Global Perspectives on Sports and

Christianity 1st Edition Afe Adogame

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/global-perspectives-on-sports-and-christianity-1st-edit
ion-afe-adogame/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

The Public Face of African New Religious Movements in

Diaspora Imagining the Religious Other Afe Adogame

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-public-face-of-african-new-
religious-movements-in-diaspora-imagining-the-religious-other-
afe-adogame/

Global and Asian Perspectives on International

Migration 1st Edition Graziano Battistella (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/global-and-asian-perspectives-
on-international-migration-1st-edition-graziano-battistella-eds/

Global South Perspectives on Diplomacy Yolanda Kemp

Spies

https://textbookfull.com/product/global-south-perspectives-on-
diplomacy-yolanda-kemp-spies/

Global Perspectives on Korean Literature Wook-Dong Kim

https://textbookfull.com/product/global-perspectives-on-korean-
literature-wook-dong-kim/
Global Perspectives on Stem Cell Technologies 1st
Edition Aditya Bharadwaj (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/global-perspectives-on-stem-
cell-technologies-1st-edition-aditya-bharadwaj-eds/

Global Perspectives on Language Education Policies 1st

Edition Joann (Jodi) Crandall

https://textbookfull.com/product/global-perspectives-on-language-
education-policies-1st-edition-joann-jodi-crandall/

Global Perspectives on Crime Prevention and Community

Resilience 1st Edition Diana Scharff Peterson

https://textbookfull.com/product/global-perspectives-on-crime-
prevention-and-community-resilience-1st-edition-diana-scharff-
peterson/

Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Regional and Global

Security Pawe■ Frankowski

https://textbookfull.com/product/cross-disciplinary-perspectives-
on-regional-and-global-security-pawel-frankowski/

Gender, Vulnerability Theory and Public Procurement:

Perspectives on Global Reform 1st Edition S.N. Nyeck

https://textbookfull.com/product/gender-vulnerability-theory-and-
public-procurement-perspectives-on-global-reform-1st-edition-s-n-
nyeck/
Global Perspectives on Sports
and Christianity

While the relationship between sport and religion is deeply rooted in

history, it continues to play a profound role in shaping modern-­day soci-
eties. This edited collection provides an interdisciplinary exploration of
this relationship from a global perspective, making a major contribution to
the religious, social scientific and theological study of sport.
It discusses the dialectical interplay between sport and Christianity
across diverse cultures, extending beyond a Western perspective to include
studies from Africa, South America and Asia, as well as Europe, the UK
and the US. Containing contributions from leading experts within the field,
it reflects on key topics including race, gender, spirituality, morality, inter-
faith sport clubs, and the significance of sport in public rituals of celebra-
tion and mourning. Its chapters also examine violent sports such as boxing
and mixed martial arts, as well as reflecting on the cult of sporting celeb-
rity and the theology of disability sport.
Truly international in scope, Global Perspectives on Sports and Christi-
anity is fascinating reading for all those interested in the study of sport,
sociology and religion.

Afe Adogame is the Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Christianity and

Society at Princeton Theological Seminary, USA.

Nick J. Watson is Associate Professor of Sport and Social Justice in the

School of Sport at York St John University, UK.

Andrew Parker is Professor of Sport and Christian Outreach in the School

of Sport and Exercise at the University of Gloucestershire, UK.
Routledge Research in Sport, Culture and Society
81 The Feminization of Sports
Fandom
A Sociological Study
Stacey Pope
82 Transgender Athletes in
Competitive Sport
Edited by Eric Anderson and
Ann Travers
83 Sport and Militarism
Contemporary global
perspectives
Edited by Michael L. Butterworth
84 Sport, Community
Regeneration, Governance
and Development
A comparative global
perspective
Rory Shand
85 Women Sport Fans
Identification, participation,
representation
Kim Toffoletti
86 Sport in Korea
History, development,
management
Edited by Dae Hee Kwak,
Yong Jae Ko, Inkyu Kang and
Mark Rosentraub
87 Sport and National
Identities
Globalization and Conflict
Edited by Paddy Dolan and
John Connolly
88 Sport and Contested
Identities
Contemporary Issues and
Debates
Edited by David Hassan and
Ciaran Acton
89 Sport and Peace-­B uilding in
Divided Societies
Playing with Enemies
John Sugden and Alan Tomlinson
90 Fitness, Technology and
Society
Amusing Ourselves to Life
Brad Millington
91 Global Perspectives on
Sports and Christianity
Edited by Afe Adogame,
Nick J. Watson and
Andrew Parker
www.routledge.com/sport/series/
RRSCS
Global Perspectives on
Sports and Christianity

Edited by Afe Adogame,

Nick J. Watson and
Andrew Parker
First published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Afe Adogame, Nick J.
Watson and Andrew Parker; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Afe Adogame, Nick J. Watson and Andrew Parker to
be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs
and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-138-82852-0 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-73835-2 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
To Major General Ishola Williams for opening my eyes to
research on the nexus of religion and sport; to my Dad, Rufus
Adogame for his sportsmanship over five decades prior to
retirement; and in loving memory of my Mum, Caroline Adogame
(Afe Adogame)

For my extended family, for which I am most thankful: Dave (69),

Jenny, Kerry, Simon (Bill and Buddy) and Rob, Kelly (Orla and
Neve) – and in remembrance of ‘Aunty She’
(Nick Watson)

For Susie
(Andrew Parker)
Contents

Notes on contributors x
Foreword xvi
R o b ert  E l l is

Introduction 1
A f e  A d ogame , N ick  J . W atson an d A n d rew  P arker

Part I
Some transdisciplinary considerations 11

1 Challenging the secular bias in the sociology of sport:

scratching the surface of Christian approaches to sociology 13
T om G i b b ons

2 Sports in the biblical narrative 29

J eremy  T reat

Part II
Non-­W estern perspectives on sport and Christianity 45

3 Interreligious football: Christianity, African tradition, and

the religion of football in South Africa 47
Da v i d C h i d ester

4 Soccer fandom as catechism: practices of the sacred among

young men in Argentina 64
E l o í sa M art í n
viii   Contents

5 Soccer victory authorized by the gods: prophecy, popular

memory and the peculiarities of place 80
O l utayo c h ar l es A d esina

6 The church and FIFA World Cup in Ghana: a gender

perspective 96
R ose M ary A menga - E
­ tego

7 Religion and sport in multireligious Nigeria: the case of

Kaduna City Interfaith Football Club 114
C orey L . W i l l iams

8 Spirituality and martial arts: ‘fitting’ in the life-­world 129

J onat h an T uckett

9 Playing and praying in the Premiership: public display of

beliefs in English football 146
Abel Ugba

Part III
Western perspectives on sport and Christianity 161

10 Sport, society, religion and the Church of Scotland 163

G rant J ar v ie

11 Protestantism and sport in the ‘Bible Belt’ of Norway in the

first half of the twentieth century 179
N i l s M artinius J ust v ik

12 Sport, celebrity and religion: Christianity, morality and the

Tebow phenomenon 195
A n d rew P arker an d N ick J . W atson

13 Church, sports, and tragedy: religion and rituals of public

mourning in the Ibrox disasters of 1902 and 1971 209
J ames C . Deming

14 Sport and Christianity in Amer­ican cinema: ‘the beloved

grew fat and kicked’ (Deuteronomy 32:15)  225
S e á n C rosson
 Contents   ix

15 Christianity, boxing and Mixed Martial Arts: reflections on

morality, vocation and well-­being 243
N ick J . W atson an d Brian Brock

16 Hillsborough and the Church of England 263

T h e rig h t re v eren d B I S H O P J ames J ones k b e

Index 279
Contributors

Olutayo Charles Adesina is Professor of History and Director, Centre

for General Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. He has served with
distinction as the Head of the Department of History, (2001–2003)
and (2006–2008), where he has been a full professor since 2007. He
has been a Visiting Professor, Kennesaw State University, Georgia,
USA. The focus of his works on sub-­Saharan Africa has either singly
or generally summoned intersections of local, national, regional and
global history. His major publications include: Globalization and
Transnational Migrations: Africa and Africans in the Contemporary
Global System (with Akanmu Adebayo, Cambridge Scholars Pub-
lishing, 2009), Marginality and Crisis: Globalization and Identity in
Contemporary Africa (with Akanmu Adebayo and Rasheed Olaniyi,
Lexington Books, 2010), Critical Perspectives on Peace, Conflict
and Warfare in Africa (with Olukoya Ogen and Noah Echa Attah,
Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 2012). His most recent publica-
tion is Nigeria in the Twentieth Century: History, Governance and
Society (Connel Publications, 2017).
Afe Adogame is the Maxwell M. Upson Professor of Christianity and
Society at Princeton Theological Seminary, and a leading scholar of
the African religious diaspora. He holds a PhD in History of Religions
from the University of Bayreuth in Germany and has served as Associ-
ate Professor of World Christianity and Religious Studies, and Director
International at the School of Divinity, New College, The University of
Edinburgh, UK. He is the author of The African Christian Diaspora:
New Currents and Emerging Trends in World Christianity (Bloomsbury
Academic, 2013), and the editor/co-­editor of several books including
The Public Face of African New Religious Movements in Diaspora:
Imagining the Religious ‘Other’ (Ashgate, 2014), Africa in Scotland,
Scotland in Africa: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Hybridi-
ties (Brill, 2014), and Engaging the World: Christian Communities in
Contemporary Global Societies (Regnum Edinburgh Centenary Series.
 Contributors   xi

