLachlan,
J. E. Dugan and O. Defeo.
Author affiliation by country shows the United States (n = 99; 30%) in the lead
followed by Australia (n = 53; 16%) and Italy (n = 32; 10%). A general overview
shows a growing ToS in beach ecosystem management with some very strong refer-
ences in trunks and leaves, and several other references with less attention to this topic.
Finally, a prospective analysis from branches suggests that the scientific com-
munity is researching around five subtopics (Tools towards integrated coastal man-
agement, Beach Dynamics, Critical factors affecting the quality of beaches,
Certification processes, Ecological Engineering), which could be soon a new ToS in
the forest of beach ecosystem management theme.
O. Cervantes (*)
Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Colima, Manzanillo, Mexico
e-mail: omar_cervantes@ucol.mx
C.M. Botero
School of Law, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, Santa Marta, Colombia
C.W. Finkl
Coastal Education and Research Foundation (CERF), Fletcher, NC, USA
Department of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 3

C.M. Botero et al. (eds.), Beach Management Tools - Concepts,
Methodologies and Case Studies, Coastal Research Library 24,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58304-4_1
4 O. Cervantes et al.
1.1 Introduction to Tree of Science Model
Tree of Science (ToS) is an application developed by researchers from the National

University of Colombia, which uses a graphic theory to identify the most relevant
scientific articles on a particular topic. According to the creators (Robledo-Giraldo
et al. 2013, 2014), the theory of graphs has great application in the social sciences
to analyze and calculate the structural properties of networks and to predict the
behavior of their nodes. Specifically for ToS, the theory of graphs was applied to
articles indexed in the Web of Knowledge (Thomson Reuters) and its different refer-
ences to create a network of knowledge. In this network, the main items are identi-
fied through indicators such as the degree of input and output of each node.
The calculation is developed through the analysis of citation networks where
articles are evaluated according to three indicators: degree of entry, intermediation
and degree of exit. The nodes represent units of knowledge (in this case papers) and
the links indicate the connections between these papers (in this case the references
that have these articles). Two indicators are used to select the most important papers:
the first indicator is the degree of input of each node, which shows the number of
articles that are referencing a particular one. The second indicator is the degree of
output, which shows the number of papers that refer to an article within the area of
knowledge that is being investigated (Fig. 1.1).
Articles with high input and zero exit grades have been termed roots. These arti-
cles located at the root of the Tree of Science can be identified as researches that
Fig. 1.1 Example of a knowledge network with input and output indicators. Nodes are articles and
links are citations (Adapted from Robledo-Giraldo et al. 2013)
1 State-of-the-Art Beach Ecosystem Management from the Tree of Science Platform 5
support the theory of the area of the knowledge that is being revised. They are arti-
cles that describe, in a general way, the importance of the area of knowledge and that
are cataloged as the base of the theory. On the other hand, articles with a high degree
of intermediation have been called trunks and are interpreted as the documents that
gave structure to the study area. Subsequently, uppermost of trunks are the leaves,
which present the different perspectives located within the area of knowledge of
interest at the moment of the search. The leaves show a higher density in the net-
work structure, defining subtopics of the main theme of the ToS. Finally, articles that
have a high output degree and a zero input degree are not visible in the ToS graph.
To develop this state of the art in Ecosystem Management, the Thomson Reuters’
Web of Science (WoS) database was used in a search of November 18th 2016,
through the query: Title = (“Beach”) AND Title = (“Ecosystem Management”)
Timespan = All years. Databases = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A & HCI. As a result a
.txt file was obtained, which was introduced to the ToS generator (http://tos.maniza-
les.unal.edu.co) to obtain the definitive list of articles that make up the roots, trunks
and leaves of the Beach Ecosystem Management theme. Searching obtained a list of
68 papers forming the Tree of Science, 10 in roots, 10 in trunks and 60 in leaves.
1.2 Patterns of the Beach Ecosystem Management Tree
The network of scientific literature linked with the topic Beach Ecosysten manage-
ment generate a medium ToS, with an important number of leaves weak roots, and
almost the same size of trunks (Fig. 1.2). In two papers written by McLachlan and
Brown are highlighted, although it has almost same size than other roots. The
Trunks are dominated by three papers, two with similar size (Schlacher 2007, 2008)
Fig. 1.2 Tree of science of beach ecosystem management

