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Understanding Complex Systems

Victor A. Sadovnichiy
Michael Z. Zgurovsky Editors

Modern
Mathematics
and Mechanics
Fundamentals, Problems and
Challenges
Springer Complexity
Springer Complexity is an interdisciplinary program publishing the best research and
academic-level teaching on both fundamental and applied aspects of complex systems—
cutting across all traditional disciplines of the natural and life sciences, engineering,
economics, medicine, neuroscience, social and computer science.
Complex Systems are systems that comprise many interacting parts with the ability to
generate a new quality of macroscopic collective behavior the manifestations of which are
the spontaneous formation of distinctive temporal, spatial or functional structures. Models
of such systems can be successfully mapped onto quite diverse “real-life” situations like
the climate, the coherent emission of light from lasers, chemical reaction-diffusion systems,
biological cellular networks, the dynamics of stock markets and of the internet, earthquake
statistics and prediction, freeway traffic, the human brain, or the formation of opinions in
social systems, to name just some of the popular applications.
Although their scope and methodologies overlap somewhat, one can distinguish the
following main concepts and tools: self-organization, nonlinear dynamics, synergetics,
turbulence, dynamical systems, catastrophes, instabilities, stochastic processes, chaos, graphs
and networks, cellular automata, adaptive systems, genetic algorithms and computational
intelligence.
The three major book publication platforms of the Springer Complexity program are the
monograph series “Understanding Complex Systems” focusing on the various applications
of complexity, the “Springer Series in Synergetics”, which is devoted to the quantitative
theoretical and methodological foundations, and the “SpringerBriefs in Complexity” which
are concise and topical working reports, case-studies, surveys, essays and lecture notes of
relevance to the field. In addition to the books in these two core series, the program also
incorporates individual titles ranging from textbooks to major reference works.

Editorial and Programme Advisory Board

Henry Abarbanel, Institute for Nonlinear Science, University of California, San Diego, USA
Dan Braha, New England Complex Systems Institute and University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA
Péter Érdi, Center for Complex Systems Studies, Kalamazoo College, USA and Hungarian Academy
of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Karl Friston, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
Hermann Haken, Center of Synergetics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
Viktor Jirsa, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille,
France
Janusz Kacprzyk, System Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Kunihiko Kaneko, Research Center for Complex Systems Biology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Scott Kelso, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
Markus Kirkilionis, Mathematics Institute and Centre for Complex Systems, University of Warwick,
Coventry, UK
Jürgen Kurths, Nonlinear Dynamics Group, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Ronaldo Menezes, Florida Institute of Technology, Computer Science Department, 150 W. University Blvd,
Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
Andrzej Nowak, Department of Psychology, Warsaw University, Poland
Hassan Qudrat-Ullah, School of Administrative Studies, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Linda Reichl, Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas, Austin, USA
Peter Schuster, Theoretical Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Frank Schweitzer, System Design, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Didier Sornette, Entrepreneurial Risk, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Stefan Thurner, Section for Science of Complex Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Understanding Complex Systems
Founding Editor: S. Kelso

Future scientific and technological developments in many fields will necessarily

depend upon coming to grips with complex systems. Such systems are complex in
both their composition – typically many different kinds of components interacting
simultaneously and nonlinearly with each other and their environments on multiple
levels – and in the rich diversity of behavior of which they are capable.
The Springer Series in Understanding Complex Systems series (UCS) promotes
new strategies and paradigms for understanding and realizing applications of
complex systems research in a wide variety of fields and endeavors. UCS is
explicitly transdisciplinary. It has three main goals: First, to elaborate the concepts,
methods and tools of complex systems at all levels of description and in all scientific
fields, especially newly emerging areas within the life, social, behavioral, economic,
neuro- and cognitive sciences (and derivatives thereof); second, to encourage novel
applications of these ideas in various fields of engineering and computation such as
robotics, nano-technology and informatics; third, to provide a single forum within
which commonalities and differences in the workings of complex systems may be
discerned, hence leading to deeper insight and understanding.
UCS will publish monographs, lecture notes and selected edited contributions
aimed at communicating new findings to a large multidisciplinary audience.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5394

