Design and Modeling of Mechanical

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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Mohamed Haddar
Fakher Chaari
Abdelmajid Benamara
Mnaouar Chouchane
Chafik Karra
Nizar Aifaoui Editors

Design and Modeling

of Mechanical
Systems—III
Proceedings of the 7th Conference on
Design and Modeling of Mechanical
Systems, CMSM’2017, March 27–29,
Hammamet, Tunisia
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest develop-
ments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNME. Also considered for publication are monographs, contributed volumes
and lecture notes of exceptionally high quality and interest. Volumes published in
LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new challenges of mechanical
engineering. Topics in the series include:

• Engineering Design
• Machinery and Machine Elements
• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis
• Automotive Engineering
• Engine Technology
• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics
• Nanotechnology and Microengineering
• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics
• MEMS
• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• Dynamical Systems, Control
• Fluid Mechanics
• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
• Manufacturing
• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement
• Materials Engineering
• Tribology and Surface Technology

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11236

Mohamed Haddar ⋅ Fakher Chaari
Abdelmajid Benamara ⋅ Mnaouar Chouchane
Chafik Karra ⋅ Nizar Aifaoui
Editors

Design and Modeling

of Mechanical Systems—III
Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Design
and Modeling of Mechanical Systems,
CMSM’2017, March 27–29, Hammamet,
Tunisia

123
Editors
Mohamed Haddar Mnaouar Chouchane
National School of Engineers of Sfax National School of Engineers of Monastir
Sfax Monastir
Tunisia Tunisia

Fakher Chaari Chafik Karra

National School of Engineers of Sfax Sfax Preparatory Engineering Institute
Sfax Sfax
Tunisia Tunisia

Abdelmajid Benamara Nizar Aifaoui

National School of Engineers of Monastir National School of Engineers of Monastir
Monastir Monastir
Tunisia Tunisia

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-3-319-66696-9 ISBN 978-3-319-66697-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66697-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951423

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
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or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface

The seventh edition of the “International Congress Design and Modelling of

Mechanical Systems” CMSM’2017 was held in Hammamet, Tunisia, from 27 to 29
March 2017. This congress was organized jointly between two Tunisian research
laboratories: the Laboratory of Mechanics, Modelling and Production of the
National school of Engineers of Sfax and the Laboratory of Mechanical
Engineering of the National School of Engineers of Monastir.
This book is the third volume of the LNME book series “Design and Modelling
of Mechanical Systems”. It contains 123 papers presented during the CMSM’2017
congress. More than 300 participants discussed during the 3 days of the congress,
latest advances in the field of design and modeling of mechanical systems. Similar
to the past editions, the topics presented and discussed during the congress were
very broad covering of research topics of mechanical modeling and design.
The organizers of the conference were honored by the presence of 10 keynote
speakers, who are experts in the field of modeling of mechanical systems, namely:

• Prof. Jean Yves Choley, Laboratory QUARTZ, SUPMECA, Paris, France

• Prof. José Antunes, Applied Dynamics Laboratory, IST, Lisbon, Portugal
• Prof. Mohamed Najib Ichchou, Laboratory of Tribology and System Dynamics,
Ecole centrale de Lyon, France
• Prof. Mabrouk Ben Tahar, Laboratory Roberval, Université de Technologie de
Compiégne, France
• Prof. Jean-François Deu, Structural Mechanics and Coupled Systems
Laboratory, CNAM, Paris, France
• Prof. Abdelkhalek El Hami, Laboratory Optimization and Reliability in
Structural Mechanics, INSA Rouen, France
• Prof. Ming J. Zuo, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
• Prof. Yvon Chevalier, Supmeca, Paris, France

v
vi Preface

• Prof. Hachmi Ben Dhia, MSSMat Laboratory, CentraleSupélec, Paris-Saclay

University, France
• Prof. Taoufik Boukharouba, Laboratory of Advanced Mechanics “LMA”,
USTHB, Alger—Algeria.

Each chapter included in this book was rigorously reviewed by two referees. Our
gratitude goes to all members of the scientific committee for their valuable efforts to
reach a high quality of contributions.
We would like also to thank all authors, presenters, and participants of seventh
edition of CMSM’2017. Finally, special thanks go to Springer for their continuous
support of this conference.

Hammamet, Tunisia Mohamed Haddar

March 2017 Fakher Chaari
Abdelmajid Benamara
Mnaouar Chouchane
Chafik Karra
Nizar Aifaoui
Contents

Enhancing Efficiency of InGaN Nanowire Solar Cells by Applying

Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Rabeb Belghouthi, Tarek Selmi and Hafedh Belmabrouk
Injection Fault Detection of a Diesel Engine by Vibration Analysis . . . . 11
Ezzeddine Ftoutou and Mnaouar Chouchane
A Nonlinear Analysis of a Flexible Unbalanced Cracked
Rotor-Bearing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
N. Ferjaoui and M. Chouchane
Optimized Nonlinear MDOF Vibration Energy Harvester
Based on Electromagnetic Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
I. Abed, N. Kacem, N. Bouhaddi and M. L. Bouazizi
Sub-hourly Validation of the Direct Normal Solar Irradiance Clear
Sky Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
I. Loghmari and Y. Timoumi
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded
AA2024-T3 Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Khaled Boulahem, Sahbi Ben Salem and Jamel Bessrour
On the Elementary Wear Mechanisms of UD-GFRP Composites Using
Single Indenter Scratch Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
S. Mzali, F. Elwasli, A. Mkaddem and S. Mezlini
Multiobjective Assembly Line Resource Assignment and Balancing
Problem of Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Hager Triki, Wafa Ben Yahia, Ahmed Mellouli and Faouzi Masmoudi
Dynamic Vibration of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Geared
Transmission System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Imen Bel Mabrouk, Abdelkhalek El Hami, Lassaad Walha, Bacem Zgal
and Mohamed Haddar

