Amplificadores BJT Cap 6

Electronic Devices
10th ed.
Chapter 6
BJT Amplifiers
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Electronic Devices
10th ed.
Objectives:
◆ Describe amplifier operation
◆ Discuss transistor models
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of common-emitter
amplifiers
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of common-collector
amplifiers
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of common-base
amplifiers
◆ Describe and analyze the operation of multistage
amplifiers
◆ Discuss the differential amplifier and its operation
◆ Troubleshoot amplifier circuits
Electronic Devices
AC Quantities
V
Recall that AC quantities are
indicated with a italic
subscript; rms values are rms
avg
Vce
assumed unless otherwise Vce Vce
stated. VCE Vce
vce
0 t
0

Electronic Devices
AC Quantities
V
avg
Vce
stated. VCE Vce
The figure shows an example of vce
a specific waveform for the

collector-emitter voltage. Notice
the DC component is VCE and the 0
0
t
ac component is Vce.

Electronic Devices
AC Quantities
V
avg
Vce
stated. VCE Vce
The figure shows an example of vce
a specific waveform for the

collector-emitter voltage. Notice
the DC component is VCE and the 0
0
t
ac component is Vce.
Resistance is also identified with a lower case italic subscript when
analyzed from an ac standpoint.

Electronic Devices
Linear Amplifiers
A linear amplifier produces an replica of the input signal at

the output. +V CC
Ic
Vb ICQ
VBQ R1 RC
Vce C2
Rs VCEQ
C1 Ib
I BQ
Vs R2 RE RL

Electronic Devices
Linear Amplifiers
A linear amplifier produces an replica of the input signal at

the output. +V CC
Ic
Vb ICQ
VBQ R1 RC
Vce C2
Rs VCEQ
C1 Ib
I BQ
Vs R2 RE RL
For the amplifier shown, notice that the voltage waveform is

inverted between the input and output but has the same shape.

Electronic Devices
AC Load Line
Operation of the linear

IC
amplifier can be illustrated
Q
IB
using an ac load line.
Ib
Ic
ICQ
Q
0 V CE
Vce
VCEQ

Electronic Devices
AC Load Line
Operation of the linear

IC
amplifier can be illustrated
Q
IB
using an ac load line.
Ib
The ac load line is different Ic
than the dc load line because ICQ

Q
a capacitor looks open to dc

but effectively acts as a short
to ac. Thus, in the previous 0 V CE
circuit, the collector resistor Vce
appears to be in parallel with VCEQ
the load resistor.

Electronic Devices
Transistor AC Model
The five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used

for detailed analysis of a BJT circuit. For most analysis
work, the simplified r-parameters give good results.
C C
βac Ib βac Ib
B B re′
Ib
re′
E E

Electronic Devices
Transistor AC Model

The simplified r-parameters are
C C
shown in relation to the transistor
model. βac Ib βac Ib
B B re′
Ib
re′
E E

Electronic Devices
Transistor AC Model

The simplified r-parameters are
C C
shown in relation to the transistor
model. βac Ib βac Ib
An important r-parameter is re'. It
B B re′
appears as a small ac resistance Ib
between the base and emitter. re′
25 mV
re'  E E
IE

Electronic Devices
Common-Emitter Amplifier
In the common-emitter (CE) amplifier, the input signal is

applied to the base and the inverted output is taken from the
collector. The emitter is common to ac signals.
VCC
RC
C3
R1
Vout
C1
Vin
RL
R2
RE C2

Electronic Devices
Common-Emitter Amplifier - Example
What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.
VCC
+15 V
RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
68 kW
C1
10 mF
1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
VCC
 27 kW  +15 V
VB   15 V = 4.26 V
 68 kW  27 kW  RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
68 kW
C1
10 mF
1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
VCC
 27 kW  +15 V
VB   15 V = 4.26 V
 68 kW  27 kW  RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
VE = 4.26 V – 0.7 V = 3.56 V C1
68 kW
10 mF
1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
VCC
 27 kW  +15 V
VB   15 V = 4.26 V
 68 kW  27 kW  RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
VE = 4.26 V – 0.7 V = 3.56 V C1
68 kW
10 mF
VE 3.56 V
IE    1.62 mA 1.0 mF RL
RE 2.2 kW R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
VCC
 27 kW  +15 V
VB   15 V = 4.26 V
 68 kW  27 kW  RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
VE = 4.26 V – 0.7 V = 3.56 V C1
68 kW
10 mF
VE 3.56 V
IE    1.62 mA 1.0 mF RL
RE 2.2 kW R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF
25 mV 25 mV
r 
e
'
 
IE 1.62 mA

Electronic Devices
VCC
 27 kW  +15 V
VB   15 V = 4.26 V
 68 kW  27 kW  RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
VE = 4.26 V – 0.7 V = 3.56 V C1
68 kW
10 mF
VE 3.56 V
IE    1.62 mA 1.0 mF RL
RE 2.2 kW R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF
25 mV 25 mV
r 
e
'
  15.4 W
IE 1.62 mA

Electronic Devices
Half-wave Rectifier
Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.

