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Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics 188

David Loeffler
Sarah Livia Zerbes Editors

Elliptic Curves,
Modular Forms
and Iwasawa
Theory
In Honour of John H. Coates’ 70th
Birthday, Cambridge, UK, March 2015
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics

Volume 188
Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics

This book series features volumes composed of selected contributions from

workshops and conferences in all areas of current research in mathematics and
statistics, including operation research and optimization. In addition to an overall
evaluation of the interest, scientific quality, and timeliness of each proposal at the
hands of the publisher, individual contributions are all refereed to the high quality
standards of leading journals in the field. Thus, this series provides the research
community with well-edited, authoritative reports on developments in the most
exciting areas of mathematical and statistical research today.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10533

David Loeffler Sarah Livia Zerbes
•

Editors

Elliptic Curves,
Modular Forms
and Iwasawa Theory
In Honour of John H. Coates’ 70th Birthday,
Cambridge, UK, March 2015

123
Editors
David Loeffler Sarah Livia Zerbes
Mathematics Institute Department of Mathematics
University of Warwick University College London
Coventry London
UK UK

ISSN 2194-1009 ISSN 2194-1017 (electronic)

Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics
ISBN 978-3-319-45031-5 ISBN 978-3-319-45032-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45032-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948295

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 11F80, 11G05, 11G40, 11R23, 11S40, 14H52

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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Preface

In March 2015, the Dokchitser brothers and the two of us organized two events, a
workshop and a conference, in honour of John Coates’ 70th birthday, in order to
celebrate John’s work and his mathematical heritage. Among the participants of the
conference were many young mathematicians, and it is clear that John’s work, in
particular on Iwasawa theory, continues to be a great source of inspiration for the
new generation of number theorists. It is therefore a pleasure to dedicate this
volume to him, in admiration for his contributions to number theory and his
influence on the subject via his many students and collaborators.

Warwick, UK David Loeffler

July 2016 Sarah Livia Zerbes

v
vi Preface

John at the Royal Society Kavli Centre, March 2015

Published with kind permission, © John Coates
Contents

Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch

and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Andrea Berti, Massimo Bertolini and Rodolfo Venerucci
p-adic Measures for Hermitian Modular Forms
and the Rankin–Selberg Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Thanasis Bouganis
Big Image of Galois Representations Associated with Finite
Slope p-adic Families of Modular Forms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Andrea Conti, Adrian Iovita and Jacques Tilouine
Behaviour of the Order of Tate–Shafarevich Groups
for the Quadratic Twists of X0 ð49Þ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Andrzej Dąbrowski, Tomasz Jędrzejak and Lucjan Szymaszkiewicz
Compactifications of S-arithmetic Quotients for the Projective
General Linear Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Takako Fukaya, Kazuya Kato and Romyar Sharifi
On the Structure of Selmer Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Ralph Greenberg
Control of K-adic Mordell–Weil Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Haruzo Hida
Some Congruences for Non-CM Elliptic Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Mahesh Kakde
Diophantine Geometry and Non-abelian Reciprocity Laws I . . . . . . . . . . 311
Minhyong Kim
On p-adic Interpolation of Motivic Eisenstein Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Guido Kings

vii
viii Contents

Vanishing of Some Galois Cohomology Groups

for Elliptic Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Tyler Lawson and Christian Wuthrich
Coates–Wiles Homomorphisms and Iwasawa Cohomology
for Lubin–Tate Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Peter Schneider and Otmar Venjakob
Bigness in Compatible Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Andrew Snowden and Andrew Wiles
Congruences Between Modular Forms
and the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer
Conjecture

Andrea Berti, Massimo Bertolini and Rodolfo Venerucci

Abstract We prove the p-part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for
elliptic curves of analytic rank one for most ordinary primes.

Keywords Elliptic curves · Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture · Heegner

points · Shimura curves

1 Introduction

The theory of congruences between modular forms has turned out to be a crucial
player in a number of momentous results in the theory of rational points on elliptic
curves. To mention only a few instances, we recall here Mazur’s theory of the Eisen-
stein ideal [16], in which congruences between cusp forms and Eisenstein series on
GL2 are used to uniformly bound the torsion subgroups of elliptic curves over Q.
More germane to our setting, the recent work of Skinner–Urban [22] constructs
classes in the p-primary Shafarevich–Tate group of an elliptic curve over Q (and
more generally, over cyclotomic extensions) when p is ordinary and divides (the
algebraic part of ) the value of the associated Hasse–Weil L-series at s = 1. This is

A. Berti
Dipartimento di Matematica Federigo Enriques, Università di Milano,
via C. Saldini 50, Milano, Italy
e-mail: andrea85.b@gmail.com
M. Bertolini (B) · R. Venerucci
Universität Duisburg-Essen, Fakultät Für Mathematik, Mathematikcarrée,
Thea-Leymann-Strasse 9, 45127 Essen, Germany
e-mail: massimo.bertolini@uni-due.de
R. Venerucci
e-mail: rodolfo.venerucci@uni-due.de

c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1

D. Loeffler and S.L. Zerbes (eds.), Elliptic Curves, Modular Forms
and Iwasawa Theory, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics
& Statistics 188, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45032-2_1
2 A. Berti et al.

achieved by exploiting p-power congruences between cusp forms on unitary groups

and Eisenstein series whose constant term encodes the special value of the L-series
of the elliptic curve. On the opposite side, when this special value is non-zero, Kato’s
Euler system [13] arising from Steinberg symbols of modular units gives an upper
bound on the p-primary Selmer group. The combination of these two results yields
the validity of the p-part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for elliptic
curves of analytic rank zero at almost all ordinary primes.
The goal of this paper is to present a direct proof of the p-part of the Birch
and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for elliptic curves of analytic rank one for most
ordinary primes, obtained by Zhang in [27] along a somewhat different path. More
precisely, let A/Q be an elliptic curve of conductor N. Write L(A/Q, s) for the
Hasse–Weil L-function of A, and X(A/Q) for its Shafarevich–Tate group. When
L(A/Q, s) has a simple zero at s = 1, the theorem of Gross–Zagier–Kolyvagin
[11, 14] states that A(Q) has rank one and X(A/Q) is finite. Fix a modular para-
metrisation
πA : X0 (N) −→ A

of minimal degree deg(πA ). For every rational point P ∈ A(Q), write hNT (P) ∈ R
for the canonical Néron–Tateheight of P, and let A ∈ R∗ be the real Néron period
attached to A/Q. Set cA := q|N cq (A), where cq (A) is the Tamagawa number of
A/Qq , and denote by ap (A) the coefficient 1 + p − Ā(Fp ) of A at p, and by ordp :
Q∗ → Z the p-adic valuation.
Theorem A Assume that A/Q is semistable. Let p > 7 be a prime which does not
divide deg(πA ), and is good ordinary and non-anomalous for A (i.e., p  N and
ap (A) ≡ 0, 1 (mod p)). If L(A/Q, s) has a simple zero at s = 1, then
   
L  (A/Q, 1)
ordp = ordp #X(A/Q) · cA ,
hNT (P) · A

where P is a generator of A(Q) modulo torsion.