6 O. Cervantes et al.
and one bigger of Defeo 2009. Similar pattern is showing for leaves where Rolet
2015; Cardoso et al. (2016) and Strayer are almost same size, followed by one
intermediate-size node (Lucrezi 2016). Table 1.1 shows all papers included in the
ToS of beach ecosystem management.
1.2.1 Journals and Publishers
Sixty-eight journals with related articles were identified (Fig. 1.3). The articles are
distributed homogeneously in different magazines so the majority only has one
article. There are nine magazines that have two or more articles, with three main
ones. First are Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, published by Elsevier. This
journal with nine papers, has presence in all parts of the ToS, with relevant propor-
tion in leaves. Most of the articles published in this magazine relate to impacts
generated on the beach. The second journal of importance for researching beach
ecosystem management and environmental quality is Ocean & Coastal Management,
which has seven papers, related with the topic, majority in leaves. The third journal,
with four papers, is Plos ONE, which only has presence in leaves. The majority of
articles were written by two or more authors being only two, at root level, those that
have only one author.
At the root level, it was found that the six articles were published in a different
magazine, equally at the level of trunks, two magazines concentrate 2 articles each
and the rest only one. Therefore, there is no group of journals, which concentrate the
topic articles at the root level and trunks. In the case of leaves, it was where the three
reviews were identified with more than four articles each.
Analysis of publishers shows a clear concentration in Elsevier (45%) within a
group of 21 publishing companies (Fig. 1.4). The former is integrated by journals
such as Ocean & Coastal Management and Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,
with presence in all parts of the ToS, but with the majority of papers occurring in
leaves. The second publisher is Springer with six magazines, in leaves. The relevant
remaining publishers include Taylor and Francis Group and PLOS, both with pres-
ence in leaves. First with Journal Ethology Ecology & Evolution and Coastal
Management, and the second with PLoS ONE magazine.
Considering that the number of journals is high, so is the number of publishers,
so some have a single magazine or book, as in the case of Cambridge University
Press, with a book at the root level.
1.2.2 Authors and Countries
A total of 333 authors were identified within the 75 papers found for beach ecosys-
tem management, although several of them correspond to the same researchers. An
analysis of recurrence of authors shows 10 principal researchers publishing in this
1 State-of-the-Art Beach Ecosystem Management from the Tree of Science Platform 7
Table 1.1 Articles conforming the tree of science of beach ecosystem management
Tools towards Critical factors
integrated coastal affecting the quality Certification Ecosystem
management Beach dynamics of beaches processes engineering
Lucrezi et al. Darsan et al. Vieira et al. (2016) Fraguell et al. Borsje et al.
(2016) (2016) (2016) (2011)
Strayer and Rodil et al. Semeoshenkova and Botero et al. Emery and
Findlay (2010) (2015) Newton (2015) (2015) Rudgers
(2014)
Rolet et al. Zarnetske et al. Hyndes et al. (2014) Vanden et al.
(2015) (2012) (2014)
Vivian and Zarnetske et al. Silc et al. (2016)
Schlacher (2015) (2015)
Lucrezi (2016) Dethier et al. Stelling-Wood et al.
(2016) (2016)
Kittinger and Gutierrez et al. Hanley et al. (2013)
Ayers (2010) (2015)
Barbot et al. Bertoni et al. Wooldridge et al.
2016) (2014) (2016)
Papageorgiou Dafforn et al. (2015)
et al. (2006)
Van Tomme Rangel-Buitrago Lasagna et al. (2011)
et al. (2013) et al. (2015)
Feagin et al. Pinna et al. (2015)
(2014)
Marshall et al. McCormick and
(2014) Hoellein (2016)
O’Mahony et al. Seer et al. (2016)
(2012)
Vacchi et al. Huijbers et al. (2016)
(2014)
Stigner et al. Felix et al. (2016)
(2016)
Kreitler et al. Hoellein et al. (2014)
(2013)
Ortega et al. Yamanaka et al.
(2016) (2013)
Ibanez et al. Zarnetske et al.
(2014) (2010)
Bilkovic et al. Mangi (2007)
(2016)
