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CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits: Lec 12 Dynamic Logic Circuits
CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits: Lec 12 Dynamic Logic Circuits
Lec 12
Dynamic Logic Circuits
Goals
Understand
Pass transistors circuits
Voltage bootstrapping
Synchronous dynamic circuit techniques
Dynamic CMOS circuit techniques
High-performance dynamic CMOS circuits
Operation
CK = H, D=H or L : CX is charged up or down through MP, and X
becomes H or L (depends on D input) since MP is on D and X
are connected.
CK = L: X is unchanged since MP is off and CX is isolated from D,
and the charge is stored on capacitances CX.
For X = H, Q = L and Q = H
For X = L, Q = H and Q = L
Cost: 3 to 5 devices (very low)
5 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Pass-Transistor Latch
Soft Node Concept
During CK = 1: Let D = 1, i.e. VD = VOH = VDD MP is conducting
and charges CX to a weak 1 (VX = VDD VTD) Q = L (VQ<VTD)
and Q = H(VQ=VDD).
During CK = 0: Logic-level VX is preserved through charge
storage on CX. However, VX starts to drop due to leakage.
What value does VX have to deteriorate to no longer like a stored ?
Example (see p359~359, Kang and Leblebici): For an inverter
with VDD = 5V, VT,n = 0.8V , VOL = 2.9V and VIH = 2.9V, initial VX
=4.2 V. But due to leakage currents, this will decline over time.
When it declines below VIH(2.9V), then a logic 0 out of the
inverter can no longer guaranteed.
Thus, to avoid an erroneous output, the charge stored in CX must
be restored or refreshed to its original level before VX declines
below 2.9 V.
Soft note
ID
Vx Vin=VDD D S Vx
Vin MP
X MP X
Cx Cx
CK CK
VX
1
2C X
k n V DD V X V T ,MP 0
Therefore,
1 1
t 2C X
kn V DD V X V T ,MP V DD V T ,MP
and,
k n V DD V T ,MP t
V X (t ) V DD V T ,MP
2C X
1 k n V DD V T ,MP t
2C X
8 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Basic Principles of Pass Transistor Circuits
Logic 1 Transfer (Cont.)
VX
Vmax=VDD-VT,MP
Vmax
t
0
VX rises from 0V and approaches a limit value Vmax = VX(t)|t= = VDD-
VT,MP, but it can not exceed this value, since the pass transistor will turn
off at this point (VGS=VT,MP). Therefore, it transfers a weak logic 1.
The actual Vmax by taking the body effect into account is,
Vx Vin=0 S D Vx
Vin MP
X MP X
Cx Cx
CK CK
2V DD V T ,MP V X
VX
CX
ln
k n V DD V T ,MP VX V DD V T , MP
Therefore,
CX 2V DD V T ,MP V X
t ln
k n V DD V T ,MP VX
and,
2V DD V T ,MP
V X (t ) tk n V DD V T , MP / C X
1 e
1 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Basic Principles of Pass Transistor Circuits
Logic 0 Transfer (Cont.)
VX drops from Vmax = VDD-VT,MP, to 0V. Hence, unlike the charge-
up case, it transfers a strong logic 0.
