1

CNG NGH
CH BIN KH
Trng i hc Cng nghip
TS. Nguyn Mnh Hun
2
M ta vn tt ni dung hc phn
Hc phn ny bao gm:
Khi nim c ban v kh thin nhin.
Vn chuyn lu tr.
Qu trnh cng ngh ch bin v thit b
cho cng nghip kh thin nhin.
Cng ngh ch bin kh
3
Muc tiu cua hc phn
Sau khi hon tt hc phn sinh vin c kh nng:
- Nm c kin thc tng quan v kh thin nhin, cng ngh ch bin
kh, vn chuyn lu tr kh.
- C th lm vic trong ngnh cng nghip ch bin kh thin nhin v kh
du m
- Mt s cng ty chuyn v kh: PetroVietnam Gas, cc cng ty khai thc,
thm d, khoan, an ton, dch v..: PVEP, PVdrilling, PTSC. Cc
nh thu Truongson JOC (JOINT OPERATING COMPANY ),
Cuulong JOC, Lamson JOC, Petronas, KNOC (Korea National Oil
Corporation )...
m Ph M Kh Dinh C Cuulong JOC
Cng ngh ch bin kh
4
Chng 1: Cc khi nim chung
1.1. Tnh cht, thnh phn v phn loi kh
1.2. S tng qut cua qu trnh khai thc v ch bin
kh
1.3. Tng quan v kh trn th gii v Vit nam
CNG
Cng ngh ch bin kh
5
Chng 2: Trng thi pha, phng php xc nh cn
bng pha v tnh cht nhit ng cua cc hydrocacbon
2.1. Gin pha v ng dung
2.1.1. Gin P T cho n cht
2.1.2. Gin P T cho a phn t
2.1.3. ng dng gin pha
2.2. Cc phng trnh trng thi c bn cua kh hydrocacbon.
2.3. Cn bng pha cua h cc hydrocacbon
2.3.1. Cc phng trnh c bn xc nh bay hi v h s hot ng ca cc hydrocacbon
2.3.2. Xc nh h s cn bng pha ca cc hydrocacbon bng phng php phn tch
2.3.3. Xc nh h s cn bng pha ca cc hydrocacbon bng phng php th
2.4. Tnh cht nhit ng cua cc n cht v hp cht
2.4.1. Nhit si v p sut hi bo ha
2.4.2. Nhit , p sut v th tch ti hn
2.4.3. Tha s khng tm
2.4.4. H s nn, t trng, th tch mol
2.4.5. Entanpy
2.4.6. Nhit dung
2.4.7. Entropy
2.4.8. dn nhit
CNG
Cng ngh ch bin kh
6
Chng 3: ng dn kh v b cha
3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
3.1.1. Cc phng trnh c bn
3.1.2. Vn tc kh cc i
3.1.3. p sut tnh u ct
3.2. Dng kh thng ng.
3.2.1. p sut tnh y ct
3.2.2. Cc phng trnh c bn
3.2.3. H thng dn kh phc tp
3.3. Trng thi khng n nh
3.3.1. p sut trong ng dn kh
khi ng van
3.3.2. Kim tra p sut
3.3.3. Thay i nhit trong ng
dn kh
3.4. ng cho hn hp kh - lng
3.4.1. Khi nim chung
3.4.2. ng nm ngang
3.4.3. ng thng ng
3.5. Xy dng ng ng dn kh
3.5.1. ng ng v vt liu
3.5.2. Cc cng vic thc hin trong
qu trnh lp t
3.5.3. Trm my nn v my bm
3.6. Vn chuyn v lu tr kh
3.6.1. M hnh s vn chuyn kh
3.6.2. Cn bng kinh t i vi ng
dn kh
3.6.3. Lu tr kh
CNG
Cng ngh ch bin kh
7
Chng 4: Cc qu trnh cng ngh
c bn trong ch bin kh
4.1. Lm kh kh
4.1.1. Khi nim
4.1.2. Cc phng php lm kh kh
4.2. Lm sch H
2
S, CO
2
v cc hp cht lu hunh
4.2.1. Khi nim chung
4.2.2. Lm sch kh bng dung mi
4.2.3. La chn dung mi lm sch kh khi H
2
S, CO
2

4.2.4. S cng ngh ca qu trnh x l bng phng php ngng t
nhit thp
4.3. Ch bin kh bng phng php hp phu
4.4. Ch bin kh bng phng php chng ct nhit thp
4.5. ng dung cc qu trnh ch bin kh khc nhau
CNG
Cng ngh ch bin kh
8
Chng 5: Ch bin Condensate
5.1. ng ngng tu kh thin nhin v kh ng hnh
5.2. S cng ngh thu hi v ch bin condensate
5.3. Cng ngh ch bin condensate
Chng 6: Tnh ton mt s qu
trnh c bn
6.1. Thit k cc qu trnh c bn
6.2. M hnh ton hc v tnh ton s cng ngh ch bin
kh
Chng 7: Thit b ch bin kh
7.1. Thit b o v iu khin
7.2. Thit b cho nh my ch bin kh
CNG
Cng ngh ch bin kh
9
Ti liu
- Sch, gio trnh chnh
[1]. Cng ngh ch bin kh, Khoa cng ngh ha hc, trng HCN TPHCM.