Regnum, 2014). He is the Secretary General of the International Associ-

ation for the History of Religions (IAHR).
Rose Mary Amenga-­Etego is a Senior Lecturer in Religious Studies at the
Department for the Study of Religions, University of Ghana, Legon and
a Research Fellow at the Research Institute for Theology and Religion
(RITR), University of South Africa, South Africa. Her research interests
include African Indigenous Religions, Gender Issues in Religion and
African Culture, African Sexuality, and African Indigenous Religions
and Sustainable Development. Her publications include ‘Engaging the
Religio-­Cultural Quest in Development: An African Perspective’ (Theo-
logical Studies, October 2016), ‘Akok bere so nim Adekyee: Women’s
c
Interpretation of Indigenous Oral Text’ (in Unravelling and Reweav-
ing Sacred Canon in Africana Womanhood, Lexington Books, 2015)
and Mending the Broken Pieces: Indigenous Religion and Sustainable
Rural Development in Northern Ghana (Africa World Press, 2011). She
is also a co-­editor of Unraveling and Reweaving Sacred Canon in Afri-
cana Womanhood (Lexington Books, 2015) and Religion and Gender-
­based Violence: West African Experience (with Mercy Amba Oduyoye,
Asempa, 2013).
Brian Brock is a Reader in Moral and Practical Theology at the University
of Aberdeen. He is the Managing Editor of the Journal of Religion and
Disability. He has also written monographs on the use of the Bible in
Christian ethics (Singing the Ethos of God, William B. Eerdmans Pub-
lishing, 2007; The Malady of the Christian Body, Cascade Books, 2016)
as well as the ethics of technological development (Christian Ethics in
a Technological Age, William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2010). He has
published two books that approach theological questions through inter-
views; most recently one that extensively cross-­examines the theology of
the internationally renowned Amer­ican theologian and ethicist, Stanley
Hauerwas (Beginnings, Continuum International Publishing, 2016;
Captive to Christ, Open to the World, Cascade Books, 2014). He is
also editor (with Professor John Swinton) of Theology, Disability and
the New Genetics: Why Science needs the Church (Continuum Inter-
national Publishing, 2007) and Disability in the Christian Tradition: A
Reader (William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2012).
David Chidester is Professor of Religious Studies and Director of the Insti-
tute for Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (ICRSA) at the Uni-
versity of Cape Town in South Africa. He is the author or editor of over
20 books in North Amer­ican studies, South African studies, and com-
parative religion. His major publications include Salvation and Suicide:
Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple, and Jonestown (Indiana University Press,
1988; revised edition 2003); Authentic Fakes: Religion and Amer­ican
xii   Contributors

Popular Culture (University of California Press, 2005); Christianity: A

Global History (Penguin; Harper Collins, 2000); Savage Systems: Colo-
nialism and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (University of Vir-
ginia Press, 1996); Wild Religion: Tracking the Sacred in South Africa
(University of California Press, 2012); and Empire of Religion: Impe-
rialism and Comparative Religion (University of Chicago Press, 2014).
He has twice received the Amer­ican Academy of Religion’s Award for
Excellence in Religious Studies.
Seán Crosson is the Acting Director of the Huston School of Film & Dig-
ital Media, NUI Galway and the PI of the Sport & Exercise Research
Group in the Moore Institute, NUI Galway. His current research project
examines the representation of sport in film and popular culture, the
subject of a range of publications including his monograph Sport and
Film (Routledge, 2013) and the co-­edited collection Sport, Representa-
tion and Evolving Identities in Europe (Peter Lang, 2010). He is cur-
rently completing a monograph examining the depiction of Gaelic
games in film. He is President of the European Federation of Associ-
ations and Centres of Irish Studies (EFACIS).
James C. Deming is Associate Professor of the History of Christianity
in Modern Europe. His interests are in the social and cultural history
of Christianity. Among other topics, he teaches courses in the history
of European Christianity and poverty, Christianity and nature, the
‘dechristianisation’ of Europe, and the history of Church, Sports and
Leisure. Previously he published primarily on French Protestantism.
At present his research focus has shifted to the history of football and
European Christianity. His publications include Religion and Identity
in Modern France: The Modernization of the Protestant Community in
Languedoc, 1815–1848 (University Press of America, 1999), ‘Martyrs
for Modernity: The Three-­Hundredth Anniversary Jubilee of the French
Reformation and the Catholic/Protestant Debate on the Huguenot
Martyrs’ (in From Persecution to Pluralism: Religious Minorities and
the Enforcement of Conformity in Western Europe since the Refor-
mation, Peter Lang, 2007) and ‘Philip Schaff, Europe, and Amer­ican
Exceptionalism’ (The Journal of Presbyterian History, spring/summer
2006).
Tom Gibbons is Senior Lecturer in Sports Studies at Teesside University,
UK and one of the Elders at Amazing GRACE Church in Teesside.
He has an MA in the Sociology of Sport from the former ‘Centre for
Research into Sport & Society’ (CRSS) at the University of Leicester and
became a Christian in 2008 while studying part-­time for his PhD (later
awarded at Teesside in 2013). He has published research in a range of
academic journals and has a number of chapters in edited books. His
 Contributors   xiii

first monograph was titled English National Identity and Football Fan
Culture: Who are ya? (Ashgate, 2014) and he has since co-­edited two
further texts titled The Impact of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic
Games: Diminishing Contrasts, Increasing Varieties (Palgrave, 2015)
and Sport and English National Identity in a ‘Disunited Kingdom’
(Routledge, 2017). He is keen to develop a Christian approach to
the sociology of sport and is currently co-­editing a special edition of
the journal Sport in Society on the topic of Christian social scientific
approaches to sport.
Grant Jarvie is Professor (Chair of Sport) with the University of Edinburgh
and Honorary Professor with the University of Toronto. He has held
three established chairs at three different Universities and is a former
University Vice-Principal and Acting Principal. He is an advisor to both
the Scottish and UK Governments and the Scottish Football Associ-
ation. Recently described by a Member of the House of Lords as one of
the most authoritative voices on sport and its wider role in international
development and social cohesion, he has most recently published Sport,
Culture and Society (Routledge, 2017).
James Jones, The Right Reverend KBE served as Bishop of Hull 1994–1998
and as Bishop of Liverpool 1998–2013. In 2010 he was appointed by
the British Government to chair the Hillsborough Independent Panel,
which reported in 2012. It led to the quashing of the original inquests
and to the setting up of a new inquest which became the longest running
in British legal history and returned a determination of ‘unlawful killing’
of the 96 Liverpool football fans at the Hillsborough Stadium in Shef-
field in 1989. In the 2017 New Year’s Honours List he was nominated
by the Prime Minister to the Queen to be made a Knight Commander of
the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for ‘services to the bereaved and
to justice’. His speeches, articles, sermons and broadcasts on the BBC
are available on his website Bishop James Jones.Com.
Nils Martinius Justvik is Associate Professor in History at the Institute for
Religion, Philosophy and History at the University of Agder, Norway.
He holds a PhD in History (2007) on the topic Sport and Christianity
in the ‘Bible Belt’ of Norway 1945–2000. His two Masters theses, in
Christianity and History, also focus on the regional history of the ‘Bible
belt’ in Norway; Protestants’ relations to the Labour Movement and the
relationship between the liberal theologian and his theologically conser-
vative congregation in a rural community. In 2014 he produced a his-
toriographical article in the Journal of Religion & Society comparing
his doctoral thesis to three milestones of the US literature of Muscular
Christianity. In spring 2017 he published the hundred years history of
Vest-­Agder regional organisation of Norwegian Sports Association. In
xiv   Contributors

