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Textbook Cardiovascular Complications in Cancer Therapy Antonio Russo Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Cardiovascular Complications in Cancer Therapy Antonio Russo Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Current Clinical Pathology
Series Editor: Antonio Giordano
Cardiovascular
Complications
in Cancer
Therapy
Current Clinical Pathology
Series Editor
Antonio Giordano, MD, PhD
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Cardiovascular
Complications in Cancer
Therapy
Editors
Antonio Russo Giuseppina Novo
Department of Surgical, Oncological University of Palermo
and Oral Sciences School of Medicine
Section of Medical Oncology Palermo
University of Palermo Italy
Palermo
Italy Antonio Giordano
Temple University College of Science
Patrizio Lancellotti and Technology
Department of Cardiology Philadelphia, PA
University of Liège USA
Liege
Belgium
Fausto J. Pinto
Cardiology Department
University of Lisbon
Lisbon
Portugal
This Humana Press imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents
1 Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
Antonio Russo, Giuseppina Novo, Patrizio Lancellotti,
Fausto J. Pinto, and Antonio Giordano
2 Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Damage Induced
by Traditional Chemotherapy������������������������������������������������������ 3
Valentina Mercurio, Giulio Agnetti, Pasquale Pagliaro,
and Carlo G. Tocchetti
3 Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Damage
Induced by Anti-HER-2 Therapies���������������������������������������������� 15
Valentina Mercurio, Giulio Agnetti, Pasquale Pagliaro,
and Carlo G. Tocchetti
4 Cardiovascular Damage Induced by Radiotherapy ������������������ 21
Antonio Galvano, Giuseppina Novo, Mario Roselli,
Antonio Giordano, and Antonio Russo
5 Cardiovascular Damage Induced by Anti-VEGF Therapy�������� 33
Giuseppina Novo, Daniela Di Lisi, Enrico Bronte,
Manuela Fiuza, and Fausto J. Pinto
6 Cardiovascular Damage Induced by
Anti-BCR-ABL TKIs���������������������������������������������������������������������� 45
Giuseppina Novo, Daniela Di Lisi, Manuela Fiuza,
and Fausto J. Pinto
7 Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Dysfunction������������������������ 57
Giuseppina Novo, Cinzia Nugara,
and Patrizio Lancellotti
8 Coronary Artery Disease �������������������������������������������������������������� 71
Giuseppe Mercuro, Christian Cadeddu Dessalvi,
Martino Deidda, Stephan Stöbe, and Andreas Hagendorff
9 Peripheral Artery Disease and Stroke������������������������������������������ 83
Concetta Zito, Roberta Manganaro, Scipione Carerj,
Fausto J. Pinto, and Bijoy J. Kandheria
10 Valvular Heart Disease������������������������������������������������������������������ 93
Ines Paola Monte and Gyanendra Kumar Sharma
v
vi Contents
vii
viii Contributors
xi
xii Abbreviations
QTc QT prolongation
RA Right atrium
RAAS Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
R-CHOP Rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and
prednisone
RIHD Radiation-induced heart damage
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RR Relative risk
RV Right ventricle
SBP Systolic blood pressure
SNPs Single nucleotide polymorphisms
SPECT Single-photon emission computed tomography
STE Speckle tracking echocardiography
TAVI Transcatheter aortic valve implantation
TDI Tissue Doppler imaging
TdP Torsades de pointes
TF Tissue factor
TKI Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
TNF Tumour necrosis factor
TnI Troponin I
VDA(s) Vascular disrupting agent(s)
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
VHD Valvular heart disease
VKA Vitamin K antagonists
VTA(s) Vascular targeting agent(s)
VTE Venous thromboembolism
Introduction
1
Antonio Russo, Giuseppina Novo,
Patrizio Lancellotti, Fausto J. Pinto,
and Antonio Giordano
Thanks to more and more effective antineoplastic failure, that could be severe, but also to ischemic
treatments, among them target therapies and heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and stroke,
immunotherapy, and the advances in early diag- cardiac arrhythmias, valves disease and pericardial
nosis of tumors, the life expectancy of patients disease, venous thromboembolism, arterial hyper-
suffering from cancer has significantly increased tension, and pulmonary hypertension [4].
