Prepared By :

Hitesh Gajera
Jil Zalavadia
What is SONET ?
• SONET stands for Synchronous Optical
NETwork. The SONET format allows
different types of formats to be transmitted
on one line. SONET is a long term solution
for a mid-span-meet between vendors. The
other major advantage is that SONET
allows ADDING and DROPING signals
with a single multiplexer.
Introduction to SONET
• SONET is a standard for optical telecomm.
Transport. It was formulated by the ECSA for
ANSI, which sets industry standards in the U.S.
for telecomm and other industries.
• The increased configuration flexibility and BW
availibility of SONET provides significant
advantages over the older telecomm.
• These advantages include the following:
- reduction in equipment
- increase in n/w reliability
- provision of overhead and payloads
Why Synchronize ?

• Synchronous versus Asynchronous

• Synchronization Hierarchy
• Synchronizing SONET
Network Connections

• Path Terminating Equipment (PTE)

• Line Terminating Equipment (LTE)
• Section Terminating Equipment (STE)
SONET Layers

• Path Layer,
• Line Layer,
• Section Layer,
• Photonic Layer.
Path Layer
• The Path Layer deals with the transport of services
between the PTE. The main function of the Path
Layer is to map the siganls into a format required
by the line layer. Its main functions are:
- reads,
- interprets,
- modifies the path overhead for performance
and automatic protection switching.
Line Layer
• The line layer deals with the transport of the path
layer payload and it overhead across the physical
medium. The main function of the Line Layer is to
provide synchronization and to perform
multiplexing for the path layer. Its main functions
are:  
• Protection Switching,
• Synchronization,
• Multiplexing,
• Line maintenance,
• Error Monitoring.
Section Layer

• The Section layer deals with the transport of an STS-N

frame across the physical medium. Its main functions are:
- Framing
- Scrambling
- Error Monitoring
- Section Maintenance
Photonic Layer
• Photonic Layers main mainly deals with the
transport of bits across the physical medium.
Its main function is the conversion between
STS signal and OC signals. Its main functions
are:
  - Wavelength,
- Pulse Shape,
- Power Levels.
Frame Structure
• STS-1 Frame Structure

- Actual Line Rate: 90columns * 9rows *8bits/byte

* 8000frames/sec = 51.84Mbps
- Actual Data Rate: 87columns * 9rows * 8bits/byte
* 8000frams/sec = 50.112Mbps

• STS-N Frame Structure

Overheads
- Section Overhead
- Line Overhead
- Path Overhead
=> SONET Alaram Structure
- anomly
- defect
- failure

=> SONET Multiplexing

- mapping
- aligning
- multiplexing
- stuffing
=> Pointers
=> Concatenated Payloads
=> Payload Pointers
=> Positive Stuffing
=> Negative Stuffing
SONET Network Elements

- Terminal Multiplexer
- Regenetor
- Add/Drop Multiplexer
- Wideband/Broadband Digital CrossConnects
- Digital Loop Carrier
SONET Network Configurations

• Point-to-Point
• Point-to-Multipoint
• Hub Network
• Ring Architecture
Benefits Of SONET
• Reduced Back-to-Back Multiplexing
• Optical Interconnect
• Multipoint Configurations
• Convergence, ATM, Video, and SONET
• Grooming
• Reduced Cabling and Elimination of DSX Panels
• Enhanced Performance Monitoring
Conclusion
SONET standard uses the max. advantage
of the fiber optics. It leads to self heading
n/w which have low cost per bit km which
is critical in communication n/w and give
next level of sophistication to n/w. It is
also reliable. Currently 160 channel are
allocated which allows a bit rate of
400Gbps, and it has been practically
proved that information can be transmitted
up to 3.2 Tbps within same fiber.