[2]. Cng ngh ch bin kh thin nhin v kh du m, trng BK TPHCM
- Sch tham kho
[1]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 1. The Basic Principle.
[2]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 2. The equipment modules.
[3]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 3. Advanced techniques and
application.
[4]. John M. Campbell, Gas Conditioning and Processing Volume 4. Gas and Liquid
Sweetening.
[5]. Donald L. Katz, Robert L. Lee, Natural Gas Engineering Production and Storage.
Cng ngh ch bin kh
10
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
1.1.1. Ngun gc
1.1.1.1 Ngun gc v c
Theo gi thuyt ny trong lng Tri t c cha cc cacbua kim loi nh Al
4
C
3
, CaC
2
. Cc
cht ny b phn hy bi nc to ra CH
4
v C
2
H
2
:
Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O 4Al(OH)
3
+ 3CH
4
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
+ C
2
H
2
Cc cht khi u (CH
4
, C
2
H
2
) qua qu trnh bin i di tc dng ca nhit , p
sut cao trong lng t v xc tc l cc khong st, to thnh cc hydrocacbon c trong du
kh.
Nhc im:
phn tch c (bng cc phng php hin i) trong du m c cha cc
Porphyrin c ngun gc t ng thc vt.
Trong v qu t, hm lng cacbua kim loi l khng ng k.
Cc hydrocacbon thng gp trong cc lp trm tch, ti nhit t khi vt qu 150
200
o
C (do p sut rt cao), khng nhit cn thit cho phn ng ha hc xy ra.
Cng ngh ch bin kh
11
1.1.1.2. Ngun gc hu c
Cc protein, cht bo, ru cao phn t, sp, du, nha qua hng triu
nm bin i s to thnh cc hydrcacbon ban u:
RCOOR + H
2
O RCOOH + ROH
RCOOH RH + CO
2
RCH
2
OH R-CH=CH
2
+ H
2
O
R-CH=CH
2
+ H
2
R-CH
2
-CH
3
Thuyt ngun gc hu c ca du m cho php gii thch c
nhiu hin tng trong thc t:
du m cc ni hu nh u khc nhau, s khc nhau c th l do
vt liu hu c ban u. V d, nu vt liu hu c ban u giu cht bo th
c th to ra loi du parafinic
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
Cng ngh ch bin kh
12
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
KH KHNG NG HNH KH NG HNH
Thnh phn
(%mole)
Australia
(N.W.Sheif)
Algeria
(Hassi
RMel)
Newzeala
nd
(Kapuni)
Northsea
(West
Sole)
Abu
Dhabi
(Zakum)
North Sea
(Forties)
North
Sea
(Brent)
N
2

CO
2

H
2
S
CH
4

C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

C
5
H
12+

1.0
3.2
3.2
85.3
5.8
2.0
0.8
1.9
6.1
0.2
0.2
83.5
7.0
2.0
0.8
0.4
1.0
44,9
4,49
46.2
5.2
2.0
0.6
0.1
1.2
0.5
0.5
94.3
3.1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.7
2.3
0.6
72.0
13.9
6.5
2.6
1.4
1.2
0.7
0.7
46.5
13.2
19.8
10.6
8.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
74.0
12.4
7.5
2.9
1.4
Bng 1.1. Thnh phn cua cc loi kh thin nhin
Cng ngh ch bin kh
13
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
1.1.2. c im v thnh phn cua kh thin nhin
1.1.2.1. c im.