vii
viii Contents

Free Vibration of a Multi-span Road Bridge Supported by Point

Elastic Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Moussa Guebailia and Nouredine Ouelaa
Modelization and Multimodel Control of Ship Electric Propulsion
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Habib Dallagi, Chiheb Zaoui and Samir Nejim
Strategy of Image Capture and Its Impact on Correspondence Error
in Reconstructed 3D-Images-Based Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Jezia Yousfi, Samir Lahouar and Abdelmajid Ben Amara
Analytical and Numerical Approach for the Dynamic Behavior
of a Beam Under a Moving Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Mouldi Sbaiti, Khemais Hamrouni, Abdessattar Aloui
and Mohammed Haddar
CFD Modeling of Wastewater Discharges in a Sewer System . . . . . . . . 135
Sonia Ben Hamza, Nejla Mahjoub Saïd, Hervé Bournot
and Georges Le Palec
Surrogate-Based Multidisciplinary Design Optimization for Stiffened
Panels Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Hamda Chagraoui and Mohamed Soula
Friction Compensation in a 2DOF Robot Manipulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Said Grami and Raouf Fareh
Anisotropic Elastic–Viscoplastic Modelling of a Quasi-unidirectional
Flax Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact . . . . . . 171
M. Abida, J. Mars, F. Gehring, A. Vivet and F. Dammak
Dynamic Simulation of a Partial Unloaded Walking Within the Cable
Driven Legs Trainer Using MATLAB SimMechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Houssein Lamine, Sami Bennour and Lotfi Romdhane
Hysteresis Identification Models: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Khaoula Hergli, Haykel Marouani and Mondher Zidi
Static Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Functionally
Graded Nanocomposite Cylindrical Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
S. Zghal and A. Frikha
A Four-Node Shell Element for Geometrically Nonlinear Analysis
of Thin FGM Plates and Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
A. Frikha, S. Trabelsi and S. Zghal
Post-buckling of FSDT of Functionally Graded Material Shell
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
S. Trabelsi, S. Zghal and A. Frikha
Contents ix

A New Cumulative Fatigue Damage Model for Short Glass

Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
E. Chebbi, J. Mars, H. Hentati, M. Wali and F. Dammak
Independent Loops Selection in a Hydraulic Looped Network . . . . . . . . 235
Zahreddine Hafsi, Sami Elaoud, Manoranjan Mishra and Mohsen Akrout
Canonical Variable Analysis for Fault Detection, System Identification
and Performance Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Xiaochuan Li, Fang Duan, Tariq Sattar, Ian Bennett and David Mba
Effects of Using Flexible Die Instead of Flexible Punch in Rubber Pad
Forming Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
L. Belhassen, L. Ben Said, S. Koubaa and M. Wali
On the Use of NC Milling and Turning Machines in SPIF Process
of Asymmetric Parts: Numerical Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
L. Ben Said, L. Belhassen, J. Mars and M. Wali
Application of the Independent Component Analysis
in the Estimation of the Road Disturbance Applied
on a Nonlinear Suspension System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Dorra Ben Hassen, Mariem Miladi, Mohamed Slim Abbes, S. Caglar
Baslamisli, Fakher Chaari and Mohamed haddar
Contribution to the Evaluation of Uncertainties of Measurement
to the Data Processing Sequence of a CMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Gheribi Hassina and Boukebbab Salim
Integrated AHP-TOPSIS Approach for Pareto Optimal Solution
Selection in Multi-site Supply Chain Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Houssem Felfel and Faouzi Masmoudi
Reciprocating Compressor Prognostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Panagiotis Loukopoulos, Suresh Sampath, Pericles Pilidis,
George Zolkiewski, Ian Bennett, Fang Duan, Tariq Sattar and David Mba
Dynamic Analysis of Bevel Gear in Presence of Local Damage
in NonStationary Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
M. Karray, F. Chaari, M. T. Khabou and M. Haddar
Post-buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials Structures
with Enhanced Solid-Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
A. Hajlaoui, E. Chebbi, E. Triki and F. Dammak
Reliability Analysis of Random Aerodynamic Torque of Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Manel Tounsi, Moez Beyaoui, Kamel Abboudi, Nabih Feki,
Lassaad Walha and Mohamed Haddar
x Contents

Topological Modeling of 2D Piezoelectric Truss Structure Using

the MGS Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Nourhene Abdeljabbar Kharrat, Régis Plateaux, Mariem Miladi Chaabane,
Jean-Yves Choley, Chafik Karra and Mohamed Haddar
Developing Mathematical Models of Stress Concentration Factor
Using Response Surface Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Mohamed Makki Mhalla, Ahmed Bahloul and Chokri Bouraoui
Porous Shape Memory Alloy: 3D Reconstitution and Numerical
Simulation of Superelastic Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Shijie Zhu, Céline Bouby, Abel Cherouat and Tarak Ben Zineb
Flexural Fatigue of Bio-Based Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
H. Daoud, A. El Mahi, J.-L. Rebiere, M. Taktak and M. Haddar
Mode I Fracture Energy of One-Component Polyurethane Adhesive
Joints as Function of Bond Thickness for the Automotive Industry . . . . 393
Yasmina Boutar, Sami Naïmi, Taieb Daami, Salah Mezlini,
Lucas F. M. da Silva and Moez Ben Sik Ali
Scratch Resistance and Wear Energy Analysis of TiO2 Coatings
on 316L Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Hafedh Dhiflaoui and Ahmed Ben Cheikh Larbi
Analysis of Double Reducer Stage Using Substructuring Method . . . . . 415
Marwa Bouslema, Ahmed Frikha, Taher Fakhfakh, Rachid Nasri
and Mohamed Haddar
Numerical Study of Water Waves Impact on Offshore Structure . . . . . . 425
Mohamed Ali Maâtoug and Mekki Ayadi
Comparative Investigation of Turbulence Modeling
in Counterflowing Jet Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Amani Amamou, Nejla Mahjoub Saïd, Philippe Bournot
and Georges Le Palec
Structural Sources Localization in 2D Plate Using an Energetic
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Ahmed Samet, Mohamed Amine Ben Souf, Olivier Bareille,
Tahar Fakhfakh, Mohamed Ichchou and Mohamed Haddar
A CAD Assembly Management Model: Mates Reconciliation
and Change Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Ameni Eltaief, Borhen Louhichi, Sébastien Remy and Benoit Eynard
Mechanical Performance of Doum Palm Fiber-Reinforced Plater
Mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Naiiri Fatma Zahra, Zbidi Fayrouz, Allegue Lamis and Zidi Mondher
Contents xi