Piercey-Normore Bozzeda et al. (2016)
et al. (2016)
Piroddi et al. McCain et al. (2016)
(2011)
Seer et al. (2015)
(continued)
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Leantio and his Mother (in Middleton’s Women, beware of Women),
v. 215.
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392; ii. 80; iii. 168, 192; v. 4, 5, 8, 52, 56, 145, 188, 225, 244; vi.
273–4, 409, 425, 456; vii. 341, 342; viii. 24, 31, 174, 185, 215, 249,
302, 305, 427–9, 430, 440, 445, 447, 449–50; ix. 421; x. 82–3, 112
n., 117, 156; xi. 451, 491, 533; xii. 33, 198.
Learning, Advancement of (Lord Bacon’s), iv. 200 n.; v. 328; ix. 186;
x. 258; xii. 35 n.
Leatherhead (in Moore’s The Blue Stocking), viii. 239.
Lechery (in Spenser), v. 39.
Leda with her Swan (a picture), iv. 103.
Leddi, Ben (mountain), ii. 318.
Lee, Nathaniel, v. 357; viii. 159; x. 205.
Leech-gatherer, The (Wordsworth’s), v. 122 n., 156; xi. 512.
Leeds, ii. 65; ix. 302.
Lefebre, Robert, xi. 242.
Legion Petition, The (Defoe’s), x. 360.
Leibnitz, G. W., i. 410; iv. 216; vii. 306; xi. 94, 166, 168; xii. 35.
Leicester Fields, ii. 1; vi. 296 n.; xi. 242.
—— Sir John, vi. 376.
Leicestershire, ii. 14; vii. 184.
Leigh, Anthony, i. 157; viii. 258.
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—— Hunt. See Hunt, J. Henry Leigh.
Leipsic, iii. 177.
Leith Walk, ix. 98.
Leland, John, iv. 204 n.
Lely, Sir Peter, vi. 39, 398; vii. 107; viii. 68; ix. 38, 39, 397; xi. 517;
xii. 168.
Lemnos (island), v. 14.
Lenitive (in Hoare’s The Prize), vi. 417; viii. 388; xii. 24.
Lennox, Lady Sarah, vii. 211.
Lennoxes, The, vi. 460.
Lenthall, William, iii. 398.
Leo X., i. 49; vi. 378; x. 190, 206.
—— —— (Raphael’s), ix. 226, 366.
Leominster, ii. 66, 196.
Leon (in Beaumont and Fletcher’s Rule a Wife and Have a Wife), viii.
49, 233; xi. 317.
Leon, Madame, xi. 300.
Leonard (in Holcroft’s The Noble Peasant), ii. 110.
—— (in Cumberland’s Word for Nature), ii. 206.
Leonidas, x. 255.
Leonardo da Vinci, i. 142; ii. 199, 402; iv. 365; vi. 11, 12, 321, 347,
455; vii. 61; viii. 148; ix. 26, 35, 41, 104, 120, 225, 278, 381–3, 417,
482; x. 341; xi. 214, 237, 240 n.; xii. 36, 37, 189, 277.
Leonore (in Molière’s Ecole des Maris), xi. 356.
Leontes (in Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale), i. 155; v. 257; viii. 376; xi.
206.
Leopold, Prince, xii. 250.
—— of Austria, x. 55.
—— Peter and the President du Paty (Landor’s), x. 247.
Lepidus (in Ben Jonson’s Sejanus), v. 264.
Leporello (in Shadwell’s The Libertine), viii. 371, 462; xi. 308.
Les Plaideurs (Racine’s), x. 107.
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, iv. 218; v. 362; x. 119, 274.
Lethbridge, Sir Thomas, xii. 202.
Letitia Hardy (in The Belle’s Stratagem), xi. 404.
Letter-Bell, The, xii. 235.
—— to Bedford, Duke of (Burke’s), i. 427; iii. 210, 335; vii. 11, 115 n.,
118, 228, 257, 275; x. 212.
—— to * * * * on the Rev. W. L. Bowles’s Strictures on the Life and
Writings of Pope (Byron’s), xi. 486 n.
—— to the Dilettanti Society (Barry’s), ix. 422.
—— to a Dissenter, etc., A (Halifax’s), x. 368.
—— to Dunning (Horne Tooke’s), iv. 238, 240.
—— to the Editor of My Grandmother’s Review (Byron’s), iv. 258.
—— to a Friend in London, The (Shelley’s), x. 267.
—— to Mon Prince, The (Lord Castlereagh’s), ix. 315.
—— to a Noble Lord (Burke’s). See Letter to Bedford, Duke of.
—— on Reform (Duke of Richmond’s), vi. 156.
—— to William Smith, Esq., M.P., from Robert Southey, Esq., iii. 210,
218, 224.
Letters (Burke’s), iii. 257.
—— (Farquhar’s), viii. 89.
—— (Gray’s), v. 118.
—— (to and from Holcroft), ii. 240 et seq.
—— (of Junius). See Junius.
—— from Correspondents (Dr Johnson’s), viii. 101.
—— on Ireland (Kendall’s), vi. 394.
—— in Answer to Malthus, iv. 1.
Lettres de Cachet, i. 388.
Leverian Museum, ii. 212.
Leviathan, Hobbes’s, ii. 400 n.; iii. 292; viii. 19 n.; xi. 30, 31, 32, 33,
35, 46, 129, 173 n.; xii. 413.
Levis, Duke of, iii. 181.
Levite, The, vii. 365.
Leviticus, The Book of, xi. 506.
Lewes (town), iii. 414.
Lewis, Lee, ii. 264; xii. 24.
Lewis, William Thomas, ii. 122, 219; vi. 232, 275; viii. 386, 454; xi.
366.
Lexiphanes (by Campbell), vi. 421.
Liaisons Dangereux, Les (Ch. de Laclos), ii. 115.
Liar, The (by Samuel Foote), viii. 11.
Liber Amoris; or, The New Pygmalion, ii. 283.