Kh thin nhin c khai thc t ging kh hay du.
Ty thuc vo c tnh ca tng ging m khi khai thc c nhng tp
cht v thnh phn khc nhau.
Kh thin nhin l kh khng mu, khng mi (c mi l do mecaptan cho
vo).
Kh thin nhin c tnh chy sch.
Thnh phn ch yu ca kh thin nhin l metan (CH
4
).
T trng ca kh thin nhin i vi khng kh dao ng trong khong
rng t 0,55 - 1,1.
Nhit chy cao.
Cng ngh ch bin kh
14
1.1.2.2. Thnh phn cua kh thin nhin
- Gm 2 thnh phn chnh: hydrocacbon v khng hydrocacbon.
Hydrocacbon: ch yu t C1 - C4, C4 - C7 t hn.
Khng hydrocacbon: H
2
O (hi, lng), N
2
, CO
2
, H
2
S, COS, CS
2
, RSH, H
2
, He
-Phn khng hydrocacbon c mt s l tp cht m trong qu trnh ch bin cn phi
tch chng nu khng s nh hng trong qu trnh lm vic.
H
2
O:
* Lm tng qu trnh n mn khi c mt CO
2
* nh hng n h thng lm vic nh to hyrat, ng bng gy tc nghn ng ng
lm gim cng sut vn chuyn.
Nit: tr, khng n mn.
CO
2
: c tnh axit gy n mn.
H
2
S: c tnh axit gy n mn.
H
2
: khng l tp cht.
He: tr, thu hi v c gi tr.
Thng loi CO
2
, H
2
O, H
2
S.
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
Cng ngh ch bin kh
15
1.1.2.2. Thnh phn cua kh thin nhin
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
Cng ngh ch bin kh
Kh thien
nhien
Propan (C3)
Butan
Phan oan nang
C5+
Xang thien nhien
Condensat
Non Hydrocacbon
( Nc, Cacbonic,)
LPG
LNG Metan (C1)
LPG Liquified Petrolium Gas
NGL Natural Gas Liquids
LNG Liquified Natural Gas
SNG Synthetic Natural Gas
Etan (C2)
NGL
16
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
1.1.2. Phn loi kh thin nhin: c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau
1.1.2.1. Theo ngun gc: c 2 loi
a. Kh khng ng hnh (Unassociaed Natural Gas): l kh c khai thc t ging kh
hoc ging kh - condensate hay ging kh - du (trong du chim t l thp).
M kh (gas well), M kh - du, M kh condensate: c im ca m ny l nhit cao
(80 100
o
C) v p sut cao (P 3.10
7
Pa). Trong qu trnh khai thc, kh n u ming ging s
gim p sut v nhit khin phn du b ngng t gi l condensate, tch ra khi kh thin
nhin, thng l C5+.
c im ca kh khng ng hnh
Thnh phn mtan l ch yu 70 - 95%, C2 C5 chim t l rt thp.
Thnh phn kh tng i n nh, t thay i theo iu kin ly mu.
T khi so vi khng kh thp: 0,55 0,65.
b. Kh ng hnh (Associated Natural Gas): l kh ha tan trong du, li cun theo du trong
qu trnh khai thc v c tch ra khi du sau . Kh ng hnh thng c khai thc t
cc m du hoc cc m du kh trong du nhiu hn kh.
c im ca kh ng hnh:
Hm lng metan thp hn kh khng ng hnh, hm lng C3, C4 v condensate chim
t l ng k.
Thnh phn kh thay i nhiu ty theo iu kin ly mu.