Note that the assumptions of Theorem A imply that the p-torsion of A(Q) is
trivial, and that the Tamagawa number cA is a p-adic unit, so that it can be omitted
in the statement.
By invoking the Kato–Skinner–Urban theorem mentioned above, Theorem A can
be reduced (as explained in Sect. 6) to an analogous statement over an imaginary
quadratic field K on which L(A/K, s) has a simple zero. In light of the Gross–
Zagier formula, this statement is in turn equivalent to the equality of the order of the
p-primary part of the Shafarevich–Tate group of A/K and the p-part of the square
of the index of a Heegner point in A(K). Theorem 6.1 below proves this result by
exploiting the theory of congruences between cusp forms on GL2 . In a nutshell,
our strategy makes use of the explicit reciprocity laws of [3] combined with coho-
mological arguments and the theory of Euler systems to show that the existence of
Selmer classes stated in Theorem 6.1 can be obtained from the constructive methods
devised in [22] for elliptic curves of analytic rank zero.
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 3

Theorem 6.1 has been obtained independently by Zhang [27]. His method uses
the reciprocity laws of loc. cit. together with [22] to prove Kolyvagin’s conjecture
on the non-vanishing of the cohomology classes defined in terms of Galois-theoretic
derivatives of Heegner points over ring class fields. This conjecture is known to
imply Theorem 6.1, thanks to prior work of Kolyvagin [15]. The method explained
in this paper (a weaker version of which appears in the first author’s Ph.D. thesis
[1]) is more direct, insofar as it consists in an explicit comparison of Selmer groups
and of special values of L-series attached to congruent modular forms.1

2 Modular Forms and Selmer Groups

Fix a squarefree positive integer N, a factorisation N = N + N − , and a rational prime

p > 3 such that p  N.

2.1 Eigenforms of Level (N + , N − )

−
Let S2 (0 (N))N -new be the C-vector space of weight-two cusp forms of level 0 (N),
which are new at every prime divisor of N − . Write
 −

TN + ,N − ⊂ End S2 (0 (N))N -new

for the Hecke algebra generated over Z by the Hecke operators Tq , for primes q  N,
and Uq for primes q|N.
Let R be a complete local Noetherian ring with finite residue field kR of character-
istic p. (In the following sections, R will often be chosen to be the finite ring Z/pn Z.)
An R-valued (weight two) eigenform of level (N + , N − ) is a ring homomorphism

g : TN + ,N − −→ R.

Denote by S2 (N + , N − ; R) the set of R-valued eigenforms of level (N + , N − ). To

every g ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; R) is associated—see for example [8], Sect. 2.2—a Galois
representation
ρ g : G Q −→ GL2 (kR ),

1 Inthe recent preprint [12] the authors give a different proof of Theorem A. More precisely they
combine the p-adic Gross–Zagier formula of [5] with (one divisibility in) the Iwasawa main con-
jecture for Rankin–Selberg convolutions [24] to deduce an analogue of Theorem 6.1 below (see
also Sect. 6.6). Their approach applies only to imaginary quadratic fields in which p splits, but
requires no assumption on the Tamagawa factors of A/Q. In particular they remove the hypothesis
p  deg(πA ) from Theorem A.
4 A. Berti et al.

whose semi-simplification is characterised by the following properties. Let q be a

prime which does not divide Np, and let Frobq ∈ G Q be an arithmetic Frobenius
at q. Then ρ g is unramified at q, and the characteristic polynomial of ρ g (Frobq ) is
X 2 − g(Tq )X + q ∈ kR [X], where g : TN + ,N − → kR is the composition of g with
the projection R  kR . By Théorèm 3 of loc. cit., if ρ g is (absolutely) irreducible,
one can lift it uniquely to a Galois representation

ρg : G Q −→ GL2 (R)
 
unramified
 at every prime q  Np, and such that trace ρg (Frobq ) = g(Tq ) and
det ρg (Frobq ) = q for such a q. Assuming that ρ g is irreducible, write

Tg ∈ R[G Q ] Mod

for a R-module giving rise to the representation ρg . In other words, Tg is a free

R-module of rank two, equipped with a continuous, linear action of G Q , which is
unramified at every prime q  Np, and such that Frobq acts with characteristic poly-
nomial X 2 − g(Tq )X + q ∈ R[X] for every such q.

2.2 Selmer Groups

Let g ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; R) be an eigenform satisfying the following assumption.

Assumption 2.1 1. ρ g is absolutely irreducible.

2. ρg is ordinary at p, i.e., there exists a short exact sequence of G Qp -modules

0 → Tg(p) → Tg → Tg[p] → 0,

(p) [p]
where Tg (resp., Tg ) is a free R-module of rank one, on which the inertia subgroup
IQp ⊂ G Qp acts via the p-adic cyclotomic character ε : G Qp  Gal(Qp (μp∞ )/Qp ) ∼
=
Z∗p (resp., acts via the trivial character).
(q)
3. For every prime q dividing N, there exists a unique G Qq -submodule Tg ⊂ Tg ,
(q)
free of rank one over R, such that G Qq2 acts on Tg via the p-adic cyclotomic char-
acter ε : G Qq  Gal(Qq (μp∞ )/Qq ) → Z∗p . (Here Qq2 /Qq denotes the quadratic
unramified extension of Qq .)

Let K/Q be an imaginary quadratic field of discriminant coprime with Np. For
every (finite) prime v of K, define the finite and singular parts of the local cohomol-
ogy group H 1 (Kv , Tg ) as

H 1 (Kv , Tg )
1
Hfin (Kv , Tg ) := H 1 (G v /Iv , TgIv ); 1
Hsing (Kv , Tg ) := ,
1
Hfin (Kv , Tg )
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 5

where Iv is the inertia subgroup of G v := Gal(K v /Kv ), and Hfin

1
(Kv , Tg ) is viewed as
a submodule of H (Kv , Tq ) via the injective G v /Iv -inflation map. For every prime v
1

lying above a rational prime q | Np, define the ordinary part of the local cohomol-
ogy H 1 (Kv , Tg ) as
 
1
Hord (Kv , Tg ) := Im H 1 (Kv , Tg(q) ) → H 1 (Kv , Tg ) .

Define the Selmer group of g/K as the submodule

Sel(K, g) ⊂ H 1 (K, Tg ),

consisting of global cohomology classes x ∈ H 1 (K, Tg ) satisfying the following

conditions.