—— Veritatis (Claude’s), xi. 213 n., 394 n.
Liberal, The (the newspaper), i. xxx; iii. 442; iv. 258, 414, 431; vii.
378–9; ix. 246; xi. 7; xii. 241, 253, 259, 275, 285.
Liberal Snake (Disraeli’s Vivian Grey), xii. 339.
Libertine, The (Shadwell’s), viii. 370; also referred to in viii. 54; xi.
316, 397.
Liberty, On (Cowley), viii. 58, 60.
—— Poem on (Thomson’s), v. 91.
—— and Necessity, On, xi. 48, 50.
Library (Crabbe’s), xi. 606.
Licinio, Giovanni Antonio. See Pordenone.
Liege (town), ii. 280.
Lieutenant Bowling (Smollett’s Roderick Random), x. 35.
—— Worthington (in The Poor Gentleman), xi. 376.
Life’s Decay (Shakespeare’s Sonnet), i. 361.
Liffey, The (river), ii. 61; ix. 416.
Light, Hymn to (Cowley’s), viii. 58.
—— of Nature Pursued (Tucker’s), iv. 369; vi. 327; vii. 355 n.; xi. 85,
178 n.; xii. 358.
Ligny, Godfrey de, x. 57.
Lille, ix. 302.
—— Count de, iii. 290.
Lillie, Charles, viii. 497.
Lilliputians (Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels), v. 15, 112; xi. 483.
Lillo, George, i. 194; ii. 212; v. 6, 359; viii. 268.
Lillys, The, iii. 420.
Lily [Lilly], William, iii. 141.
—— of St Leonard’s (Scott’s), xi. 531, 556.
Limberham, Mr; or, The Kind Keeper (Dryden’s), viii. 393.
Lincoln’s Inn, iii. 86, 126; iv. 282, 284; vii. 447, 448, 449, 452 n.; viii.
8.
Lincolnshire, ii. 14; iii. 396; x. 310.
Lingo (O’Keefe’s Agreeable Surprise), iii. 233; vi. 417; viii. 167, 319,
387; xii. 24.
Lingua, v. 289, 292.
Linley, Thomas, ii. 102, 114.
Linnæus, Carl von, v. 24.
Linton (a town), x. 416; xii. 272, 273.
Lion’s Head (in London Magazine), viii. 479.
Lipsius, Justus (Rubens’s portrait of), ix. 226.
Lisbon Job (Canning’s), iii. 301.
Lismahago (in Smollett’s Humphry Clinker), viii. 117; x. 35; xii. 253.
Lissardo (in Mrs Centlivre’s The Wonder), viii. 156; xi. 402.
Liston, John, i. 154, 247; ii. 368; v. 120; vi. 417; vii. 133, 300, 508;
viii. 140, 159–60, 177, 193, 196, 227, 233, 254, 273, 275, 283, 292,
315, 353, 371, 385, 391, 392, 413, 428, 443, 462, 465–6, 469, 475,
507, 526, 529, 536; ix. 15, 174; xi. 252, 303–4, 316, 367, 376–8,
387–8, 404; xii. 23, 24, 365, 366.
Liston’s Cloten, viii. 540.
—— Mrs, viii. 195, 261.
Litchfield, ii. 14, 15, 166.
Literary Character, On the, i. 131.
—— Examiner (newspaper), ix. 186; xi. p. vii; 540.
—— Gazette, The, vii. 123.
Literary Remains (Hazlitt’s), xi. 596.
Literature of the South (Sismondi’s), x. 44.
Little, Thomas, vii. 368.
—— Baddington (a town in Fielding’s Tom Jones), viii. 113.
—— Filcher, The. See Captive Bee, The.
—— French Lawyer, The (Beaumont and Fletcher), v. 261.
—— Hunchback, The (in Arabian Nights), viii. 12.
—— Offsprings, The; or, Little Offerings (a farce), xi. 369.
—— Pickle (in The Spoilt Child), viii. 470; xii. 24.
—— Red Riding Hood (Fairy Tale), iv. 93; xii. 122.
Littleton, Edward, i. 80.
Liverati, Mons. (a musician), xi. 388.
Livernois (Monsieur), ix. 108.
Liverpool, ii. 55; iv. 320, 341; vi. 58, 103, 153, 156, 190, 203, 204 n.,
387; vii. 28; ix. 302; xi. 480 n.
—— Lord, iii. 48, 59, 75, 76; iv. 225; vii. 268; xi. 480; xii. 275.
Lives of British Poets (Dr Johnson’s), v. 46; viii. 58 n.
Livia (in Middleton’s Women, Beware Women), v. 215.
—— (in Jonson’s Fall of Sejanus), v. 265.
Living in London, viii. 242.
—— to One’s Self, On, vi. 90.
—— Poets, On the, v. 143.
Livy, iv. 283; vi. 13.
Llangollen, vi. 34, 186.
—— (Wilson’s), xi. 199.
—— Vale, xii. 268.
Lloyds, The, iii. 206.
Lloyd’s, ii. 176.
Lochiel (Scott’s), xi. 531.
Lock, Matthew, xi. 404.
Locke, John, i. 425; ii. 133; iii. 296; iv. 45, 212, 285, 377; v. 108; vi.
31, 64, 337, 360, 432; vii. 21, 33, 88, 224, 371, 373, 454 n.; viii. 18
n.; x. 134, 176, 232, 249, 361; xi. 1, 29, 30, 42, 44–5, 47, 58, 59, 62,
64, 74, 126, 127, 129, 165–6, 168 n., 171, 174, 176, 178–9, 181–4 et
seq., 578; xii. 26, 27, 35, 313, 403.
Locke, Mr, a great Plagiarist, xi. 284.
Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding, On, xi. 74.
Lockhart, John Gibson, vi. 498; viii. 478 n.; x. 407, 411.
Lockitt. See Lucy Lockitt.
Locksley (Scott’s Ivanhoe), vi. 81; viii. 424.
Locrine (? Shakespeare), i. 357.
Locusta Poisoning a Young Slave (Figalon’s), ix. 128.
Lodon, The River, v. 121.
Lodovico (in Webster’s White Devil), v. 241, 245.
Lofft, Capel, viii. 241.
