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Textbook Emerging Technologies in Agricultural Engineering 1St Edition Megh R Goyal Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Emerging Technologies in Agricultural Engineering 1St Edition Megh R Goyal Ebook All Chapter PDF
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EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Innovations in Agricultural and Biological Engineering
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA
© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-340-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-36636-4 (CRC/Taylor & Francis eBook)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-341-2 (AAP eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and record-
ing, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or its
distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the authors
as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity
of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have attempted to
trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
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edged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Trademark Notice: Registered trademark of products or corporate names are used only for explanation and
identification without intent to infringe.
List of Contributors..........................................................................................vii
List of Abbreviations.........................................................................................ix
Preface..............................................................................................................xi
Warning/Disclaimer....................................................................................... xvii
About Senior Editor-in-Chief.......................................................................... xix
Book Messages................................................................................................ xxi
Other Books on Agricultural & Biological Engineering..............................xxiii
Editorial......................................................................................................... xxv
Appendices............................................................................................................355
Index......................................................................................................................385
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
M. Anantachar
Dean College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, India.
N. K. Dwivedi, PhD
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, CAZRI Campus, Jodhpur 342005,
Rajasthan, India. Mobile: +91 7023003868, E-mail: drnkdwivedi52@yahoo.co.in.
M. K. Ghosal, PhD
Professor, Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India,
E-mail: mkghosal1@rdiffmail.com.
Y. V. Mahatale, PhD
Assistant Professor, Department of Farm Power & Machinery, College of Agricultural Engineering &
Technology, Warwat Road, Jalgaon, District Buldhana, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: yogeshvmahatale@
gmail.com.
J. C. Paul, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering & Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Phone: +91 9437762584, E-mail: jcpaul66@gmail.com.
processes. The rivers of change that redirected ASABE for the first 100 years
will continue to provide the opportunity for AE to not only maintain but also
to improve its effectiveness in the delivery of a world-class quality level
of education of the students. ASABE (asabe.org) mentions, “Providing the
necessities of life: Innovators, collaborators, stewards, ASABE members are
leaders in the production, transport, storage, and use of renewable resources.
They put science to work to meet humanity’s most fundamental needs: safe
and abundant food; clean water; fiber, timber, and renewable sources of
fuel; and life-enhancing and life-saving products from bio-based materials.
And they do this with a constant eye toward the improved protection of the
people, livestock, wildlife, and natural resources involved.” For more in-
depth study of AE, the reader is referred to: ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St.
Joseph, MI 49085, USA, <hq@asabe.org and asabe.org>.
My proceedings paper #047 on Scope and Opportunities in AE was
presented at The Fourth Latin American and Caribbean Conference
[LACCEI] on June 21–23, 2006 at Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. This paper
summarizes what is AE today.
Carl W. Hall, ASABE Fellow and past president, has combed the litera-
ture to gather together 1332 notable landmarks and firsts in the history of
machines, implements, apparatus, processes, and organizations related to
agricultural and biological engineering (ABE), particularly in the United
States and Canada. The resulting book on timelines help’s place in perspec-
tive the growth of ABE. Potato chips were first made by George Crumb, in
New York in 1853. In 1905, Charles Hart and Charles Parr established the
first US factory devoted to manufacturing a traction engine powered by an
internal combustion engine. Smaller and lighter than its steam-driven prede-
cessors, it ran all day on one tank of fuel. Hart and Parr are credited with
coining the term “tractor” for the traction engine. The first state license to
practice engineering was issued in Wyoming in 1907. In 1954, the number of
Preface xiii
tractors on US farms exceeded the number of mules and horses for the first
time. One might continue reading on more tidbits in his book. The ASABE
website (http://www.asabe.org/about-us/history.aspx) outlines US historic
events in ABE.
The <http://shs.umsystem.edu/manuscripts/invent/3130.pdf> narrates
that Professor Mason Vaugh (June 27, 1894–October 7, 1978) was an
American agriculturalist in Missouri, USA who developed the first agricul-
tural engineering department outside North America in 1921 at Allahabad
Agricultural Institute, India. In 1919, he obtained B.Sc. in Agriculture
from the University of Missouri and earned the equivalent of a M.Sc.
in Agricultural Engineering in 1928. In 1921, Vaugh and his wife Clara
Pennington went to India as lay missionaries of the Presbyterian Church.
They were assigned to the Allahabad Agricultural Institute, where Vaugh
was head of the Department of Agricultural Engineering until 1953. He
was the first person in India to teach a course in agricultural engineering.