Victor A. Sadovnichiy • Michael Z. Zgurovsky
Editors

Modern Mathematics and

Mechanics
Fundamentals, Problems and Challenges

123
Editors
Victor A. Sadovnichiy Michael Z. Zgurovsky
Lomonosov Moscow State University National Technical University of Ukraine
Moscow, Russia “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”
Kyiv, Ukraine

ISSN 1860-0832 ISSN 1860-0840 (electronic)

Understanding Complex Systems
ISBN 978-3-319-96754-7 ISBN 978-3-319-96755-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96755-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018958922

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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Preface

The given collection of papers has been organized as a result of regular open
joint academic panels of research workers from the Faculty of Mechanics and
Mathematics of Lomonosov Moscow State University and Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis of the National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.” This volume is devoted to the fundamentals of modern
mathematics and mechanics. It attracted attention of researchers from leading
scientific schools of Brazil, France, Germany, Poland, Russian Federation, Spain,
Mexico, Ukraine, the USA, and other countries.
Modern technological applications require development and synthesis of fun-
damental and applied scientific areas, with a view to reducing the gap that
may still exist between theoretical basis used for solving complicated technical
problems and implementation of obtained innovations. To solve these problems,
mathematicians, mechanics, and engineers from wide research and scientific centers
have been working together. Results of their joint efforts, including differential
geometry, dynamics of differential and difference equations and applications, solid
mechanics, and modern methods of optimization and control, are partially presented
here. In fact, serial publication of such collected papers to similar seminars is
planned.
This is the sequel of earlier volumes:
• Zgurovsky, Michael Z.; Sadovnichiy, Victor A. (Eds.) Continuous and Dis-
tributed Systems: Theory and Applications Series: Solid Mechanics and Its
Applications, Vol. 211, 2014, XIX, 333 p. 33 illus., 14 illus. in color.
• Victor A. Sadovnichiy and Michael Z. Zgurovsky (Eds.), Continuous and
Distributed Systems: Theory and Applications, Volume II, Studies in Systems,
Decision and Control, Volume 30, 2015, Springer, Heidelberg xxiv+375pp
• Victor A. Sadovnichiy and Michael Z. Zgurovsky (Eds.), Advances in Dynamical
Systems and Control, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, Volume 69,
2016, Springer, Heidelberg xxii+471pp

v
vi Preface

In this volume, we are planning to focus on the fundamentals of modern mathemat-

ics and mechanics :
(1) We provide the solutions to modern fundamental problems including the
complexity of computing of critical points for set-valued mappings, the
behavior of solutions (stability, existence, and long-time behavior of solutions,
attractors and repellers, numerical approximations, chaos, entropy, and many
other features characterizing the dynamics of solutions) of ordinary differ-
ential equations, partial differential equations, and difference equations, the
development of abstract theory of global attractors for multi-valued impulsive
dynamical systems, etc.;
(2) The abstract mathematical approaches, such as differential geometry, differ-
ential equations, and difference equations, are applied to the practical appli-
cations in solid mechanics, hydro-, aerodynamics, optimization, decision-
making theory, and control theory. In particular, in mechanics: classes of
Hamiltonian systems can be studied in terms of Fomenko-Zieschang invari-
ants; in solid mechanics: an algorithm for splitting an equilibrium displace-
ment equation system with bulk forces for a transversely isotropic linearly
elastic medium that leads to three uncoupled equations with certain canonical
fourth-order differential operators in the three components of the displacement
vector is described; in hydrodynamics: a simplified model of the trapped
vortex is applied to determine the optimal parameters of the control device
and dynamical system analysis is used to explore the performance of this
control strategy; in aerodynamics: the effects of airfoil thickness and angle-
of-attack on nonlinear wake and wing dynamic characteristics are examined;
in optimization: an optimal boundary control problem for the system of non-
linear integro-differential evolution equation (cp. Burgers-Sivansky equation)
describing the behavior of the flame front interface under some physical
assumptions is solved; in control: the methods of automation of impulse
processes control in cognitive maps with multirate sampling of measured
vertices coordinates are developed.
(3) We hope that these compilations will be of interest to mathematicians and
engineers working at the interface of these fields.

The book is addressed to a wide circle of mathematical, mechanical, and

engineering readers.