Loftus (brother-in-law of Rev. W. Hazlitt), vii. 502.
Logan, John, ii. 328; v. 122.
Loggia in the corridors of the Vatican (Raphael’s), ix. 240.
Logic, xii. 350.
—— Condillac’s, xi. 173 n.
Logos, i. 52.
Loiter (in Kenney’s The World), viii. 229.
Lombard, Peter, i. 332.
—— Street, vi. 113.
Lombardy, ix. 264.
Lomond, Ben, ii. 328, 329.
—— Loch, ii. 329.
—— —— (Hofland’s), xi. 242.
London, Account of (Pennant’s), vii. 69.
—— Views of (a book), vi. 429.
—— Bridge, ii. 242; xi. 352.
—— Description of the Morning in (Swift’s), v. 109.
—— Institution, vi. 199; xii. 76.
—— Magazine, vi. 469, 483, 484, 494; vii. 481, 496, 498–9, 502–4;
viii. 383, 477, 479; ix. 18, 439 et seq., 466, 468; x. 223; xi. p. viii,
464, 481, 486, 508, 521, 531, 537.
London Prodigal, The (? Shakespeare’s), i. 357.
—— Wall, iv. 365; vii. 69, 254.
—— Weekly Review, xii. 296, 297, 301, 306, 311, 316, 321, 328, 330,
336.
Londoners and Country People, On, vii. 66.
Long-Acre, xii. 120.
Long, Charles, i. 379.
—— Robinson (a cricketer), xii. 17.
Long’s (16 New Bond St.), iv. 259; vi. 202; xi. 344, 385, 486.
Longford Castle, ix. 55, 56.
Longhena, Baldassare, ix. 269.
Longinus, i. 401; xii. 168.
Longman, Mr (publisher), vii. 378.
—— Messrs, iv. 312.
Longus, x. 14.
Look of a Gentleman, On the, vii. 209.
Lopez Banos (in Landor), x. 251.
—— de Vega, vi. 49; x. 118.
Lord Alton (in Godwin’s Cloudesley), x. 392.
—— Avondale (in Merton’s School of Reform), viii. 315.
—— Clamourcourt (in Jameson’s Living in London), viii. 242, 243.
—— Danvers (in Godwin’s Cloudesley), x. 386, 392.
—— Duberly (Liston’s), vi. 417.
—— Foppington (in Vanbrugh’s Relapse), i. 12; vi. 275, 444; viii. 9,
36, 37, 82, 83, 151, 304, 328, 465; xi. 309, 439.
—— and Lady Froth (Congreve’s), viii. 72.
—— Glenallan (in Scott’s Antiquary), viii. 413; ix. 202.
—— Grizzle (in Fielding’s Mock Doctor), viii. 159, 540; xi. 377; xii.
365.
Lord Lovell (in Massinger’s A New Way to Pay old Debts), v. 267; vii.
274, 277, 304.
—— of the Manor, The (Burgoyne’s), xi. 316.
—— Mayor’s Procession, The (Hogarth’s), viii. 142.
—— —— Show, viii. 18.
—— Ogleby (G. Colman the elder’s The Clandestine Marriage), vii.
210; viii. 154.
—— Peter (in Swift’s Tale of a Tub), iii. 136; iv. 245; v. 112; vii. 192.
—— Sands (in Shakespeare’s King Henry VIII.), viii. 387; xii. 24.
—— Townley (in Vanbrugh’s The Provoked Husband), vi. 453; viii.
465; xi. 346.
—— Trinket (in G. Colman the elder’s Jealous Wife), viii. 317, 505.
Lord’s Cricket-ground, xii. 17, 233, 373.
Lords, On the Conversation of, xii. 38.
Lorenzo (in Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice), vi. 279.
Loretto (a town), x. 304.
Lorraine, Claude. See Claude.
Loss of The Royal George (Cowper’s), v. 95.
Lot and his Family (West’s), xi. 190.
Lothario (in Rowe’s The Fair Penitent), i. 12; ii. 59; viii. 151, 288.
Lothbury, x. 310.
Loudon Hill, iv. 247.
Loughborough, Baron, ii. 99; vi. 438.
Louis IX., Saint, ix. 175.
—— XIII., ix. 110.
—— XIV., iii. 100, 160, 258, 307, 311; v. 106; vi. 419; vii. 185, 308,
323, 346; viii. 251; ix. 14, 23, 150, 165; x. 233, 250, 303; xi. 275,
354–5; xii. 122.
Louis XIV. taking leave of his Grandchild (Madame Hersent’s), ix.
124.
—— XV., i. 388; v. 114; vi. 349; xii. 287.
—— XVI., iii. 32 n., 290; vii. 268.
—— XVIII., iii. 101, 106, 158, 175, 228, 240, 290, 319 n., 448; vi. 360;
viii. 267, 275 n., 340; ix. 94, 108, 124, 125; xi. 413, 417, 551; xii. 141,
356, 448.
Lounger, The (newspaper), viii. 105.
Loutherbourg, P. J., i. 149; ii. 185; vii. 95.
Louvet, Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray, vi. 102.
Louviers (a town), ix. 101, 102, 103, 104.
Louvre, The, i. 45, 145, 163; iii. 169, 421; iv. 324; vi. 15, 17, 93, 174,
237, 319; vii. 24, 274, 280, 281, 285, 291, 314; viii. 148, 443; ix. 31,
53, 59, 106, 108, 112, 113, 120, 126, 129, 147, 160, 165, 224, 225,
226, 232, 237, 241, 270, 271, 273, 301, 302, 352, 359, 365, 366,
372, 385, 388, 472, 475, 491; xi. 196, 197, 213, 222, 237, 273, 352;
xii. 189, 190, 198, 209, 216, 322.
Lovatt, Lord, iii. 285 n.
Love, Miss, viii. 464; xi. 377.
—— and a Bottle (Farquhar’s), viii. 89.
—— of the Country, On the, i. 17.
—— and Gout (? Jameson), viii. 242, 322.
—— Law and Physic (Kenney’s), viii. 159, 193.
—— of Life, On the, i. 1.