2016 he started writing the history of Aust-­Agder regional organisation

of Norwegian Sports Association. A book will be published late 2018.
Eloísa Martín is a tenured Professor of Sociology at the University of
Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, and the co-­chair of SEPHIS-­the South-­South
Exchange Programme for the Research on the History of Develop-
ment. She has been working in the Sociology of Religion since she was
an undergrad student – especially theory, Catholicism, and popular
religion. She has been elected Executive Secretary for two terms
(2003–2007) and Vice-­President (2007–2009) of the Association of Social
Scientists of Religion in Mercosur (ACSRM), and is currently Sec-
retary/Treasurer of the International Sociological Association Research
Committee on Sociology of Religion (2014–2018). Since 2010 she has
been the Editor of Current Sociology. She was Editor (and co-founder)
of Ciencias Sociales y Religión/Ciências Sociais e Religião (Social Sci-
ences and Religion) from 1999 to 2010; Associate Editor of Sociedade
& Estado (State & Society) from 2008 to 2011; and collaborates as a
board member and consultant for journals and book collections in the
USA, Australia and Europe.
Andrew Parker is Professor of Sport and Christian Outreach and Co-­
director (with Nick Watson) of the Centre for Sport, Spirituality and
Religion (CSSR) in the School of Sport and Exercise at the University
of Gloucestershire, UK. His research interests include: sport and spir-
ituality, sport and social identity, and sport and marginalised youth.
He has served on the editorial boards of the Sociology of Sport Journal
(2005–2008) (Human Kinetics), Qualitative Research (2001–present)
and is a former co-­Editor of the International Journal of Religion and
Sport (2010–2012).
Jeremy Treat (PhD, Wheaton College) is Pastor for Preaching and Vision
at Reality LA and Adjunct Professor of Theology at Biola University. He
is the author of The Crucified King: Atonement and Kingdom in Bibli-
cal and Systematic Theology (Zondervan, 2014).
Jonathan Tuckett earned his PhD at the University of Stirling and has
worked variously between there and the University of Edinburgh as
a teaching fellow. He primarily works in Religious Studies where he
specialises in Method and Theory with a particular emphasis on Philo-
sophy of Social Science. His current research focuses on how to under-
stand the concept of ‘religion’ in the framework of intersubjectivity
using philosophical phenomenology.
Abel Ugba is Senior Lecturer in the School of Arts and Digital Industries,
University of East London, London. His professional and academic
background is in journalism and sociology, having obtained an MA in
 Contributors   xv

Journalism (Dublin City University, Ireland) and a PhD in Sociology

(Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland). His research, teaching and academic
writing have focused on media, religion, international development and
Europe’s new African diasporas. He has published books, articles, book
chapters and commissioned reports on African diasporic religion, as
well as on migrant media. He is the author of Shades of Belonging: Afri-
can Pentecostals in Twenty-­First Century Ireland (Africa World Press,
2009).
Nick J. Watson is Associate Professor Sport and Social Justice in the
School of Sport, York St John University, UK. His research and prac-
tice is interdisciplinary and is accessible to a wide audience and broadly
focuses on issues surrounding ‘social justice’ in sport, in particular, the
relationship between sport and Christianity. His most recent research
projects examine fatherlessness, faith and mentoring in and through
sports, theological understandings of well-­being in elite sport, the
practice of sport chaplaincy/psychology and the effectiveness of sport-
­Dementia initiatives. He has co-­authored/edited a number of books and
journal special editions and has been the Co-­Director of two Univer-
sity centres of excellence and convener of two international conferences.
He has worked with the Sport and Church Office of the Vatican, the
Church of England, Sport Chaplaincy UK and the public theology think-
­tank, Theos. He is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Disability and
Religion, and reviews work for various sport social science and theo-
logy journals. He is also a Director and Trustee of The Island, York,
UK (2013–), a charity that provides mentoring services for vulnerable
children.
Corey L. Williams (PhD, Edinburgh) is Assistant Professor of Anthropol-
ogy and Global Christianity at Leiden University, The Netherlands.
As an anthropologist of religion, his current research interests include
interreligious encounter in Nigeria and African immigrant religious net-
works in California, USA. He serves as the General Secretary for the
African Association for the Study of Religions and as Co-­Chair of the
World Christianity Unit for the Amer­ican Academy of Religion. He is
also the Sub-­Saharan Africa Coordinator and Moderator for the ‘Islam
in the Modern World’ project (2017–2020), sponsored by the Leiden
Islam Academy and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, The
Netherlands.
Foreword

Sport is a global phenomenon. Whether we are thinking of elite sport with

mass spectator interest and considerable commercial backing, or participa-
tive sport enjoyed at grass roots level though tinged with consumerism and
disclosing a huge range of motivations, sport is everywhere. If ‘the unex-
amined life is not worth living’, it is also true that unexamined sport is not
worth playing, and this timely volume brings multiple perspectives to bear
on this pervasive cultural practice.
Many contemporary sports players and spectators may be more or less
oblivious to the religious origins of sport (one need only think of the
ancient Olympics, of the Etruscan funeral rites that became the Roman
games, and of the likely pagan origins of primitive forms of ‘football’), and
to the ways in which sport and religion have often enjoyed a symbiotic
relationship through the centuries. But increasingly scholars of religion
have turned their attention to sport, both investigating that history and
analysing contemporary sport for its quasi-­religious aspects. Theologians
have asked about sports theological raison d’etre, and its place in God’s
purposes. Social scientists and historians discovered sport earlier, and both
approach the subject from different angles and with different interests, as
do psychologists, and those interested in migration, gender politics and
ethnicity. There is a rich diversity of academic perspectives now offered on
sport and this collection of essays illustrates many of these various
approaches and how their perspectives interlock and mutually illuminate
one another. Some scholars deliberately adopted interdisciplinary and
transdisciplinary methods, enriching the whole project and opening up
further possibilities for research into the multi-­faceted phenomenon of
sport, and for collaborative effort to that end.
But the volume also has another major strength. Much academic writing
on sport to date has been male, white and Western. In this, it might be
argued, it mirrors so much of the reality of contemporary sport itself.
Western readers will be increasingly aware of very important contributions
in the field from female scholars, and this volume indicates a further
welcome broadening of diversity. Against the Western-­centric trend, essays
 Foreword   xvii

here shed light on sport as experienced in multiple continents, and through

research whose writers do not share many of the assumptions about sport,
identity, religion and society, that many researchers have hitherto taken for
granted. This volume takes us to Argentina, Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa,
Norway and Scotland, as well as the United States and England.
Global Perspectives on Sports and Christianity is a timely and signi-
ficant volume in this broadening field of study. It will indicate to its readers
some of what is possible given the range of current approaches, stretch
horizons of interest through the diversity of its content, and should stimu-
late further research across the gamut of disciplines.
Dr Robert Ellis
Faculty of Theology and Religion
University of Oxford
Introduction
Afe Adogame, Nick J. Watson and
Andrew Parker

The 1970s marks a significant watershed in the historiography of ‘Religion

and Sport(s)’ as a field of study but also increasingly so in its evolvement
and development as an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary endeavour.
While sports have been studied primarily from the perspectives of social
science, law, ethics and the various dimensions of human difference, most
notably ‘race’ and gender, Rebecca Alpert (2015) aptly indicates that
adding religion to the conversation underscores the importance of sports
as one of the most popular and significant dimensions of human experi-
ence in the twenty-­first century. Her recent book is illuminating not simply
because it explores the complex relationship between religion and sports,
providing some definitional clarity, but more importantly because it pro-
vides a useful pedagogical twist to the field, ‘taking case studies based on
actual events to test … theoretical knowledge in real-­life situations.’ (p. 4).
Alpert remarks, ‘examining actual cases will connect classroom learning to
real life, develop new perspectives on religion and sports, and provide a
chance to respond to the challenges and conflicts in this arena’ (p. 4).
Previous work in the area has identified that while there is an ever-­
increasing literature base, there is a serious lack of empirical research in
the field of sport and religion (see Jarvie and Thornton, 2012; Parker,
Watson and White, 2016; Watson and Parker, 2014). Research endeav-
ours, scholarly gatherings, journal contributions and practical initiatives
that focus on sport and religion have exponentially increased during the
last decade. However, these discourses are limited to contexts of countries
and of disciplines. For example, the vast majority of research on the sport-­
religion interface has come from the US, and has typically focused on a
narrow evangelical manifestation of Christianity. There is little, except for
Catholic reflection on sport from the Vatican, from mainland Europe and
on non-­western understandings of religion and sports. Most of the contri-
butions published in the USA or the UK for instance, do not take into
account developments on the European continent or in Canada, not to
mention Africa, Latin America and Asia. And yet important sporting
events are characterised by their international dimension.
2   A. Adogame et al.