Moscow, Russian Federation Victor A. Sadovnichiy

Kyiv, Ukraine Michael Z. Zgurovsky
May 2018
International Editorial Board of This
Volume

Editors-in-Chief

• V.A. Sadovnichiy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation

• M.Z. Zgurovsky, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv
Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine

Associate Editors

• V.N. Chubarikov, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation

• D.V. Georgievskii, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
• O.V. Kapustyan, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv and Institute
for Applied System Analysis, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor
Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine
• P.O. Kasyanov, Institute for Applied System Analysis, National Technical
University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” and World Data
Center for Geoinformatics and Sustainable Development, Ukraine
• J. Valero, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Spain

Editors

• Tomás Caraballo, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

• N.M. Dobrovol’skii, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Russian
Federation
• E.A. Feinberg, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA
• D. Gao, Virginia Tech, USA
• María José Garrido-Atienza, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

vii
viii International Editorial Board of This Volume

• D. Korkin, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA

• Pedro Marín-Rubio Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
• Francisco Morillas Universidad de Valencia, Spain
Contents

Part I Differential Geometry

1 Convergence Almost Everywhere of Orthorecursive
Expansions in Systems of Translates and Dilates . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Vladimir V. Galatenko, Taras P. Lukashenko,
and Victor A. Sadovnichiy
1.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Expansion in a System of Functions with Dyadic Supports.. . . . . . . 5
1.3 Result for Systems of Translates and Dilates . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Concluding Remarks .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Three-Dimensional Manifolds of Constant Energy and
Invariants of Integrable Hamiltonian Systems . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Anatoly T. Fomenko and Kirill I. Solodskih
2.1 Integrable Hamiltonian Systems with Two Degrees
of Freedom.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 Hamiltonian Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 Liouville Equivalence of Hamiltonian Integrable
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Fomenko-Zieschang Invariants . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 Simple Examples of Molecules . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 Homotopy Invariants of Q3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1 Fundamental Group π1 (Q3 ) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2 Homology Group H1 (Q3 , Z). . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Reidemeister-Franz Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.1 The Torsion of a Simple Molecule .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.2 Corollaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Integrable Geodesic Flows in a Potential Field on the Torus
of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

ix
x Contents

2.4.2 Main Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Applying Circulant Matrices Properties to Synchronization
Problems .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Jose S. Cánovas
3.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Circulant Matrices: Definitions and Basic Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3 Basic Notions on Discrete Dynamical Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.1 Periodic Orbits and Topological Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3.2 Dynamics of Continuous Interval Maps .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.3 Piecewise Monotone Maps: Entropy and Attractors .. . . . . 38
3.3.4 Computing Topological Entropy .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.5 Dynamics in Higher Dimension . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4 Application to Oligopoly Dynamics.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.4.1 Puu–Norin’s Oligopoly .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Coupled Maps Lattice Models .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.1 Chemical Reactions: Belushov–Zhabotinsky
Chemical Reaction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5.2 Application to Biological Systems. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.3 Mathematical Analysis of the Models .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 Existence and Invariance of Global Attractors for Impulsive
Parabolic System Without Uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Sergey Dashkovskiy, Petro Feketa, Oleksiy V. Kapustyan,
and Iryna V. Romaniuk
4.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Global Attractors of Abstract Multi-Valued Impulsive
Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.3 Application to Impulsive Parabolic System . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Fraktal and Differential Properties of the Inversor of Digits of
Qs -Representation of Real Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Oleg Barabash, Oleg Kopiika, Iryna Zamrii, Valentyn Sobchuk,
and Andrey Musienko
5.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2 Qs -Representation of Real Number .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.3 Inversor of Digits of Qs -Representation for Fractional Part
of Real Number.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4 Differential Properties of the Inversor .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.5 Fractal Properties of the Inversor .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.6 Conclusion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Contents xi

6 Almost Sure Asymptotic Properties of Solutions of a Class of

Non-homogeneous Stochastic Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Oleg I. Klesov and Olena A. Tymoshenko
6.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2 Setting of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.3 Main Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.3.1 Some Sufficient Conditions for (6.17) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.3.2 Sharpness of Theorem 6.1.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4 Some Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.4.1 Population Growth Model .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.4.2 Rendleman–Bartter Model . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.4.3 Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Stochastic
Differential Equation (6.7) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Part II Solid Mechanics