• x is finite outside Np: resv (x) ∈ Hfin

1
(Kv , Tg ) for every prime v of K not dividing
Np.
• x is ordinary at every prime dividing Np: resv (x) ∈ Hord 1
(Kv , Tg ) for every prime
v of K dividing a rational prime q|Np.

Note that the Selmer group Sel(K, g) depends on g (since it depends on its level N),
and not only on the representation Tg attached to it.

2.3 Admissible Primes

In this section, R will denote the finite ring Z/pn Z, where n is a positive integer and
p is a rational prime. Let g ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; Z/pn Z) be a mod-pn eigenform of level
(N + , N − ), and let K/Q be an imaginary quadratic field of discriminant coprime
with Np.
Following [3], we say that a rational prime  is an n-admissible prime relative to
g if the following conditions are satisfied:
A1.  does not divide Np.
A2. 2 − 1 is a unit in Z/pn Z (i.e.  ≡ ±1 (mod p)).
A3. g(T )2 = ( + 1)2 in Z/pn Z.
If, in addition,  is inert in K, we say that  is n-admissible relative to (g, K).
For a rational prime , we say that an eigenform g ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; Z/pn Z), i.e.
a surjective morphism g : TN + ,N −  → Z/pn Z, is an -level raising of g if

g (Tq ) = g(Tq ), resp. g (Uq ) = g(Uq )

for every prime q  N, resp. q|N. As recalled in loc. cit., if  is n-admissible relative
to g, then an -level raising g exists.
6 A. Berti et al.

Assume that g satisfies Assumption 2.1. Then ρ g and ρ g are isomorphic,

absolutely irreducible representations of G Q in GL2 (Fp ), and by the results recalled
in Sect. 2.1, this implies that there is an isomorphism of Z/pn Z[G Q ]-modules

T := Tg ∼
= Tg ∈ Z/pn Z[G Q ] Mod.

Fix such an isomorphism, that we regard as an equality from now on. The following
lemma is proved by the same argument appearing in the proof of Lemma 2.6 of [3].
Write K /Q for the completion of K at the unique prime dividing  (so K = Q2
is the quadratic unramified extension of Q ).
Lemma 2.2 Let  be an n-admissible prime relative to (g, K). Then there is a
decomposition of Z/pn Z[G K ]-modules

T = Z/pn Z(ε) ⊕ Z/pn Z,

where Z/pn Z(ε) (resp., Z/pn Z) denotes a copy of Z/pn Z on which G K acts via the
p-adic cyclotomic character ε (resp., acts trivially). Moreover, this decomposition
induces isomorphisms
1
Hfin (K , T ) ∼
= H 1 (K , Z/pn Z) ∼
= Z/pn Z;
(1)
H 1 (K , T ) ∼
sing = H 1 (K , Z/pn Z(ε)) ∼
= Z/pn Z.

Let g ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; Z/pn Z) be an -level raising of g. One deduces that g ∈

S2 (N + , N − ; Z/pn Z) satisfies Assumption 2.1 too, and (with the notations above)
1
Hord (K , Tg ) ∼ 1
= Hsing (K , Tg ) ∼
= Z/pn Z. (2)

The preceding lemma allows us to define morphisms

v : H 1 (K, T ) −→ Hfin
1
(K , T ) ∼
= Z/pn Z;
∂ : H 1 (K, T ) −→ H 1 (K , T ) ∼
ord = Z/pn Z,

defined by composing the restriction map at  with the projection onto the finite and
ordinary (or singular) part respectively. Given a global class x ∈ H 1 (K, T ), we call
v (x) its finite part at , and ∂ (x) its residue at .

2.4 Raising the Level at Admissible Primes

As in the previous section, let g ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; Z/pn Z) be a mod-pn eigenform of

level (N + , N − ).
Assumption 2.3 The data (ρ g , N + , N − , p) satisfy the following conditions:
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 7

1. N = N + N − is squarefree;
2. p does not divide N;
3. ρ g : G Q → GL2 (Fp ) is surjective;
 
4. If q | N − and q ≡ ± 1 mod p , then ρ g is ramified at q.

The following theorem, establishing the existence of a level raising at admissible

primes, comes from the work of several people, including Ribet and Diamond–
Taylor.

Theorem 2.4 Assume that Assumption 2.3 holds. Let L = 1 · · · k be a product of

(distinct) n-admissible primes j relative to g. Then there exists a unique mod-pn
eigenform gL : TN + ,N − L −→ Z/pn Z of level (N + , N − L) such that

gL (Tq ) = g(Tq ) (for all q  NL), gL (Uq ) = g(Uq ) (for all q|N).

Proof We make some remarks about the references for the proof of this theorem.
Assume that N − > 1 and that N − has an odd (resp., even) number of prime divi-
sors. In this case the theorem is proved in Sect. 5 (resp., 9) of [3], working under
slightly more restrictive assumptions on (ρ g , N + , N − , p), subsequently removed in
Sect. 4 of [18]. The method of [3] generalises previous work of Ribet (which consid-
ered the case n = 1), and uses Diamond–Taylor’s generalisation of Ihara’s Lemma
(for modular curves) to Shimura curves. We refer to loc. cit. for more details and
references.
Assume now that N − = 1. If n = 1, the theorem has been proved by Ribet. If
n > 1, the theorem can be proved by following the arguments appearing in Sect. 9
of [3] (see in particular Proposition 9.2 and Theorem 9.3), and invoking the clas-
sical Ihara Lemma (instead of Diamond–Taylor’s generalisation) in the proof of
Proposition 9.2. 