T khi so vi khng kh cao: 1
Cng ngh ch bin kh
17
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
Hnh 1: Phn loi kh theo ngun gc
Cng ngh ch bin kh
18
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Cc khi nim v kh thin nhin
1.1.2.2. Theo thnh phn C3+
- Kh kh (dry gas): thnh phn kh ch yu l metan, khng cha hoc cha rt t cc
hydrocacbon C3+. Kh kh cn c gi l kh ngho hay kh gy (lean gas). Kh thin nhin
c khai thc t cc m kh thuc loi kh kh.
- Kh t (wet gas): ngoi thnh phn ch yu l mtan cn c cha mt lng ng k
C3+. Kh t cn c gi l kh bo hay kh giu. Kh khai thc t cc m kh - condensate v
kh ng hnh c cha mt lng ng k C3+ nn thuc loi kh bo.
Hm lng C3+ 50 g/m
3
: kh kh, kh gy.
50 g/m
3
< hm lng C
3+
< 400 g/m
3
: kh trung bnh.
Hm lng C3+ 400g/m
3
: kh bo, kh t.
1.1.2.3. Theo hm lng kh axit.
- Kh ngt (sweet gas): hm lng H
2
S 1/4 grains/100sft
3
hay hm lng H
2
S 6mg
H
2
S/m
3
.
- Kh chua (Sour gas): hm lng H
2
S > 1/4 grains/100sft
3
hay hm lng H
2
S > 6mg
H
2
S/m
3
.
Trong kh chua c cha cc kh axit H
2
S v CO
2
ngoi ra cn c cha cc hp cht khc
COS, CS
2
, RSH.
Cng ngh ch bin kh
19
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
Hnh 2: S cng ngh ch GPP Gas Processing Plant
NM kh Dinh C
SLUG CATCHER
SC-01/02
25
o
C, 109 bar
E-07
hot oil
water
DEETHANIZER
SALES GAS
3.44 MNm
3
/Day
47 bar
PV-2002
RECTIFIER
ME-24
Cooler
CONDENSATE
400 Ton/Day
8 bar
Pressure: 29 bar
Top tray: 14
o
C
Buttom tray: 96
o
C
Off and On
Shore Pipeline
C-05
V-03
20
o
C, 75 bar
SLUG CATCHER
LIQUID FLASH DRUM
F-01A/B
V-08
V
-
0
6
A
K-04A/B
E-09
E-14
V-07
E-02
BUPRO
V-02 Cooler
STABILIZER
Pressure: 11 bar
Top tray: 43
o
C
Buttom tray: 141
o
C
Pressure: 33.5 bar
Top tray: -43
o
C
Buttom tray: -20
o
C
V
-
0
6
B
DEHYDRATION
ADSORBERS
FV-1001
109 to 47.5 bar
to V-03
hot oil
V-15
C-01
K-01
K-02
K-03
water
C-04
GAS STRIPPER
Pressure: 47 bar
Top tray: 44
o
C
Bottom tray: 40
o
C
hot oil
V-02 Cooler
C3/C4 SPLITTER
Pressure: 16 bar
Top tray: 45.5
o
C
Buttom tray: 95
o
C
hot oil
E-11
ME-13
Gas Metering
ME-13
BUTANE
415 Ton/Day
9 bar
PROPANE
535 Ton/Day
13 bar
E-15
E-04
E-17
CC 01
Turbo Expander
E-08
top tray, -23
o
C
14
th
or 20
th
tray
C-02
C-03
FV-1201
FV-1701
FV-1301
hot oil
E-18
Cng ngh ch bin kh
20
1.2.1. Module x l kh
Nhim v dng tch cc tp cht trong kh : H
2
O, cc hp cht cha lu hunh (H
2
S,
COS, RSH, CS
2
), CO
2
, N
2
, O
2
v tp cht c hc, hydrate, asphaltenes, bi c x l
bng cc qu trnh:Hp th (absorption), Hp ph (adsorption), Qu trnh ngng t
(condensation)
1.2.2. Module x l du th (Crude oil Treating Module)
Module ny c nhim v x l t tiu chun sau: tp cht c hc v nc (basic
sediment and water), p sut hi, mui (Salt), hm lng lu hunh (Sulfur Content). BS &
W l mt tiu chun quan trng nhm gii hn hm lng nc t do trong du th (BS & W
= 0,3 3% th tch).
