Elementary Fluid Dynamics:

The Bernoulli Equation

CEE 331
November 17, 2019

School of Civil and

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
 Bernoulli
Along a Streamline
z
Separate acceleration due to gravity. Coordinate
p   a   gkˆ system may be in any orientation!
p dz k is vertical, s is in direction of flow, n is normal.
   as   g Component of g in s direction
s ds

Note: No shear forces!

Therefore flow must be
frictionless. k
Steady state (no change in ŝj
y
p wrt time) n̂
i
x
 Bernoulli
Along a Streamline
p dz Can we eliminate the partial derivative?
   as  
s ds
Chain rule
dV V ds V
as    V Write acceleration as derivative wrt s
dt s dt s
0 (n is constant along streamline, dn=0)
p p
dp  ds  dn  dp ds  p s and dV ds  V s
s n

dp dV dz
  V 
ds ds ds
 Integrate F=ma Along a
Streamline
dp dV dz
  V  Eliminate ds
ds ds ds

dp  VdV   dz  0 Now let’s integrate…

But density is a function
dp
 
  VdV  g  dz  0 of ________.
pressure

dp 1 2
  V  gz  C p
 2
If density is constant…

1
p  V 2   z  C p '
2
 Bernoulli Equation
 Assumptions needed for Bernoulli Equation
Frictionless
Steady
Constant density (incompressible)
Along a streamline

 Eliminate the constant in the Bernoulli equation?

_______________________________________
Apply at two points along a streamline.
 Bernoulli equation does not include
Mechanical energy to thermal energy
 ___________________________
Heat transfer, Shaft Work
 ___________________________
 Bernoulli Equation

The Bernoulli Equation is a p 1 2

 gz  V  C p
statement of the conservation  2
of ____________________
Mechanical Energy p.e. k.e.
p V2
z  C p"
 2g
p
 Pressure head Hydraulic Grade Line
 p
 z  Piezometric head

z  Elevation head
p V 2 Energy Grade Line
V2 z 
 Velocity head  2 g Total head
2g
 Bernoulli Equation: Simple Case
(V = 0)
z
Reservoir (V = 0) Pressure datum 1

Put one point on the surface,

one point anywhere else 2

p V2 Elevation datum
z  C p"
 2g
p1 p2 We didn’t cross any streamlines
 z1   z2
  so this analysis is okay!
p2
z1 - z2 = Same as we found using statics
g
 Hydraulic and Energy
Mechanical energy
Grade
Lines (neglecting losses for now)
p V2
z   z  2 g  C p" Mechanical Energy The 2 cm diameter jet is
Conserved 5 m lower than the
V2
2g
surface of the reservoir.
V 2 What is the flow rate
p 2 g (Q)? Teams


z
z
Elevation datum
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure datum? __________________
Bernoulli Equation: Simple Case
(p = 0 or constant)
What is an example of a fluid experiencing
a change in elevation, but remaining at a
constant pressure? ________
Free jet
p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
 2g  2g
V12 V22
z1   z2 
2g 2g

V2 = 2 g ( z1 - z2 ) + V12
 Bernoulli Equation Application:
Stagnation Tube
 What happens when the p V2
z  Cp"
water starts flowing in the  2g
channel?
 Does the orientation of the
Yes!
tube matter? _______
 How high does the water
rise in the stagnation tube?
 How do we choose the
points on the streamline?

Stagnation point
 Bernoulli Equation Application:
Stagnation Tube
1a-2a V = f(Dp) p
z
V2
 Cp" 2b z
_______________
Same streamline  2g
1b
1b-2a V = f(Dp)
_______________
Crosses || streamlines 1a 2a
1a-2b V = f(z2)
_______________
Doesn’t cross
_____________
streamlines In all cases we don’t know p1
p1 V12 p2 V22 V12
 z1    z2   z2 V1  2 gz2
 2g  2g 2g
 Stagnation Tube

Great for measuring __________________

EGL (defined for a point)
How could you measure Q? Q   V  dA
Could you use a stagnation tube in a
pipeline?
What problem might you encounter?
How could you modify the stagnation tube to
solve the problem?
 Pitot Tubes

Used to measure air speed on airplanes

Can connect a differential pressure
transducer to directly measure V2/2g
Can be used to measure the flow of water
in pipelines Point measurement!
 Pitot Tube
Stagnation pressure tap
Static pressure tap

p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
 2g  2g

2 V1 = 0 2
V 1 V  p1  p2 
z1 = z2 

Connect two ports to differential pressure transducer.