3 The Explicit Reciprocity Laws

In this section we recall (special cases of ) the explicit reciprocity laws proved in
[3], which relate Heegner points on Shimura curves to special values of Rankin
L-functions (described in terms of certain Gross points attached to modular forms
on definite quaternion algebras). Together with the proof by Kato–Skinner–Urban
of the ( p-part of ) the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer formula in analytic rank zero
(cf. Sect. 5 below), these reciprocity laws will be at the heart of our proof of
Theorem A.
Fix throughout this section a factorisation N = N + N − of a positive integer N, a
rational prime p not dividing N, and a Zp -valued eigenform

f ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; Zp )
8 A. Berti et al.

of level (N + , N − ). Fix also a quadratic imaginary field K/Q of discriminant coprime

with Np. Assume that the following hypotheses are satisfied (cf. Hypothesis CR of
[18]).

Assumption 3.1 1. N − has an even number of prime factors.

2. A prime divisor q of N divides N − precisely if q is inert in K/Q.
3. ρ f : G Q → GL2 (Fp ) is surjective.
4. f is ordinary at p, i.e. f (Tp ) ∈ Z∗p .
 
5. If q | N − and q ≡ ± 1 mod p , then ρ f is ramified at q.

3.1 Special Points on Shimura Curves

3.1.1 Shimura Curves ([3, Sect. 5])

Let B := BN − be a quaternion algebra of discriminant N − , let R = RN + be an

Eichler order of level N + in B, and let Rmax be a maximal order of B containing
R. (The indefinite quaternion algebra B is unique up to isomorphism, while Rmax
and R are unique up to conjugation.) Let

FN + ,N − : Sch/Z[1/N] −→ Sets

be the functor attaching to a Z[1/N]-scheme T the set of isomorphism classes

of triples (A, ι, C), where
• A is an abelian scheme over T of relative dimension 2;
• ι is a morphism Rmax → End(A/T ), defining an action of Rmax on A;
• C is a subgroup scheme of A, locally isomorphic to Z/N + Z, which is stable and
locally cyclic over R.
If N − > 1, the moduli problem FN + ,N − is coarsely represented by a smooth projec-
tive scheme
XN + ,N − → Spec(Z[1/N]),

called the Shimura curve attached to the factorisation N = N + N − . In particular

XN + ,N − (F) = FN + ,N − (F)

for every algebraically closed field F of characteristic coprime with N.

If N − = 1, then the functor FN,1 can be shown to be coarsely represented by
the smooth, quasi-projective modular curve XN,1 o
= Y0 (N) over Z[1/N] of level
0 (N) ⊂ SL2 (Z). In this case we write

XN,1 = X0 (N) → Spec(Z[1/N])

Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 9

o
for the usual compactification obtained by adding to XN,1 a finite set of cusps, which
is again a smooth projective curve over Z[1/N].

3.1.2 Heegner Points

Under Assumption 3.1(2) XN + ,N − (C) contains points with CM by K. More pre-

cisely, let OK be the maximal order of K. Then there exists a point P = (A, ι, C) ∈
XN + ,N − (C) such that
OK ∼= End(P), (3)

where End(P) ⊂ End(A) denotes the ring of endomorphisms of A/C which com-
mute with the action of ι, and respect the level structure C. By the theory of complex
multiplication,
P ∈ XN + ,N − (H),

where H := HK is the Hilbert class field of K. Call such a P ∈ XN + ,N − (H) a Heegner

point, and write
HeegN + ,N − (K) ⊂ XN + ,N − (H)

for the set of Heegner points (of conductor one).

3.1.3 Gross Points

Let L = 1 · · · k be a squarefree product of an odd number of primes j  N which

are inert in K/Q. Let B := BN − L be a definite quaternion algebra of discriminant
N − L (which is unique up to isomorphism), and let R := RN + be a fixed Eichler
order of level N + in B. The Eichler order R is not necessarily unique, even up to
conjugation. Nonetheless, there are only finitely many conjugacy classes of Eichler
orders of level N + in B, say R1 , . . . , Rh . More precisely, consider the double coset
space
XN + ,N − L := R∗ \B∗ /B∗ , (4)

where Z := Z ⊗Z Z for every ring Z, with Z = q prime Zq . It is a finite set, in bijec-
tion with the set of conjugacy classes of oriented Eichler orders of level N + in B,
via the rule B∗  b → Rb := bRb−1 ∩ B (cf. [2, Sect. 1]).
Define the set of Gross points of level N + and conductor p∞ on B as
 
Gr N + ,N − L (K, ∞) := R∗ Hom(K, B) × B∗ B∗ .

Here Hom(K, B) is the set of morphisms of algebras f : K → B. (The group B∗

acts on B∗ via the diagonal embedding B∗ → B∗ , while it acts on Hom(K, B) via
conjugation on B.) A Gross point [ f × b] ∈ Gr N + ,N − L (K, ∞) has conductor one if
10 A. Berti et al.

f (K) ∩ bRb−1 = f (OK ). Denote by

Gr N + ,N − L (K) ⊂ Gr M + ,M − L (K, ∞)

the set of Gross points of conductor one. In what follows, a Gross point (of level N +
on B) will always be a Gross point (of level N + on B) of conductor one.

3.1.4 Gross Points and Reduction of Heegner Points

With the notations of the previous section, let L =  be a rational prime which is
inert in K/Q and such that   N. The reduction modulo  map on the Shimura
curve XN + ,N − allows us to define a map

r : HeegN + ,N − (K) −→ Gr N + ,N −  (K)

from Heegner points to Gross points. More precisely, let P = (A, ι, C) ∈

HeegN + ,N − (H). Fix a prime λ of H dividing . Since  is inert in K, it is totally
split in H, so that λ has associated residue field F2 . The abelian variety A and the
subgroup C ⊂ A are defined over H, and A has good reduction at λ. Let

P := red (P) = (A, ι, C) ∈ XN + ,N − (F2 )

be the reduction of P modulo λ, where A/F2 and C ⊂ A denote the reductions of A

and C modulo λ respectively, and ι denotes the composition of ι with reduction of
endomorphisms End(A) → End(A). Define (as above) End(P) ⊂ End(A) as the
subring of endomorphisms of A (defined over F ) commuting with the action of ι
and preserving C. It turns out that End(P) ∼ = RP is isomorphic to an Eichler order RP
of level N + in B = BN −  . In light of (3), reduction of endomorphisms on A induces
then an embedding

= End(P) −→ End(P) ∼
fP, : OK ∼ = RP .

Denote again by fP, : K → B the extension of scalars of fP, . By (4) there exists
bP ∈ B∗ such that RP = bP RbP−1 ∩ B. Define

r (P) = fP, × bP ∈ Gr N + ,N −  (K).