1.2.3. Module x l nc
Nc thi s c x l t cc tiu chun v mi trng. Hm lng hydrocacbon,
cht rn t do, cht rn ha tan (CaCO
3
, NaCl, BaSO
4
)
- Ch tiu v hm lng hydrocacbon (HC) l rt quan trng nu nh nc thi sau ra
bin. v d quy nh v hm lng hydrocacbon North Sea trong nc thi cc gin
khoan nh hn 40ppm.
- S tch hydrocacbon nc thc hin bng lng trng lc, ly tm, kt hp.
- Cht rn t do ch cn tch nu em s dng li (tch bng phng php lng, lc, ly tm).
- Cht rn ha tan phi c x l n mc ca chng c trong mi trng.
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.2. S tng qut qu trnh khai thc v ch bin kh
Cng ngh ch bin kh
21
1.2. S tng qut qu trnh khai thc v ch bin kh
1.2.4. Module tch NGL
Mc ch ca module ny l iu chnh im sng hydrocacbon, tng cng cht lng sn
phm kh v sn phm lng. Thnh phn ca NGL: C2, C3, iC4, nC4, C5+. c x l bng cc qu
trnh: Hp th: dng dung mi du nh (karozen), Ngng t: thit b lm lnh, turbo, van tit lu.
1.2.5. Module n nh (Stabilization Module)
Nhim v: n nh NGL trong nh my ch bin kh, d dng trong tn tr v vn chuyn, ta tin hnh
cc qu trnh sau: Demetan ha v deetan ha
1.2.6. Module x l sn phm (Product Treating Module)
Tch CO
2
ln trong C2, C2+: khng dng chng ct (v to thnh im ng kh), dng phng php
hp th bng dung dch amin (DEA).
Tch cc hp cht lu hunh trong LPG: H
2
S, COS, CS
2
v mercaptan, nu hm lng nh hn 100
ppm x l bng phng php hp th phn t.
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.2. S tng qut qu trnh khai thc v ch bin kh
Cng ngh ch bin kh
22
Hnh 3: Cc sn phm chnh i t kh thin nhin
1.3.1. ng dung cua kh thin nhin
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.3. ng dung cua kh thin nhin - mt s tiu chun i vi
cc sn phm t kh
Cng ngh ch bin kh
23
1.3.2. Mt s sn phm i t kh thin nhin
- Kh kh (Dry gas): thnh phn ch yu l C1, C2. Kh ny trc khi a vo ng dn cn c nng
n p sut cn thit cho qu trnh vn chuyn (trong etan l sn phm nh nht ca NGL c Ts = -
88
0
C).
- NGL (Natural Gas Liquids): l cht lng ly t kh thin nhin. Thnh phn ca NGL c th C2+ hoc
C3+, C4+ ty theo iu kin ch bin kh. T NGL bng chng ct phn on c th thu c nhiu sn
phm: etan, LPG (propan, butan, hn hp Bu - pro), xng thin nhin.
- LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas): nu dng kh t nh my chng tch NGL c ha lng hon ton th
c gi l kh thin nhin ha lng. Thng th kh thin nhin C1 c nn v lm lnh 269
O
F (-
167
0
C) thnh lng v gim th tch d bo qun v vn chuyn.
- LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas): kh du m ha lng, thnh phn ch yu l C3, C4. iu kin
thng, LPG trng thi hi nhng nhit v p sut xc nh n dng lng. Khi th tch ca n
gim i v ch cn t 1/235 n 1/275 ln so vi th tch dng hi.
- Condensate C5+: l thnh phn chnh ca xng thin nhin, dng lm nhin liu hoc dng sn xut
cc phn on BTX
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.3. ng dung cua kh thin nhin - mt s tiu chun i vi
cc sn phm t kh
Cng ngh ch bin kh
24
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.3.3. Mt s tiu chun i vi kh cho th trng
a. Nhit tr (Heating value): c nh ngha l tng lng nhit c gii phng khi t chy kh mt n v
th tch hay mt n v khi lng ktc. C 2 loi nhit tr:
- Nhit tr tng (Gross Heating Value): l tng lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh t chy kh vi lng
khng kh l thuyt, trong nc sinh ra c lm lnh v ngng t thnh lng iu kin chun (15
0
C v
1106 mbar).