What is the gain of the amplifier?
VCC
+15 V
RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
68 kW
C1
10 mF
1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
Half-wave Rectifier

VCC
+15 V
Vout R R || R
Av   c'  C ' L RC
Vin re re R1 3.9 kW
C3
68 kW
C1
10 mF
1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
Half-wave Rectifier

VCC
+15 V
Vout R R || R
Av   c'  C ' L RC
Vin re re R1 3.9 kW
C3
68 kW
3.9 kW || 3.9 kW C1
10 mF
Av  
15.4 W 1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
Half-wave Rectifier

VCC
+15 V
Vout R R || R
Av   c'  C ' L RC
Vin re re R1 3.9 kW
C3
68 kW
3.9 kW || 3.9 kW C1
10 mF
Av   127
15.4 W 1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
Half-wave Rectifier

VCC
+15 V
Vout R R || R
Av   c'  C ' L RC
Vin re re R1 3.9 kW
C3
68 kW
3.9 kW || 3.9 kW C1
10 mF
Av   127
15.4 W 1.0 mF RL
R2 3.9 kW
27 kW RE C2
The gain will be a little lower if the 2.2 kW 100 mF
input loading effect is accounted for.

Electronic Devices
Greater gain stability can be achieved by adding a swamping resistor

to the emitter circuit of the CE amplifier. The gain will be lower as a
result. V CC
+15 V
RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
68 kW
C1
10 mF
1.0 mF
RE1
RL
33 W
3.9 kW
R2
27 kW RE2 C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices

result. V CC
+15 V
What is the gain with the addition R1

RC
3.9 kW
C3
of the swamping resistor? (Ignore C1

68 kW
10 mF
the small effect on re'.)
1.0 mF
RE1
RL
33 W
3.9 kW
R2
27 kW RE2 C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices

result. V CC
+15 V

RC
3.9 kW
C3

68 kW
10 mF
1.0 mF
V R R || R RE1
Av  out  ' c  ' C L 33 W
RL
Vin re  RE1 re  RE1 R2

3.9 kW
27 kW RE2 C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices

result. V CC
+15 V

RC
3.9 kW
C3

68 kW
10 mF
1.0 mF
V R R || R RE1
Av  out  ' c  ' C L 33 W
RL

3.9 kW
27 kW RE2 C2
2.2 kW 100 mF
V R R || R
Av  out  ' c  ' C L 
Vin re  RE1 re  RE1

Electronic Devices

result. V CC
+15 V

RC
3.9 kW
C3

68 kW
10 mF
1.0 mF
V R R || R RE1
Av  out  ' c  ' C L 33 W
RL

3.9 kW
27 kW RE2 C2
2.2 kW 100 mF
V R R || R
Av  out  ' c  ' C L  38.2
Vin re  RE1 re  RE1

Electronic Devices
Common-Emitter Amplifier - Multisim
Multisim is a good way to check your calculation. For an input of

10 mVpp, the output is 378 mVpp as shown on the oscilloscope
display for the swamped CE amplifier.
input
output

Electronic Devices
In addition to gain stability, swamping has the advantage of increasing

the ac input resistance of the amplifier. For this amplifier, Rin(tot) is given
by Rin(tot) = R1||R2||bac(re' + RE1)
VCC
+15 V
RC
C3
R1 3.9 kW
68 kW
C1
10 mF
1.0 mF
RE1
RL
33 W
3.9 kW
R2
27 kW RE2 C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices

VCC
+15 V
RC
C3
What is Rin(tot) for the amplifier if R1
68 kW
3.9 kW
bac = 200? C1
10 mF
1.0 mF
RE1
RL
33 W
3.9 kW
R2
27 kW RE2 C2
2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices

VCC
+15 V
RC
C3
68 kW
3.9 kW
bac = 200? C1
10 mF
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||bac(re' + RE1) 1.0 mF