7 Procedure of the Galerkin Representation in Transversely
Isotropic Elasticity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Dimitri V. Georgievskii
7.1 The Classic Galerkin Representation in Isotropic Elasticity . . . . . . . 117
7.2 Splitting of the System of Displacement Equations
in Anisotropic Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.3 Transversely Isotropic Medium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8 Symmetries and Fundamental Solutions of Displacement
Equations for a Transversely Isotropic Elastic Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Alexander V. Aksenov
8.1 Introduction and the Main Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
8.2 The Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 Symmetries of the Basic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.4 Fundamental Solution .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.5 Conclusion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9 Modification of Hydrodynamic and Acoustic Fields Generated
by a Cavity with Fluid Suction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Volodymyr G. Basovsky, Iryna M. Gorban, and Olha V. Khomenko
9.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
9.2 Problem Statement and Numerical Procedure . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.2.1 Hydrodynamic Calculations.. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.2.2 Far Acoustic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.2.3 Details of the Numerical Scheme .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
9.3.1 Natural Flow in Open Cylindrical Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
xii Contents

9.3.2 Cavity Flow with Fluid Suction .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

9.4 Conclusion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10 Numerical Modeling of the Wing Aerodynamics at
Angle-of-Attack at Low Reynolds Numbers . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Iryna M. Gorban and Oleksiy G. Lebid
10.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
10.2 Problem Statement and Method Description.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
10.3 Numerical Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
10.4.1 Discretization Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
10.4.2 Vortical Flow Patterns and Frequency Analysis .. . . . . . . . . . 170
10.4.3 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.5 Conclusion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
11 Strong Solutions of the Thin Film Equation in Spherical
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Roman M. Taranets
11.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
11.2 Existence of Strong Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
11.3 Proof of Theorem 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
11.3.1 Regularised Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
11.3.2 Existence of Weak Solutions .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
11.3.3 Existence of Strong Solutions .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
11.3.4 Asymptotic Behaviour.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

Part III Dynamics of Differential and Difference Equations and

Applications
12 Sequence Spaces with Variable Exponents for Lattice Systems
with Nonlinear Diffusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Xiaoying Han, Peter E. Kloeden, and Jacson Simsen
12.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
12.2 Formulation of Sequence Spaces with Variable Exponents . . . . . . . . 197
12.3 Properties of ρ and  · p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
12.4 Properties of the Space P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
12.5 Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13 Attractors for a Random Evolution Equation with Infinite
Memory: An Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
María J. Garrido-Atienza, Björn Schmalfuß, and José Valero
13.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
13.2 Preliminaries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Contents xiii

13.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
14 Non-Lipschitz Homogeneous Volterra Integral Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
M. R. Arias, R. Benítez, and V. J. Bolós
14.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
14.2 Increasing Nonlinear Volterra Operators with Locally
Bounded Kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
14.2.1 Continuous and Increasing Kernels .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
14.2.2 Continuous Like Increasing Kernels . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
14.2.3 Continuous Kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
14.2.4 Locally Bounded Kernels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
14.3 Increasing Nonlinear Volterra Operators with Locally
Integrable Kernels .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
14.3.1 Non-locally Bounded and Multiple Solutions .. . . . . . . . . . . . 249
14.3.2 Abel Equations as Limit of Volterra Equations . . . . . . . . . . . 251
14.4 Numerical Study.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
14.4.1 Collocation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
15 Solving Random Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations
Through the Probability Density Function: Theory and
Computing with Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
J. Calatayud, J.-C. Cortés, M. Jornet, and A. Navarro-Quiles
15.1 Introduction and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
15.2 A Glance to the RVT Technique .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
15.3 Computing the 1-PDF in the Context of Random Ordinary
Differential Equations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
15.3.1 The Nonlinear Random Differential Equation for a
Falling Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
15.3.2 Bayesian Computation of the Parameters of a Fish
Weight Growth Model .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
15.4 Probability Density Function of a Soliton Solution
of the Random Nonlinear Dispersive Partial Differential
Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
15.4.1 Bernoulli Method .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
15.4.2 Application of the Bernoulli Method to Find a
Soliton Solution for the Deterministic Nonlinear
Dispersive PDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
15.4.3 Obtaining the Probability Density Function of the
Soliton Solution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
15.4.4 Example .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
15.5 Conclusions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
xiv Contents