- Nhit tr thc (Net Heating Value): l tng lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh t chy kh trong nc
sinh ra vn tn ti trng thi hi.
- n v s dng cho nhit tr thng l MJ/m
3
hoc Btu/ft
3
, 1000 Btu/ft
3
bng 32,7 MJ/m
3
.
- Nhit tr tng ca kh thng trong khong 35 - 45 MJ/m
3

b. Hm lng lu hunh (Sulfur content): hm lng lu hunh cn phi gii hn trnh n mn, tnh
c hi v mi khi kh c t chy. Hm lng H
2
S cho php khong 4 ppm (khong 0,25g/100ft
3
). Hm lng
lu hunh tng trong kh thng cao hn, do khch hng qui nh v thng qui i sang hm lng H
2
S.
c. Nhit cc i: nhit phn phi cc i ti im vn chuyn thng qui nh vo khong 120
0
F
(49
0
C).
d. Hm lng nc: tiu chun ny c th nu nh l khi lng nc c trong mt th tch kh hoc nhit
im sng i vi m cc i p sut qui nh. M, hm lng nc thng c qui nh l
110mg/m
3
, Chu u v Canada l 50 - 60 mg/m
3
.
e. im sng theo hydrocacbon: Tiu chun c xc nh nh l nhit im sng i vi
hydrocacbon cc i cho php p sut cho trc. Tiu chun ny thay i ty theo kh hu v yu cu ca
khch hng. Bc M v Chu u, gi tr ny thng l -10
0
0
0
C.
f. Cc kh tr: gm c N
2
, He, Ar trong N
2
l kh tr quan trng nht. Hm lng N
2
trong kh thng
c gii hn khng qu 1 2% th tch. Hm lng N
2
nh hng n nhit tr.
g. CO
2
: Cacbondioxide cng l mt kh tr nhng c qui nh ring v khc vi cc kh tr khc, CO
2
c
kh nng n mn khi c mt ca nc. Hm lng CO
2
ti a thng c qui nh l 2% th tch.
1.3. ng dung cua kh thin nhin - mt s tiu chun i vi
cc sn phm t kh
Cng ngh ch bin kh
25
1.3.4. Mt s tiu chun cho cc sn phm lng t kh
- Xng thin nhin (Natural gasoline): C5+
p sut hi (RVP): 70 235 kPa (10 34 psia).
% th tch bay hi 600C (1400F): 25 85%
% th tch bay hi 1350C (2750F): min 90%
im si cui: max 1900C (3750F).
n mn: khng n mn trong php th.
Mu: khng nh hn 25 (theo phng php Saybolt).
- Etan thng phm: y l ngun nguyn liu ha hc dng trong sn xut nha v cc sn phm
khc. Cc tiu chun i vi etan thng phm thay i khc nhau nhng thng rt khc khe i vi
cc tp cht c th nh hng n qu trnh s dng. S hn ch hm lng CO
2
v CH
4
trong etan
thng phm c bit quan trng.
- Propan thng phm v Butan thng phm
Propan thng phm l hn hp c thnh phn ch yu l propan v hoc propylen. Propan thng
phm cn p ng cc tiu chun cht lng nh p sut hi, nhit tr hm lng S tng, hm lng
cn, m, hm lng cc hp cht n mn, mi
Butan thng phm l hn hp c thnh phn ch yu l butan v hoc butylen.
- Hn hp Propan - Butan (LPG): hn hp ny phi c p sut khng cao hn so vi propan thng
phm 380C v c nhit bay hi 95% th tch tng ng vi butan. LPG cng cn p ng cc
tiu chun v sch nh i vi butan. i vi PLG dng lm cht t, thnh phn ca hn hp ny
c thay i khc nhau m bo tnh cht bay hi ca cc hn hp trong cc ma khc nhau. Tuy
nhin p sut hi ca hn hp bu - pro thng phm t khi vt qu 860 kPa (d) tng ng 125
psia 38
0
C (100
0
F).
