Relaxation process

Yad-e-Baiza Nawal
Roll No: 17
M-Phill 1st semester
 Principle

• Relaxation tell us how the spin returns to a equilibrium state.

• The distribution of the spin follows a Boltzmann distribution:
N-/N+ = e-E/kT
E is the energy difference between the spin states; k is
Boltzmann's constant, 1.3805x1023 J/Kelvin; and T is the
temperature in Kelvin.
Vector Magnetization
 Types of relaxation

 There are two types of relaxation:

1. Longitudinal relaxation: along the axis of the external field.
2. Transverse relaxation: perpendicular to the external
magnetic field.
Z

X
 What causes relaxation?

 Magnetic field is generated within the sample, from

1. Spins interacting with other spins
2. Spins interacting with the surrounding environment
 Sample: Ensemble of spins
Magnetization Magnetization
Magnetization

External
I It
Magnetic
Field 0
T1 t I
Magnetization Builds
Z up exponentially
t
Initially,
thebefore the external
It =I0(1-e-t/T1 ) When

are
magnetic
magnetization
randomly
is
field is turned on, the
spins align at the applied,
oriented
the spins
characteristic
CLICK
longitudinal On the application of field…..
!
relaxation time T1
Splitting is instantaneous & population redistribution
Y requires more time called the relaxation time

-1/2
On-set of No radiations
X Longitudinal
Relaxation are present
-1/2

+1/2 Not stimulated

No net magnetization
transitions: but
random spontaneous
Magnetic field
relaxation transitions
Net magnetization along
+1/2 Z-direction & ZERO XY
component
Degeneracy
removed/Energy Thermal
levels split equilibrium
Boltzmann 6
 Z
Pulse In XY plane
applied precessing
magnetization
Y Solenoidal sample
Y coil axis
Axis- Y
Precessing magnetization
induces rf voltage: NMR
X Z
signal

When relaxation process is effective,

the relaxation leads to the decay of the
transverse magnetization of XY plane
The above picture is for time scales small
compared to relaxation time T2

This decay of magnetization due to the

transverse relaxation time is because of the
defocusing of the magnetization isochromats
in XY plane

7
 Relaxation Longitudinal and transverse

Ih Magneti NET
Magnetization
c field
Alignment…..
Random
…

Longitudinal
T1 Relaxation

Transverse T2
Randomization in XY plane:
Magnetization Decays t Relaxation

A π/2 pulse flips the

z-magnetization to xy-plane