RE1
RL
33 W
= 68 kW||27 kW||200(15.4 W + 33 W) R2
3.9 kW
27 kW RE2 C2
= 2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices

VCC
+15 V
RC
C3
68 kW
3.9 kW
bac = 200? C1
10 mF
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||bac(re' + RE1) 1.0 mF

RE1
RL
33 W
= 68 kW||27 kW||200(15.4 W + 33 W) R2
3.9 kW
27 kW RE2 C2
= 6.45 kW 2.2 kW 100 mF

Electronic Devices
Common-Collector Amplifier
The common-collector amplifier (emitter-follower) has a voltage gain of

approximately 1, but can have high input resistance and current gain.
The input is applied to the base and taken from the emitter.
+VCC
R1
C1
Vin
C2
Iin
Vout
R2
RE RL

Electronic Devices
The power gain is the ratio of the power delivered to the input resistance
divided by the power dissipated in the load. This is approximately equal to
the current gain. That is, Ap ≈Ai.
VCC
R1
C1
Vin
C2
Vout
R2
RE RL

Electronic Devices
You can also write power gain V
CC
as a ratio of resistances:
VL2 1R
PL RL Rin (tot ) C
Ap   2  Av
2 1
Vin
Pin Vin RL C2
Rin (tot ) Vout
R2
 Rin (tot )  Rin (tot ) RE RL
 1 
 L 
R RL

Electronic Devices
You can also write power gain V
CC
as a ratio of resistances:
VL2 1R
PL RL Rin (tot ) C
Ap   2  Av
2 1
Vin
Pin Vin RL C2
Rin (tot ) Vout
R2
 Rin (tot )  Rin (tot ) RE RL
 1 
 L 
R RL
The next slide is an example…

Electronic Devices
Common-Collector Amplifier - Example
Calculate the power gain to the load for the CC amplifier using a ratio of
resistances. Assume Av = 1 and bac = 200. Use re' = 2 W.
VCC
+15 V
R1
C1 39 kW
Vin
C2
0.22 mF Vout
R2
220 kW RE 3.3 mF RL
1.0 kW 1.0 kW

Electronic Devices
VCC
+15 V
Rin(tot) = R1||R2||bac(re' + RE||RL)
R1
= 39 kW||220 kW||200(2 W + 500 W) C1 39 kW
Vin
= C2
0.22 mF Vout
R2
220 kW RE 3.3 mF RL
1.0 kW 1.0 kW

Electronic Devices
VCC
+15 V
R1
= 39 kW||220 kW||200(2 W + 500 W) C1 39 kW
Vin
= 24.9 kW C2
0.22 mF Vout
R2
220 kW RE 3.3 mF RL
1.0 kW 1.0 kW

Electronic Devices
VCC
+15 V
R1
= 39 kW||220 kW||200(2 W + 500 W) C1 39 kW
Vin
= 24.9 kW C2
0.22 mF Vout
RL = 1.0 kW R2
Rin (tot ) 24.9 kW 220 kW RE 3.3 mF RL
Ap    1.0 kW 1.0 kW
RL 1.0 kW

Electronic Devices
VCC
+15 V
R1
= 39 kW||220 kW||200(2 W + 500 W) C1 39 kW
Vin
= 24.9 kW C2
0.22 mF Vout
RL = 1.0 kW R2
Rin (tot ) 24.9 kW 220 kW RE 3.3 mF RL
Ap    24.9 1.0 kW 1.0 kW
RL 1.0 kW

Electronic Devices
The input voltage-divider in the previous example is not “rock-solid” but

the overall power gain is good. A “rock solid” stiff voltage-divider is not
always the best design. Can you spot the problem illustrated here?
VCC
+10 V
R1
C1 10 kW b = 200
Vin
C2
Vout
R2
10 kW RE RL
4.3 kW 10 kW

Electronic Devices

Rin(tot) = R1||R2||bac(re' + RE||RL) VCC
+10 V
= 10 kW||10 kW||200(25 W + 3.0 kW)
= 4.96 kW R1
C1 10 kW b = 200
Vin
C2
Vout
R2
10 kW RE RL
4.3 kW 10 kW

Electronic Devices

+10 V
= 10 kW||10 kW||200(25 W + 3.0 kW)
= 4.96 kW R1
C1 10 kW b = 200
RL = 10 kW Vin
C2
Do you see the problem? Vout
R2
10 kW RE RL
4.3 kW 10 kW

Electronic Devices

+10 V
= 10 kW||10 kW||200(25 W + 3.0 kW)
= 4.96 kW R1
C1 10 kW b = 200
RL = 10 kW Vin
C2
4.96 kW
Rin (tot ) Vout
Ap    0.496! R2
RL 10 kW 10 kW RE RL
4.3 kW 10 kW
The problem is the power gain is
less than 1!

