GVHD: NGUYN TH MINH TRINH

O M CHT RN

1 L ANH TUN
2 NGUYN THNH NHN
NHM 12
3 TRNG THI HC
4 NGUYN QUC KHNH DUY

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 1

NI DUNG THUYT TRNH

I-Cc khi nim chung

II-Mc ch vic xc nh m

III-Cc phng php o m

IV-Bi tp minh ha

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 2

 I-CC KHI NIM CHUNG
1-nh ngha : m (hay cn gi l Thy phn) l phn
nc t do c trong cht rn.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 3

 I-CC KHI NIM CHUNG
2-Phn loi m:
m tng i : m tng i ca cht rn () l t s khi lng nc (Gn )trn
khi lng chung (G) ca cht rn c tnh bng phn trm()

Gn
= .100%
G
Vi G = +
: lng nc trong cht rn
: lng kh ca cht rn

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 4

 I-CC KHI NIM CHUNG
2-Phn loi m:

m tuyt i: m tuyt i ca cht rn (0) l t s khi lng nc (Gn ) trn

khi lng cht kh ca vt rn(Gk ) c tnh theo phn trm()
Gn
0 = .100%
Gk

Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng m tng i.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 5

 I-CC KHI NIM CHUNG
3-Cc mi quan h ca m:
Mi quan h gia cht kh v m tng i: Gk = G ( 1 - )

Mi quan h gia m tuyt i v m tng i:

0
= 0 =
1 + 0 1-

Mi quan h gia vt liu m v khng kh chung quanh:

Vt m t trong mi trng khng kh m s xy ra s trao i nhit, m gia vt
m v mi trng khng kh. Qu trnh trao i nhit ph thuc vo s chnh lch
nhit gia khng kh v vt, cn qu trnh trnh trao i m ph thuc vo chnh
lch p sut ring phn ca hi nc trn b mt vt v ca hi nc trong khng kh
m. O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 6
II-MC CH VIC XC NH M
1-nh hng ca m i vi cc loi cht rn

7
O LNG NHIT - NHM 12
II-MC CH VIC XC NH M
1-nh hng ca m i vi cc loi cht rn

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 8

II-MC CH VIC XC NH M
2- m cho php mt s vt liu:
Sn phm m (%)
C ph (nghin) 7
Ca cao 3-5
Tinh bt ng 12
Mui ht 0.2
ng ht 0.5
Bt m 12
Ch thnh phm 3-5
Thc cc lp bao 13.5-14
G kh trong phng 8-12
Than cc 2-4
Than antraxit 3.5
.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 9

II-MC CH VIC XC NH M
3-Nhng nguyn nhn lm tng m vt rn:

Bo quan trong mi trng m t,

m khng kh cao

Khuyt tt bn trong vt liu, xp

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 10

II-MC CH VIC XC NH M
3-Nhng nguyn nhn lm tng m vt rn:

m xm nhp trong qu trnh ch bin, thu hoch

Do iu kin thi tit (ma, l, bo)

V nhiu nguyn nhn khc.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 11
II-MC CH VIC XC NH M

4-Mc ch vic xc nh m

m l mt thng s quan trng trong vic phn tch mt sn phm.

+ xc nh m ca vt rn ang thp hn hay cao hn m cho php t c th a ra cc bin

php bo qun hp l.

+ tng cht lng sn phm (nng sn, thc phm)

+ xc nh cc phng php gim m hp l

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 12

III-CC PHNG PHP O M

1-Phng Php Sy

2-Phng Php Chng Ct

3-Phng Php Ha Hc

4-Phng Php Vt L

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 13

1-Phng Php Sy

+ Nguyn l: Dng sc nng lm bay hi ht hi nc trong mu. Cn trng lng mu

trc v sau khi sy kh, t tnh ra phn trm nc c trong thc phm.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 14

 1-Phng Php Sy
i vi cc loi nguyn liu c m khng qu 18%
Cc loi qu, c, ht, vt liu ri v bt (vt liu rn).

* Dng c th nghim:
Cc thu tinh hay hp kim loi ng mu.
My nghin hoc ci nghin, a thu tinh
T sy, bnh ht m.
Cn phn tch hoc cn in t, chnh xc 0,001gam.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 15

1-Phng Php Sy

* Cch tin hnh:

X l nguyn liu:
Dng cn phn tch hoc cn in t cn chnh xc 5 gam
mu
Dng a thu tinh san u lng mu hp ng mu m
bc hi nhanh v u.
a mu vo t sy ly nhit 105 oC n khi lng
khng i (sai s 0,5 % ).

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 16

 1-Phng Php Sy
Xc nh m vi nguyn liu c m ln hn 18%:
Cc loi bt nho, bt st, ng non, m, du thc vt vv

Trn u mu ban u trn 0,5 kg,sau ly mu th nghim 20 gam.