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.3. ng dung cua kh thin nhin - mt s tiu chun i vi
cc sn phm t kh
Cng ngh ch bin kh
26
1.3.5. Quy cch cht lng propan thng phm
- Tng hm lng ca hydrocacbon C2 khng qu 5% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph hoc
ph hng ngoi.
- Tng hm lng ca etylen khng qu 1% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph hoc ph hng
ngoi.
- Tng hm lng ca C4+ khng qu 10% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph hoc ph hng
ngoi.
- Tng hm lng C5+ khng qu 20% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph.
p sut hi 45
o
C (113
o
F) khng ln hn 17,6 bar (255 lbf/ in2 d), c xc nh theo phng php c m t trong tiu chun BS
3324.
- Hm lng lu hunh tng khng qu 0,002% khi lng, c xc nh theo tiu chun IP243.
- Hm lng mercapan khng qu 0,005% khi lng, khi c xc nh theo phng php A c m t trong tiu chun BS 4386.
- Hm lng H
2
S khng qu 0,75 mg/m3 kh, xc nh bng phng php A m t trong tiu chun BS 4250.
- Hm lng axtylen khng vt qu 2% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph.
- Mi ca kh c trng, kh chu khng bn, c th pht hin s c mt ca kh trong khng kh 1/5 gii hn chy di. i vi propan
thng phm, gii hn chy di khong 2,4% th tch trong khng kh.
1.3.6. Quy cch cht lng butan thng phm
- 95% th tch ca sn phm s ha hi nhit 2,2
o
C (36
o
F) hoc thp hn, c hiu chnh n p sut 760 mmHg.
- p sut hi 45
o
C (113
o
F) khng ln hn 5,86 bar (801 bf/ in
2
d). Hn th na i vi cc loi bnh xch tay, p sut hi 450C
khng nh hn 4,85 bar (701 bf/ in
2
d).
- Tng hm lng cc dien khng qu 10% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph.
- Hm lng S tng khng qu 0,02% khi lng, c xc nh bng tiu chun IP243.
- Hm lng sulfua mercaptan khng qu 0,004% khi lng, kh c xc nh theo phng php A c m t trong tiu chun BS
4386.
- Hm lng H
2
S khng qu 0,75 g/m
3
kh, khi c xc nh theo phng php A c m t trong tiu chun BS 4250
- Tng hm lng axetylen khng qu 2% mole, c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh, phng php khi ph.
- Mi ca kh c trng, kh chu, khng bn, c th pht hin s c mt ca kh trong khng kh 1/5 gii hn chy di. i vi butan
thng phm, gii hn chy di khong 1,9% th tch trong khng kh.
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.3. ng dung cua kh thin nhin - mt s tiu chun i vi
cc sn phm t kh
Cng ngh ch bin kh
27
1.4.1. Cc nc OPEC
Trong lch s u tranh i li quyn li du m ca cc nc sau chin tranh th gii th 2 phi k n s ra i ca t
chc cc nc xut khu du m vo thng 9 - 1960 ti Baghdad (Iraq), gi tt l OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting
Countries). T chc ny ra i nhm chng li s lng on th trng du m ca cc cng ty t bn c quyn. Ban u, n
ch quyt nh gi du xut khu ca nm nc thnh vin l: Arab Saudi, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait v Venezuela. T khi OPEC ra i
du m tr thnh mt v kh quan trng trong tay cc nc xut khu du m. Dn dn cc nc sn xut du m cng gia
nhp vo khi nh Quata (1961), Libya (1962), Indonexia (1962), cc tiu vng quc Arab (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria
(1971).
Ngoi vic u tranh tng gi du th, tng thu nh vo du m, cc nc OPEC u tranh i kim sot ton b ti
nguyn thin nhin ca mnh v k hip c New York ngy 5 -12 -1972, theo cc cng ty ngoi quc tha thun bn
giao 51% quyn khai thc du cho cc nc vnh Ba T k t nm 1983.