Experimental and Analytical Analysis of Particle Damping . . . . . . . . . . 483

Marwa Masmoudi, Stéphane Job, Mohamed Slim Abbes, Imed Tawfiq
and Mohamed Haddar
Seeded Planetary Bearing Fault in a Helicopter Gearbox—A Case
Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Linghao Zhou, Fang Duan, Elasha Faris and David Mba
Study of the Anti-fingerprint Function: Effect of Some Texture
Properties on the Finger Contact Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Meriem Belhadjamor, Saoussen Belghith and Salah Mezlini
Online Identification of Road Profile Variation Using a Constant
Piecewise Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Maroua Haddar, S. Caglar Baslamisli, Fakher Chaari
and Mohamed Haddar
Cathodic Protection System by Imposed Current for a Vedette . . . . . . . 525
Issam Hemdana, Habib Dallagi, Bechir Sabri and Chiheb Zaoui
Vibration Analysis of a Nonlinear Drivetrain System in the Presence
of Acyclism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Ahmed Ghorbel, Moez Abdennadher, Lassâad Walha, Becem Zghal
and Mohamed Haddar
Calibration and Correction of the Beam Solar Radiation Models Using
High Temporal Resolution Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Ismail Loghmari and Youssef Timoumi
Collapse Analysis of Longitudinally Cracked HDPE Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . 559
M. A. Bouaziz, M. A. Guidara, M. Dallali, C. Schmitt, E. Haj Taieb
and Z. Azari
Cutting Modeling of Ti6Al4V Alloy When Using a TiAlN-Coated
Insert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Kallel Cherif Mouna and Bouaziz Zoubeir
Turbulent-Heated Plane Compressible Jet Emerging in a Directed
Co-Flowing Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Amel Elkaroui, Mohamed Hichem Gazzah, Nejla Mahjoub Saïd,
Philippe Bournot and Georges Le Palec
Effects of Starting Time and Impeller Geometry on the Hydraulic
Performance of a Centrifugal Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Kchaou Nouha, Elaoud Sami, Chalghoum Issa and Bettaieb Noura
Effect of the Volute Diffuser Shape on Pressure Pulsations and Radial
Force in Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Issa Chalghoum, Noura Bettaieb and Sami Elaoud
xii Contents

Multi-criteria Decision-Making Approaches for Facility Layout (FL)

Evaluation and Selection: A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Mariem Besbes, Roberta Costa Affonso, Marc Zolghadri,
Faouzi Masmoudi and Mohamed Haddar
Effect of the Radial Flow and Average Molecular Weight
on the Surface Defect in PDMS Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
M. Ketata, A. Ayadi, Ch. Bradai and N. Elkissi
DSC Investigation on Entropy and Enthalpy Changes in Ni-Rich NiTi
Shape Memory Alloy at Various Cooling/Heating Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Boutheina Ben Fraj, Slim Zghal and Zoubeir Tourki
On the NiTi SMA Thermal Behavior at Various Heat Treatment
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Boutheina Ben Fraj, Slim Zghal and Zoubeir Tourki
Multiobjective Constrained Optimization of Sewing Machine
Mechatronic Performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Najlawi Bilel, Nejlaoui Mohamed, Affi Zouhaier and Romdhane Lotfi
Numerical Study of a Gas Jet Impinging on a Liquid Surface . . . . . . . . 661
Rim Ben Kalifa, Nejla Mahjoub Saïd, Hervé Bournot
and Georges Le Palec
Modeling and Simulation of Transients in Natural Gas Pipelines . . . . . 671
Sabrine Trabelsi, Ezzedine Hadj-Taieb and Sami Elaoud
Damage Analysis of Flax Fibre/Elium Composite Under Static
and Fatigue Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
M. Haggui, A. El Mahi, Z. Jendli, A. Akrout and M. Haddar
Measurement of Thermal Contact Resistance Across Cylinder
Head Gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Saoussen Belghith, Salah Mezlini and Hedi Belhadj Salah
Ultra-Thin Films Effects on the Dynamic Behaviour of Three-Layer
Laminated Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
A. Ghorbel, A. Akrout, B. Bouzouane, M. Abdennadher, T. Boukharouba
and M. Haddar
Assembly Sequence Generation Based on the CAD Model
Simplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Riadh Ben Hadj, Imen Bel Hadj, Moez Trigui and Nizar Aifaoui
In-Plane Strength Domain Numerical Determination of Hollow
Concrete Block Masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Friaa Houda, Hellara Laroussi Myriam, Stefanou Ioannis, Karam Sab
and Abdelwaheb Dogui
Contents xiii