3.1.5 Action of Pic(OK )

The assumptions an notations are as in the preceding sections. Write Pic(OK ) for the
ideal class group of K, which admits the adelic description Pic(OK ) = O∗K \K ∗ /K ∗ .
Given an ideal class σ ∈ Pic(OK ) and a Gross point P = [ f × b] ∈ Gr N + ,N −  (K),
define
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 11

Pσ := f × f (σ ) · b ∈ Gr N + ,N −  (K),

where f : K → B is the morphism induced on adèles by the embedding f : K → B.

It is easily seen that the rule P → Pσ defines an action of Pic(OK ) on Gr N + ,N −  (K).
The Artin map of global class field theory gives a canonical isomorphism
Pic(OK ) ∼ = Gal(H/K). The set of Heegner points HeegN + ,N − (K) (of conductor one)
is contained in XN + ,N − (H), and one obtains a natural geometric action of Pic(OK )
on HeegN + ,N − (K).
With these definitions, the reduction map r : HeegN + ,N − (K) → Gr N + ,N −  (K)
defined in the preceding section is Pic(OK )-equivariant [2], i.e.
 
r Pσ = r (P)σ (5)

for every ideal class σ ∈ Pic(OK ) and every Heegner point P ∈ HeegN + ,N − (K).

3.2 Modular Forms on Definite Quaternion Algebras

The notations and assumptions are as in Sect. 3.1.3. Let

JN + ,N − L := Z XN + ,N − L

denote the group of formal divisors on the set XN + ,N − L defined in Eq. (4). As
explained in Sect. 1.5 of [2], there is a Hecke algebra

TN + ,N − L ⊂ End(JN + ,N − L )

acting faithfully as a ring of endomorphisms of JN + ,N − L , and generated over Z

by Hecke operators tq , for primes q  N, and uq , for primes q|N. By the Jacquet–
Langlands correspondence [2, Sect. 1.6], there is an isomorphism TN + ,N − L ∼ =
TN + ,N − L , defined by sending tq (resp., uq ) to Tq (resp., Uq ).
Let n ∈ N ∪ {∞}, and let g ∈ S2 (N + , N − L; Zp /pn Zp ) be a Zp /pn Zp -valued
eigenform of level (N + , N − L) (with the convention that Zp /p∞ Zp := Zp ). Then
g induces a surjective morphism g JL : TN + ,N − L  Zp /pn Zp . Let mg := ker(g{1} )
denote the maximal ideal of TN + ,N − L associated with (the reduction g{1} modulo
p of ) g, and let Jmg and Tmg denote the completions at mg of JN + ,N − L and TN + ,N − L
respectively. According to Theorem 6.2 and Proposition 6.5 of [18], Assumption 3.1
implies that Jmg is a free Tmg -module of rank one. As a consequence, g JL induces a
surjective morphism (denoted by the same symbol with a slight abuse of notation)

g JL : JN + ,N − L −→ Zp /pn Zp ,
12 A. Berti et al.

such that g JL (h · x) = g(h) · g JL (x) for every x ∈ JN + ,N − L and every h ∈ TN + ,N − L .

Such a TN + ,N − L -eigenform is unique up to p-adic units.

Remark 3.2 The above discussion establishes a correspondence between eigen-

forms in the sense of Sect. 2.1 and surjective Zp /pn Zp -valued eigenforms on def-
inite quaternion algebras. The latter is the point of view adopted in [3]; we refer the
reader to Sect. 1.1 of loc. cit., and in particular to Eq. (11) in the proof of Proposition
1.3, for more details.

3.2.1 Special Values Attached to Modular Forms on Definite

Quaternion Algebras

There is a natural forgetful map

Gr N + ,N − L (K) −→ XN + ,N − L ,

which maps the Gross point represented by the pair f × b ∈ Hom(K, B) × B∗ to

the class of the idèle b in XN + ,N − L . Any function γ defined on XN + ,N − L then
induces a function on the set of Gross points Gr N + ,N − L (K), denoted again γ . Let
g : TN + ,N − L → Zp /pn Zp be as above. Thanks to the Jacquet–Langlands correspon-
dence recalled in the preceding section, one can define the special value attached to
(g, K) by   
Lp (g/K) := g JL x σ ∈ Zp /pn Zp , (6)
σ ∈Pic(OK )

where x ∈ Gr N + ,N − L (K) is any fixed Gross point of level N + on B. The special value
Lp (g/K) is well defined up to multiplication by a p-adic unit. (Once g JL is fixed,
Lp (g/K) can be shown to be independent, up to sign, of the choice of the Gross
point x fixed to define it. We refer to Sect. 3 of [2] for more details.)
When n = ∞, so that g arises from a classical modular form, Lp (g/K) is essen-
tially equal to the square-root of the special value L(g/K, 1), as explained in Sect. 4
below.

3.3 The Reciprocity Laws

Fix throughout this section a positive integer n, and denote by

f{n} ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; Z/pn Z)

the reduction of f modulo pn (i.e. the composition of f : TN + ,N − → Zp with the

natural projection Zp  Z/pn Z). An n-admissible prime relative to ( f{n} , K) is also
said to be n-admissible relative to ( f , K).
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 13

3.3.1 The Graph of Modular Forms

Let L = Ln denote the set of squarefree products L =  1 · · · r of n-admissible

primes j relative to ( f , K). One can decompose L = Ldef Lindef , where L ∈ Ldef
is a definite vertex (resp., L ∈ Lindef is an indefinite vertex) if the number r of primes
dividing L is odd (resp., even).
According to Theorem 2.4 (and recalling Assumption 3.1), to every L ∈ L is
associated a unique mod-pn eigenform

fL ∈ S2 (N + , N − L; Z/pn Z)

of level (N + , N − L), such that fL (Tq ) = f{n} (Tq ) for every prime q  NL and fL (Uq ) =
f{n} (Uq ) for every prime q|N.