in the last 5 years [1, 2]. The increase in survival Moreover tumor and cardiovascular diseases
has created a population of patients “long survi- often share the same risk factors. This increases
vors” with chronic cancer disease who are more the probability for these conditions to coexist in
exposed to develop complications of antineoplas- the same patient [5].
tic treatments [3]. On these premises, a new branch of cardiol-
Cardiovascular complications are among the ogy, cardio-oncology, was born, aiming to pre-
most serious ones and may lead not only to heart vent and early diagnose and manage cardiac
damage caused by the use of old and new anti-
neoplastic drugs and to facilitate the cancer treat-
ment and to avoid its suspension. Cardio-oncology
is based on the cooperation between cardiologists
A. Russo and oncologists and possibly other related spe-
Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral cialists aimed to a collegial and more efficient
Sciences, Section of Medical Oncology, University
of Palermo, Palermo, Italy management of the oncological patient, to pro-
vide optimal care but also for the related socio-
G. Novo (*)
Division of Cardiology, Biomedical Department of economic implications. Given the awareness of
Internal Medicine and Specialities (DIBIMIS), the cardiological complications related to anti-
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy cancer treatment, it is now necessary to spread
e-mail: guseppina.novo@unipa.it the cardio-oncology knowledge.
P. Lancellotti With this aim it is born the idea of publishing
University of Liège Hospital, Liege, Belgium this book, addressed to cardiologists, oncolo-
F. J. Pinto gists, and other specialists who are facing onco-
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Santa logical patients. The authors of this book are
Maria, CHLN University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
cardiologists and oncologists, involved in their
A. Giordano daily practice with oncological patients, most of
Department of Biology, College of Science
and Technology, Temple University, Sbarro Health them are expert, known all over the world, for
Research Organization, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA their scientific publications in this field.
In this book we will review the pathophysio- Unfortunately we are aware that despite a
logical mechanisms leading to cardiovascular growing number of scientific papers have been
toxicity related to the various antineoplastic recently produced about cardio-oncology, the
drugs, we will focus on the main cardiological level of evidence to develop guidelines is still
complications that may occur, and we will dis- lacking, and the recommendations provided in
cuss the diagnostic modalities to detect earlier as this book largely represent the opinions of
possible these and the actual preventive and ther- experts. For this reason large and prospective
apeutic strategies. studies to evaluate the burden of antineoplastic
This book offers a practical landmark to treatment-related toxicity and to settle the man-
increase the awareness on cardio-oncology and agement of such patients are needed, in order to
to help each clinician on his/her everyday prac- increase the levels of evidence and to develop
tice. In fact nowadays it is more and more com- cardio-oncology guidelines.
mon to deal with oncological patients who
develop heart disease and who require a specific
management. On the other hand in our daily References
practice we often have to evaluate the suitability
1. Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J,
of a given patient to start a certain oncological Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, et al. Cancer inci-
treatment, potentially cardiotoxic but possibly dence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for
lifesaving, and we cannot refrain ourselves from 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1374–403.
knowing the possible risks for the heart and the 2. De Luca L, Leopardi S, Cavallini C, et al.; EYESHOT
Investigators. Contemporary anti-thrombotic strate-
vessels and the strategies to be implemented to gies in patients with acute coronary syndrome admit-
minimize them. ted to cardiac care units in Italy: the EYESHOT Study.
In addition to the book, we are aware that it is Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2015;4:441–52.
necessary to increase the culture of cardio- 3. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A,
Smith T, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship sta-
oncology with specific training course and scien- tistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:220–41.
tific events and to develop new efficient and 4. Zamorano JL, Lancellotti P, Munoz DR, Aboyans V,
sustainable diagnostic and therapeutic paths to Asteggiano R, Galderisi M, et al. 2016 ESC Position
address these issues, involving a multidisci- Paper on cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxic-
ity. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2768–801.
plinary team of experts and creating cardio- 5. Koene RJ, Prizment AE, Blaes A, Konety HK. Shared
oncology units that are already a virtuous reality risk factors in cardiovascular disease and cancer.
in some center. Circulation. 2016;133:1104–14.