Definition and Classification of Collaborative Network: MCDM

Approaches for Partner Selection Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Souhir Ben Salah, Wafa Ben Yahia, Omar Ayadi and Faouzi Masmoudi
Supply Chain Risk Management, Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . 745
Faiza Hamdi, Faouzi Masmoudi and Lionel Dupont
Numerical Analysis of a Segmented Wind Turbine Blade Using
the Substructure Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Majdi Yangui, Slim Bouaziz, Mohamed Taktak and Mohamed Haddar
Proposition of Eco-Feature: A New CAD/PLM Data Model
for an LCA Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Raoudha Gaha, Abdelmajid Benamara and Bernard Yannou
Effects of Pretextured Surface Topography on Friction and Wear
of AA5083/AISI52100 Materials’ Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
F. Elwasli, S. Mzali, F. Zemzemi, A. Mkaddem and S. Mezlini
Solidworks—Matlab Coupling for Disassembly Plan Generation
in a CAE Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Imen Belhadj, Riadh Ben Hadj, Moez Trigui, Nizar Aifaoui
and Abdelmajid BenAmara
Numerical Study of Wall Horizontal Turbulent Jet of Freshwater
in a Homogeneous Co-flow Stream of Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Syrine Ben Haj Ayech, Nejla Mahjoub Saïd, Philippe Bournot
and Georges Le Palec
Collaborative Inventory Management in Tunisian
Healthcare Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Mouna El Arbi, Ahmed Amine Karoui, Malek Masmoudi and Omar Ayadi
On the Role of Activation Volume Parameter in Heterogeneous
Deformation of Zr-Based Metallic Glasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
M. Belkacem and T. Benameur
Inhomogeneous Wave Correlation for Propagation Parameters
Identification in Presence of Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Ramzi Lajili, O. Bareille, M.-L. Bouazizi, M.-N. Ichchou and N. Bouhaddi
Experimental and Numerical Study on Force Reduction in SPIF
by Using Response Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Badreddine Saidi, Laurence Giraud-Moreau, Atef Boulila, Abel Cherouat
and Rachid Nasri
Identification of Control Chart Deviations and Their Assignable
Causes Using Artificial Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Souha Ben Amara, Jamel Dhahri and Nabil Ben Fredj
xiv Contents

Optimization of Machining Process During Turning of X210Cr12

Steel Under MQL Cooling as a Key Factor in Clean Production . . . . . . 855
M. Nouioua, M. A. Yallese, R. Khettabi, A. Chabbi, T. Mabrouki
and F. Girardin
High Strain-Rate Tensile Behaviour of Aluminium A6063 . . . . . . . . . . . 865
M. Khlif, L. Aydi, H. Nouri and Ch. Bradai
Pump Failure: Effect of Wall Elasticity on Pressure Fluctuations . . . . . 871
Noura Bettaieb, Issa Chalghoum, Elaoud Sami and Ezzeddine Hadj Taieb
Numerical Modeling of Hot Incremental Forming Process
for Biomedical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Manel Sbayti, Riadh Bahloul and Hedi Belhadjsalah
A Polynomial Chaos Method for the Analysis of the Dynamic
Response of a Gear Friction System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Ahmed Guerine and Abdelkhalak El Hami
Sensitivity Analysis of Backlogging Cost in Multi-item Capacitated
Lot-Sizing Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Hanen Ben Ammar, Omar Ayadi and Faouzi Masmoudi
Effect of the Radial Flow on the Volume Defect in
Polydimethylsiloxane Extrusion Using PIV the Technique . . . . . . . . . . . 911
M. Ketata, A. Ayadi, Ch. Bradai and S. Ben Nasrallah
Tribological Behavior of HDPE Against Stainless Steel
on the Presence of Bio-Lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
A. Salem, M. Guezmil, W. Bensalah and S. Mezlini
Collective Dynamics of Disordered Two Coupled Nonlinear
Pendulums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931
K. Chikhaoui, D. Bitar, N. Bouhaddi, N. Kacem and M. Guedri
Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Relative Density
on the Compressive Behaviour of Metal Mesh Isolator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941
Fares Mezghani, Alfonso Fernandez Del Rincon, Mohamed Amine Ben
Souf, Pablo Garcia Fernandez, Fakher Chaari, Fernando Viadero Rueda
and Mohamed Haddar
Anisotropic Study of Behavior of Titanium Alloy Thin Sheets Using
Identification Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Amna Znaidi, Olfa Daghfas, Rym Harbaoui and Rachid Nasri
Biomechanical Approach for the Development and Simulation
of a Musculoskeletal Model of the Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
E. Ederguel, S. Bennour and L. Romdhane
Contents xv

Cooling of Circuit Boards Using Natural Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969