Make sure Pitot tube is completely filled with the fluid
that is being measured.
Solve for velocity as function of pressure difference
 Relaxed Assumptions for
Bernoulli Equation
Frictionless (velocity not influenced by viscosity)
Small energy loss (accelerating flow, short distances)
Steady
Or gradually varying
Constant density (incompressible)
Small changes in density
Along a streamline
Don’t cross streamlines
 Bernoulli
Normal to the Streamlines
p   a   gkˆ Separate acceleration due to
gravity. Coordinate system
p dz
   an   g may be in any orientation!
n dn
Component of g in n direction

k
ŝ
n̂
 Bernoulli
Normal to the Streamlines
p dz
   an   g
n dn

2
R is local radius of curvature
V
an  n is toward the center of the radius of curvature
R
0 (s is constant normal to streamline)
p p
dp  ds  dn  dp dn  p n
s n

dp V2 dz
   g
dn R dn
 Integrate F=ma Normal to the
Streamlines
dp V2 dz
   g Multiply by dn
dn R dn

   dn  gdz  C
2
dp V

 

 R  n
Integrate

p V 2
  dn  gz  Cn (If density is constant)
  R


2
V
p    dn   gz  Cn"
 R
 Pressure Change Across
Streamlines
 V 2 p 1 V 2
p    dn   gz  Cn"   dn  z  Cn '
 R  g R

If you cross streamlines that

are straight and parallel,
p + r gz = C and the
then ___________
n r
hydrostatic
pressure is ____________.
V (r )  C1r
p  C  rdr   gz  Cn"
2

dn  dr
1

 C12
p r 2   gz  Cn"
2
As r decreases p ______________
decreases
 End of pipeline?

What must be happening when a horizontal

pipe discharges to the atmosphere?


2
V
p    dn   gz  Cn"
 R

Try applying statics… (assume straight streamlines)

Streamlines must be curved!

 Nozzle Flow Rate: Find Q
z z2 , z3  0
1
Crossing streamlines z1  h
D1=30 cm
Along streamline
90 cm p1 , p3  0
h
Q
2 3
Coordinate system
h=105 cm D2=10 cm

gage pressure
Pressure datum____________
 Solution to Nozzle Flow
1 z
 
2
p 1 V
 dn  z  Cn ' h=105 cm D1=30 cm
 g R
3
Q
p1 p2 p2
 z1   z2 h 2
   D2=10 cm

V22 V32
Now along the streamline h 
2g 2g
p V2
z  Cp" Two unknowns…
 2g
h _______________
Mass conservation
p2 V22 p3 V32 4Q
 z2    z3  Q  V2 A2  V3 A3 V2 
 2g  2g  d 22
 Solution to Nozzle Flow (continued)

2 2 1 z
8Q 8Q
h 2 4  h=105 cm D1=30 cm
g d 2 g 2 d34
3
Q
8 1 1 2 2
h 2  4
 4 Q D2=10 cm
g  d3 d 2 

hg 2
Q
1 1
8 4  4 
 d3 d 2 
 Incorrect technique…
1 z
p 1 V 2 D1=30 cm
  dn  z  Cn ' h=105 cm
 g R 3
Q
2
2
p V D2=10 cm
z  Cp"
 2g

p11 V2 p3 V32

  dn  z1   z3 
 g R  2g

V32 Cp"  Cn '

The constants of integration
h
2g are not equal!
Bernoulli Equation Applications

Stagnation tube Applicable to contracting

streamlines
Pitot tube
Free Jets (accelerating
flow).
Orifice
Venturi
Sluice gate
Sharp-crested weir
 Ping Pong Ball

Why does the ping pong Teams

ball try to return to the
center of the jet?
What forces are acting on
the ball when it is not
centered on the jet?
p 1 V 2 p V2 n r
  dn  z  Cn ' z  Cp"
 g R  2g
How does the ball choose the
distance above the source of
the jet?
 Summary

By integrating F=ma along a streamline we

found…
mechanical
That energy can be converted between pressure,
elevation, and velocity
That we can understand many simple flows by
applying the Bernoulli equation
However, the Bernoulli equation can not be
applied to flows where viscosity is large, where
mechanical energy is converted into thermal
energy, or where there is shaft work.
 Jet Problem

How could you choose your elevation

datum to help simplify the problem?
How can you pick 2 locations where you
know enough of the parameters to solve for
the velocity?
You have one equation (so one unknown!)
 Jet Solution

z The 2 cm diameter jet is 5 m lower than the surface of the

reservoir. What is the flow rate (Q)?
Elevation datum
z2 = - 5 m
V2
z p 2g
Are the 2 points on the
 same streamline?

p1 V12 p2 V22 V2  2 g   z2 
  z1    z2
 2g  2g  d 22  d 22
Q  V2  2 g   z2 
4 4
 What is the radius of curvature at the
end of the pipe?
p V 2 1 z
  dn  gz  Cn D1=30 cm
  R h=105 cm

2
3
p V Q

 R  dn  gz  Cn
Uniform velocity
2
D2=10 cm

p V2 Assume R>>D2 1
 z  gz  Cn
 R
dn  dz 2
p  V2  p1  p2  0
 z  g    Cn R
  R
V2 V2
g R
R g
Example: Venturi
 Example: Venturi
How would you find the flow (Q) given the pressure drop
between point 1 and 2 and the diameters of the two sections?
You may assume the head loss is negligible. Draw the EGL and
the HGL over the contracting section of the Venturi.

How many unknowns?

Dh What equations will you use?

1 2
 Example Venturi
p1 V12 p2 V22
 z1    z2 
1 2g 2 2g Q  VA
p1 p2 V22 V12 V1 A1  V2 A2
  
  2g 2g
d12 d 22
 V1  V2
d  
4
2
1  2  
p1 p2 V  4 4
  2

  2g  d  
  1  V1d12  V2 d 22

2 g ( p1  p2 ) d 22
V2  V1  V2

 1  d 2 d1  4
 d12

2 g ( p1  p2 )
Q  Cv A2

 1  d 2 d1 4 