fall = time of VX drops from 0.9Vmax to 0.1Vmax,
fall t 90% t10%
CX ln(19) ln(1.22) VX
k n V DD V T ,MP Vmax=VDD-VT,MP
Vmax
CX
2.74
k n V DD V T ,MP
where,
CX 2 0.9 V DD V T ,MP
t 90% ln t
k n V DD V T ,MP 0.9 V DD V T ,MP 0
CX
ln 1.22
k n V DD V T ,MP
CX 1.9
t10% ln
k n V DD V T ,MP 0.1
Cx
CK=0
VCK=0
Ileakage VX
Vin=0
CX
n+ Isubthreshold n+
p-type Si Ireverse
Drain-substrate pn-junction
The total charge stored in the soft node can be expressed as,
Q = Qj (VX) + Qin where Qin = CinVX
The total leakage current can be expressed as the time derivative
of the total soft-node charge Q
dQ
I leakage
dt
dQ j (V X ) dQin
dt dt
dQ j (V X ) dV X
C in dV X
dV X dt dt
kT N D N A kT N D N ASW
0 ln 0 SW ln 2
q ni2 q ni
Therefore,
AC j 0 PC j 0 SW dV X
I leakage C in
dt
1 V X 1 V X
0 0 SW
Vx M2
Vout
Vin M1
Cout
M3
Vx
M2
CS Cboot Vout
Vin M1 Cout
M3
Vx
M2
Cboot
Vout
Vin M1
1 C 2 D 1
1
t
2 phase1 phase2
t
1, 2 non-overlapping clocks
Logic levels are stored on input capacitances during the inactive clock
phase.
2 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Dynamic Pass Transistor Circuits
Two-Phase Clock Dynamic Shift Register
Depletion-Load Dynamic Shift Register
The max clock frequency is determined by signal propagation delay
through one inverter stage.
One half-period of the clock signal must be long enough to allow Cin to
charge up or down, and Cout to charge to the new value.
The logic-high input value is one VT0 lower than VDD.
1 2 1
Vout
Vin
Cin1 Cout1 Cin2 Cout2 Cin3 Cout3
Vout
Vin
Cin1 Cout1 Cin2 Cout2 Cin3 Cout3
Vin
Cin1 Cout1 Cin2 Cout2 Cin3 Cout3
Vout2VOL
VDD VDD VDD
2=H 2 1
1 2
Vout1 Vout2
Vout3
Vin
Cin1 Cout1 Cin2 Cout2 Cin3 Cout3
Vout1VOL Vout3VOL
Vout
Vin
Cin1 Cout1 Cin2 Cout2 Cin3 Cout3
Z
A
nMOS nMOS
B Logic Logic
Stage 1 Stage 2
C D
Vin
Cin1 Cout1 Cin2 Cout2 Cin3 Cout3
Vout1 Vout2
Vout3
Vin
Cin1 Cout1 Cin2 Cout2 Cin3 Cout3
Vb Va
Cout1 Cin2
Charge Sharing
B
F1
Stage 1
C Stage 2
D
1
1 2
3 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Dynamic CMOS Transmission Gate Logic
Shift Register
The basic building block of the shift register consists of a CMOS
inverter, which is driven by a TG.
CK=1Vin is transferred onto the parasitic input capacitance CX.
The low on-resistance of TG results in
A smaller transfer time compared to nMOS-only switches.
No threshold voltage drop across TG
VDD
soft node
CK
Vin VX Vout
CK CX Cy
CK CK CK
3 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Dynamic CMOS Precharge-Evaluate Logic
Reduced Transistor Count
VDD
Mp
Vout
=0 C precharges to
C VDD (output is not available
nMOS Internal during precharge)
inputs Logic capacitance =1 C selectively
discharges to 0 (output is
only available after
Me discharge is complete)
evaluate
t
precharge precharge
Vout
t
3 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Dynamic CMOS Precharge-Evaluate Logic
An Example
VDD
Mp
Vout
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
Me
Z is high when =0
Z=(A1 A2A3 +B1B2)
4 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Dynamic CMOS Precharge-Evaluate Logic
Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages
Need only N+2 transistors to implement a N-input gate.
Low static power dissipation
No DC current paths to place constraints on device sizing
Input capacitance is same as pseudo nMOS gate.
Pull-up time is improved by active switch to VDD.
Disadvantages
The available time of output is less than 50 % of the time.
Pull-down time is degraded due to series active switch to 0.
Logic output value can be degraded due to charge sharing with other gate
capacitances connected to the output.
Minimum clock rate determined by leakage on C.
Maximum clock rate determined by circuit delays.