Ahmed Guerine, Abdelkhalak El Hami and Tarek Merzouki
Effect of Gravity of Carrier on the Dynamic Behavior of Planetary
Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Ayoub Mbarek, Ahmed Hammami, Alfonso Fernandez Del Rincon,
Fakher Chaari, Fernando Viadero Rueda and Mohamed Haddar
Prediction of the Position Error of the Uncertain 3-UPU TPM Using
Interval Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
S. El Hraiech, A. H. Chebbi, Z. Affi and L. Romdhane
Influence of Stress Concentration Factor on the Evolution of the
Strain Energy Release Rate at High Temperature in Highly Ductile
Carbon Fibers Reinforced Thermoplastic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
M. Chabchoub, B. Vieille, C. Gautrelet, M. Beyaoui, M. Taktak,
M. Haddar and L. Taleb
Experimental and Numerical Study of Single Point Incremental
Forming for a Spiral Toolpath Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
Safa Boudhaouia, Mohamed Amen Gahbiche, Eliane Giraud,
Yessine Ayed, Wacef Ben Salem and Philippe Dal Santo
A Disassembly Sequence Planning Approach Based on Particle Swarm
Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Maroua Kheder, Moez Trigui and Nizar Aifaoui
HDPE Pipe Failure Analysis Under Overpressure in Presence
of Defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
M. A. Guidara, M. A. Bouaziz, M. Dallali, C. Schmitt, E. Haj Taieb
and Z. Azari
Plastic Behavior of 2024-T3 Under Uniaxial Shear Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Daghfas Olfa, Znaidi Amna, Gahbiche Amen and Nasri Rachid
Optimal Work-in-Process Control for a Closed Multistage Production
System with Machine Preference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
Bacem Samet, Florent Couffin, Marc Zolghadri, Maher Barkalla
and Mohamed Haddar
Brittle Fracture: Experimental and Numerical Modeling Using
Phase-Field Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
Hamdi Hentati, Yosra Kriaa, Gregory Haugou and Fahmi Chaari
Mathematical Modeling of Surface Roughness in Electrical Discharge
Machining Process Using Taguchi Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
A. Medfai, M. Boujelbene, S. Ben Salem and A. S. Alghamdi
xvi Contents

Application of Set-based-approach for the Global Sizing of an Active

Macpherson Suspension System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081
Hassen Trabelsi, Pierre-Alain Yvars, Jamel Louati and Mohamed Haddar
Vibration Suppression of a Cantilever Plate During Milling Using
Passive Dynamic Absorber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Nouha Masmoudi, Riadh Chaari, Wajih Gafsi, Fakher Chaari,
Mohamed Taoufik Khabou and Mohamed Haddar
Optimized Method for Computing Phase-Field Model Using
Decoupling Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
Yosra Kriaa, Hamdi Hentati and Bassem Zouari
Numerical Study of PCM Solidification in a Rectangular Modular
Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Jmal Imen and Baccar Mounir
Hydrodynamic Behavior in Scraped Surface Heat Exchanger
with Archimedes’ Screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119
Sirine Ali and Mounir Baccar
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer by Al2O3–Water Nanofluid
in Square Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Houda Jalali and Hassan Abbassi
Numerical Study of Geometric Parameters Effect on Rapid Heat Cycle
Molding Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139
Fatma Kria, Moez Hammami and Mounir Baccar
Investigation of Parameters Affecting the Acoustic Absorption
Coefficient of Industrial Liners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
Chokri Othmani, Taissir Hentati, Mohamed Taktak, Tamer Elnady,
Tahar Fakhfakh and Mohamed Haddar
Investigation of Spatio-Temporal Behavior of Coolant During
the RHCM Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
Fatma Kria, Moez Hammami and Mounir Baccar
Engineering Change Management (ECM) Methods: Classification
According to Their Dependency Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
Mahmoud Masmoudi, Patrice Leclaire, Marc Zolghadri
and Mohamed Haddar
Analytical Modeling and Analysis of a Bimorph Piezoelectric Energy
Harvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
Marwa Mallouli and Mnaouar Chouchane
CFD Modeling of Air Pollution Dispersion in Complex
Urban Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191
Mohamed S. Idrissi, Fatma A. Lakhal, Nabil Ben Salah and Mouldi Chrigui
Contents xvii

Finite Element Modeling and Analysis of a Bimorph Piezoelectric

Energy Harvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
Rabie Aloui, Walid Larbi and Mnaouar Chouchane
Active Vibration Control of a Rotor Bearing System Using
Piezoelectric Patch Actuators and an LQR Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1215
Maryam Brahem, Amira Amamou and Mnaouar Chouchane
New Modeling of Planetary Gear Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227
Oussama Graja, Bacem Zghal, Kajetan Dziedziech, Fakher Chaari,
Adam Jablonski, Tomasz Barszcz and Mohamed Haddar
Experimental Investigation of the Damage Progression in the
Filament-Wound Composite by the Acoustic Emission Technique . . . . . 1235
Moez Beyaoui, Hajer Boussetta, Abdelouahed Laksimi, Lassaad Walha
and Mohamed Haddar
Formulation of Bentonite-Cement Grout for Sealing Walls . . . . . . . . . . 1245
Mounir Ben Jdidia, Zouheir Bouarada and Lotfi Hammami
Analytical Method for the Calculation of Tool Machine Energy
Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
Anoire Ben Jdidia, Alain Bellacicco, Maher Barkallah, Hichem Hassine,
Mohamed Taoufik Khabou, Alain Riviere and Mohamed Haddar
Enhancing Efficiency of InGaN Nanowire
Solar Cells by Applying Stress

Rabeb Belghouthi, Tarek Selmi and Hafedh Belmabrouk

Abstract In photovoltaic solar cells, p-n junctions have been considered a very
promising structure to improve the carrier collection efficiency and accordingly the
conversion efficiency. The basic processes for a solar cell to work are the generation
of electron–hole pairs, separation, and recombination of those carriers in external
circuits. The step of critical importance here is the electron–hole pair separation.
The inner piezopotential, formed in the crystal by applying a stress which is called
piezophototronic effect, interferes directly in the separation and recombination
process, and consequently affects the solar cell performance. Recently, elaborated
models including the piezophototronic effect were proposed to simulate
metal/semiconductor and a p-n junction based in ZnO, but discussion of results has
been limited to the output and the open-circuit voltage. In the present work, we will
attempt to extend systematically the modeling of photovoltaic conversion on solar
cell. The piezophototronic effect is included both in transport equation and pho-
tocurrent. Finally, the experimental results of organic solar cells support our the-
oretical model. Using the piezoelectric effect created by external stress, our study
not only provides the first basic theoretical understanding about the piezopho-
totronic effect on the characteristics of an inorganic solar cell, but also assists the
design for higher performance solar cells.