16 A Strong Averaging Principle for Lévy Diffusions in Foliated

Spaces with Unbounded Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Paulo Henrique da Costa, Michael A. Högele,
and Paulo Regis Ruffino
16.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
16.2 Object of Study and Main Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
16.2.1 The Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
16.2.2 The Hypotheses and the Main Result . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
16.3 The Transversal Perturbations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
16.4 The Averaging Error and the Proof of the Main Result . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
17 Young Differential Delay Equations Driven by Hölder
Continuous Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Luu Hoang Duc and Phan Thanh Hong
17.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
17.2 Existence, Uniqueness and Continuity of the Solution .. . . . . . . . . . . . 316
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
18 Uniform Strong Law of Large Numbers for Random Signed
Measures .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
O. I. Klesov and I. Molchanov
18.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
18.2 The Bass–Pyke Theorem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
18.3 Uniform Law of Large Numbers for Random Signed Measures.. . 338
18.4 Proof of Theorem 18.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
18.5 Homogeneous Random Fields and Stationary Measures .. . . . . . . . . . 341
18.6 Stochastic Integrals .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
18.7 Concluding Remarks .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19 On Comparison Results for Neutral Stochastic Differential
Equations of Reaction-Diffusion Type in L2 (Rd ) . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Oleksandr M. Stanzhytskyi, Viktoria V. Mogilova,
and Alisa O. Tsukanova
19.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
19.2 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
19.3 Preliminaries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
19.3.1 Comparison Theorem for Finite-Dimensional Case . . . . . . 358
19.3.2 Approximation Properties .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
19.4 Proof of Theorem 19.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Contents xv

20 Maximum Sets of Initial Conditions in Practical Stability and

Stabilization of Differential Inclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Volodymyr V. Pichkur
20.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
20.2 Maximum Set of Initial Conditions: Nonlinear Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
20.2.1 Internal Practical Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
20.2.2 Weak Internal Practical Stability .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
20.2.3 Weak External Practical Stability . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
20.2.4 External Practical Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
20.3 Maximum Set of Initial Conditions: Linear Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
20.4 Internal Practical Stabilization .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

Part IV Modern Methods of Optimization and Control Sciences

for Continuum Mechanics
21 Asymptotic Translation Uniform Integrability and Multivalued
Dynamics of Solutions for Non-autonomous Reaction-Diffusion
Equations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Michael Z. Zgurovsky, Pavlo O. Kasyanov, Nataliia V. Gorban,
and Liliia S. Paliichuk
21.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
21.2 Proof of Theorem 21.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
21.3 Examples of Applications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
21.4 Conclusions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
22 Automation of Impulse Processes Control in Cognitive Maps
with Multirate Sampling Based on Weights Varying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Victor D. Romanenko and Yuriy L. Milyavsky
22.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
22.2 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
22.3 Suppression of Constrained Disturbances in Impulse
Processes with Multirate Sampling Based on Invariant
Ellipsoids Method .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
22.4 Design of Multirate Impulse Processes Control Systems for
Stabilization of CM Nodes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
22.5 Example of Human Resources Management in IT Company
Based on CM Weights Increments with Multirate Sampling . . . . . . 435
22.6 Conclusion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
xvi Contents