—— in Limbo (? Millingen), viii. 227.
—— for Love, (Congreve’s), viii. 278;
also referred to in ii. 84; vii. 127; viii. 71, 72, 77.
—— of Power or Action as a Main Principle in the Human Mind, as
Sensibility to Pleasure or Pain, xi. 263.
Love in a Riddle (Cibber’s), viii. 162.
—— and Toothache (a play), viii. 536.
—— in a Tub (Etherege’s), viii. 68.
—— in a Village (Bickerstaffe’s), ii. 301; vi. 293, 352, 382; viii. 163,
330, 341, 532; xi. 317, 366.
—— in a Wood (Wycherley’s), viii. 78; xi. 573.
Love’s Catechism (in Farquhar’s The Beaux’ Stratagem), xii. 122.
Love’s Consolation (Shakespeare’s Sonnet), i. 360.
—— Deity (Donne’s), viii. 52.
—— Frailties (Holcroft’s), ii. 159, 161.
—— Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare’s), i. 332;
also referred to in v. 128; xi. 360, 416.
—— Last Shift (Cibber’s), viii. 162.
—— Sacrifice (Ford’s), v. 270.
Loves of the Angels (Moore’s), iv. 258; vii. 134; ix. 73.
—— of the Gods (Titian’s), ix. 73.
—— of Persiles and Sigismunda (Cervantes), viii. 110.
Lovegrove, Thomas, viii. 250, 253.
Lovelace (in Richardson’s Clarissa Harlowe), i. 12; ii. 128; vii. 227 n.;
viii. 120, 151, 561; x. 38, 39; xii. 63, 435.
Loveless (in Vanbrugh’s Relapse), viii. 79.
Lovell, Robert, ii. 279.
Lover’s Complaint, The (Shakespeare’s), i. 360.
—— Melancholy, The (Ford’s), v. 270, 318.
Lovers’ Vows (Mrs Inchbald’s adaptation of Kotzebue), viii. 249;
also referred to in ii. 196, 198; v. 360; viii. 335; xi. 362.
Lovibond, Edward, v. 122.
Lowe, Sir Hudson, vii. 83; x. 227.
—— Mauritius, ii. 191.
Lowth, Robert, Bishop of London, iv. 238, 391.
Lowther Estate, iii. 421.
Loyola, Ignatius, vi. 303; ix. 43.
Lubin Log (in Kenney’s Love, Law and Physic), viii. 159, 193, 416,
428, 540; xi. 377; xii. 23.
Lucan, iii. 222; x. 13.
Lucca, ix. 213.
Lucetta (in Shakespeare’s Two Gentlemen of Verona), i. 319.
Lucian, v. 199; viii. 28; x. 17.
Luciani, Sebastiano. See Piombo, S. del.
Lucien Buonaparte’s Collection, etc., xi. 237.
Lucifer, v. 279.
Lucinda (in Bickerstaffe’s Love in a Village), viii. 329.
Lucio (in Marston’s Antonio and Mellida), v. 225.
Lucio (in Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure), i. 391; viii. 283, 284.
Lucius (in Shakespeare’s Julius Cæsar), i. 199.
Lucretia (in Fielding’s Joseph Andrews), vii. 223.
—— Borgia (portrait of), xii. 36.
Lucretius, xi. 492.
Lucy (in Wycherley’s Love in a Wood), viii. 78.
—— (in Sheridan’s Rivals), viii. 508.
—— Bertram (in Scott’s Guy Mannering), iv. 248 n.; viii. 292.
—— Lockitt (in Gay’s Beggar’s Opera), i. 66; iii. 156; v. 108; viii. 194,
255–6, 268, 315, 324, 470; xi. 373, 533.
Ludgate Hill, ii. 215; vii. 275.
Ludlow, ii. 66, 196.
Ludovico (in Mrs Radcliffe’s Castle of Otranto), viii. 126.
—— (in Othello), viii. 221.
Luini, Bernardino, ix. 224, 278.
Luke (in Massinger’s City Madam), xii. 142.
—— (in Sir J. B. Burgess’s Riches), viii. 208.
Luppino, Miss, viii. 244, 535.
Lusiad (Camoens), i. 33.
Luss (a town), ii. 329.
Lust’s Dominion; or, The Lascivious Queen, v. 207.
Lutea Alanson (Suckling’s), viii. 56.
Luther, Martin, iv. 250; vi. 147; viii. 297; xi. 216; xii. 195, 348.
Lutrin, The (Boileau), v. 73.
Lutterworth, ii. 14, 166.
Luttrel, Hon. Temple, iii. 422.
Luxembourg, The, ix. 23, 110, 123, 129, 157, 159.
Lyceum, The, v. 147; viii. 239, 243, 244, 314, 412, 463, 471; xi. 381.
Lycidas (Milton’s), i. 31, 36, 94; iii. 433; v. 59, 98, 315, 371; vii. 160;
viii. 232, 233.
See also Milton.
Lydgate, John, v. 34.
Lydia (in Lyly’s Mother Bombie), v. 198.
Lydia Languish (in Sheridan’s The Rivals), viii. 509.
Lydia Melford (in Smollett’s Humphry Clinker), viii. 410.
Lying Valet, The (Holcroft’s), ii. 80.
Lyly, John, v. 192;
also referred to in v. 193, 197, 201 et seq.
Lynn, iii. 405.
Lynton, iii. 149.
Lyonnais, The, Diligence, ix. 177.
Lyons, i. 90; ii. 275; vi. 384; ix. 154, 176, 178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 193.
Lyrical Ballads, The (Wordsworth’s, etc.), i. 92; iii. 168; iv. 271, 273,
275, 313; v. 129, 131, 146, 156, 162, 164; vi. 44; vii. 226; viii. 420; x.
135, 142; xi. 311, 335 n., 457, 512; xii. 269, 273, 329.
Lystra, Sacrifice of (Raphael’s), xi. 211.
Lyttelton, George, Lord, iii. 414.
—— Thomas, Lord, iii. 423; vii. 350.
M.
M——, Lord, vi. 380.