Keywords Piezophototronic ⋅ Stress ⋅ Solar cells

R. Belghouthi (✉)
Laboratory of Electronics and Microelectronics, University of Monastir,
Monastir 5019, Tunisie
e-mail: rabebbelghouthi@gmail.com
T. Selmi
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering,
Sohar University, Sohar, Oman
e-mail: tarakissat@gmail.com
H. Belmabrouk
Department of Physics, College of Science AlZulfi, Majmaah University,
Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
e-mail: hafedh.belmabrouk@gmail.com

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 1

M. Haddar et al. (eds.), Design and Modeling of Mechanical Systems—III,
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66697-6_1
2 R. Belghouthi et al.

1 Introduction

Currently, the technology of semiconductor with piezoelectric properties such as

ZnO, Cds InN, and GaN seems to be most promising for the realization of elec-
tronic and optoelectronic devices. By using coupled semi-conducting and piezo-
electric properties, some piezoelectric devices including nano-generators (Wang
and Song 2006), piezoelectric field effect transistors (Kwon et al. 2008), piezo-
electric diode (Yang et al. 2011a), and solar cell (Yang et al. 2011b) have been
successfully demonstrated. In recent years, various articles have reported the effect
of piezophototronic on performance solar cells. This effect describes the phe-
nomenon that the efficiency of charge generation, separation, or recombination is
tuned by the polarization charge at the interface created by external stress. The
performance of devices can be enhanced or degraded depending on the sign of the
charges. As it is found, the piezoelectric charges localized at the interface are
positive, they will contribute to the increase of electric field and consequently
improve the quantum efficiency of dissociation. Even though the charges are
negative, they will be a decrease in the electric field which adversely affects their
performance of the cell (Yang et al. 2011a, b); Piezopolarization charges at p-n
junction interface directly with the separation and recombination process and it has
been theoretically predicted (Maugin et al. 1988) as well as experimentally proved
(Zhang et al. 2012) that this effect does affect solar cell efficiencies. The working
principal of the piezoelectric solar cell is based on using the high electric field in the
depletion region to separate the electron-trou pairs that incident photons produce.
The solar cell performance can be tuned by piezoelectric charges created at the
junction area under strain. However, all the previous studies were concentrated on
demonstrating the effect itself without providing guidance on how the selection and
the tuning of materials properties can strengthen the piezophototronic effect. The
main objectif of the present paper is to examine the piezophototronic effect on the
inorganic solar cell performance. The best example to describe that is InGaN. Our
attention is focused especially on InGaN mainly due to their tunable band gaps and
superior photovoltaic characteristics (Wen et al. 2013); For InGaN, the band gap
can vary continuously from ultraviolet at 0.77 eV to the infrared at 3.42 eV, which
matches well with the whole solar spectrum. Additionally, InGaN-related systems
show many other favorable properties including high absorption coefficients, high
carrier mobility, saturation velocities, and a superior radiation resistance (Belgh-
outhi et al. 2016). Inevitably, the strain introduced in the device by applying a stress
may strongly affect the open-circuit voltage, maximum output power, and fill factor.
These elements are the main key parameters that can help us to evaluate the
performance of the solar cell. So, we can be effective by playing on the sign and the
value of stress modulated and optimized the effectiveness of the solar cell. Tensile
Enhancing Efficiency of InGaN Nanowire Solar Cells … 3

strain is defined as positive, and compressive strain is defined as negative. Our

analytical results are obtained for InGaN piezoelectric p-n junction solar cell under
simplified conditions, which provides a basic physical picture for understanding the
mechanism of the piezoelectric solar cell. Results provided by the piezophotronic
enhancing efficiency are applicable to all solar cell systems involving piezoelectric
semiconductor material. The objective of our study is also to assist a new design of
higher performance solar cells. Finally, experimental results of organic solar cells
support our theoretical model.

2 Basic Equations

The schematic of InGaN p-n solar cell is shown in Fig. 1; A z-axis is divined along
the c-axis of InGaN nanowire with z = 0 representing the end of the p-type. The
length of the p-region and n-region respectively are taken as 20 nm and 80 nm. For
the design purpose, the diameter of the nanowire is assumed to be 20 nm, and we
assume that the p-type region is non-piezoelectric and n-type is piezoelectric. The
piezoelectric charges are considered as surface charges at the bulk piezoelectric
material because the region within which the piezoelectric polarization charges
distribute is much smaller than the volume of the bulk crystal, making it reasonable
to assume that the piezoelectric charge are distributed at a surface of zero thickness
and it is taken as Wp = 0.25 nm, which is about one atomic layer in thickness.

Fig. 1 Schematic of a InGaN nanowire piezoelectric solar cell based on a p-n junction with the n
side being piezoelectric and the c-axis pointing away from the junction
4 R. Belghouthi et al.

2.1 Space Charge Model

In a semiconductor material, the effect of polarization is expressed as

D = ε0 εr E + P, ð1Þ

where D is the displacement vector, E represents the built-in electric field, ε0εr
denotes the total dielectric constant of the host lattice, and P is the net polarization
given by:

ðPÞi = eijk Sjk , ð2Þ

where eijk is the piezoelectric tensor and S is the uniform strain.