Mechanisms of Cardiovascular
Damage Induced by Traditional 2
Chemotherapy
Antineoplastic drugs
Fig. 2.1 Damages induced by anticancer drugs on endo- fibroblast growth factor, MAPK mitogen-activated prote-
thelial cells. AngII angiotensin II, BK bradykinin, cGMP ine kinase, NO nitric oxide, PGI2 prostacyclin, SP sub-
cyclic guanosine monophosphate, ET endothelin, FGF2 stance P, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor,
VSMCs vascular smooth muscle cells
tics (Fig. 2.1) [10]. In particular, cardiac and [19], nitrosative stress [20], the activity on drug
endothelial toxicity of anthracyclines has been transporters (including MDR1 and MRP1) [21],
ascribed to redox activation of these drugs to drug metabolism [22], and TopI and II inhibition
semiquinone intermediates, which can then pro- [16, 23]. In particular, TopII is a cellular target of
duce superoxide radicals upon reduction [11]. anthracyclines [23]. In mammals, there are two
Both the superoxide anion and its dismutation isoenzymes of TopII: TopIIa and TopIIb. TopIIa
product—hydrogen peroxide—are characterized is expressed only in proliferating cells such as
by some level of toxicity [12]. Anthracyclines are tumor cells [24] and is thought to be the molecu-
antineoplastic drugs originally derived from lar basis for anthracyclines’ anticancer effects.
Streptomyces. Anthracyclines are red, aromatic TopIIb is a ubiquitous isoform highly expressed
polyketides and exist in different forms due to the in terminally differentiated cells, including adult
structural differences in the aglycone and the dif- cardiomyocytes [25] and endothelial cells [26].
ferent sugar residues attached [13]. Among the Thus, the interaction between anthracyclines and
several pathways that are supposedly involved in TopIIb may directly induce endothelial toxicity
cytotoxicity of this class of anti-antineoplastic and LV dysfunction [25].
compounds, accumulation in the nucleus of neo- Recent evidence showing that pixantrone, a
plastic and proliferating cells, DNA intercalation, novel anthracycline used in refractory-relapsed
interaction with/inhibition of DNA-binding pro- non-Hodgkin lymphoma, ineffective on TopIIb,
teins (such as topoisomerase II-TopII, RNA poly- does not cause endothelial toxicity and cardio-
merase, histones), ROS production, and myopathy, further supports the hypothesis that
antiangiogenic mechanisms [14] are considered inhibition of TopIIb is a key player in the genera-
to be the most relevant. tion of anthracycline toxicity [27]. However, pix-
Cardiovascular toxicity provoked by anthra- antrone has different functional properties
cyclines is a complex phenomenon, influenced compared to anthracyclines, with specific toxici-
by several mechanisms that include drug accu- ties [28]. A deeper knowledge into these mecha-
mulation in nuclei [15] and mitochondria [16] nisms will help design a rational strategy to fight
and DNA repair [17], stress-induced signaling endothelial toxicity of anthracyclines. A valid
pathways [18], sarcoplasmic reticulum stress alternative is the use of liposomal doxorubicin,
6 V. Mercurio et al.
including acute coronary thrombosis and may be tion and invasion [58]. In addition, the taxane
linked to higher long-term cardiovascular risk paclitaxel also augments endothelial tissue factor
[51]. Cisplatin and most other platinum-based (TF) expression via its stabilizing effect on
drugs are simple inorganic molecules containing microtubules and stimulation of c-jun kinase
a platinum ion. Tumor apoptosis and, unfortu- (JNK), thus leading to downregulation of throm-
nately, also myocardial ischemia can be caused bomodulin and increased protein nitration [59]. It
by these drugs via stimulation of signal transduc- has been demonstrated that another tubulin
tion that finally activates mechanisms involving blocker, vincristine, is able to adversely affect rat
death receptor as well as mitochondrial path- cardiac microvascular ECs [7, 60].
ways. The characteristic nephrotoxicity, ototox- Cardiovascular damage has also been reported
icity, and most other cytotoxicities caused by for other classical chemotherapeutics, such as
platinum compounds can be ascribed to apopto- cyclophosphamide (a nitrogen mustard inducing
sis. In endothelial cells, cisplatin can provoke DNA alkylation) [61], bleomycin (antitumor anti-
cytotoxicity by means of enhanced production of biotic inducing DNA degradation), and vinca
procoagulant endothelial microparticles [52] and alkaloids (depolarizing agents causing spiral-like
free radicals [53, 54]. Indeed, higher plasma lev- distortions of the cellular microtubules) [7, 62].