Electronic Devices
Darlington Pair
A Darlington pair is two transistors connected as shown. The two

transistors act as one “super b” transistor. Darlington transistors are
available in a single package. Notice there are two diode drops from base
to emitter.
VCC
VCC
R1
RC C1
Vin Q1
Q2
C2
Vout
R2
RE RL

Electronic Devices
Darlington Pair
A Darlington pair is two transistors connected as shown. The two

transistors act as one “super b” transistor. Darlington transistors are
available in a single package. Notice there are two diode drops from base
to emitter.
VCC
VCC
R1
RC C1
Vin Q1
Q2
C2
Vout
R2
RE RL
CE Amplifier Darlington CC amplifier Load

Electronic Devices
The Sziklai Pair
Another high b pair is the Sziklai pair (sometimes called a complementary

Darlington), in which a pnp and npn transistor are connected as shown. This
configuration has the advantage of only one diode drop between base and
emitter.
+VCC
Vin βDC1
IB1
βDC2
IC1
IE2
RE

Electronic Devices
The Sziklai Pair

emitter.
+VCC
What is the relation between IE2 and IB1?

Vin βDC1
IB1
βDC2
IC1
IE2
RE

Electronic Devices
The Sziklai Pair

emitter.
+VCC

Vin βDC1
IB1
βDC2
The DC currents are: IC1
IE2
IC1 is bDC1 x IB1 and is equal to IB2
RE

Electronic Devices
The Sziklai Pair

emitter.
+VCC

Vin βDC1
IB1
βDC2
IE2
RE
IE2 is approximately equal to bDC2 x IC1

Electronic Devices
The Sziklai Pair

emitter.
+VCC

Vin βDC1
IB1
βDC2
IE2
RE
IE2 is approximately equal to bDC2 x IC1
Therefore, IE2 ≈ bDC1bDC2IB1

Electronic Devices
Common-Base Amplifier
The common-base (CB) amplifier is used in applications where a low input

impedance is acceptable. It does not invert the signal, an advantage for
higher frequencies as you will see later when you study the Miller effect.
+VCC
RC C
3
R1
C2 Vout
RL
C1
Vin
R2 RE

Electronic Devices

What is the purpose of C2?
+VCC
RC C
3
R1
C2 Vout
RL
C1
Vin
R2 RE

Electronic Devices

What is the purpose of C2?
+VCC
RC C
C2 forces the base R1 3
C2 Vout
to be at ac ground.
RL
C1
Vin
R2 RE

Electronic Devices
Multistage Amplifiers
To improve amplifier performance, stages are often cascaded where the

output of one drives another. This an example of a two-stage direct-coupled
amplifier in which the input and V CC
output signals are capacitively +12 V
coupled.
R1 RC RE3 C3
10 kW 1.0 kW 330 W Vout
Q2 10 µF RL
C1 2N3906 330 W
V in Q1
2N3904
VS 1.0 µF
100 mV pp R2 RE1
4.7 kW
1.0 kHz 100 W
RE2 C2
330 W 47 µF

Electronic Devices
Differential Amplifiers
A differential amplifier (diff-amp) has two inputs. It amplifies the difference

in the two input voltages. This circuit is widely used as the input stage to
operational amplifiers. Differential-mode inputs are illustrated.
+VCC
Vout 1 Vout 2
RC1 RC2
1 2
Q1 Q2
1 2
Vin1 Vin2
RE
–VEE

Electronic Devices
Differential Amplifiers
The same amplifier as in the last slide now is shown with common-mode
inputs. Diff-amps tend to reject common-mode signals, which are usually
due to noise. Ideally, the outputs are zero with common-mode inputs.
+VCC
Vout 1 Vout 2
RC1 RC2
1 2
Q1 Q2
1 2
Vin1 Vin2
RE
–VEE

Electronic Devices
Selected Key Terms-1
r-parameter
Common-
emitter
ac ground
Input resistance

Electronic Devices
r-parameter One of a set of BJT characteristic parameters

that include aac, bac, re', rb', and rc'.
Common-
emitter
ac ground
Input resistance

Electronic Devices

Common- A BJT configuration in which the emitter is

emitter the common terminal to an ac signal.
ac ground
Input resistance

Electronic Devices


ac ground A point in a circuit that appears as a

ground to ac signals only.
Input resistance

Electronic Devices


ac ground A point in a circuit that appears as a

ground to ac signals only.
Input resistance The resistance seen by an ac source

connected to the amplifier input.