Taking into account the spreading of polarization charges, the sheet concen-
tration ∇s can be simulated by a bulk density with a rectangular profile according to
8
<0 for z<0
ρpz ðzÞ = P
for 0 < z < Wp ð3Þ
: Wp
0 for Wp < z < WD

Using this model of spreading, the total space charge density in the photovoltaic
cell can be written as
8
< − qNA for − WA < z < 0
ρðzÞ = qND + WPp for 0 < z < Wp , ð4Þ
:
qND for Wp < z < WD

where NA and ND are the doping concentrations of acceptors and donors, WA and
WD represent the depletion widths in the p-InGaN and n-InGaN sides and q is the
elementary unit electron charge (Fig. 2).
The electrostatic electric field as well as the space charge potential can be
calculated from Poisson equation.
8
> − qNA ðz + WA Þ
>
< εS ; − WA < z < 0
− qND ðWD − zÞ + ρpz ðWp − zÞ
EðzÞ = ; 0 < z < Wp ð5Þ
>
>
εS
: − qND ðWD − zÞ ; W <x<W
εS p D

εs is the permittivity given as follows (Belghouthi et al. 2015):

εs ðInx Ga1 − x NÞ = 15.3x + 8.9ð1 − xÞ ð6Þ

Enhancing Efficiency of InGaN Nanowire Solar Cells … 5

Fig. 2 Profile of piezoelectric charges and donor charge distribution

2.2 Current–Voltage Characteristics and Photovoltaic

Parameters

For a solar cell, the working principle is based on using high electric fields in the
depletion region in order to assist the separation of electron–hole pairs generated by
incident photons. Moreover, the piezoelectric potential can significantly modify the
band gap edges and control carrier generation at the p-n hetero-junction. The
dynamics of the charge transport is governed by the well-known local electron and
hole current densities and the continuity equations. In this study, we aim to develop
a new model to evaluate the total current Jpn taking account the presence of
polarization charges. We will first recall the conventional model and then we will
explain how piezoelectric charges modify the saturation current.

2.2.1 Conventional Model

For an ideal p-n junction solar cell, the total current density reads
   
qV
J0 = Jpn0 exp − 1 − Jph ð7Þ
kB T

V is the applied voltage. The saturation current is given by

qDp qDn
Jpn0 = pno + npo , ð8Þ
Lp Ln
6 R. Belghouthi et al.

where pn0 and np0 are the thermal equilibrium carrier concentration in n-type and in
p-type semiconductors. The thermal equilibrium hole concentration pn0 in the
n-type semiconductor dominates the saturation current. Thus, we obtain

qDp
Jpn0 = pno ð9Þ
Lp

The thermal equilibrium hole concentration is given by

 
Ei − EF0
pno = ni exp ð10Þ
kB T

Here ni is the intrinsic carrier density, Ei is the intrinsic Fermi level and EF0 is
the Fermi level without polarization effect. Zhang et al. (2012) proposed a revised
version of the conventional model as an attempt to explain the piezophototronic
effects on the photovoltaic conversion in nano-/microwire solar cells. In this study,
we adopt the same approach and we propose to modify some expression in order to
take account the effect of polarization charges. Equation (7) becomes
   
qV
J = Jpn exp − 1 − Jph ð11Þ
kB T

The modified expression of the saturation current density Jpn will be detailed
hereafter.
The saturation current density is given by
 
qDp qDp Ei − EF
Jpn = pn = ni exp ð12Þ
Lp Lp kB T

The expression of Fermi level is revised as

q2 ρpz Wp2
EF = EF0 − , ð13Þ
2εs

where EF0 is the Fermi level without polarization and EF is the Fermi level with
polarization effect. Using the new expression of Fermi level, the saturation current
density is rewritten as
!
− q2 ρpz Wp2
Jpn = Jpn0 exp ð14Þ
2εs kB T
Enhancing Efficiency of InGaN Nanowire Solar Cells … 7

2.3 Results and Discussion

The performance of the solar cell is deliberated in terms of short-circuit current

density Jph, open-circuit voltage (Voc), and efficiency (η). In our simulation work,
we first aimed to study the piezophototronic effect on saturation current. For that
aim, we suppose that the photocurrent does not depend on strains. Figure 3 shows
the current–voltage curves for p-n solar cell at different strains.
For the positive strain case in the proposed model, the positive piezoelectric
charges at p-n interface attract the electron. Their accumulation near the p-n
junction produces a significant reduce in the built-in potential. As a result, the
corresponding current density is enhanced. On the other side, for a negative strain
(compressive strain) case, negative piezoelectric charges are created adjoining the
p-n interface Their attraction of the holes to the local region, produces an increase in
the built-in potentials and a drop in currents. Thus, the value of Voc is given by the
difference between quasi-Fermi levels of the p-type and n-type semiconductor. This
value is reduced when strain is slowly applied by decreasing as a consequence the
Voc as shown in Fig. 4.
The same behavior is observed when efficiency is studied on function of strain as
shown in Fig. 5. To check the validity of our theoretical model in the absence of
experimental results on piezoelectric InGaN solar cell, we intend to compare our
simulation results with previous experimental results on piezoelectric organic solar
cells. A p-n solar cell is produced by using a p-type material which is the (P3HT)
and an n-type material which is the ZnO microwire. Experimental measures shows
that the open-circuit voltage Voc decreases linearly with a linear increase in strain

Fig. 3 Normalized current density of a In0.2Ga0.8N nanowire p-n junction piezoelectric solar cell
as function of applied voltage under several strains (−0.9 to 0.9%)
8 R. Belghouthi et al.