3.3.2 Construction of Cohomology Classes

Let L ∈ Lindef be an indefinite vertex. Let XL := XN + ,N − L /Q be the Shimura curve

of level (N + , N − L), let JL /Q be the Jacobian variety of XL , and let Tap (JL ) be its
p-adic Tate module. As explained e.g. in [2], the Hecke algebra TN + ,N − L acts
faithfully as a ring of Q-rational endomorphisms of JL . Theorem 5.17 of [3], as
generalised in Proposition 4.4 of [18], states that there is an isomorphism of
Z/pn Z[G Q ]-modules
πL : Tap (JL )/IL ∼
= TfL ∼
= Tf ,n , (7)

where IL ⊂ TN + ,N − L denotes the kernel of fL ∈ S2 (N + , N − L; Z/pn Z), TfL ∈ Z/pn Z[G Q ]

Mod is the Galois representation attached in Sect. 2.1 to the eigenform fL , and
Tf ,n := Tf ⊗Z Z/pn Z (so that Tf ,n ∼
= Tf{n} ). Let PicL denote the Picard variety of XL .
Since IL is not an Eisenstein ideal, the natural map JL (K) → PicL (K) induces an
isomorphism JL (K)/IL ∼ = PicL (K)/IL . One can then define the morphism

δ πL
kL : PicL (K)/IL ∼
= JL (K)/IL −→ H 1 (K, Tap (JL )/IL ) ∼
= H 1 (K, Tf ,n ),

where δ denotes the map induced by the global Kummer map JL (K)⊗Zp →
H 1 (K, Tap (JL )) after taking the quotients by IL . Fix now a Heegner point P(L) ∈
HeegN + ,N − L (K) ⊂ XL (H), let

P(L) := P(L)σ ∈ PicL (K),
σ ∈Gal(H/K)

and define the global cohomology class

 
κ(L) := kL P(L) ∈ H 1 (K, Tf ,n ).
14 A. Berti et al.

The class κ(L) is uniquely determined, up to sign, by the choice of the isomorphism
πL in (7) [3]. It is then naturally associated with the pair ( f , L) up to multiplication
by a p-adic unit.

3.3.3 The Special Values

The constructions of Sects. 3.2.1 and 3.3.1 attach to a definite vertex L ∈ Ldef the
quaternionic special value

Lp (L) := Lp ( fL /K) ∈ Z/pn Z.

This is canonically attached to the pair (f , L) up to multiplication by a p-adic unit.

3.3.4 The First Reciprocity Law

Let L ∈ Ldef , and let  ∈ Ldef be a n-admissible prime relative to ( f , K) such that
  L. Recall the residue map ∂ : H 1 (K, Tf ,n ) → Hord
1
(K , Tf ,n ) ∼
= Z/pn Z intro-
duced in Sect. 2.3. The following theorem is a special case of [3, Theorem 4.1].

Theorem 3.3 The equality

 
∂ κ(L) = Lp (L)

holds in Z/pn Z, up to multiplication by a p-adic unit.

3.3.5 The Second Reciprocity Law

Let L ∈ Lindef be an indefinite vertex, and let  ∈ Ldef be a n-admissible prime

which does not divide L. Recall the morphism v : H 1 (K, Tf ,n ) → Hfin
1
(K , Tf ,n ) ∼
=
n
Z/p Z. The following theorem is a special case of [3, Theorem 4.2].

Theorem 3.4 The equality

 
v κ(L) = Lp (L)

holds in Z/pn Z, up to multiplication by a p-adic unit.

Proof This is proved in Sect. 9 of [3] when N − = 1 (i.e. XN + ,N − is not the classical
modular curve of level 0 (N)), using Diamond–Taylor’s generalisation of Ihara’s
Lemma to Shimura curves. On the other hand, making use of the classical Ihara’s
Lemma, the argument of loc. cit. also applies to the case N − = 1. To handle the
case N − = 1, one may alternately go through the argument of Vatsal in [23, Sect. 6],
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 15

where the case N − = 1 and n = 1 of Theorem 3.4 is proved, and note that the proof
applies also to the case n > 1. 

4 Gross’ Special Value Formula

In this section only, let N = N + N − be a squarefree integer coprime with p, such

that N − is a product of an odd number of primes. Let K/Q be a quadratic imagi-
nary field of discriminant coprime with Np. Let g ∈ S2 (N + , N − ; Zp ) be a Zp -valued
eigenform of level (N + , N − ). We impose in this section the following hypotheses
(cf. Assumption 3.1):

Assumption 4.1 The data (ρ g , K, N + , N − ) satisfy the following conditions:

1. N − has an odd number of prime factors.
2. A prime divisor q of N divides N − precisely if q is inert in K/Q.
3. ρ g : G Q → GL2 (Fp ) is surjective.
4. If q | N − and q ≡ ± 1 (mod p), then ρ g is ramified at q.

Section 3.2.1 (see Eq. (6) and the discussion following it) attached to g and K a
special value
Lp (g/K) ∈ Zp ,

well defined up to multiplication by a p-adic unit. Gross’ formula compares this

quaternionic special value to the algebraic part of the complex special value of
g/K, defined as
L(g/K, 1)
L alg (g/K, 1) := ∈ Zp .
g

Here L(g/K, s) := L(g, s) · L(g, K , s) is the product of the Hecke complex

L-series of g with that of the twist g ⊗ K of g by the quadratic character K :
(Z/DZ)∗ → {±1} of K. Moreover g ∈ C∗ is the canonical Shimura period of g.
In order to define it, we briefly recall the definition of congruence numbers, refer-
ring to [18] for more details. Given a positive integer M and a factorisation M =
M + · M − , write TM + ,M − for the p-adic completion of TM + ,M − . For every eigenform
φ ∈ S2 (M + , M − ; Zp ), define the congruence ideal
  
ηφ (M + , M − ) := φ̂ AnnTM + ,M − ker(φ̂) ⊂ Zp ,

where φ̂ : TM + ,M − → Zp is the morphism induced by φ. One identifies ηφ (M + , M − )

with the non-negative power of p that generates it, in other words we regard it as a
positive integer. Then ηφ (M + , M − ) = 1 precisely if there is no non-trivial congru-
ence modulo p between φ and eigenforms of level (L, M − ), for some divisor L|M + .
The canonical Shimura period mentioned above is defined as
16 A. Berti et al.

(g, g)
g := ,
ηg (N, 1)

where (g, g) is the Petersson norm of g ∈ S2 (0 (N)), and where we write again g
to denote the composition of g : TN + ,N − → Zp with the natural projection TN,1 →
TN + ,N − in order to define ηg (N, 1).
Before stating Gross’ formula, we also need to introduce the Tamagawa expo-
nents attached to g at primes dividing N. Let φ denote either g or its quadratic
twist g ⊗ K . Write as usual Tφ ∈ Zp [G Q ] Mod for the p-adic representation attached
to φ, and Aφ := Tφ ⊗Zp Qp /Zp . Given a prime q | N, the Tamagawa factor cq (φ)
I
is defined to be the cardinality of (the finite group) H 1 (Frobq , Aφq ), where Iq is the
inertia subgroup of G Qq . The Tamagawa exponent tq (g) = tq (g/K) of g at q is the
p-adic valuation of cq (g) · cq (g ⊗ K ). (If q|N − then tq (g) is the largest integer
n  0 such that the G Q -module Ag [pn ] is unramified at q, cf. [18, Definition 3.3].)
The following result is due the the work many people, including Gross, Daghigh,
Hatcher, Hui Xue, Ribet–Takahashi, and Pollack–Weston. We refer to [18] and
Sect. 3.1 of [4] for more details and precise references.
Theorem 4.2 The equality

L alg (g/K, 1) = Lp (g/K)2 · ptq (g)
q|N −

holds in Zp , up to multiplication by a p-adic unit.