This edited collection provides an interdisciplinary exploration of the

relationship between sports and Christianity from a ‘global’ perspective.
This clearly differentiates the book from previous social science-­based
scholarship in the area, and thus, demonstrates its originality. Indeed,
previous monographs and anthologies in this area have tended to focus on
‘western’ understandings of the sport and Christianity relationship (e.g.
Parry, Watson and Nesti, 2011; Watson and Parker, 2013) especially from
a North-­Amer­ican evangelical standpoint (e.g. Baker, 2007; Higgs and
Braswell, 2004; Hoffman, 2010; Overman, 2011; Price, 2001; Scholes and
Sassower, 2013). Conversely, this book includes chapters on the dialectical
relationship between sports and Christianity across diverse global cultures,
non-­western (Africa, Asia) and western perspectives (Europe and North
America), something that makes this volume attractive and readable across
a broad range of disciplines and geographical settings.
There is a considerable amount of existing social science literature that
examines sport in non-­western contexts, something that is reflected in the
Routledge Research in Sport, Culture and Society series (e.g. Majumdar,
2009), alongside related academic outputs. For example, social science
literature on sport in Africa (e.g. Alegi and Bolsmann, 2010; Booth, 1998),
Asia (e.g. Bromber, Krawietz and Maguire, 2012; Chakraborty, Chakra-
barti and Kingshuk, 2009; Hong, 2009), Russia (Orttung, 2013), South
America (Wood and Johnson, 2009) and reflections on spirituality in Aus-
tralian sporting locales (Crotty and Hess, 2016). In addition, there is a
burgeoning literature that examines the spread of the ‘muscular Christian’
ethos through the vehicle of British colonialism in the mid-­late nineteenth
century (e.g. Majumdar, 2008; Mangan, 2001). However, to our know-
ledge there is no detailed reflection on this topic from the perspective of
religion, theology (Christianity), and sociology beyond these western-­
centric analyses. It is from these perspectives that this book contributes to
work in this area.
There is, however, a wealth of literature in the disciplines of theology
and religious studies that address understandings of Christianity across the
globe and issues concerning different world religions (Cooper, 2013; Kalu,
2008; Tennent, 2007; Walls, 2002), and thus provide appropriate starting
points for our discussion. The need and rationale for further research, that
explores sport and non-­western understandings of Christianity (and other
religions), is therefore considerable. Within the context of a relatively new
and rapidly expanding field of practical theology, this book provides a
unique and important addition to the current literature for both under-
graduate and postgraduate students, and serves as a point of reference for
academics from a wide-­range of related fields including: theology and reli-
gious studies, cultural studies, psychology, health studies, ethics and sports
studies (i.e. sociology, psychology, history, and philosophy/ethics, World
Christianity, world religions, African studies, migration and diaspora
 Introduction   3

studies etc.). The book may also be of interest to physical educators, sports
coaches, sports chaplains and sport psychologists, who wish to adopt a
more ‘holistic’ approach to their work.
Two events that helped to galvanise our reflection on sports from the
perspectives of religion, theology and sociology were the interdisciplinary
workshop/seminar ‘Religion and Sport: Past, Present and Future’ held at
the University of Edinburgh, UK (27 March 2013) and the Inaugural
Global Congress on Sports and Christianity, held at York St John Univer-
sity, UK (24–28 August 2016) respectively. Conversations before, during
and beyond these pivotal meetings have underscored the urgency in further
interrogating the intersecting and interlocking relationship between sport
and religion, in this case Christianity and indigenous religions.
The Special Issue, ‘Religion and Sports’, Studies in World Christianity
(2015, 21.3) took the discourse on religion and sport one step further by
exploring correlations between football and culture and religion, inter-
action processes that are also of interest to religious studies and mission
theology; how sporting celebrities are rarely discussed within the broader
realms of theological debate, and ways in which academic discourse that
centres on the lives and lifestyles of celebrity sports stars can provide fruit-
ful ground for critiquing the role of sport in modern-­day society. This col-
lection of chapters also addresses ways in which traditional world-­views of
supernatural causality have influenced the nature and practice of Christian-
ity, the innovative ways in which contemporary Pentecostal/charismatic
churches have reinvented alternative religious spaces; and unpacks the
legitimacy of claims that athletes in extreme sports may encounter the mys-
tical and sublime, when examined through a Christian theological lens.
The timing of the book is concurrent with the shift towards debates sur-
rounding spirituality and wellbeing both within other academic disciplines
(i.e. the medical sciences and psychology) and within wider culture (Theos,
2013, 2016). Alpert (2015: 3) points to sports and religion as two core
strands of everyday life that are deeply rooted in global cultures, maintain-
ing that ‘both spheres can be enriching and ennobling influences, and both
can be the locus for social evils – greed, corruption, commercialism,
racism, sexism, homophobia, xenophobia’. Studying the interconnections
between sports and religion gives us an opportunity to understand how
these key aspects of society influence our political and cultural lives
and provide ways to understand human experience and its meaning and
purpose. Since modern sport is often intertwined with commercial and
political agendas, the book attempts to provide an important corrective to
the ‘win at all costs’ philosophy of modern sport that cannot always be
fully understood through secular ethical inquiry.
New multidisciplinary research initiatives should interrogate and
explore wide-­ranging questions, such as, how sporting pursuits from phys-
ical activity to organised and competitive/elite sport can be a potentially
4   A. Adogame et al.

powerful and cost-­effective way of supporting a range of development,

health, wellbeing, and peace objectives, and how awareness might be
raised surrounding the crucial need to integrate sport and physical activity
into policies and programmes across a range of sectors, including health,
education, economic and social development (Adogame, 2015: 195). Such
a focus highlights the potential of sport as a viable and practical tool for
the realisation of sustainable development, health, wellbeing, peace and
transformation; and also how sport programmes and interventions imple-
mented in an equity-­driven and culturally relevant way might give oppor-
tunity to women, persons with disabilities and young people to exhibit
their core skills and values. Moreover, research interest should focus on
the relationship between sport, religion and spirituality as an aspect of
wellbeing but in a much more complex and varied way than that of the
ideology and practice of muscular Christianity. It is against this backdrop
that this edited book therefore draws crucial attention to the ambivalence
of sport(s) and religion (Christianity) from a global perspective.
The book is structured around three main sections. Part I centres on
transdisciplinary considerations; Part II on non-­western perspectives on the
sport-­Christianity relationship; and Part III on western perspectives on
sport and Christianity.
Part I comprises two chapters. Tom Gibbons’ opening chapter revisits
the marginalisation of religion in the sociological analysis of sport over the
last two decades, and addresses this void through identifying Christian
approaches to sociology that are yet to be drawn upon by sociologists. In
this exploratory chapter, Gibbons calls attention to what appears to be a
significant lacuna in the expanding research on the multidisciplinary topic
area of sports and Christianity and presents a challenge to the secular bias
that has saturated the sociology of sport. In Chapter 2, Jeremy Treat aptly
remarks how sports that currently capture the public imagination across
the globe have largely evaded the attention of Christian theologians. There
seem to be two polar responses: some dismiss sports as merely games,
while others worship sports as nearly a god. Treat argues that when viewed
through the lens of Scripture, sports are more than a game, less than a god.
Part II features seven chapters, addressing non-­western perspectives on
sport and Christianity. David Chidester explores the enduring relationship
between football and Christianity and indigenous religious traditions in
South Africa. Introduced by the British military in the nineteenth century,
football was adopted by African Christian converts at mission schools and
churches, becoming a part of African Christian life like literacy, wage
labour and European clothing. As football developed to become the most
popular African sport during the twentieth century, it was attended by
indigenous rituals of strengthening and healing, drawing upon an African
traditional religious heritage. During the World Cup in 2010, three reli-
gions were on display – Christianity, African Traditional Religion, and the
 Introduction   5

