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Textbook Characterization of Nanocomposites Technology and Industrial Applications 1St Edition Frank Abdi Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Characterization of Nanocomposites Technology and Industrial Applications 1St Edition Frank Abdi Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Characterization
of Nanocomposites
Characterization
of Nanocomposites
Technology and Industrial Applications
editors
Preben Maegaard edited by
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz Frank Abdi
Mohit Garg
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: editorial@panstanford.com
Web: www.panstanford.com
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
Acknowledgments xvii
Preface xix
1 Nanostructure Bulk Property Predictions Using Molecular
Mechanics 1
Jerry Housner and Frank Abdi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Modeling of the Atomistic Domain Using
Molecular Mechanics and Dynamics 4
1.1.2 The AMBER Force Field 6
1.1.3 The CHARMM Force Field 8
1.1.4 Brenner’s Equation for Interatomic Potential
Energy Calculation 9
1.1.5 Developing Bulk Nanostructure Properties:
Atomistic and Continuum Models 11
1.1.6 Application to Carbon Nanotubes 14
1.1.6.1 Basics of carbon nanotubes 14
1.1.6.2 RVE-ECM method applied to SWNTs 16
1.1.7 Derived Results in the Literature 18
1.2 Summary 19
Index 477
Acknowledgments
(1) The Alpha Star team, Dr. Jerry Housner, G. Abumeri, M. Garg,
J. Surdenas, R. Dutton, Dr. Dade Huang, Dr. A. Najafi, and
Dr. Rose Ragalini for their constructive advice, support, and
valuable technical information, which was used throughout
the book
(2) Dr. Bob Farahmand, Technical Horizon Inc., for providing
information on the entire process of nanocomputation
(3) Prof. Levon Minnetyan, Clarkson University, for his chapter on
the effect of interface and interphase in nanomodeling, and
improvement in conductivity by nanocomposite insertion
(4) Dr. Christos C. Chamis, NASA/Glenn Research Center, for
his chapter on composite nanomechanics, stress analysis
and fracture in nanolaminates composites, and probabilistic
simulation
(5) Dr. Stuart McHugh, Lockheed Martin, for his chapter on
interlaminar shear prediction/validation
(6) Prof. Parviz Yavari and his students at California State
University, Long Beach, for their chapter on simulation
of material properties’ characterization and validation of
glass/epoxy/silica nanoparticles
(7) Mr. Mohit Garg, Alpha Star, for his valuable chapters on the
influence of nanoparticles on mode I and II fracture toughness
and impact resistance, and on material characterization of
nanocomposites
xviii Acknowledgments
1.1 Introduction
The great majority of the models that engineers use are continuum
based. For example, concrete is made of particles of various sizes
best left to analysis rather than test since many cases will need
to be considered and testing of nanostructures can be challenging.
Validation would be left to test.
Many researchers, engineers, and others have sought to derive
the properties of nanomaterials from molecular mechanics (MM)
and there has been a large measure of success in doing so. The
purpose of this chapter is to review some of the MM methodologies
that have been developed and that can be used to derive the bulk
properties of nanomaterials useful to nanocomposite engineering.
The intended reader of this chapter is the practicing engineer.
It is not the intent of this chapter to provide derivations of
formulas presented or to present detailed explanations of molecular
chemistry or any new information that has not already been
published. Rather, all equations and results in the chapter have been
published previously and appropriate credit is rightfully given to the
authors.
the nuclei only and assumes that electrons are optimally distributed
about the nuclei positions.
Molecular Dynamics (MD) adds dynamics through Newton’s
second law. However, MM and MD are statistical methods that
averages results. Moreover, they do not account for any chemical
reactions and consequently bond breaking is not accounted for.
Without bond breaking, it is not possible for MM and MD
to predict the strength of nanostructures, although they can
predict many other useful bulk properties such as constituent
properties.
The approach of many researchers has been to develop
approximations for the potential energy of the nanostructure
in the atomistic domain.1, 3−16 From the potential energy, useful
information can be derived such as effective elastic constants.
The potential energy can be computed using chemistry force
fields, which describe the potential energy of a system of atoms.
Chemistry force fields provide potential energy contributions whose
gradients yield forces. Force fields are scalars and as such can be
algebraically summed. They tend to be semi-empirical in nature,
are parameterized, and depend on the atoms involved in the
chemistry.
There are many different force field formulations, and the choice
of the force field will often influence the numerical results achieved.
Force fields have in common that they are composed of forces
due to covalent and noncovalent atomic bonding. For example, in
CNTs, the covalent bonds are of the atomic form sp2 , which are very
strong. They are the source of the CNTs’ great strength, which has
been measured to exceed 60 GPa (8700 ksi). The noncovalent bonds
are due to van der Waals and electrostatic energies and are relatively
much weaker. Different researchers and authors categorize these
force field contributions somewhat differently. The various covalent
contributions of energies involved in the force field are often
represented as shown in Fig. 1.4.
In MM and MD atoms may be visualized as points and bonds
as rods. Work is performed as bonds are stretched/compressed
and angles are enlarged/contracted, and non-bond forces such as
electrostatic forces and van der Waals forces are overcome. A
review and summary of some existing force field representations
6 Nanostructure Bulk Property Predictions Using Molecular Mechanics
Bond Stretching
r
Bond Angle
Bending
q
f
Bond Torsion
Improper Bond
f
Torsion
Que ne peut-il pas faire d’un cœur qui lui est assujetti, ce cruel et
traître Amour, puisqu’il a pu enlever du cœur de Roland la grande
fidélité qu’il devait à son prince ? Jusqu’ici, Roland s’est montré sage
et tout à fait digne de respect, et défenseur de la Sainte Église.
Maintenant, pour un vain amour, il a peu souci de son oncle et de lui-
même, et encore moins de Dieu.
Mais moi je ne l’excuse que trop, et je me félicite d’avoir un tel
compagnon de ma faiblesse ; car moi aussi, je suis languissant et
débile pour le bien, et sain et vaillant pour le mal. Roland s’en va
entièrement recouvert d’une armure noire, sans regret d’abandonner
tant d’amis, et il arrive à l’endroit où les gens d’Afrique et d’Espagne,
avaient leurs tentes dressées dans la campagne.
Quand je dis leurs tentes, je me trompe, car sous les arbres et
sous des restants de toits, la pluie les a dispersés par groupes de
dix, de vingt, de quatre, de six, ou de huit, les uns au loin, les autres
plus près. Tous dorment, fatigués et rompus ; ceux-ci étendus à