Proof Combine Lemma 2.2 and Theorem 6.8 of [18]. 

5 A Theorem of Kato and Skinner–Urban

This section states the result of Kato–Skinner–Urban mentioned in the Introduction,

proving the validity of the p-part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for
weight-two newforms of analytic rank zero (under some technical conditions). Let
g ∈ S2 (1, N; Zp ) be a weight-two newform with Fourier coefficients in Zp . Let K/Q
be a quadratic imaginary field of discriminant coprime with Np. Consider as in the
preceding section the algebraic part L alg (g/K, 1) ∈ Zp of the complex special value
of g/K. On the algebraic side, write as usual Ag := Tg ⊗Zp Qp /Zp ∈Zp [G Q ] Mod for
the discrete representation attached to g. Assume that p  N is a prime of good ordi-
nary reduction for g, i.e. that g(Tp ) ∈ Z∗p . This implies that Ag fits into a short exact
sequence of Zp [G Qp ]-modules

0 → A+ −
g → Ag → Ag → 0,

where A± ∼ + −1
g = Qp /Zp as Zp -modules, and G Qp acts on Ag via ε · γg,p , where ε :
∗
G Qp → Zp denotes the p-adic cyclotomic character, and γg,p : G Q  G Qp /IQp →
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 17

Z∗p is the unramified character of G Qp sending an arithmetic Frobenius in G Qp /IQp

to g(Up ). Hence A− ∼
g = Qp /Zp (γg,p ) is unramified, with G Qp acting via γg,p . Define
the p-primary Greenberg (strict) Selmer group of g/K by

Selp∞ (K, g) :=
⎛ ⎞
resNp  H 1 (Kv , Ag ) 
ker ⎝H 1 (KNp /K, Ag ) −→ × H 1 (Kv , Ag )⎠ ,
v|p
1
Hord (Kv , Ag )div v|N

where KNp /K denotes the maximal algebraic extension of K which is unramified

outside Np, and H 1 (KNp /K, Ag ) stands for H 1 (Gal(KNp /K), Ag ). Moreover, the map
resNp denotes the direct sum of the restriction maps at v, running over the primes v
of K which divide Np. Finally, for every prime v|p of K, Hord 1
(Kv , Ag ) ⊂ H 1 (Kv , Ag )
+
is the image of H (Kv , Ag ), and Hord (Kv , Ag )div is its maximal p-divisible subgroup.
1 1

The following theorem combines the work of Kato [13] and Skinner–Urban [22]
on the Iwasawa main conjecture for GL2 . More precisely, it follows from Theorem
3.29 of [22], applied to g and its quadratic twist g ⊗ K , taking into account the
algebraic Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer formulae proved by Mazur. For the precise
statement in the level of generality required here, we refer to Theorem B in Skinner’s
preprint [21].
Recall the Tamagawa exponent tq (g) = tq (g/K) attached to every prime q|N in
the preceding section.
Theorem 5.1 Assume that
1. p  N and g is p-ordinary,
2. the residual representation ρ g : G Q → GL2 (Fp ) is irreducible,
3. there exists a prime q | N such that ρ g is ramified at q.
Then L alg (g/K, 1) = 0 if and only if Selp∞ (K, g) is finite. In this case, the equality

L alg (g/K, 1) = #Selp∞ (K, g) ptq (g)
q|N

holds in Zp , up to multiplication by p-adic units.

6 Heegner Points and Shafarevich–Tate Groups

Let A/Q be an elliptic curve of conductor N. Fix a modular parametrisation

πA : X0 (N) −→ A

of minimal degree deg(πA ). Let K/Q be a quadratic imaginary field of discriminant

coprime with Np, satisfying the Heegner hypothesis that every prime divisor of N
splits in K/Q. Fix a Heegner point P ∈ HeegN,1 (H) ⊂ X0 (N)(H) (see Sect. 3.1.2,
18 A. Berti et al.

recalling that X0 (N) = XN,1 and H/K is the Hilbert class field of K). Define the
Heegner point over K
 
PK := TraceH/K πA (P) ∈ A(K).

The theorem of Gross–Zagier [11] states that PK is a non-torsion point in A(K) if

and only the Hasse–Weil L-function L(A/K, s) of A/K has a simple zero at s = 1.
Moreover, according to the work of Kolyvagin [14], if PK is a non-torsion point, the
Mordell–Weil group A(K) has rank one and the Shafarevich–Tate group X(A/K)
is finite. In this case, denote by

Ip (PK ) := pordp [A(K): ZPK ]

the p-part of the index of ZPK in A(K). Write, as customary, X(A/K)p∞ for the
p-primary part of the Shafarevich–Tate group of A/K. The following theorem is the
main result of this note and will imply Theorem A of the Introduction.
Theorem 6.1 Assume that A/Q is semistable, and that p > 7 is a prime which does
not divide deg(πA ). Assume furthermore that ap (A) ≡ 0, 1 (mod p), resp. ap (A) ≡
0, ±1 (mod p) when p is split, resp. inert in K, and that all primes dividing N are
split in K. If L(A/K, s) has a simple zero at s = 1, then

Ip (PK )2 = #X(A/K)p∞ .

The proof of Theorem 6.1 is given in Sect. 6.5.

6.1 Setting and Notations

Assume from now on that the assumptions of Theorem 6.1 are satisfied, and fix a
positive integer n such that
    
n > 2 · max ordp Ip (PK ) , ordp #X(A/K)p∞ . (8)

Let f = fA ∈ S2 (0 (N), Z) be the weight-two newform of level N attached to A/Q

by the modularity theorem. With the notations of Sect. 2.1, one considers

f ∈ S2 (N, 1; Zp ); N + := N; N − := 1.