religion of football. By analysing the Christian prayers, the ancestral

rituals, and the contests over ownership of sacred symbols, such as the
vuvuzela, in the religion of football in South Africa, the chapter identifies
three important features of World Christianity – mediations with indigene-
ity, negotiations with local sovereignty and transactions with a global
economy.
Eloísa Martín provides a novel, non-­classical approach at understanding
the intersection between religion and popular culture or a sport-­religion
interface, and understanding religion as a template for fan practices. She
proposes to look at this approach from a new perspective: not understand-
ing sport as a civil religion, but rather understanding soccer fandom as a
practice of the sacred and, ultimately, as a form of ‘religious’ socialisation.
Drawing from her rich ethnographic notes on practices of the sacred
among young men in Argentina, Martín underscores how the presence of
the sacred in everyday life is broadly viewed as a trend that unifies working
class cultures in Latin America; it is visible in rituals, feasts, devotions and
miracles, as well as in daily activities. A person’s relations with the sacred
are part of daily life, developed in and through ‘secular’ practices.
In Chapter 5, Olutayo Adesina adopts the historical and empiricist tra-
ditions to exemplify the complex relationship between culture, memory,
reality and the senses. He establishes a dialogue that demonstrates the sig-
nificance of place, space and time in the game of soccer. Following a useful
discussion of the ways in which generations of Yoruba Nigerians engage
the game of soccer, he analyses how traditional religious credo, values and
ideas have also come to incorporate a multitude of perspectives that ques-
tion and at the same time reinforce old ideas of winning football matches.
Taking its cue from the antics and enthusiasm of Ganiyu Elekuru (a.k.a.
Baba Eleran), head of the supporters’ club of the Ibadan-­based Industrial
Investment and Credit Corporation (IICC) football club and his rumoured
love for the occult, the narrative juxtaposes the past image of football
enthusiasm with the glory of modern football.
Soccer (football) has not only taken centre stage in Ghana’s sporting
activities, it continues to engender greater public display of emotions and
nationalism. The Ghanaian Church is not exempt from this show of patri-
otism. Yet, the disparity in support by Ghanaian Christians and the
Church as a whole is creating concern for gender activists, feminist theolo-
gians and scholars of religions in Ghana. Rose Mary Amenga-­Etego
(Chapter 6) examines the role of Ghanaian Christians and the Church in
the promotion of soccer in Ghana on the one hand and the creation of
gender inequalities in the sport on the other. In turn, she demonstrates how
historical allegations of occult practices within male soccer are being chal-
lenged by the modern-­day Christian Church. Continuing this theme of
spiritual juxtaposition in and through sport, Chapter 7 is based on Corey
Williams’s interaction with a group of male footballers in Kaduna, Nigeria
6   A. Adogame et al.

in early 2010. Known as the ‘Interfaith FC’, this diverse group – consisting
of Hausa Muslims, Gbagyi Muslims, Gbagyi Christians, and Igbo Chris-
tians – was initiated as a grassroots Christian response to violence sur-
rounding the implementation of Shari’a in 2000. Despite ongoing tension
in the region, including targeted threats at the group, they continued to
meet and play together. Drawing upon participant observation and qual-
itative interviews conducted with select members, Williams explores how
the group understands sport and utilises it to facilitate and promote eth-
noreligious cooperation. Particular attention is given to how sport relates
to and is constructed within a Nigerian Christian identity.
In Chapter 8, Jonathan Tuckett explores the religious heritage of martial
arts; perceiving Kendo and Taekwondo as forms of naturalisation; and
suggesting that ‘religion’ and ‘nationalism’ are ways of categorising non-­
dominant and dominant modes of naturalisation. He considers how Kendo
can be conceived as a ‘nationalistic’ mode of naturalisation and Taek-
wondo as a ‘religious’ mode of naturalisation, thus coming to some con-
clusion on how these modes of naturalisation interact with more
traditionally conceived ‘religious’ modes like Christianity. In another vein,
the dalliance between religion and sports has been politicised and given
wider recognition in recent times. Public display of religious belonging by
sports people has traditionally been more common in the US than in
Britain. Yet this notion has been challenged in recent years both by the
ever-­increasing public display of religious symbolisms by UK-­based elite
sports performers, and by the thickly religious tone of related media
coverage. Such trends were aptly demonstrated in March 2012 when
Premier League footballer Fabrice Muamba collapsed and suffered a
cardiac arrest while playing for Bolton Wanderers in a high-­profile tele-
vised game against Tottenham Hotspur. In Chapter 9, Abel Ugba utilises
data obtained from selected national and local newspapers in Britain
(2012–2013) and websites in the aftermath of this event to examine the
trajectories and implications of the public display of faith by the football-
ing fraternity. He also interrogates how and to what extent the rising phe-
nomenon of faith in English football signals a new attitude to public
displays of faith in British society.
Part III comprises seven chapters that address western perspectives on
sport and Christianity. To this end, Chapter 10 is informed by findings
from a Church of Scotland research report led by the author, Grant Jarvie,
and undertaken between 2013–2014. The chapter focuses upon the rela-
tionship between sport and competition and how a Christian response
might articulate both the negative and positive effects of competitiveness in
sport. The author draws on further international examples in order to con-
tribute to a more global perspective on sport, competition and Christian-
ity. The chapter attempts to analyse bible references about sport, the
etymology of competition and how the relationship between sport,
 Introduction   7

c­ ompetition and Christianity can impact on the freedoms that athletes

have. Nils Martinius Justvik’s focus is on Protestantism and sport in the
‘Bible Belt’ of Norway in the first half of the twentieth century and in
Chapter 11 he explains why sport – ‘any display of human joy of life’ –
was so harshly rejected in many of the communities in this part of Norway.
To better understand what kind of religiosity developed in the area in the
decades around 1900, and what challenges the communities and the
various popular movements face with respect to religion, Justvik explores
the history of the regional branch of the YMCA, focusing on the changing
attitudes to sport in this geographical locality in the first half of the twentieth
century.
In recent years, academic discussion surrounding the lives and lifestyles
of celebrity sports stars has provided fruitful ground for critiquing the role
of sport in modern-­day society. Rarely, however, has celebrity been dis-
cussed in relation to the sport-­media-spirituality nexus. Drawing upon
literature concerning the historical development of celebrity and sociologi-
cal analyses of celebrity as a concept, in Chapter 12 Andrew Parker and
Nick Watson argue that celebrity status is situated at the heart of an indi-
vidualised and ideologically grounded late capitalist culture in which visual
media is central to the production of social identities. In turn, Parker and
Watson seek to uncover ways in which celebrity status and ‘stardom’
might be viewed as powerful signifiers in terms of popular cultural percep-
tions of sports performers. In so doing they consider some of the sporting
icons of more recent years and analyse how their images have been
managed and manipulated in order to depict specific messages relating to
notions of faith, religion and spirituality.
Two major disasters have occurred at Ibrox Park, home of Glasgow
Rangers Football Club, in 1902 and 1971 respectively. In both cases,
public efforts were made to unite the city in memorial to the victims and
consolation for their families. These rituals can reinforce social bonds as
well as expose underlying conflicts that otherwise were suppressed. James
C. Deming (Chapter 13) critically examines the place and priorities of reli-
gious figures and institutions in these rites of grief. In particular, the author
concentrates on church leaders’ use of the tragedies to evaluate football’s
status in the late-­Victorian era and the 1960s. Even though the hostility
and violence resumed soon after the time of mourning had faded, the influ-
ence of rituals of public mourning was great enough that moments of
commemoration marking anniversaries of the tragedy were observed with
proper decorum.
Christianity has been an enduring feature of the mainstream sports film
from its emergence in the early twentieth century, such that religious icons,
references and rituals have now become naturalised as a familiar and
recurring aspect of the genre. Religious figures have also taken lead roles in
sports films, occasionally as athletes or employing sport as a means of
8   A. Adogame et al.

instilling discipline and character in young people. In more recent years,

Christianity has continued to feature prominently within the genre. Seán
Crosson (Chapter 14) provides an overview of the historical development
and ideological importance of Christianity in the sports film, drawing
mostly on films from the US, but also sports films from other countries
including Britain.
Nick Watson and Brian Brock (Chapter 15) provide a theological ana-
lysis of two violent combat sports, boxing and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA,
also known as cage fighting). The titles of the biographies of a number of
well-­known professional Christian boxers and the fact that ‘roughly 700
churches in the United States have begun incorporating MMA [Mixed
Martial Arts] into their ministry in some capacity’ raises a host of ethical
quandaries and seeming paradoxes for the theologian. The authors con-
tribute to academic theological reflection on boxing and MMA, providing
a brief cultural history of both to contextualise their theological analysis,
while at the same time discussing theories of violence, and applying theo-
logical ethics to examine the ethical problems and paradoxes that exist for
Christians who participate in, or watch, boxing or MMA.
Part III ends with a chapter (Chapter 16) by James Jones on the Hillsbor-
ough Football Disaster, highlighting the role of the Church of England in the
Hillsborough Independent Panel. Jones provides a chronological, descriptive
and reflective narrative about his own roles as Bishop of Liverpool
(1998–2013) and as Chair of the Hillsborough Independent Panel
(2010–2012), as a kind of raw material for those who wish to explore and
research the role of the Church of England and one of its pastors in con-
temporary society. Even when the dynamics of a culture push an individual
to the forefront that narrative is always woven out of the many stories of
others who have played their own part. Thus, the work of the Hillsborough
Independent Panel was the summation of the efforts of expert colleagues and
of a dedicated secretariat who worked together to deliver the Terms of Ref-
erence, that had been shaped through consultation with the families. This
led to the quashing of the verdicts of the original inquests and to the
appointment of a new Coroner, Lord Justice Goldring, to oversee new
inquests in 2013. After the longest inquest in British Legal history on 26
April 2016 the Jury overturned a verdict of accidental death and unani-
mously exonerated the fans of any responsibility and by a majority of 7 : 2
returned a determination of ‘unlawful killing’.
In sum, Global Perspectives on Sports and Christianity aims not only to
reflect on the ways in which the sport–Christianity relationship has
developed over time, but also how it is variously played out by different
individuals and groups in different geographical and cultural contexts.
Moreover it aims to offer insights into the ways in which faith might be
used as a means to negotiate and challenge the values and practices of
modern-­day sport, thereby creating more equitable and inclusive sporting
 Introduction   9