els of the endothelial prothrombotic markers
vWF and PAI-1 were present in testicular cancer
patients administered with cisplatin, in compari- Vascular Toxicity Induced by
son to subjects who underwent orchiectomy Chemotherapy
alone [55]. In addition, a study from Vaughn and
coworkers [56] found that in long-term cancer First, it has to be kept in mind that it usually takes
survivors who had been administered with many years for atherosclerotic processes to
cisplatin-based regimens, there was a derange- become symptomatic. This latency might contrib-
ment in NO-dependent vasodilation (flow- ute to the fact that the effects of anticancer drugs
mediated vasodilation) in the brachial artery, on blood vessels are not clear yet. In addition,
compared to chemotherapy-naïve subjects. On smoking and dyslipidemia are main risk factors
such basis, subjects who underwent therapies for both cancer and atherosclerosis [63]. Also, the
with alkylating agents such as cisplatin would co-prevalence of different cancers and clinical
benefit from the administration of antiplatelet or manifestations of atherosclerosis complicate the
anticoagulant or antithrombotic drugs in order to distinction between toxic side effects of chemo-
protect vascular function, thus preserving cardio- therapy and preexisting cardiovascular risk. Of
vascular health [55, 56]. Interestingly, recent evi- notice, anticancer drugs such as cisplatin, bleomy-
dence shows increased platelet activation in cin, and etoposide cause a higher long-term risk
cancer (e.g., colon cancer), with a lower inci- for vascular and atherosclerotic complications [64,
dence and mortality for colon cancer in patients 65]. Such long-term effects have to be separated
on low doses of aspirin [57]. Ongoing primary from acute vascular events induced by arterial
prevention and adjuvant trials (e.g., ADD-Aspirin thrombosis, which might provoke thrombotic
Trial) of low-dose aspirin will be of help to inves- occlusion of coronary vessels even with no sign of
tigate the contribution of this strategy on coronary artery disease [62]. Vascular spasm and
chemotherapy-associated vascular toxicity. Raynaud phenomenon, angina pectoris, and even
Taxanes are diterpenes produced by the plants myocardial infarction can be caused by 5-FU and
of the genus Taxus. They inhibit cell division, capecitabine or paclitaxel, gemcitabine, rituximab,
chromatid separation, and growth, thus leading to and sorafenib [66–68]. In addition, cisplatin, beva-
cell death. These microtubule-binding drugs are cizumab (angiogenesis inhibitor), tamoxifen
generally known as mitotic inhibitors or microtu- (selective estrogen receptor blocker), and sunitinib
bule inhibitors. As for several tumors, taxanes and sorafenib (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) can
harm endothelial cell functions, such as prolifera- cause an enhanced incidence of VTE [69–72].
8 V. Mercurio et al.
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) can provoke chest pain [51]. Indeed, angiography may reveal single or
in 1–18% of subjects who are administered with multivessel coronary thrombosis even without
this drug, with its oral prodrug capecitabine at a evidence of atherosclerosis [62, 90–95]. Erosion
50% lower rate. The onset can be pretty quick (as as the leading mechanism is supported by experi-
systemic peak levels are reached) and is linked to mental evidence showing induction of endothe-
deranged vascular reactivity [51, 73, 74]. Chest lial damage with activation of apoptosis and
pain can manifest as exertional angina and abnor- stimulation of thromboxane generation, platelet
mal noninvasive stress testing [75] but also as activation, and aggregation [90, 92, 96, 97].
resting or variant angina. This is due to the fact Accordingly, these acute coronary events are
that these drugs primarily alter molecular signal- unpredictable. Interestingly, cisplatin levels can
ing pathways modulating vascular smooth mus- be detected for years after therapy, and this is par-
cle cell tone, thus causing vasoconstriction [51, alleled by a high risk for chest pain episodes and
75]. acute ischemic events [51, 98].
