Power Quality

EE 433

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 Definition
 Causes of voltage variation
 Effects of voltage variation
 Analysis of voltage drop
 Mitigation of voltage variation
 Problems
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 Long duration voltage variations
Def: voltage deviation longer than 1 min.

 3 types:
 Overvoltage - An increase in the rms ac voltage greater than
110% at power frequency for duration more than 1 minute

 Undervoltage - A decrease in rms ac voltage to less than 90%

at power frequency for duration more than 1 minute

 Sustained interruption - When voltage is 0 for duration

more than 1 minute

Normal voltage range ±5% 3

Causes of voltage variation

Overvoltage Causes:
1) Switching off a large load
2) Energizing a capacitor bank
3) Incorrect transformers tap settings

Undervoltage Causes:
1) Switching on a large load
2) Switching off capacitor bank
3) Overloaded circuits

Interruption Causes:
1) Power system faults
2) Equipment failures
3) Control malfunctions
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Effects of voltage variation

Overvoltage Effects:
Light globe loss of life

Unervoltage Effects:
Motor overheating or stalling

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Analysis of voltage drop

𝑉1 = 𝑉2 + 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 𝐼

𝑉2 𝐼 ∗ = 𝑃 + 𝐽𝑄

𝑃 − 𝐽𝑄
𝐼=
𝑉2∗
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Voltage drop across system impedance is the main cause
of voltage regulation problem

This impedance is too large to supply the load

This means the power system is too weak for the load
Therefore, the voltage drops too low under heavy load.

Conversely,
when source voltage is boosted to overcome the impedance, there
can be an overvoltage condition when the load drops too low.

The corrective measures usually involve either

i. compensating for the impedance Z OR

ii. compensating for the voltage drop IR + jIX
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 Mitigation
Utility
 Shunt capacitors: to reduce the current I and shift it to
be more in phase with the voltage.
 Series capacitors: to cancel the inductive impedance
drop IX.
 Tap-changing transformers: which boost V1
 Reduce system impedance: by parallel lines & larger
transformers (expensive)

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 Mitigation
Plant
 Autotransformer:
 Constant voltage transformer (CVT):
 UPS system: expensive and can cause harmonic
distortion problems

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Problems
 6.1) Given a line with r= 0.02 pu, x0.05 pu & receiving
end load P =0.8, Q =0.6 pu,
 If Vr =0.95, what is the value of Vs ?
 If Vs =1.05, what is the value of Vr ?

Solution
 Vs = 1.00 2◦ pu,
 Vr = 1.004 pu,

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