experiences for those concerned. One example of how this might be

achieved is through addressing issues of ‘social justice’ in the sports
realm, such as, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, disability, sexuality and
the many different forms of corruption, etc. Some of the chapters within
this volume begin this discussion, not least the chapters addressing public
justice issues surrounding the Hillsborough and Ibrox football disasters.
Social justice is a foundational concept within the disciplines of theology
and religious studies (e.g. Palmer and Burgess, 2012), and more recently,
has become a ‘hot topic’ in the social scientific study of sport (e.g. Gott-
fried, 2014; Long, Fletcher and Watson, 2017; Schinke and Hanrahan,
2012). We believe that it is by way of such reflection that our under-
standings of the relationship between sport and Christianity can continue
to thrive and that the desire for ongoing empirical scholarship will be
stimulated and encouraged.

References
Adogame, A. (2015) Editorial ‘Religion and Sport, Past, Present and Future’,
Special Issue on Religion and Sport, Studies in World Christianity, 21: 3,
193–200.
Alegi, P. and Bolsmann, C. (2010) South Africa and the Global Game: Football,
Apartheid and Beyond, London: Routledge.
Alpert, R. (2015). A Case Study Textbook on Religion and Sport. West Sussex,
UK: Columbia University Press.
Baker, W. (2007) Playing with God: Religion and Modern Sport, London: Harvard
University Press.
Bromber, K., Krawietz, B. and Maguire, J. (eds) (2012) Sport Across Asia: Politics,
Cultures and Identities, London: Routledge.
Booth, D. (1998) The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa, London:
Routledge.
Chakraborty, S.J., Chakrabarti, S. and Kingshuk, C. (eds) (2009) The Politics of
Sport in South Asia, London: Routledge.
Cooper, D. (2013) Christianity and World Religions: An Introduction to the
Worlds of the Major Faiths, Phillisburg, NY: P and P Publishing.
Crotty, M. and Hess, M. (eds) (2016). Sport, War and Society in Australia and
New Zealand. London: Routledge.
Gottfried, S. (2014) Social Justice and Professional Sport, International Journal of
Applied Philosophy, 28: 2, 373–389.
Higgs, R.J. and Braswell, M.C. (2004) An Unholy Alliance: The Sacred and
Modern Sports, Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
Hoffman, S.J. (2010) Good Game: Christianity and the Culture of Sports, Waco,
TX: Baylor University Press.
Hong, F. (ed.) (2009) Sport, Nationalism and Orientalism: The Asian Games,
London: Routledge.
Jarvie, G. and Thornton, J. (2012) Sport, Religion and Spirituality, in Sport,
Culture and Society: An Introduction (2nd edn), London: Routledge: 324–340.
10   A. Adogame et al.

Kalu, O. (ed.) (2008) Interpreting Contemporary Christianity: Global Processes

and Local Identities (Studies in the History of Christian Missions), Grand
Rapids, MI: Wm B. Eerdmans.
Long, J., Fletcher, T. and Watson, B. (eds) (2017) Sport, Leisure and Social Justice,
London: Routledge.
Majumdar, B. (ed.) (2009) Modern Sport – The Global Obsession, London:
Routledge.
Majumdar, B. (2008) Cricket in Colonial India 1780–1947, London: Routledge.
Mangan, J.A. (ed.) (2011) The Cultural Bond: Sport, Empire and Society, London:
Routledge.
Orttung, R. (2013) The 2014 Winter Olympics and the Evolution of Putin’s
Russia, London: Routledge.
Overman, S. (2011) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Sport: How Calvinism
and Capitalism Shaped America’s Games, Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
Palmer, M.D. and Burgess, M. (eds) (2012) The Wiley-­Blackwell Companion to
Religion and Social Justice. Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Parker, A., Watson, N.J. and White, J. (eds) (2016) Sports Chaplaincy: Trends,
Issues and Debates, Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
Parry, J., Watson, N.J. and Nesti, M.N. (2011), Theology, Ethics and Transcend-
ence in Sports, London: Routledge.
Price, J.L. (2001) From Season to Season: Sports as Amer­ican Religion, Mercer
Macon, GA: Baylor University Press.
Schinke, R.J. and Hanrahan, S.J. (2012) Sport for Development, Peace, and Social
Justice, Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Scholes, J. and Sassower, R. (2013) Religion and Sports in Amer­ican Culture, New
York: Routledge.
Tennent, C.T. (2007) Theology in the Context of World Christianity, Grand
Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
Theos (2013) The Spirit of Things Unseen: Belief in Post-­Religious Britain,
London: Theos.
Walls, A.F. (2002) The Cross-­Cultural Process in Christian History, Maryknoll,
NY: Orbis.
Watson, N.J. and Parker, A. (eds) (2013) Sports and Christianity: Historical and
Contemporary Perspectives (foreword by Michael Novak), New York:
Routledge.
Watson, N.J. and Parker, A. (2014) Sport and the Christian Religion: A Systematic
Review of Literature (Foreword, Scott Kretchmar; Preface, Brian Brock), New-
castle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Wood, D. and Johnson, L. (eds) (2009) Sporting Cultures: Hispanic Perspectives
on Sport, Text and the Body, London: Routledge.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Delight and
power in speech
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Delight and power in speech

A universal dramatic reader; a new, complete and
practical method of securing delight and efficiency in
silent and oral reading and private and public speech;
together with a large and varied collection of carefully
chosen selections in prose and poetry, with chapters
on "The cultivation of the memory" and "After dinner
speaking."

Author: George Wharton James

Leonard G. Nattkemper

Release date: October 3, 2023 [eBook #71798]

Language: English

Original publication: Pasadena, California: The Radiant Life

Press, 1919

Credits: ellinora, MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DELIGHT

AND POWER IN SPEECH ***
 DELIGHT and POWER
IN SPEECH
A UNIVERSAL DRAMATIC READER

BY

LEONARD G. NATTKEMPER
Polytechnic High School, Long Beach, Cal.
Formerly Professor of Public Speaking,
University of Southern California
AND

GEORGE WHARTON JAMES, Litt. D.

Author of “California, Romantic and Beautiful,”
“Arizona, the Wonderland,” “In and Out
of the Old Missions of California,”
“Reclaiming the Arid West,”
Etc., Etc.

A New, Complete and Practical Method of

Securing Delight and Efficiency in
Silent and Oral Reading and
Private and Public Speech

TOGETHER WITH A LARGE AND VARIED COLLECTION

OF CAREFULLY CHOSEN
SELECTIONS IN PROSE AND POETRY,
WITH CHAPTERS ON “THE CULTIVATION OF THE
MEMORY” AND “AFTER DINNER SPEAKING”

THE RADIANT LIFE PRESS

Pasadena, California
1919

Copyright, 1919,
By The Radiant Life Press

J. F. TAPLEY CO.
NEW YORK
 INTRODUCTION
Speech is one of God’s greatest gifts to man, yet, comparatively
speaking, how few there are whose speech is pleasing to hear, clear
and understandable, impressive and stimulative to action.
From the cradle to the grave every person, perforce, uses speech,
just as he eats, breathes, drinks, sleeps. It is one of the important,
ever exercised functions of life. Upon it all our social, business and
professional intercourse is based. Without it, life as we know it,
would be impossible. With it, developed to its natural, normal, proper,
and readily attainable efficiency, there are few limits to what man
may aspire to attain.
Recognizing to the full the truth of the aphorism that “the things we
enjoy doing are the things we do best,” it is the purpose of this book
so to present its subject as to create in its readers a firm resolve to
so thoroughly enjoy good reading that they will do it well.
The aim is twofold: first, to stimulate a natural desire on the part of
the student for the proper use of voice and body in the oral
interpretation of literature; and second, to present a natural and
practical scheme for the attainment of this end.
After a number of years of experience and observation the authors
have come to believe that when even the most diffident pupil has
once had aroused in him a real enjoyment in the acts of speaking
and reading aloud, he is destined to become not only an intelligent,
but an intelligible reader.
It is no longer necessary to argue for the recognition of vocal
expression as a worthy and definite part of the curriculum of High
School and College. Training in the spoken word is to-day, as never
before, looked upon as a prerequisite to professional and business
success. Henry Ward Beecher, speaking of the rightful place of
speech culture, says:

A living force that brings to itself all the resources of the

imagination, all the inspirations of feeling, all that is influential
in body, in voice, in eye, in gesture, in posture, in the whole
animated man, is in strict analogy with the divine thought and
the divine arrangement ... and so regarded, it should take its
place among the highest departments of education.