23 On Approximation of an Optimal Control Problem for

Ill-Posed Strongly Nonlinear Elliptic Equation with p-Laplace
Operator .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Peter I. Kogut and Olha P. Kupenko
23.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
23.2 On Consistency of Optimal Control Problem (23.2)–(23.5) . . . . . . . 448
23.3 On Approximating Optimal Control Problems and Their
Previous Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
23.4 Asymptotic Analysis of Approximating OCP (23.26)–(23.29) . . . . 459
23.5 Optimality Conditions for Approximating
OCP (23.26)–(23.29) .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
24 Approximate Optimal Regulator for Distributed Control
Problem with Superposition Functional and Rapidly
Oscillating Coefficients .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Olena A. Kapustian
24.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
24.2 Setting of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
24.3 Main Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
24.4 Conclusion .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
25 Divided Optimal Control for Parabolic-Hyperbolic Equation
with Non-local Pointed Boundary Conditions and Quadratic
Quality Criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Volodymyr O. Kapustyan and Ivan O. Pyshnograiev
25.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
25.2 The Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
25.3 The Problem Solving .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
25.3.1 Unbounded Control.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
25.3.2 Bounded Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
26 Quasi-Linear Differential-Deference Game of Approach .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Lesia V. Baranovska
26.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
26.2 Differential-Difference Games of Approach with
Commutative Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
26.3 Differential-Difference Games of Approach with Pure Time
Delay .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
27 The Problem of a Function Maximization on a Type-2 Fuzzy Set . . . . 525
S. O. Mashchenko and D. O. Kapustian
27.1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
27.2 Formulation of the Problem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
8 V. V. Galatenko et al.

that


K
   
fn  ωn 2−K
k (x) k (x)
k=0

also goes to zero.

To show it, let us take an arbitrary positive ε and find K0 ∈ N such that
∞
 ε2
2k 
f 2nk (x) < .
4C(x)
k=K0 +1

 
Next, as for a fixed k due to continuity ωnk (x) 2−K → 0 (K → ∞), we find
K1 > K0 such that the inequality


K0
    ε
fn  ωn 2−K <
k (x) k (x)
2
k=0

holds for all K > K1 . In order to estimate the remaining part of the sum we apply
Cauchy’s inequality and conditions (iii):
⎛ ⎞1  1

K
    ∞

2

K   2
fn  −K
≤⎝ f 2nk (x)⎠
2k  2−k ωn2k (x) 2−K
k k (x) 2
(x) ωn
k=K0 +1 k=K0 +1 k=0

ε  ε
< √ · C(x) = .
2 C(x) 2

So overall for all K > K1 the inequality


K
   
fn  ωn 2−K < ε
k (x) k (x)
k=0

holds, and the proof of the theorem is complete.

The condition imposed on moduli of continuity in Theorem 1.1 looks technical,
but it can be replaced by weaker conditions which have more natural form. E.g., the
condition holds  all n ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . .} function
 if for  ϕn is Lipschitz
 with
 constant
 An ,
and An = O n3/2 (or, equivalently, An = O |Δn |−3/2 = O 23k(n)/2 , where
k(n) = log2 n is the scale of Δn ). Indeed, in this case there exists a constant A
such that An ≤ A · 23k(n)/2 for all n, and for all K ∈ Z+ and all dyadic-irrational
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 (1875.0)
No. Class Description
α δ
22 31.3 7 27 10 e eF, vS, bet. 2*.
23 34.9 7 31 47 e vF, S.
24 36.0 7 30 3 f vF, vS.
25 36.2 7 42 4 f vF, vS.
26 37.5 7 41 4 f vF, vS.
27 41.8 7 29 40 h FN, mE160°, 80″×20″.
28 41.8 7 13 46 f pF, vS, bM, Δ with 2 faint *.
29 42.4 7 44 32 e eF, eS,*14m1′sp.
30 46.1 7 32 31 n pFN, eccentric, mE90°.
31 46.2 7 29 21 i pF, vS, R.
32 52.8 6 40 49 f st. 14m.
33 54.9 7 32 39 e F, S, 1E.
34 56.2 7 10 7 i vF, S, E, *14m30″sf.
35 56.9 6 47 41 e vF, 1E, *15m30″s.
36 58.5 7 33 24 e vF, vS, *17m30″f.
37 23 15 5.9 7 51 23 e vF, R, lvM,40″d, *12.1′n.
38 11.1 7 20 15 f vF, S, E, *14m30″sp.
39 16.9 7 34 23 e vF, vS, *15m1′np.
40 20.4 7 38 15 d vF, vS.
41 21.8 8 18 24 h vF, E, *9m, superimposed.
42 26.0 8 23 37 d pF, pL, R, lbM.
43 28.7 7 29 43 f F, S.
44 53.0 8 15 14 e eF, pL, iR, no nuc.
45 56.3 7 46 32 e eF, S, *16m40″p.
46 23 16 24.2 7 40 32 e vF, E, *17m40″f.
47 38.8 8 18 39 h₀ eF, no nuc., vmE175°, 150″×30″.
48 42.5 7 33 39 g vF, S, E.
49 43.4 7 36 39 e eF, pS, no nuc. Trapz. of 4*.
50 55.3 7 51 8 e vF, S, *12m1′s.
51 23 17 14.2 7 37 37 e eF, vS, *12m2′nf.
 (1875.0)
No. Class Description
α δ
52 34.9 6 55 40 d eF, pS, no nuc.