Dng a thu tinh ngn dng khuy trn mu,sau cho vo hp sy.
Sy nhit 105oC n khi m mu t 18%, nghin nh, cn 5 g,sy 130 oC
trong 40 pht, ri tip tc nh phn trn.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 17

1-Phng Php Sy
Xc nh m nguyn liu dng dung dch c

Cc loi mt r, dch huyn ph, dung dch gm nhiu cu t tan v khng tan...
Nguyn tc: Cho nc (m) bc hi ht, ta thu c lng m trong dung dch.
Tin hnh: ly 10 hoc 15 gam mu cho vo cc cng a thu tinh sch v kh
bit khi lng trc.
t cc c mu cng a thu tinh vo ni un cch thu un nng, c cn nc.
Tip theo ly cc ra cng a thu tinh cho vo t sy nhit 105oC n khi
lng khng i.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 18

2-Phng Php Chng Ct

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 19

2-Phng Php Chng Ct

Nguyn tc

Dng mt loi dung mi hu c c 3 c tnh:

- C nhit si cao hn nc mt cht.
- Khng trn ln vi nc.
- Nh hn nc.
Khi un si dung mi hu c trn lm vi mu, dung mi bc hi v s
ko theo nc trong mu. Dung mi v nc gp lnh ngng t ng o c
vch chia lm hai lp ring bit. c th tch nc lng pha di, t
tnh ra phn trm nc c trong mu.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 20

2-Phng Php Chng Ct

Dng c vt liu v thuc th

- Dng c chng ct xc nh m
- Cn k thut.
- a thy tinh.
- Bi thy tinh hoc bt.
- Toluol (toluen) tinh khit ( si: 110,6 C) hoc xylen tinh
khit ( si: 138 144 C).

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 21

2-Phng Php Chng Ct

Cch tin hnh :

-Cn khong 5- 10g mu th v cho vo bnh c cha 50 ml

toluen.
-Thm toluen vo cho n khong 100 - 150ml, cho thm vi
vin bi thy tinh hay bt.
-un cho toluen si cho n khi mc nc trong ng o khng
i. Nu c git nc ng li trn thnh ng, dng ng thy
tinh mnh a git nc xung.
-Nc v toluen chia thnh hai phn r rt trn thnh ng, nc
pha di v toluen pha trn, sau khi ngui c th tch
trong ng o

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 22

2-Phng Php Chng Ct

u, nhc im ca phng php

-u im: thch hp cho cc vt liu dng rn (bt,sa), t m, hoc nhiu

tinh du, t b ph hy v nhit th nghim, d ci t v vn hnh
-Nhc im: cc vt liu d b bm vo thnh bnh,khi un s b cacbon
ha, chnh xc ph thuc nhiu vo ngi tin hnh v o c, tng i
tn thi gian

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 23

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 24
 3-Phng php ha hc :

T phn ng ha hc ca nc pht hin nc c trong mu t tm ra hm lng

nc cha trong mu .

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 25

 Phng php ha hc hay cn gi l phng php KARL FISCHER :

c p dng khp cc ngnh cng nghip

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 26

PHNG PHP KARL FISCHER :

Nguyn tc :

Da trn mt mu ca iot. nhit thng, iot kt hp vi nc v

SO2 thnh HI khng mu trong mi trng c piridin, theo phn ng:

I2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2HI + H2SO4

T s mt mu ca dung dch iot, ta c th tnh phn trm lng nc c

trong mu.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 27

PHNG PHP KARL FISCHER :

Dng c vt liu v thuc th

- My o m t ng theo phng php Fischer.

- Cn phn tch.
- Thuc th Fischer: Piridin 10 mol ,SO2 3 mol,Iot 1 mol ,Metanol 5 lit ,1ml
thuc th ny tng ng vi 7,2 mg nc.
- Metanol
- n- butanol

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 28

PHNG PHP KARL FISCHER :

Cch tin hnh

Nu l dng lng c th nh lng thng.

Nu mu th l dng rn, c th chit xut bng n butanol v chun
trn dch chit.
Pha long thuc th Fischer cho vo my o vi piridin v mu th sau
trn ln vi nhau , kt qu c ghi t ng trn biu . So snh vi
biu mu lm vi thuc th cha 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% nc.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 29

PHNG PHP KARL FISCHER :
u : Phng php chnh xc vi nhng mu c hm lng nc rt
thp, c th nh lng nhanh v xc nh hng lot
Nhc : gi thnh qu cao

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 30

 PHNG PHP KARL FISCHER :
p dng c cc loi vt liu

dc phm

thc phm

.....

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 31

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 32
4-Phng php vt l :

Nguyn tc hot ng:

S dng cc tch cht vt l c trong cht rn nh dn in , khc x, hp
th cc tia bt kh kin v mt nc...

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 33

4-1: Phng php khc x k :

Phng php ny ch yu xc nh hm lng cht kh trong cc thc phm

lng ha tan trong nc.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 34

4-1: Phng php khc x k :
Nguyn tc

Khi i t mt mi trng (khng kh) vo mt mi trng khc (cht

lng) tia sng s b lch i (khc x).