Note that, since f is q-new at every prime q | N, one can consider f ∈ S2 (N/m,
m; Zp ), for every positive divisor m of N. In other words, f : TN := TN,1 → Zp
factorises through the m-new quotient TN/m,m of TN , for every positive divisor m
of N. As in Sect. 3.3, for every m ∈ N ∪ {∞} let f{m} ∈ S2 (N, 1; Zp /pm Zp ) denote
the reduction of f modulo pm .
Congruences Between Modular Forms and the Birch . . . 19

Lemma 6.2 1. The data ( f , N + , N − , K, p) satisfy Assumption 3.1.

2. f{m} satisfies Assumption 2.1 for every m ∈ N ∪ {∞}.
Proof Parts 1, 2, 4 and 5 of Assumption 3.1 are satisfied since A is ordinary
at p and N − = 1. As A/Q is semistable and p > 7, Assumption 3.1(3) holds by
a result of Mazur [16]. Moreover, the representation Tf ,m = Tf ⊗ Zp /pm Zp asso-
ciated with f{m} is ordinary at p, hence Assumption 2.1(2) holds. Finally, since
p  deg(πA ), Assumption 2.1(3) holds by a result of Ribet [19], as explained in
Lemma 2.2 of [3]. 
With the notations of Sect. 3.3.1, write Lm for the graph associated to f{m} , for
m ∈ N. Let L ∈ Lm and let fL ∈ S2 (N, L; Z/pm Z) be the L-level raising of f{m} (cf.
Sect. 3.3.1). We say that fL can be lifted to a true modular form if there exists a Zp -
valued eigenform g = gL ∈ S2 (N, L; Zp ) of level (N, L) whose reduction modulo
pm equals fL (i.e. such that fL = g{m} ).

6.2 Level Raising at One Prime

Let  ∈ Ldef
n be an n-admissible prime relative to ( f , K). The next result shows that
the conclusion of Theorem 6.1 holds under certain assumptions.
Proposition 6.3 Assume that f can be lifted to a true modular form. Moreover,
assume that the map A(K) ⊗ Z/pn Z → A(K ) ⊗ Z/pn Z (induced by the natural
inclusion A(K) → A(K )) is injective. Then

Ip (PK )2 = #X(A/K)p∞ .

The rest of this section will be devoted to the proof Proposition 6.3. Section 3.3.2
attaches to f{n} and 1 ∈ Lindef a global cohomology class κ(1) ∈ H 1 (K, Tf ,n ). The
representation Tf ,n attached to f{n} is nothing but the pn -torsion submodule Apn of
A = A(Q). Since ρ f is irreducible, πA induces isomorphisms of Zp [G Q ]-modules
πA : Tap (J)/If ∼= Tf and πA,n : Tap (J)/If ,n ∼
= Tf ,n , where J/Q = Jac(X0 (N)) is the
Jacobian variety of X0 (N), If := ker( f ) and If ,n := ker f{n} . One can then take
πA,n = π1 in (7), and retracing definitions it follows that, up to multiplication by
p-adic units,
κ(1) = δ(PK ) ∈ Sel(K, f{n} ), (9)

where δ denotes the global Kummer map A(K)/pn → H 1 (K, Apn ). We observe that
the class κ(1) belongs to the Selmer group Sel(K, f{n} ), defined in Sect. 2.2 by ordi-
nary conditions (which can be imposed in the current context in light of Lemma
6.2), since this Selmer group coincides with the usual pn -Selmer group of A in which
the local conditions are described in terms of the local Kummer maps. Indeed, our
assumption on ap (A) being ≡ 1 or ≡ ±1 (mod p) implies that the local Selmer con-
ditions at p agree (see for example [9]). As for the primes dividing N, this is a direct
20 A. Berti et al.

consequence of the theory of non-archimedean uniformisation for A. This yields the

equality up to units
 
Ip (PK ) = v κ(1) ∈ Hfin
1
(K , Tf ,n ) ∼
= Z/pn Z (10)

(see Sect. 2.3 for the last isomorphism). To see this, consider the composition

δ
A(K) ⊗ Z/pn Z → A(K ) ⊗ Z/pn Z → Hfin
1
(K , Tf ,n ) ∼
= Z/pn Z. (11)

Since p > 7, one has A(K)p = 0 by Mazur’s theorem. Moreover, as we are assum-
ing ords=1 L(A/K, s) = 1, the Gross–Zagier–Kolyvagin theorem gives that A(K) has
rank one. It follows that A(K) ⊗ Z/pn Z ∼ = Z/pn Z. Since by assumption the first
map in (11) is injective, the composition (11) is an isomorphism, and the claim (10)
follows. Theorem 3.4 then yields the equality

Ip (PK ) = Lp () ∈ Z/pn Z, (12)

up to multiplication by p-adic units. Let now g ∈ S2 (N, ; Zp ) be a Zp -valued eigen-

form of level (N, ) lifting f . Combining Theorem 4.2 with Theorem 5.1 yields
(up to p-adic units)

Lp (g/K)2 · pt (g) #Selp∞ (K, g) · pt (g) .

Theorem 4.2 Theorem 5.1
= L alg (g/K, 1) = (13)

More precisely, note that g satisfies the assumptions of Theorems 4.2 and 5.1
by Lemma 6.2. Moreover, as explained in the proof of Lemma 2.2 of [3], the
assumption p  deg(πA ) and Ribet’s lowering the level theorem [19] imply that
∼ is ramified at every prime q | N. By the definition of tq (g), this gives
p = Ag,1
A
tq (g)
q|N p = pt (g) , and the first equality in (13). Since by construction Lp (g/K) ≡
Lp () (mod pn ), and Ip (PK ) is non-zero in Z/pn Z by (8), Lp (g/K) = 0 by (12),
hence L alg (g/K, 1) = 0, and the second equality in (13) follows by Theorem 5.1.
Combining Eqs. (12) and (13) give the identity

Ip (PK )2 = #Selp∞ (K, g). (14)

It then remains to compare the cardinality of the p-primary Selmer group Selp∞
(K, g) with that of the p-primary part of the Shafarevich–Tate group X(A/K). In
order to do that, one first notes that

Sel(K, f ) ∼
= Selp∞ (K, g), (15)

where Sel(K, f ) is the pn -Selmer group attached in Sect. 2.1 to f = g{n} . (Note
that f satisfies Assumption 2.1, thanks to Lemma 6.2.) By the irreducibility of Ap
and our assumptions on ap (A), it is easily seen that the natural map Sel(K, f ) →
Selp∞ (K, g)[pn ] is an isomorphism (cf. [9]). On the other hand, Eqs. (12), (13) and
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Probably did not come.
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Scale 600 feet to an inch
 Plan of
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