Taxanes can also cause similar types of chest Beside typical scenarios of ACS, oncologic
pain. In particular, paclitaxel induces chest pain patients can also undergo apical ballooning syn-
with an incidence of 0.2–4% [51, 68, 76, 77]. As drome, precipitated by several factors, among
for 5-FU, a major role is believed to be played by which is the exposure to various and significant
vasoconstriction (spasm). Differently from 5FU, stressors [99]. In particular, this syndrome has
though, taxanes can induce alterations of heart been noted in patients treated with 5-FU,
rhythm with a higher incidence [76]. capecitabine, cytarabine, axitinib, sunitinib, bev-
Cisplatin, especially when administered with acizumab, rituximab, trastuzumab, and combret-
bleomycin and vinca alkaloids, can cause chest astatin [100–109]. In 38 subjects with cancer and
pain at an incidence as high as 40% [78–83]. stress cardiomyopathy seen at the MD Anderson
Endothelial dysfunction is the major mechanism Cancer Center, female sex (76%), advanced age
of deranged vasoreactivity [84]. (65.9 ± 9 years), and advanced cancer were the
Beside chest pain, oncologic patients treated main patient characteristics [110]. Most of the
with 5-FU and capecitabine can even present events occurred in close temporal proximity to
with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and can three kinds of tumor interventions: surgery, stem
show the entire spectrum from unstable angina to cell transplantation, and chemotherapy.
acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and also Importantly, in this latter group, 64% were able
arrhythmic complications such as ventricular to resume different anticancer drugs on cardio-
tachycardia and fibrillation leading to sudden protective therapies within 1 month with no
death, according to the intensity and duration of recurrence. Although the exact pathophysiology
vasoconstriction [85–87]. ACS presentations of of apical ballooning syndrome is still unclear,
paclitaxel, gemcitabine, rituximab, and sorafenib one possible explanation is abnormal coronary
have also been ascribed to vasoconstrictive vasoreactivity caused by the aforementioned che-
pathophysiology [66–68, 77, 88, 89]. In onco- motherapeutics. Interestingly, a subject who
logic patients with significantly lowered myocar- exhibited apical ballooning with 5-FU, for
dial reserve, ACS and AMI can be caused by instance, showed abnormal coronary vaso-
tachycardia, hypotension, hypoxia, and anemia response to acetylcholine, with paradoxical vaso-
because of coronary artery disease or potentially constriction following 5-FU [75, 111]. Similarly,
pathoanatomic variants such as myocardial the response to catecholamines might be also
bridging or as the result of the well-established altered, and coronary microcirculation might also
types of plaque complications [51]. be involved in changes in vasoreactivity, thus
Oncologic patients treated with vasculotoxic leading to abnormalities in perfusion and con-
chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin (with and traction [99, 112, 113].
without bleomycin and vinca alkaloids) may also Cancer patients can also present with limb
present with a greater propensity toward erosion ischemia. The primary presentation of limb isch-
2 Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Damage Induced by Traditional Chemotherapy 9
emia in these patients has been Raynaud’s that 3. Zhao Y, Sawyer DR, Baliga RR, Opel DJ, Han X,
Marchionni MA. Neuregulins promote survival
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G, Pectasides D, Dimopoulos M-A, et al. Endothelial
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Disclosures CGT received speaking fees from Alere. occurrence and biosynthesis, synthesis and chemis-
Funding CGT is funded by a Federico II University/ try. New York: Springer; 2008.
Ricerca di Ateneo grant. 14. Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni
L. Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharma-
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14 V. Mercurio et al.