M——, Mr (? Malthus), iv. 241.
M——, (? Tom Moore), vi. 358.
M—— (T.), vi. 454.
MacAdam, John Loudon, iv. 250; ix. 94.
MacAlpine, Mr, xii. 379.
—— Mrs, xii. 379.
—— Miss, viii. 275.
Macartney, Lord, vi. 455.
Macauley, Elizabeth Wright, iv. 223.
Macbeth (Shakespeare’s), i. 186;
also referred to in i. 138, 179, 200, 201, 238, 293, 300, 311, 394,
395; iii. 168; v. 10, 52, 56, 188, 218, 220, 223; vi. 39, 392, 394,
409, 410; viii. 31, 49, 185, 199, 203, 208–9, 249, 272, 305, 314,
378, 472, 518; ix. 401, 474; x. 81, 82, 111, 117; xi. 192, 315, 404,
451, 482, 506, 601; xii. 33, 365.
Macbriar (Scott’s Old Mortality), iv. 247; viii. 129; xi. 531; xii. 277.
Maccabees, The Book of, xi. 321.
Macclesfield, ii. 12, 14, 18.
Macculloch, John Ramsay, ii. 415; xii. 131, 141, 320, 345, 361, 412.
Macdonald, Chevalier, ii. 107.
Macduff (in Shakespeare’s Macbeth), v. 48; vi. 39; viii. 333; xi. 316.
MacFane (in Holcroft’s Anna St Ives), ii. 128.
Macflecknoe (Dryden’s), v. 80.
M’Gibbon, Mrs, viii. 192, 459.
Macgregor, Sanders, viii. 105.
Machiavelli, Niccolo, iv. 283; v. 186; vii. 28; xi. 424.
Macintosh, Sir James, iv. 279;
also referred to in ii. 196; iii. 86; iv. 211, 319; vi. 205 n.; vii. 447,
448, 451 n., 460; ix. 490; xi. 465, 467, 468; xii. 264, 275, 347.
Macirone, Francis, Interesting Facts relating to the Fall and Death of
Joachim Murat, etc., iii. 177, 183.
MacIvor, Fergus, ix. 367.
Mackenzie, Henry, ii. 195, 200; iv. 367; vii. 227; x. 399; xi. 546 n.; xii.
67.
Macklin, Charles, i. 157, 158; ii. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 109 n.;
viii. 166, 351.
Maclean, Dr, ii. 232.
Macready, William Charles, ii. 302; vi. 277, 278; viii. 334, 335, 337,
338, 356, 368, 391, 426, 440, 442, 457, 465, 534; xi. 315, 391.
Macready’s Macbeth, Mr, xi. 315.
—— Othello, viii. 338.
Macullamores, The, xii. 255.
Mad Tom (in Shakespeare’s King Lear), i. 260, 268; viii. 302, 440,
441.
Madame Centaur (in Ben Jonson’s Silent Woman), viii. 43.
—— d’Orbe (in Rousseau’s New Eloise), ix. 146.
—— Haughty (in Ben Jonson’s Silent Woman), viii. 43.
—— Mavis (in Ben Jonson’s Silent Woman), viii. 43.
—— Valmont (in Tyran Domestique), xi. 356.
Madamira (song in Shadwell’s Libertine), viii. 372.
Madge Wildfire (Scott’s Heart of Midlothian), iv. 248; vii. 342; xi.
388.
Madison, James, iii. 172 n.
Madman, The (Hogarth’s), xii. 242.
Mad Mother, The (Wordsworth’s), xii. 270.
Madoc (Southey’s), iv. 265.
Madonna, The (Correggio’s), xii. 356.
—— Guido’s, ix. 34.
—— Raphael’s, ix. 261, 433.
—— of Foligno, The (Raphael’s), x. 191.
—— and Child (Cranach’s), ix. 354.
—— of the Crown, or of the Garland (Raphael’s), ix. 67; xi. 485.
Madonna and Infant Christ (Vandyke’s), ix. 21.
—— Pia, ix. 252.
—— della Seggia (Raphael’s), ix. 226.
Madras System, Southey’s Tract on, iii. 149.
Madrid, i. 123; iii. 119.
Maeviad (Gifford’s), i. 379 n., 380, 385, 396; iv. 304, 309; vi. 221.
Maffei, Counts, x. 303.
Magdalen (Dolci’s), ix. 41.
—— (Guido’s), ix. 57.
—— (Titian’s), ix. 269, 270.
Magellan, v. 187; xi. 601.
Maggiore, Lago, ix. 278.
Magna Charta, iv. 93; vi. 155.
Magnus Troil (in Scott’s The Pirate), xi. 534, 536.
Magpie; or, Maid of Palisseau (? Dibdin’s version), xi. 304, 381.
Mahomet, xi. 472 n.
—— (Voltaire’s), vi. 383.
Mahomet’s Coffin, iii. 138.
Maid’s Tragedy, The (Beaumont and Fletcher’s), v. 251.
Maid and Magpie (Arnold’s version), viii. 244;