Nu cht lng l mt dung dch cht ha tan (dung dch ng, mui,
) da trn lch ca tia sng, ta c th tnh c nng ca cht ha
tan v t tm ra phn trm nc c trong thc phm.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 35

4-1: Phng php khc x k :
Dng c vt liu v thuc th

- Khc x k c thang chia ng vi hm lng cht kh.

- Cn k thut.
- Chn, chy s.
- a thy tinh u trn.
- Vi gc.
- Bng ht m hoc giy mm thm nc.
- Ct sch

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 36

4-1: Phng php khc x k :
Chun b mu:

- Nu mu th th dung dch ng nht, trong v mu nht th c th tin hnh

th ngay c.

- Nu mu th c nhng ht rn th ly mt t vo ming vi gc, vt t t ra

git th 3 hoc th 4 c th th c.

- Nu mu th c nhng ht rn khng th p thnh git c hoc mu th c

mu xm th cho vo chn x v cn chnh xc n 0,01g. cho vo khong 4 g ct v
lng nc ct bng lng mu cn. Sau dng chn x nghin nhanh v
cn thn. Lc qua vi lc v ly git th 3 hay th 4 th.
.
O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 37
4-1: Phng php khc x k :
Tin hnh th:
dng a thy tinh a mt git thuc th vo mt phng ca lng knh .Nhn
vo v iu chnh nhn thy ng phn chia r nht gia na ti v na
sng

iu chnh ng phn chia sao cho trng vi ng chm chm hay tm ca

vng trn quan st.

c kt qu trn thang o pha c ghi hm lng cht kh. Ch nhit khi

th phi l 200C

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 38

4-1: Phng php khc x k :
Tnh kt qu
Trng hp s dng ngay mu th hoc vt c thnh git th th hm
lng cht kh theo phn trm c ngay trn khc x k.
Trng hp c thm nc ct th th hm lng cht kh theo phn trm c
tnh theo cng thc:
X = 2a
Trong :
a: s o c trn khc x k theo phn trm 200C.
Tnh chnh xc n 0,01%.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 39

4-1: Phng php khc x k :

u :Phm vi o rng -70*C n 100*C . chnh xc cao 0.2% ,c th lm vic

trong mi trng n mn

Nhc : thit b cu to phc tp ,gi thnh cao

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 40

4-2: Phng php dn in.

Nguyn tc:

Khi m cng cao(cha nhiu nc ) th in tr ca vt s cng nh => dn

in tt. Ngc li khi m thp ,in tr vt s ln v dn in nh.

ng dng: o m cc loi vt liu nh g,giy,cc tong,b tong,vi va

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 41

4-2: Phng php dn in.
My o m a nng HMMC-7825P
o m cc sn phm nh g, giy ,giy
p, tng b tng, sn b tng

- Nhn phm Power, kim tra

m code bng phm mode vt liu
cn o, thay i m ph hp
nhn phm Select trn thit b.

- Lu gi gi tr o tc thi v tr li gi
tr o tc thi cng bng phm Plus/Hold .

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 42

4-3: Phng php hng ngoi

Nguyn tc :

S dng tnh cht hp th 1 s tia bt kh kin ca nc xc

nh m (lng nc ) cha trong vt liu.

ng dng :o m g v cc loi vt liu khc nh b tng,

giy

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 43

4-3: Phng php hng ngoi
My o m MO290
Hng dn o:
Bm in POWER nt bt ng h trn.
Bm nt IRT xung kch hot cc nhit k hng ngoi v
laser con tr. Cc laser biu tng con tr s flash trong khi
ch c kch hot.

Bm mi tn phi hoc tri thay i cc n v nhit

Mc tiu ca con tr laser trn b mt cn o v c nhit
b mt trong mn hnh ph.
Nh nt IRT. Nhit cui o v cc biu tng laser s vn
trn mn hnh khong 10 giy trc khi tr v nhit mi
trng xung quanh o lng.

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 44

u nhc im ca phng php

u im:chnh xc ,n gin,d s dng,thch hp o cc vt liu kh

nghin

Nhc im:cn lu lc nhn i vi cc my o m bng phng php

dn in v n c th gy ra sai s

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 45

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 46
 IV-BI TP MINH HA:
Mu ban u c cn trn cn in t c khi lng 5 gam, c gi trong giy bc
(xem khi lng giy bc l o gam) v mang ln sy nhit 105 oC .
+ sau 3 gi cn li mu c khi lng l 4,7 gam
+ tip tc sy thm 2 gi, khi lng ca mu l 4,6 gam
+ sy tip tc thm 1 gi, khi lng mu lc ny l 4,58 gam.
Tnh m ca mu?

5 - 4,58
m tng i ca mu l = .100 = 8, 4%
5

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 47

 Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu th nghim cng ngh thc phm (Bin son: PGS.TS Nguyn Th)
Google.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxNfJLMNS4E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdpnJ5l9dkA

http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/contents.php?ids=2000&ur=mnam

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 48

 CM N C V CC
BN LNG NGHE !!!

O LNG NHIT - NHM 12 49