Trong th trng du kh th gii, c nhiu iu khng chc chn v gi du trong tng lai. Mc sn xut du cc
nc OPEC l cha kha v l nhn t nh hng n s hnh thnh gi du trn th gii. OPEC cung cp hn 2/3 sn lng
du ca ton th gii.
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
Hnh 1.2. Biu sn lng ca cc nc OPEC
1.4. Tng quan du kh th gii
Cng ngh ch bin kh
28
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.4. Tng quan du kh th gii
Thnh vin (Ngun: Wiki)
Hin nay t chc ny c 13 nc thnh vin c lit k di y vi
ngy thng gia nhp.
Chu Phi
Algrie (thng 7 nm 1969)
Libya (thng 12 nm 1962)
Nigeria (thng 7 nm 1971)
Angola (thng 1 nm 2007)
Trung ng
Iran (thng 9 nm 1960)
Iraq (thng 9 nm 1960) (khng c m vo phn xut khu cua
OPEC t nm 1998)
Kuwait (thng 9 nm 1960)
Qatar (thng 12 nm 1961)
Rp Saudi (thng 9 nm 1960)
Cc Tiu vng quc Rp Thng nht (thng 11 nm 1967)
Nam M
Venezuela (thng 9 nm 1960)
Ecuador (1973-1993, 2007)
[1]

Cu thnh vin
Gabon (Thnh vin chnh thc t 1975 n 1995)
Indonesia (thng 12 nm 1962 n 2008)
Thnh vin tng lai
Bolivia, Canada, Sudan v Syria c OPEC mi tham gia
Cng ngh ch bin kh
29
1.4.2. Cc nc khng thuc OPEC
1.4.2.1. Nga.
- Bt u th k XX, Nga gi v tr u tin trong vic sn xut du m. Khu vc khai thc
du chnh trong nm u tin ca ch Soviet l Bakee v Bc Caucasus. Tuy nhin,
nhng ging du thuc khu vc ny thiu an ton trong cng vic sn xut. S xy dng bt
u Bashkiria v kt qu to thnh mt khu vc du m Volgo - Ural ln.
- Sn phm du Nga chim 10% sn phm du m th gii. Do , c th Nga chin v
tr mnh nht trn th trung du m quc t.
1.4.2.2. Tim nng du kh cua Tuc-m-ni-xtan
- Tuc-m-ni-xtan l nc c ngun du m di do, c tnh 45,44 t tn. Tr lng
du m v kh t ca t nc nm khu vc Trung ny t lu thu ht s quan tm
ca nhiu nc v cc t chc ti chnh quc t. Theo s liu ca Chng trnh pht trin
du kh quc gia, n nm 2020 Tuc-m-ni-xtan s t mc khai thc 100 triu tn du v
240 t m3 kh t. K hoch tng khai thc v ch bin du kh phc v xut khu ca chnh
ph s m bo ngun thu ht vn u t trc tip nc ngoi nhm pht trin ngnh du
kh ca Tuc-m-ni-xtan.
- Theo tp on khai thc du kh quc gia Tuc-m-ni-xtan, nc ny s t cng sut
lc 32 triu tn du/ nm vo nm 2020.
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.4. Tng quan du kh th gii
Cng ngh ch bin kh
30
1.4.2.3. M.
Ti M tiu th trung bnh 20 triu thng du mi ngy, trong 45% c dng cho
xng t. Phn cn li c dng lm du nhin liu, nhin liu phn lc, cn du v
cc loi du khc. Mi thng du cha 42 gallons (159 lt) trong cung cp 19 n 20
gallons (75 lt) l xng. Do , mi ngy United States tiu th khong 178 triu gallons.
1.4.2.4. Canada.
Canada c cho l nc c ngun d tr c bn ln nht th gii. Canada l nc
sn xut kh thin nhin v cc sn phm du th ln th ba trn th gii. Canada sn
xut du m v kh thin nhin nhiu hn s tiu th trn th trng. V th, xut khu
du m v kh thin nhin l rt quan trng cho nn kinh t ca Canada.
Sn xut Tiu th
Hnh 1.3. Biu sn xut v tiu th sn phm du kh ca M
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM C BN
1.4. Tng quan du kh th gii
Cng ngh ch bin kh