Vaugh utilized traditional Indian materials which he adapted for farmers
to use as modern agricultural implements. Among his innovations was the
“Shabash,” an improved plow consisting of a plowshare, a mold board,
a few bolts and a wood beam. It costed 15 Indian rupees equivalent to
US $3.00 at that time. Improved implements such as the Shabash made it
possible for farmers to plow larger areas than previously possible. Vaugh
also introduced hoes, cultivators and wheat threshers. He was the leader of
the Agricultural Development Society (ADS) that was established in Naini
to manufacture and sell improved implements developed by ADS and the
Institute. He retired in 1957 and returned to the United States. He has often
been called the “Father of agricultural engineering in India.” In his honor,
the Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers (ISAE) established the Mason
Vaugh Agricultural Engineering Pioneer Award. Prof. Ralph C. Hay was the
first recipient of this award for his contribution in establishing agricultural
engineering programs at IIT Kharagpur (1954–56) and Pantnagar Univer-
sity (1962–1964). The Vaughs returned to the United States in 1957. After
retirement, Vaugh remained interested in Indian agricultural problems. At
the Ohio State Experiment Farm, he researched and tested a thresher specif-
ically designed for Indian crops. Professor Newmann Fernandes of wrote a
detailed biography of Mason Vaugh.
How did I get interested in Agricultural Engineering? My dean Dr. C.
M. Jacob, my maternal uncle Dr. K. R. Aggarwal, Dr. Gordon L. Nelson,
and my elder brother Dr. K. C. Goyal are the motivators who led me into
this challenging profession. Here goes the story: After passing my matricu-
lation in 1965, my uncle and brother motivated me to apply for admission
xiv Preface
Therefore, I conclude that scope of ABE is wide, and focus areas may
overlap one another. The mission of this very book volume is to introduce
the profession of ABE. I cannot guarantee the information in this book series
will be enough for all situations.
At the 49th annual meeting of ISAE at PAU during February 22–25 of
2015, a group of ABEs convinced me that there is a dire need to publish
book volumes on focus areas of ABE. This is how the idea was born on new
book series titled Innovations in Agricultural and Biological Engineering.
The contributions by the cooperating authors to this book volume have
been most valuable in the compilation. Their names are mentioned in each
chapter and in the list of contributors. This book would not have been written
without the valuable cooperation of these investigators, many of whom are
renowned scientists who have worked in the field of ABE throughout their
professional careers.
I will like to thank editorial staff, Sandy Jones Sickels, Vice President,
and Ashish Kumar, Publisher and President at Apple Academic Press, Inc.,
for making every effort to publish the book when the diminishing water
resources are a major issue worldwide. Special thanks are due to the AAP
Production Staff for the quality production of this book.
xvi Preface
I request that the reader offer his constructive suggestions that may help
to improve the next edition.
I express my deep admiration to my family for understanding and collab-
oration during the preparation of this book. I dedicate this book volume to my
maternal uncle, the late Dr. Khem Raj Aggarwal, who inspired me into the
budding profession of Agricultural Engineering. He was my motivator and
guru to lead me on the path of success since my childhood. Being a teacher
since 1965, he made many disciples in India while teaching at Chandigarh,
Hisar, and Ludhiana. After migrating to the United States in 1981, he taught
at Temple University, Philadelphia; University of Wisconsin, Whitewater;
and at Louisiana State University, Alexandria. His colleagues testify to his
friendly attitude toward the students. He was very patient with students, and
without putting them down, he took time to explain until they understood
the concepts. In addition to teaching, he wrote software for practicing physi-
cians and games for young kids. His simple life style included serenity and
understanding of a human being. He was very pleasant as a human being. He
always had a smile when he was among the people and made everyone felt
comfortable in his company. He was a patient listener and gave very good
advice as needed.
I cannot forget the help my family and I got from Khem Raj and his wife
Swaran during my lifetime. Swaran has been the main driving force behind
all the successes of Khem Raj, and I take this opportunity to applaud both
of them for the multiple activities of Dr. Khem Raj Aggarwal. Instead of
becoming a rich person monetarily, he was rich in qualities. I inherited many
qualities of a successful educator from his acts.
As an educator, there is a piece of advice to one and all in the world:
“Permit that our almighty God, our Creator and excellent Teacher, irri-
gate the life with His Grace of rain trickle by trickle, because our life must
continue trickling on… and Get married to your profession….”
—Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Senior Editor-in-Chief
WARNING/DISCLAIMER
Read It Carefully
I believe that this innovative book on emerging issues in energy and natural
resources will aid educators throughout the world.
—A. M. Michael, PhD
Former Professor/Director, Water Technology Centre—IARI
Ex-Vice-Chancellor, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, Kerala
Volume 5: M
icro Irrigation Management Technological Advances and
Their Applications
Volume 6: M
icro Irrigation Engineering for Horticultural Crops: Policy
Options, Scheduling, and Design
Volume 7: Micro Irrigation Scheduling and Practices
Volume 8: Engineering Interventions in Sustainable Trickle Irrigation
Apple Academic Press Inc., (AAP) will be publishing various book vol-
umes on the focus areas under book series titled Innovations in Agricultural
and Biological Engineering. Over a span of 8 to 10 years, Apple Academic
Press, Inc., will publish subsequent volumes in the specialty areas defined by
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (http://asabe.org).