also referred to in vii. 339; viii. 280; ix. 175; xi. 304, 381.
—— of Orleans (Shakespeare’s 1st Henry VI.), i. 292.
—— of The Vale (Holcroft’s adaptation), ii. 86.
Maiden Queen (Dryden’s), i. 195.
Maidstone, ii. 186.
Main Chance, The, xii. 78.
Maintenon, Madame de, vi. 419; ix. 179.
Maitland, General, ii. 218, 222.
Maître Jacques (a play), xi. 380.
Major Bath (in Fielding’s Joseph Andrews), vii. 223.
—— Dumpling (in Jones’s The Green Man), viii. 468.
—— Galbraith (Scott’s), iv. 248.
—— Oakley (in G. Colman the elder’s Jealous Wife), viii. 532.
—— O’Flaherty (in The West Indian), ii. 83; viii. 511.
Major Sturgeon (Foote’s Mayor of Garratt), viii. 167, 168, 246, 317,
318, 392; xi. 366, 368, 396.
Makins, Mr (in Amory’s John Buncle), i. 54; iii. 142.
Malades, Mont des, ix. 98.
Malatesta, Anthony, ix. 218.
Malbecco (Spenser’s Faëry Queen), iii. 55; v. 42, 43.
Malcolm (in Shakespeare’s Macbeth), v. 48.
Malcontent, The (Marston’s), v. 226, 228, 229, 271 n., 272.
Malebranche, Nicolas, iv. 216; vii. 144, 146; xi. 286, 288.
Malevole (in Marston’s The Malcontent), v. 225, 228, 230.
Malibran (de Beriot, Maria Felicita), xii. 384.
Mall in St James’s Park, View of (Gainsborough’s), vi. 437.
Mallet, David, v. 375.
Malmesbury, x. 143.
Malone, Edmond, ii. 184; vi. 366, 510, 511; x. 172, 173.
Malta, ii. 173, 175; iii, 3, 5, 7.
Malthus, Thomas Robert, iv. 287;
also referred to in iii. 95; iv. 241; vi. 269; vii. 193; x. 403; xii. 40,
141.
Malthus’s Doctrines, An Examination of: (1) the Geometrical and
Arithmetical Series, iii. 356.
—— Essay, On the Originality of, iii. 361.
—— Principle to the Poor Laws, On the application of, iii. 374.
—— Reply to the Essay on Population, by Rev. T. R., iv. 1;
also referred to in iii. 462; xii. 412.
Malthuses, The, xii. 255.
Malvil (Murphy’s), viii. 164.
Malvolio (in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night), iii. 213; v. 97; viii. 12, 32,
164, 302.
Mambrino (in Cervantes’ Don Quixote), viii. 108; x. 27.
Man, The, in the Louvre (Titian’s), ix. 273.
Man, Aphorisms on, xii. 209.
—— The Essay on (Pope’s), v. 76, 373; xi. 491; xii. 31.
—— in Black, portrait (in the Louvre), xii. 192.
—— of Business (G. Colman, the elder), ii. 109 n.
—— of Feeling, The (Mackenzie’s), ii. 336; vii. 227; viii. 105; xii. 67.

Textbook Beach Management Tools Concepts Methodologies and Case Studies 1St Edition Camilo M Botero Ebook All Chapter PDF

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Beach Management Tools - Concepts,

Methodologies and Case Studies 1st

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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8795

ISSN 2211-0577 ISSN 2211-0585 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955424

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

Swansea, Wales, UK Allan Williams

the vulnerability index and the management measures in 99 beach-dune systems of

(ii) automatically extracting a contour level from a LiDAR-derived coastal elevation

Applications”), by Damian Morgan, highlights the importance of suitable tools and

Santa Marta, Colombia Camilo M. Botero

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7 Recreational Beaches as Factors of Involvement

Part II Geomorphology Tools

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Part V Governance Tools

36 Sources of Information for the Management

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