Electronic Devices
Output
Resistance
Common
Collector
Decibel
Differential
Amplifier
CMRR

Electronic Devices
Output The ac resistance looking in at the amplifier

Resistance output.
Common
Collector
Decibel
Differential
Amplifier
CMRR

Electronic Devices

Resistance output.
Common A BJT configuration in which the collector is
Collector the common terminal to an ac signal.
Decibel
Differential
Amplifier
CMRR

Electronic Devices

Resistance output.
Decibel A logarithmic measure the ratio of one power

to another or one voltage to another
Differential
Amplifier
CMRR

Electronic Devices

Resistance output.

Differential An amplifier in which the input is a function of

Amplifier the difference between two input voltages.
CMRR

Electronic Devices

Resistance output.

Differential An amplifier in which the input is a function of

Amplifier the difference between two input voltages.
CMRR Common-mode rejection ratio: the ratio of

open-loop gain to common-mode gain.
Electronic Devices
Quiz Q1
1. The equation for finding the ac emitter resistance of a

BJT is
25 mV
a. re' 
IB
25 mV
b. re' 
IE
0.7 V
c. re' 
IB
0.7 V
d. r 
e
'
IE

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q2
2. For a CE amplifier, a swamping resistor will

a. increase the input resistance
b. increase the gain
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q3
3. A well-designed CC amplifier has

a. voltage gain > 1
b. current gain > 1
c. both of the above

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q4
4. In a CC amplifier, the power gain is approximately

a. one
b. equal to the voltage gain
c. equal to the current gain

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q5
5. The amplifier shown is a

a. differential amplifier
b. CE amplifier +VCC
c. CC amplifier RC C
3
R1
C2 Vout
d. CB amplifier
RL
C1
Vin
R2 RE

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q6
6. An advantage to this amplifier is that it

a. has high current gain
b. has high input resistance +VCC
c. is non-inverting RC C
3
R1
C2 Vout
d. all of the above
RL
C1
Vin
R2 RE

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q7
7. Together, Q1 and Q2 form a

a. Swamped amplifier
b. Differential pair VCC
c. Sziklai pair
R1
C1
d. none of the above Q1
Q2
C2
Vout
R2
RE RL

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q8
8. A CC amplifier with a power gain less than 1 is

a. a buffer
b. an inverting amplifier
c. unstable
d. an example of poor design

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q9
9. An npn and a pnp transistor acting together as a single

high b transistor is a
a. Darlington pair
b. Sziklai pair
c. Differential pair
d. cascaded amplifier

Electronic Devices
Quiz Q10
10. If identical signals are applied to both inputs of a

differential amplifier, ideally the output will be
a. zero
b. equal to one of the signals
c. equal to the sum of the two signals
d. very large

Electronic Devices
Answers
Answers:
1. b 6. c
2. a 7. d
3. b 8. d
4. c 9. b
5. d 10. a

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Electronic Devices

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

stated. VCE Vce

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

stated. VCE Vce

The figure shows an example of vce

a specific waveform for the

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

stated. VCE Vce

The figure shows an example of vce

a specific waveform for the

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

A linear amplifier produces an replica of the input signal at

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

A linear amplifier produces an replica of the input signal at

For the amplifier shown, notice that the voltage waveform is

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Operation of the linear

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Operation of the linear

than the dc load line because ICQ

a capacitor looks open to dc

appears to be in parallel with VCEQ

the load resistor.

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The five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used

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The five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used

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The five resistance parameters (r-parameters) can be used

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In the common-emitter (CE) amplifier, the input signal is

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What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.

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What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.

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What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.

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What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.

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What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.

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What is re' for the CE amplifier? Assume stiff voltage-divider bias.

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Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.

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Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.

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Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.

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Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.

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Notice that the ac resistance of the collector circuit is RC||RL.

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Greater gain stability can be achieved by adding a swamping resistor

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Greater gain stability can be achieved by adding a swamping resistor

What is the gain with the addition R1

of the swamping resistor? (Ignore C1

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Greater gain stability can be achieved by adding a swamping resistor

What is the gain with the addition R1