The majority of mankind, however, seems to feel that beautiful,

powerful, and effective speech or the ability to read well and
acceptably is the gift or attainment of the chosen few. Nothing can be
further from the fact. Beauty is the normal condition in the universe in
every realm of nature, and is attained by the simple effort of each
thing to express itself in natural and spontaneous fashion. Likewise,
clear, impressive, delight-giving, thought-provoking speech, and the
power to read well are as easy to attain, and may be obtained in the
same natural, spontaneous, unaffected manner.
Unfortunately in the past the teachers of these simple and natural
arts befogged the whole subject by their artificialities, formalities,
conventionalities and pretenses. Their text-books were filled with
unnecessary and injurious rules, mandates, and requirements. And
thus the pseudo-science of “Elocution,” with its stilted expressions,
its fixed gestures, its artificial inflections, came into being. And the
students who were eager to acquire the mastery of effective speech,
—than which there is no greater accomplishment,—were intimidated,
frightened away by the multiplicity of rules and theories.
Let us be thankful that the day is dawning when instruction in
correct spoken language comes through the easy avenues of
naturalness, spontaneity, simplicity and normal enthusiasm. Too long
have we been discouraged by the glib aphorism that there is no easy
road to learning. It is not true, if by learning we mean the attainment
of the real intellectual things, instead of the sham, pretentious things
that men in the past too often have called learning.
 The authors of this book venture the affirmation that hardly one of
the great readers, public speakers of power, or orators of influence
have ever taken a lesson in the so-called art of “elocution” or heeded
any of its straight-jacket rules. Daniel Webster has well expressed
the difference between the man with a heart full of burning thoughts
demanding utterance, and the one with a mouth full of carefully
chosen words, and exquisitely modulated phrases, meaning little or
nothing to the soul of him:

True eloquence, indeed, does not consist in speech. It

cannot be brought from afar. Labor and learning may toil for it,
but they will toil in vain. Words and phrases may be
marshaled in every way, but they cannot compass it. It must
exist in the man, in the subject, and in the occasion. Affected
passion, intense expression, the pomp of declamation, all
may aspire after it,—they cannot reach it. It comes, if it comes
at all, like the outbreaking of a fountain from the earth, or the
bursting forth of volcanic fires, with spontaneous, original,
native force. The graces taught in the schools, the costly
ornaments and studied contrivances of speech, shock and
disgust men, when their own lives, and the fate of their wives,
their children, and their country hang on the decision of the
hour. Then words have lost their power, rhetoric is in vain, and
all elaborate oratory contemptible. Even genius itself then
feels rebuked and subdued, as in the presence of higher
qualities. Then patriotism is eloquent; then self-devotion is
eloquent. The clear conception, out-running the deductions of
logic, the high purpose, the firm resolve, the dauntless spirit,
speaking on the tongue, beaming from the eye, informing
every feature, and urging the whole man onward, right
onward to his object,—this, this is eloquence; or, rather, it is
something greater and higher than all eloquence: it is action,
—noble, sublime, God-like action.

The natively-eloquent learned to speak with power because they

had a message, because they felt, were deeply moved, saw a vision,
experienced a deep emotion, had a thought they strongly desired to
communicate to others, and with a few fundamental, simple, readily-
grasped principles before them, generally unconsciously exercised,
they said their say, and convinced the world.
To state these basic principles with the simplicity and naturalness
they call for, and to show the pleasure and power that come from
their development is the purpose of the authors of this book.
By following these self-evident steps one who has something
worth saying, whose heart is deeply stirred, will become a good
reader, a fluent, convincing public speaker with little or no conscious
effort. Just as a few simple exercises, regularly persisted in, produce
glowing, radiant health and physical strength, so will these simple,
enjoyable exercises, kept ever in mind and daily used, bring to one
the glowing delight of reading to oneself with appreciation and
intelligence, reading publicly with intelligibility and effectiveness, and
speaking to a large or small audience with convincing power.

The Selections of the Book

While there are many and varied text-books that deal with this
important subject in a more or less modern fashion, they all use, to a
greater or lesser extent, the same old selections from well-known
authors and orators, which, unfortunately, were used by the teachers
of the stilted, artificial, sophomoric and altogether discredited
“elocution.” Hence, the authors and editors of this volume have
made an almost entirely new choice of Selections for illustrative
purposes and for public reading. But few will be found that have
been used elsewhere. References are made to the writings of
standard authors which may be obtained in any ordinary library, but
a large percentage of the prose and poetry of this collection is taken
from the more modern and popular American writers.
It is neither the intent nor the desire of the editors to limit the field
of thought of their readers or students to any one field of English
literature. Our aim is quite the contrary. We would so emphasize the
worth of the literature of the West, however, that those who have
hitherto deemed that “no good can come out of Nazareth,” may be
led to search for literary good in other Nazareths.
Literature is as wide as civilized human life, and according to the
intensity with which life is lived, and the desire of those who live to
express that intensity, will literature of strength and power be
produced. The West lives intensely, rapidly, urgently, individually,
hence its literature is intense, strong and powerful.
Just as sure as history records the existence of an early West—a
West where the gun and knife settled men’s heated controversies, a
West where, for many years, there was a dearth of woman’s soft
voice and tender smile—just so sure are the writings of the Western
poets, philosophers and storytellers of this period a vital part of our
early American literature. The literature of the West, as with the
literature of any country, needs only be a true, sincere, worthy
expression of the life it professes to portray.
The greater one’s knowledge of the literatures of the various
peoples of the world, the deeper one’s sympathies become, and the
easier it is to grasp the divine principles of human brotherhood.
The authors also wish to call attention to what they deem another
important feature of their work. It will be seen from the outline plan of
the book that it is divided into four parts, viz.: Intelligible Reading,
Sympathetic Reading, Melodious Reading, Oratorical Reading.
The selections have been arranged, in the main, under these
respective headings, that they may accompany the explanations,
serve to elucidate the principles laid down, and afford copious
examples for their practice.
There is also an important and practical chapter on the
Development and Use of the Memory.
That this book will fill a long felt and continuously expressed want
on the part of teachers of Oral Reading is the confident assurance of
the editors.
In the preparation of the technical part of the book the authors
have been immeasurably aided by their large and personal
knowledge of, and acquaintance or friendship with, leading orators in
politics, the law, the church, on the lecture platform, and at public
dinners and other functions. They have also availed themselves of
the same knowledge of the great interpreters in the theater. A long,
intimate study of the essential characteristics which made for the
success of many masters in the art of using the spoken word has
been made. Thus the authors are assured that no factor that leads
towards, and assures, success in dramatic or private reading or
speaking has been ignored. All academic and purely theoretical
matter has been rigorously excluded.
The old methods of sophomoric oratory are gone, never to return.
Men and women of purpose have learned that simplicity, directness,
naturalness, are the most potent factors in conveying their ideas to
others. It is gratifying to know that modern methods of teaching Oral
Reading and Private and Public Speaking seek to emphasize these
fundamental principles and reduce to the lowest possible minimum
all introductions of the artificial.
Leonard G. Nattkemper,
George Wharton James.
 PART ONE
Intelligent and Intelligible Reading
FIRST STEP. Getting the author’s thought. Discussing
INTELLIGENT reading. Giving material for training the pupil in
getting the thought from the printed page. Reading at sight and
reproducing in his own words. Making outlines of simple selections,
principally prose selections.
SECOND STEP. Discussion of INTELLIGIBLE reading. Two-fold
purpose: Thought-getting and thought-giving in the author’s words.
General and Special preparation. Exercises in Enunciation,
Pronunciation, Articulation, Vocabulary.
 CHAPTER I
READING AND PUBLIC SPEECH

