NORMAL SHOCK

EXAMPLES OF SUPERSONIC WAVE DRAG

F-104 Starfighter
 SUMMARY OF TOTAL CONDITIONS
• If M > 0.3, flow is compressible (density changes are important)
• Need to introduce energy equation and isentropic relations

1 2 
c pT1  V1  c pT0 p0    1 2   1
2  1  M1 
2
p1  2 
T0 V1
 1 0    1 2 
1
 1
T1 2c pT1  1  M1 
1  2 
T0  1 2
 1
Must be isentropic
M1
T1 2
Requires adiabatic, but does not have
to be isentropic
 NORMAL SHOCK WAVES: CHAPTER 8
Upstream: 1 Downstream: 2

M1 > 1 M2 < 1
V1 V 2 < V1
p1 P2 > p 1
r1 r2 > r1
T1 T2 > T1
s1 s2 > s1
p0,1 p0,2 < p0,1
h0,1 h0,2 = h0,1
T0,1 T0,2 = T0,1 (if calorically perfect,
h0=cpT0)

Typical shock wave thickness 1/1,000 mm

 1
 1 2
 SUMMARY
M OF NORMAL SHOCK RELATIONS
1
M 2 2 • Normal shock is adiabatic but
2
M 12 
   1 nonisentropic
2 • Equations are functions of M1,
 2 u1
 
   1 M 12 only
1 u2 2     1 M 12 • Mach number behind a
normal shock wave is always
2
p2
p1
 1
 1
 
M 12  1 subsonic (M2 < 1)
• Density, static pressure, and
T2 h2  2  2     1 M 12
  1   
M1 1 
2 temperature increase across a
    1 M 1
T1 h1    1 2 normal shock wave
• Velocity and total pressure
T0,1  T0, 2
decrease across a normal

shock wave
   1 2     1 2    1
 M 1  1  M 1  • Total temperature is constant
p0 , 2      2   2 
e
s 2 s1
R
  across a stationary normal
1
p0,1  2   1    1 shock wave
 M1  2

  1  1
 DETACHED SHOCK WAVES

Normal shock wave model still

works well
EXAMPLE OF SCHLIEREN
PHOTOGRAPHS