Trastuzumab
NRG-1
HER-2 HER-4
HER-4 HER-4
Cardiac stressors
(e.g., antrhacyclines)
Cardiomyocyte
Cardiomyocyte
dysfunction
Fig. 3.1 Cardiomyocyte damage induced by trastu- overload but also anthracyclines, are able to upregulate
zumab. Cardiac stressors, such as pressure or volume Her-2 on cardiomyocyte, rendering these cells more sus-
ceptible to following exposure to trastuzumab
eventually, HF by deranging the NRG1/ErbB4/ peutic implications. For instance, in mice sub-
ErbB2 pathway in the myocardium. This event is jected to pressure overload, both mRNA and
more likely to occur upon cardiomyocyte expo- protein levels of ErbB4 and ErbB2 were signifi-
sure to other stressors, such as hypertension or cantly diminished with the progression of the dis-
doxorubicin [11, 16, 17]. Such concept seems to ease from hypertrophy to decompensated HF [7,
be corroborated by seminal papers that showed 11, 21]. Consistently, human failing myocardia
LV dilation in ErbB2 cardiac KO mice, with exhibited lower ErbB2 and ErbB4 receptor
enhanced susceptibility to cardiomyocyte dam- expression and activation/phosphorylation, when
age from anthracyclines [18, 19]. On the oppo- compared to organ donors [22]. Interestingly,
site, ErbB2-overexpressor hearts exhibited levels of ErbB4 and ErbB2 could be restored
reduced levels of ROS in mitochondria, with back to normal by implanting LV assist device
lower ROS levels and less cell death in neonatal and unloading the heart [22, 23]. In an apparent
myocytes isolated from ErbB2(tg) hearts after contrast with these results, there was enhanced
administration of anthracyclines. This was due to phosphorylation of ErbB4 and ErbB2 in dogs
higher levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) with HF induced by tachypacing [24].
protein and activity, coupled to an increase of two Dysregulation of the intracellular downstream
known GPx activators, c-Abl and Arg, suggesting effectors of ErbB4 and ErbB2, ERK1/2, and Akt
novel mechanisms by which ErbB2 blockers can was also observed, suggesting deranged NRG1/
damage heart structure and function [20]. ErbB4/ErbB2 pathway. Importantly, most studies
Additional studies on NRG1/ErbB4/ErbB2 show enhanced expression of NRG1 in HF com-
have moved from cancer and HF to heart disease pared to control conditions [11, 22, 24]. This evi-
from any cause, paving the way to novel thera- dence points out that in the pathophysiology of
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Sie den Spieß umkehren. Jetzt wär’s e r auf einmal, der vor Ihnen die
Flucht ergreift. Sie sind schon einer! A ganz a G’scheiter!“ Und
neuerdings bekam der alte Herr einen Lachanfall. „Sie sind schon
der Richtige, Sie! Aber so ist’s alleweil im Leben. Da schiebt man’s
alleweil den andern in die Schuh’, was man nit gern zugibt.“
Patscheider mußte nun selber herzlich mitlachen. Er hatte heute
entschieden seinen guten Tag und nahm nichts übel, was ihm der
alte Herr unter die Nase rieb.
„Recht haben’s, Herr Rat, ganz recht!“ bestätigte er zustimmend.
„Und jetzt, Sophie, bringst mir noch a Halbe Wein, weil wir so fein
beisammen sind!“ sagte er vergnügt und zwinkerte dem Mädchen
vertraulich zu.
„I bin nit per Du mit Ihnen!“ gab die Sophie schnippisch zurück.
„Macht nix. Was nit ist, kann noch werden!“ sagte der
Patscheider. Er nahm heute einmal gar nichts krumm ...
Am Heimweg raffte der Apotheker Tiefenbrunner seinen ganzen
Mut zusammen und erklärte seiner Frau mit aller Entschiedenheit,
daß er mit oder ohne ihre Einwilligung den Felix „auf die Kunst“
studieren lassen werde. „Denn,“ sagte er, „i hab’ heut’ abend
g’sehen, der Felix hat bei allen Herrn einen Stein im Brett. Und es
könnt’ mich nur unbeliebt machen, wenn wir ihm das Geld zur
Malerei nicht hergeben täten. Deswegen ist’s g’scheiter, wir fügen
uns. Gelt, Alte?“
Die „Alte“ nickte und gab völlig kleinlaut ihre Zustimmung. Sie
hatte im Laufe des Abends noch manches böse Wort der Damen mit
anhören müssen und fühlte sich ganz klein und nachgiebig.
Da war die Frau Patscheider, die ihr gehörig zugeredet hatte und
ihr erklärte, daß ein Künstler viel was Gescheiteres sei als wie ein
Beamter.