The mission of this series is to provide knowledge and techniques for agri-
cultural and biological engineers (ABEs). The series aims to offer high-quality
reference and academic content in Agricultural and Biological Engineering
(ABE) that is accessible to academicians, researchers, scientists, university
faculty, and university-level students and professionals around the world. The
following material has been edited/modified and reproduced from: “Megh R.
Goyal, 2006. Agricultural and biomedical engineering: Scope and oppor-
tunities. Paper Edu_47 Presentation at the Fourth LACCEI International
Latin American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering and Technology
(LACCEI’ 2006): Breaking Frontiers and Barriers in Engineering: Education
and Research by LACCEI University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus,
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, June 21–23.”
Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ABEs) ensure that the world has
the necessities of life including safe and plentiful food, clean air and water,
renewable fuel and energy, safe working conditions, and a healthy environ-
ment by employing knowledge and expertise of sciences, both pure and
applied, and engineering principles. Biological engineering applies engi-
neering practices to problems and opportunities presented by living things
and the natural environment in agriculture. BA engineers understand the
interrelationships between technology and living systems, have available
a wide variety of employment options. The http://asabe.org indicates that
“ABE embraces a variety of following specialty areas.” As new technology
and information emerge, specialty areas are created, and many overlap with
one or more other areas.
— Oli Helsinkiinkin.
— Ja muuannekin. Niinkö?
— Oli muuannekin.
— Minne muuanne?
Äänettömyys.
Äänettömyys.
Tämmöisessä tapauksessa — niitä oli ennenkin sattunut — ei
rankaiseminen tullut kysymykseenkään, asia jäi silleen enkä minä
päässyt käsiksi karkaamisen syihin enkä palaamiseenkaan.
Rivit luettuani muistin että Lilli oli saanut kirjeen muutamaa päivää
ennen karkaamistaan. Kun osoitekirjoitus muistutti hänen siskojensa
käsialaa, en tullut sitä avanneeksi, vaikka se kyllä joutui käsiin.
— Kuka on Tuupeli?
— Ja nyt sinä kerrot minulle kaikki mitä tiedät siitä tutusta pojasta.
Hän kertoi melko laveasti. Kertomatuulelle kerran jouduttuaan ei
hän enää malttanut lopettaakaan, ja minun oli helppo ohjata hänen
kertomahalunsa paluun syihin.
Mutta tulematta oli vielä lopullinen isku, ja niin kauan kuin se oli
tulematta, en minä oikein ymmärtänyt poikaa. Hän oli kuin
ristiriidassa itsensä kanssa. Toisin päivin kiltti, tarkkaavainen ja
huolellinen, ja sitte taas vaihteeksi tappelut, pään kallistelemiset ja
huolimaton käytös. Mutta niissäkin kaikissa oli jotakin voidetta, joka
vaikutti ettei niitä voinut milloinkaan ottaa täysin vakavalta kannalta.
Hänen häijyyksissäänkin kuvastui jotakin hänelle aivan omituista, ja
se omituinen oli useimmiten vallattoman iloisessa äänilajissa. Se oli
aivan kuin orkesterisoitossa joku heikko, mutta korvaa hivelevä
soolo, jonka ainoastaan musiikillisesti kehittynyt kuulee, mutta joka
silti on kaiken sielu. Tämmöisen soolon opin aina löytämään Lillin
elkeissä, joissa useinkin soi sekaisin monet kimeätkin torvet ja huilut.
Mutta siten oli laita. Keksin vakavuuden hänessä, vaikka hän vielä
koki näyttäytyä entiseltä. Hänen silmänsä olivat entisen kirkkaat, hän
oli kiltti ja häijy, huolellinen ja hutilus, mutta sitteki oli hän muuttunut.
Musta ja masentava ei ollut enää luontaista, se oli tekemällä tehtyä,
mutta vakavuus oli toisellaista, oli kuin pojan olentoon kuuluvaa.
Mitä piti minun vastata? Särkeäkö eräs taivas, joka vielä oli
ehjänä, taikka valehdella. Toinen tai toinen oli tehtävä. Oli kyllä tuttu
ilmiö minullekin se, että nainen ylhäällä alenee ja alhaalla ylenee,
mutta että nainen olisi pysynyt niin kirkkaan kehyksen ympäröimänä
pahantapaisen pääkaupunkilaispojan mielikuvissa, se oli toki
odottamatonta.
— Kaikki on hyvin.
— Kahdentoista.
— Toisella.
— Pohjanmaalta ovat.
Pistäysin usein pikku tupaan, jossa hän asui, ja joka kerta varoitin
tuvan emäntää pitämään Nyyriä ahkeraan silmällä. Siten kului
kuukausi eikä tapahtunut mitään mainittavaa.
Poika naurahteli.
— Onpahan vain.
— Ei ne ole löydettyjäkään.
— Milloin?
— Puhutko totta?
— Minkä suhteen?
— On tuo huomattu.