Nebulae Previously Known in Field VII

N.G.C.
7604 23ᴴ 11ᵐ 31.7ˢ +6°44′48″ f F, R, bM.
7605 32.6 6 41 46 f F, R, bM, *15m70″p.
7586 36.1 7 54 7 f pF, st.
7608 23 12 55.5 7 40 6 h pF, sharp nuc., mE20°,100″×25″.
7611 23 13 16.6 7 22 45 g₀ pB, gbM, mE140°, 80″×30″.
7612 24.7 7 53 38 g pB, mbM, cE170°, 80″×40″.
7615 35.0 7 42 58 f F, E130°, * 14m involved.
7617 49.2 7 28 54 e pF, pS, mbM, vlE20°.
7619 54.8 7 31 19 f B, R, 90″d.
7621 23 14 5.0 7 40 56 g pF, pS, mbM, E0°.
7623 10.4 7 42 45 f pB, R, mbM, 60″d.
7626 22.8 7 31 56 f B, R, bM, 90″d, *14m60″p.
7631 23 15 7.1 7 31 59 g pB, mbM, mE80°, 110′×40″.
7634 22.3 8 12 14 f F, R, *10m20″p.
2d I.C.
5309 23 12 51.8 7 25 32 g pF, mbM, E0°, 50″×30″,
*14m on south edge.

Yerkes Observatory
May, 1917
Plate III
Wolf’s Classes of Nebulae
(Copied from the Königstuhl [Heidelberg] Publications)
 Plate IV

Enlarged Negative of Field III

 Center at Center at α=11ᴴ 4ᵐ, δ=+29°30′
For identification of lettered stars see footnote 7 page 5.

Footnotes:
[1] A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Ogden Graduate
School of Science of the University of Chicago in candidacy for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
[2] Nucleus is eccentric and undefined on the photograph, hence
the photographic position is probably in error by several seconds
of arc.
[3] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[4] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[5] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[6] Mean of the positions given in Vols. III and IV. N.G.C. 7621 is
5ˢ.4 preceding, and 1′ 49″ south of 7623. There is a double star in
the position published in the Strassburg Annals.
[7] See Plate IV, enlarged from negative R 3352, taken with 120ᵐ
exposure on February 26, 1916. The numbers were marked on
only those nebulae which promised to be readily visible on the
engraving, and which were separated enough to give room for
inscribing the number. The B.D. stars are designated by letters,
for which the key is as follows.

FIELD III
STAR B.D.
A = +30°2107
B = +30°2108
C = +30°2109
D = +30°2110
 E = +30°2115
F = +30°2121
G = +30°2123
H = +29°2123
J = +29°2125
K = +29°2126
L = +29°2128
M = +29°2129
N = +29°2130
P = +29°2133
R = +29°1970
S = +28°1971

[8] Popular Astronomy, 24, 111, 1916.

[9] Journal of the R.A.S., Canada, 10, 134, 1916.
[10] Field IV covers the position of a group of 18 small nebulae
announced by E. E. Barnard in Astronomische Nachrichten, 125,
369, 1890. The positions there given were rough estimations from
the stars B.D. +56°.1679 and B.D. +56°.1682. On the
photographs, the nebulae in this region are so small and so
crowded that I have been able to identify only three individuals of
the group. Barnard’s Nos. 4, 7, and 18 are very probably my Nos.
41, 43, and 62.
 Transcriber’s Notes:

Ancient words were not corrected.

The illustrations and tables have been moved so that they do not break up
paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS OF FAINT NEBULAE ***

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