It is the first and last object of education “to teach people how to
think.” When we consider the vast wealth of great thoughts felt and
expressed by great men of all times and recorded for us in books,
should we not give serious reflection upon what we read and how we
read?
This book has to do primarily with how rightly to speak thoughts
and feelings hidden in great literature—yet it is strictly in keeping
with this purpose to give some attention to silent reading as
distinguished from oral reading. For how can one hope to become an
intelligible reader who is not first an intelligent one? This does not
argue that an intelligent reader is likewise intelligible, for the mere
comprehension of the author’s thought and mood does not in itself
insure a proper or adequate oral rendition of the same. In this sense
we think of the former act as a necessity, and of the latter as an
accomplishment.
Yet in this twentieth century we can hardly make the above
limitations, for he who is to become most useful to himself and to
others, must not only be able to understand what he reads, but must,
at the same time, be able effectively to communicate it to others. The
latter accomplishment, of course, necessitates systematic drill and
practice, and the greater portion of this book is devoted to a series of
lessons for carrying on such a course of instruction. In this
immediate chapter, however, we are concerned more particularly
with reading in general.
One of the first steps toward fitting oneself to become an
impressive reader and speaker is to acquire a real love for the best
literature. The only way to do this is by making the acquaintance of
great authors, and the best way to come into companionship with
noble writers is conscientiously to study their works. Because, at first
glance, an author may seem obscure, too many are fain to put the
book aside, or substitute for it one that does not require any effort to
enjoy. But, after all, is it not the books over which we struggle most
that yield us the most joy and the most good? When once we form
the friendship of great books and catch their vision, we cannot help
but pattern our lives, in a very large measure, in accordance with
those fundamental and lasting principles of right living and right
thinking which characterize the writings of all great men and women.
Their ideals become our ideals.
It seems, therefore, that if we hope to become agreeable speakers
or conversationalists we must, at the outset, realize it as imperative
that we, make ourselves familiar with the writings, in verse and
prose, of noble minds. It is by this close association with great
people, who have not only understood and felt the deeper meanings
of life, but who have put their experiences and knowledge into
permanent literature, that we may have our smaller souls kindled to
glow brighter and longer. It is by giving an attentive ear to the voices
that call to us from our bookshelves that our finer sensibilities are
quickened to fuller appreciation of nature, of art, and of the joy of
living.
We must realize that training in the development of oral
expression is primarily a cultural course, but, at the same time, a
practical one. Many people would invert the order of this statement,
but all are agreed that correct vocal expression aids immeasurably in
the development of taste and refinement, and, at the same time,
affords, in many ways, practical assistance in daily living.
Pure water is more likely to be drawn from a deep well than from a
shallow pool. So, also, he who possesses depth of feeling and
appreciation of noble thoughts and pure emotions is more likely to
give adequate and satisfactory oral expression to them than he
whose feeling is shallow and indifferent. Experience teaches that
nothing gives greater aid to a spontaneous, irresistible flow of
thought, revealing, through voice and body, the finer conceptions of
the human soul, than a constant familiarity with the deep wells of the
best literature.
 By listening eagerly to the best words great men of all times have
said to the world, we make our own natures responsive. Then, in
greater or lesser measure, as readers or speakers, we translate or
interpret these words for the enjoyment or uplift of others.
How can the man, the woman, of limited time and means, proceed
so as to find these treasures of literature?
Let us here set down, briefly and clearly, what seems to us the
most enjoyable and natural method to use. In the first place, ask
yourself if you are willing to be a hard worker, self-sacrificing and
humble. Unless you are, you will find that great spirits are slow to
share with you their richest treasures. You must first make yourself
worthy before you can expect to enter into their sanctum. In the
words of Ruskin:

You must be willing to work hard to find the hidden meaning

of the author. Ask yourself, “Am I inclined to work as an
Australian miner would? Are my pick-axes and shovels in
good order, and am I in good trim myself, my sleeves well up
to my elbows, and my breath good, and my temper?” ... The
metal you are in search of being the author’s mind or
meaning, his words are as the rock which you have to crush
and smelt in order to get at it. And your pick-axes are your
own care, wit, and learning; your smelting furnace is your own
thoughtful soul. Do not hope to get at any good author’s
meaning without those tools and that fire; often you will need
sharpest, finest chiseling, and patientest fusing, before you
can gather one grain of the metal.

Then, too, you must be patient. An untrained reader is, as it were,

wandering in a great forest where he sees many paths, but he knows
not which to take. If he pursue a wrong path the first, second or the
third time, he should not lose hope, but seek again and again. By
such experiences he is sharpening his faculty of discrimination, and
erelong can, in a brief space, detect which paths he should follow.
No one but yourself can prescribe rightly a course of reading best
suited to your particular needs. It must be a voluntary search on your
own part, and an enjoyable one, if you are to get the most from it.
But here enters a serious consideration: Is what I enjoy most the
best for me? The answer is Yes and No! Yes, if you enjoy most what
appeals to the best in you; no, if you enjoy most what in your heart
you know appeals to what is the worst in you. Therefore, the
important question for you to answer is—does this book, article,
essay or poem merely interest me, or does it appeal to the best in
me?
Henry Van Dyke expresses the matter perfectly:

The person who wants to grow, turns to books as a means

of purifying his tastes, deepening his feelings, broadening his
sympathies, and enhancing his joy of life. Literature he loves
because it is the most humane of the arts. Its forms and
processes interest him as expressions of the human striving
towards clearness of thought, purity of emotion, and harmony
of action with the ideal. The culture of a finer, fuller manhood
is what this reader seeks. He is looking for the books in which
the inner meanings of nature and life are translated into
language of distinction and charm, touched with the human
personality of the author, and embodied in forms of
permanent interest and power. This is literature. And the
reader who sets his affections on these things enters the
world of books as one made free of a city of wonders, a
garden of fair delights. He reads not from a sense of duty, not
from a constraint of fashion, not from an ambition of learning,
but from a thirst of pleasure; because he feels that pleasure of
the highest kind,—a real joy in the perception of things lucid,
luminous, symmetrical, musical, sincere, passionate, and
profound,—such pleasure restores the heart and quickens it,
makes it stronger to endure the ills of life and more fertile in
all good fruits of cheerfulness, courage and love. This reader
for vital pleasure has less need of maps and directories, rules
and instructions, than of companionship. A criticism that will
go with him in his reading, and open up new meaning in
familiar things, and touch the secrets of beauty and power,
and reveal the hidden relations of literature to life, and help
him to see the reasonableness of every true grace of style,
the sincerity of every real force of passion,—a criticism that
penetrates, illuminates, and appreciates, making the eyes
clearer and the heart more sensitive to perceive the living
spirit in good books,—that is the companionship which will be
most helpful, and most grateful to the gentle reader.
 CHAPTER II
EFFECTIVE SPEECH

There are four definite steps in the mastery of effective speech:

It must be Intelligible
It must be Sympathetic
It must be Melodious
It must be Forceful

In seeking to accomplish these four aims, the pupil will not only
increase his culture but his practical mental power as well.
The first step has to do with whatever makes understandable what
he has to say. But before he can be intelligible in address, he must
be an intelligent reader. He must train himself to master the real
meaning of words. This means taking in—comprehending—and
translating the thought of others. This is an important part in
accomplishing the first step. The mind must be trained quickly and
accurately to comprehend the printed page.

The Basis for Good Oral Reading

Grasp this idea firmly: Before one may hope to read intelligibly, he
must first be an intelligent reader. You cannot express outwardly
what you have not received and do not feel inwardly. Therefore the
basis of good oral reading is understanding—intelligent silent
reading. Some one has well said, “Unless a child can read, he
cannot be educated.” How few can read at sight a short passage and
then close the book and relate its context. Why is this the case?
Because the pupil has not been properly trained to read.

The Basis for Good Silent Reading

 In the study of the printed word we must remember that its real
meaning depends altogether upon its relation to other words in the
same group. For instance, the word “fire” does not mean the same
thing at all times. The real meaning of this word depends upon its
kinship with other members of the same group. When we say, “The
house is on fire,” the word “fire” means an altogether different thing
from what it means when we say, “There is need of a fire in the stove
this morning.” We must continually take care that we do not isolate
words, but that we get their associated meaning. For too long a time
in our public schools the pupils have been taught to read words and
not ideas or thoughts. They have been taught to read word by word
and not group by group. For instance, the most elementary pupils
will read as follows: “The—cat—can—run—and—play—with—the—
ball.” The grouping is altogether overlooked. The children are
concentrating their attention upon single or isolated words instead of
upon thought groups made up of several words as follows: “The cat
can run—and play with the ball.”

Get the Author’s Thought

Whatever one reads, he must first determine for what purpose he
is reading. A definite aim or end in view must be had to serve as a
motive power. The pupil who can relate the successive events in a
narrative after having read it carefully, has trained his memory. But
memory training is not the highest aim or end. The thing of
paramount importance is: What is the application of the author’s
meaning? The value lies in what use the student can make of the
knowledge. This act of getting the author’s thought draws upon the
student’s stock of experience. All new matter comes to the pupil in
terms of his past experiences. The task of the teacher is to aid him in
identifying himself with the lesson taught by the author, so that he
can make practical use of it.

We Are Not Studying Style

In this present step in the development of the student in effective
speech the style of an author is nothing more than a means to an