Fig. 4 Open-circuit voltage of a In0.2Ga0.8N nanowire p-n junction piezoelectric solar cell as a
function of strain

Fig. 5 Efficiency of a In0.2Ga0.8N nanowire p-n junction piezoelectric solar cell as a function of
strain

(Wang 2012) also studies experimentally the performance of solar cell based on
ZnO/P3HT under strains. The efficiency is increased under 0.32% tensile strain and
it is decreased under 0.32% compressive strain. The analytical result is verified by
experiments. The above model explains that the performance of the solar cell is
dominated by the piezophototronic effect.
Enhancing Efficiency of InGaN Nanowire Solar Cells … 9

3 Conclusion

In the present paper, the piezophototronic effect is demonstrated in the InGaN solar
cell. We have studied theoretically the effect generated by the strain on the
open-circuit voltage and on the current density. These elements are the main key
parameters that can help us to evaluate strongly the performance of the solar cell.
This study has the advantage of calculating photovoltaic parameters as a function of
stress that can be varied at will. On a fundamental level, the study of the electrical
characteristics has the advantage of showing the positive effects of stress, which can
improve the performance of solar cells. Applied physics, this work gives an idea
about the design of the most optimized architectures.

References

Belghouthi R, Taamalli S, Echouchene F, Mejri H, Belmabrouk H (2015) Mater Sci Semicond

Process 40:424–428
Belghouthi R, Salvestrini JP, Gazzah MH, Chevelier C (2016) Superlattices Microstruct 100:168–
178
Kwon S-S, Hong W-K, Jo G, Maeng J, Kim T-W, Song S, Lee T (2008) Adv Mater 20:4557–4562
Maugin GA (1988) Appl Math Mech 96
Sze SM (1981) Physics of semiconductor devices. Wiley, New York
Wang ZL, Song JH (2006) Science 312:242–246
Wang ZL (2012) Adv Mater 24:4630
Wen X, Wu W, Wang ZL (2013) Nano Energy 1093:2
Yang Q, Wang WH, Xu S, Wang ZL (2011a) Nano Lett 11:4012–4017
Yang Y, Guo W, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Wang X, Wang ZL (2011b) Nano Lett 11:4812–4817
Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang ZL (2012) Dyn Art 5:6850
Injection Fault Detection of a Diesel
Engine by Vibration Analysis

Ezzeddine Ftoutou and Mnaouar Chouchane

Abstract In this paper, the potential of vibration analysis for early detection of fuel
injection faults in an internal combustion diesel engine, having six cylinders in line,
has been investigated. The main sources of vibration of a diesel engine, as well as
the mechanism of propagation of these sources to the engine structure have been
presented. Using the tarring screw of the injector, the injection pressure in one of
the cylinders has been gradually reduced from its nominal value, respectively, by 10
and 50%. Two signals are acquired using an analog-to-digital dynamic acquisition
card. The first is the TDC signal in cylinder 1 measured using an inductive sensor.
The second is the vibration signal which has been measured, on the cylinder head of
the engine using a piezoelectric accelerometer. The vibration signal has been
analyzed in the crank-angle domain, the frequency domain using the Fast Fourier
Transformation, and in the angle-frequency domain using the Short Fourier
Transform. The analysis of the injection fault signals in the three domains showed
that in the crank-angle domain, a visual analysis gives limited information; in the
frequency domain, the identification of the cylinder with the faulty injector is not
possible; and in the angle-frequency domain, the detection of the injection fault and
the identification of the faulty cylinder are possible and not complicated.

Keywords Injection fault ⋅ Diesel engine ⋅ Vibration analysis

Fault detection

E. Ftoutou (✉) ⋅ M. Chouchane

Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering (LGM), National Engineering
School of Monastir (ENIM), University of Monastir, Avenue Ibn Eljazzar,
5019 Monastir, Tunisia
e-mail: ezzeddine.ftoutou@issatkas.rnu.tn
M. Chouchane
e-mail: mnaouar.chouchane@enim.rnu.tn

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 11

M. Haddar et al. (eds.), Design and Modeling of Mechanical Systems—III,
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66697-6_2
12 E. Ftoutou and M. Chouchane

1 Introduction

Early detection of diesel engine faults is essential in order to take early correction
actions and avoid costly repair. Injection faults due to defects in a fuel pump, fuel
lines, and injectors affect the power of the engine, increase the polluting particles in
the exhausted gas, increase the radiated noise, and reduce the life cycle of the
engine. Higher injection pressure increases the pollutants in the emission and
increases fuel consumption. A lower pressure, however, reduces the engine power
and efficiency (Çelikten 2003).
Vibration measurement on the engine block or cylinder head is a non-intrusive
method and has been used successfully for fault detection of diesel engines
(Chandroth 1999; Antoni et al. 2002; Geng et al. 2003; Antoni et al. 2004; Carlucci
et al. 2006; Ftoutou et al. 2012; Ftoutou and Chouchane 2016). Signal processing
techniques of the vibration signals are used to extract features sensitive to faults and
less sensitive to noise. In the present work, the potential for early detection of
injection defaults using vibration signals is investigated. In the experimental work,
a six-cylinder in-line diesel engine has been used. The injector pressure of one of
the cylinders has been reduced gradually from its nominal value by 10 and 50%.
Vibration signal has been analyzed in the angular domain, the frequency domain
and angle-frequency domain.

2 Vibration Analysis of an IC Engine

The measured vibration on the engine depends on the excitations and the propa-
gation path. The main sources of excitation likely to affect the engine vibration
response include impacts due to piston clearances (piston slaps), fuel injection
pressure, high rise of gas pressure during combustion, and the impacts of admission
and exhaust valves. Some of these faults affect the vibration signal simultaneously
and during a limited portion of the engine cycle. A fault is usually detected by
comparing the vibration signal of the faulty engine to the reference signal or sig-
nature. In angular domain, the presence of several simultaneous faults makes the
separation of the sources a difficult task in time or angular domain. Classical Fourier
spectrum is more useful for the analysis of stationary signals associated to rotating
machines. For nonstationary engine vibration signals, the spectrum tends to smear
frequency components. Joint time–frequency analysis methods or angle-frequency
analysis have more potential for source separation since the frequency content of
the signal is analyzed during time or angle variation.
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