Der Zorn der Frau Patscheider über ihren Gatten war bald
verraucht. Sie war, als dieser durch sein energisches
Dazwischentreten den Doktor Rapp zum Dableiben bewog,
ordentlich stolz auf ihren Mann und verzieh ihm in diesem
Augenblick alles. Er war doch ein großer Mann, dachte sie; da durfte
man nicht so kleinlich sein. Und da sie zu bemerken glaubte, daß ihr
Mann ein Interesse an dem Felix Altwirth nahm, so hielt sie es für
ihre Pflicht, nun ihrerseits die Apothekerin tüchtig zu bearbeiten.
In allen Tonarten schilderte sie Frau Therese Tiefenbrunner das
Künstlerleben. Wie schön das sei, und wie viel Geld das trage. Alles,
was sie je darüber gehört und gelesen hatte, erzählte sie der
Apothekerin. Und jede von den Damen brachte einen neuen Grund,
warum der Felix ein Künstler werden müsse. Schließlich wurde es
der Apothekerin ganz schwummrig im Kopf. Sie sagte zu allem Ja
und Amen und sehnte sich dabei, nach Hause zu kommen und ihre
Ruhe zu haben.
Jetzt am Heimweg begann auch noch ihr Mann davon zu
sprechen, und das in so kategorischer Weise, wie er es nie zuvor
getan hatte.
Frau Therese Tiefenbrunner war im Grunde ihres Herzens gut.
Und ihr ganzer Widerstand gegen den Künstlerberuf ihres Neffen
ging von dem einen ehrlichen Beweggrund aus, daß sie ihm eine
gesicherte Existenz verschaffen wollte. Es war nicht Bösartigkeit,
daß sie sich widersetzte, sondern Verständnislosigkeit. Sie hielt die
Kunst für eine höchst unnotwendige und überflüssige Sache im
Leben. Für etwas, wo man dabei verhungern konnte, wenn man
wollte. Und trotz allem Zureden der Damen hatte sie keine andere
Meinung bekommen.
Als sie jetzt ihrem Mann ihre Einwilligung gab, tat sie es mit
innerem Widerstreben und handelte gegen ihre Überzeugung. Aber
sie sah, daß es wirklich der ernste Wille und Vorsatz ihres Gatten
war, und sie wollte den Frieden zwischen ihm und ihr erhalten. Sie
beschloß jedoch, noch ernstlich mit dem Felix zu reden und ihm
alles vor Augen zu stellen.
Nach ihrer Meinung hätte er als absolvierter Jurist ganz andere
Aussichten haben können. Und wenn ihn das Jus schon nicht freute,
so hätte er ja Pharmazie studieren können, um bei ihrem Mann ins
Geschäft zu treten ...
Der Apotheker Simon Tiefenbrunner verkündete es gleich am
nächsten Morgen persönlich seinem Neffen, daß er und seine Frau
ihm seinen Wunsch erfüllen wollten. Er könne nach München auf die
Akademie gehen.
München! Ein neues Leben tat sich vor den Augen des jungen
Mannes auf. Ein freies, schönes Land, ein Traumland von Glück,
Ruhm, Arbeit und Erfolg.
München! ... Felix Altwirth war so gerührt, daß er schnurstracks
zu seiner Tante lief, um ihr zu danken. Im Überschwang seiner
Gefühle vergaß er, wie viele bittere Stunden ihm diese Frau schon
bereitet hatte. Er vergaß die bösen Reden, die sie ihm gegeben, und
war so begeistert, daß er ihr sogar die Hand küßte, was er noch nie
getan hatte.
Aber auch Frau Therese vergaß vollständig, daß sie ihm noch
gute Ermahnungen und Lehren hatte erteilen wollen. Seine kindliche
Freude rührte sie. Sie verstand diese Freude zwar nicht, aber
trotzdem gefiel sie ihr ...
Mit leichtem Herzen nahm Felix Altwirth Abschied von seiner
Heimat. Nicht einmal der Abschied von Sophie fiel ihm schwer. Er
war voll Hoffnung und Zuversicht und voll Vertrauen auf seine
Zukunft. Dort in der Stadt der Künstler würde auch er sein Glück
erringen. Ein großes, seliges und dauerhaftes Glück.
Achtes Kapitel.