Input can only change during the precharge phase. Inputs must be stable
during evaluation; otherwise an incorrect value on an input could
erroneously discharge the output node. (single phase P-E logic gates can
not be cascaded)
Outputs must be stored during precharge, if they are required during the
next evaluate phase.
Evaluate:
Me1, Me2 ON
Mp1, Me2 OFF
Problem: All stages must evaluate simultaneously one clock does
not permit pipelining of stages.
4 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
High Performance Dynamic CMOS Circuits
Domino CMOS Logic
Static inverter serves to buffer the
logic part of the circuit from its
VDD VDD
output load
X Vout
nMOS
inputs Logic =0
X precharges to VDD, and Vout = 0.
=1
X remains high, and Vout remains
low.
precharge evaluate X discharges to 0, and Vout
1
changes from 0 to 1.
t
X1 X2 X3
evaluate evaluate
precharge teval t
X1
t Max number gates limited:
X2
total propagation delay < teval
X3 t
t
4 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Domino CMOS Logic (Cont.)
VDD VDD VDD
X1 X2 X3
The static CMOS and domino gates can be used together, see Fig.
9.31. in Kang and Leblebici. The limitation: the number of
inverting static logic stages in cascade must be even, to let the
inputs of next domino stage can have only 0 to 1 transitions during
the evaluation.
Can implement only non-inverting logic
Due to precharge use, can suffer from charge sharing during the
evaluation which may cause erroneous outputs.
The problem will be described in the next slide, and several
solutions will be presented later.
VX
Vout
C1
N
C2
VX = VDDC1/(C1+C2)
Keep C2 << C1
Assume that all inputs are low initially, and the voltage across C2=0V
During the precharge, C1 is charged to VDD
If transistor N switches from 0 to 1 during the evaluation phase, the
charge initially stored in C1 will be shared by C2. Therefore, the value of
VX will reduced.
VDD
weak pull-up pMOS
VX Vout
nMOS
inputs Logic Push VX to VDD unless there
is a strong pull-down path
between Vout and ground
VX1
Vout
VA C1
VX2
VB C2
Let C1 = C2 = 0.05pF. VX1 = 0, and VX2 = 0 at t=0
Without this extra pMOS transistor
Precharge: VX1 VX2
Evaluation: VX1 = VDDC1/(C1+C2) = VDD/2
With this extra pMOS transistor
Presharge: VX1 = VX2
Evaluation: VX1 = VDD
See pp.392~393 for the HSPICE simulation result
Note that there is a speed penalty for adding this
extra pMOS precharge transistor.
5 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
Domino CMOS Logic
An Example of Multiple-Output Domino Circuits
VDD
C4
P4 G4
C3
P3 G3
C2
P2 G2
C1
P1 G1
C0
Reduce transistor count
C1=G1+P1C0 Gi = Ai Bi
C2=G2+P2G1+P2P1C0
Pi = Ai Bi
C3=G3+P3G2+P3P2G1+P3P2P1C0
C4=G4+P4G3+P4P3G2+P4P3P2G1+P4P3P2P1C0
5 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
FET Scaling in Domino CMOS Gates
The transient performance can be improved by adjusting
the nMOS transistor sizes in the pull-down path to reduce
the discharge time.
VDD
D C B A
Mp
Vout CL
A
C
R0 0 R1 1
D
C0 C1 CL
Me
Advantages
An Inverter is not required at the output of stages
Allow pipelined system architecture
Disadvantages: Also suffer from charge sharing and leakage
nMOS pMOS
Logic Logic to next N-block
N-block P-block
Using tristate inverters between stages decouples the stages and enables pipelined operation
=L: nMOS blocks precharge to VDD
pMOS blocks evaluate by selective pull-up to VDD
=H: pMOS blocks pre-discharge to VDD
nMOS blocks evaluate by selective pull-down to 0V
is not used, no clock skew problem can arise.
Provide similar performance to NORA structure
5 CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits
TSPC-Based Rising Edge-triggered D-type Flip-Flop
VDD VDD VDD VDD